path: root/usr.bin/vi/USD.doc/vi.ref/vi.ref.txt

                   EExx//VVii RReeffeerreennccee MMaannuuaall

                        _K_e_i_t_h _B_o_s_t_i_c

                 Computer Science Division
 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
             University of California, Berkeley
                Berkeley, California  94720

                      August 15, 1994



                          _A_b_s_t_r_a_c_t




     This document is the reference guide for the 4.4BSD
implementations of nneexx/nnvvii, which are  reimplementations
of the historic Berkeley eexx/vvii editors.





                      _A_c_k_n_o_w_l_e_d_g_e_m_e_n_t_s




     Bruce  Englar  encouraged  the early development of
the historic eexx/vvii editor.  Peter Kessler  helped  bring
sanity  to  version  2's command layout.  Bill Joy wrote
versions 1 and 2.0 through 2.7, and created  the  frame-
work  that users see in the present editor.  Mark Horton
added macros and other features and made eexx/vvii work on a
large number of terminals and Unix systems.

     NNvvii is originally derived from software contributed
to the University of California, Berkeley by Steve Kirk-
endall, the author of the vvii clone eellvviiss.

     IEEE  Standard  Portable Operating System Interface
for Computer Environments (POSIX) 1003.2  style  Regular
Expression support was done by Henry Spencer.

     The  curses  library  was  originally  done  by Ken
Arnold.  Scrolling and reworking for  nnvvii  was  done  by
Elan Amir.















     The  Institute  of Electrical and Electronics Engi-
neers has given us permission  to  reprint  portions  of
their  documentation.   Portions  of  this  document are
reprinted and reproduced from IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, IEEE
Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Comput-
er Environments (POSIX), copyright 1992 by the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

     The  financial support of UUNET Communications Ser-
vices is gratefully acknowledged.





















































NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--33


11..  DDeessccrriippttiioonn

     VVii is a screen oriented text editor.   EExx  is  a  line-
oriented text editor.  EExx and vvii are different interfaces to
the same program, and it is  possible  to  switch  back  and
forth  during  an  edit  session.  VViieeww is the equivalent of
using the --RR (read-only) option of vvii.

     This reference manual is  the  one  provided  with  the
nneexx/nnvvii  versions  of  the  eexx/vvii text editors.  NNeexx/nnvvii are
intended as  bug-for-bug  compatible  replacements  for  the
original  Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution (4BSD) eexx/vvii
programs.  This reference manual is accompanied by a  tradi-
tional-style  manual  page.   That manual page describes the
functionality found in eexx/vvii in far  less  detail  than  the
description  here.   In  addition,  it  describes the system
interface to  eexx/vvii,  e.g.  command  line  options,  session
recovery,  signals,  environmental  variables,  and  similar
things.

     This reference is intended for users  already  familiar
with eexx/vvii.  Anyone else should almost certainly read a good
tutorial on the editor first.  If you are in  an  unfamiliar
environment,  and you absolutely have to get work done imme-
diately, see the section entitled "FFaasstt SSttaarrttuupp" in the man-
ual page.  It is probably enough to get you started.

     There  are a few features in nneexx/nnvvii that are not found
in historic versions of eexx/vvii.  Some of the more interesting
of those features are briefly described in the section enti-
tled "AAddddiittiioonnaall FFeeaattuurreess" near the end  of  this  document.
For  the rest of this document, nneexx/nnvvii is used only when it
is necessary to distinguish it from the historic implementa-
tions of eexx/vvii.

     Future  versions  of this software will be periodically
made available by anonymous ftp, and can be  retrieved  from
ffttpp..ccss..bbeerrkkeelleeyy..eedduu, in the directory uuccbb//44bbssdd.

22..  SSttaarrttuupp IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn

     EExx/vvii  interprets  one  of  two  possible environmental
variables and reads up to three of five possible files  dur-
ing  startup.   The variables and files are expected to con-
tain eexx commands, not vvii commands.  In  addition,  they  are
interpreted _b_e_f_o_r_e the file to be edited is read, and there-
fore many eexx commands may not be used.  Generally, any  com-
mand that requires output to the screen or that needs a file
upon which to operate, will cause an error if included in  a
startup file or environmental variable.

     Because  the  eexx  command set supported by nneexx/nnvvii is a
superset of the command set  supported  by  most  historical










UUSSDD::1133--44                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


implementations  of  eexx,  nneexx/nnvvii  can use the startup files
created for the historical implementations, but the converse
may not be true.

     If  the  --ss (the historic - option) is specified, or if
standard input is redirected from a file, all  environmental
variables and startup files are ignored.

     Otherwise,  startup  files  and environmental variables
are handled in the following order:

 (1)   The file //eettcc//vvii..eexxrrcc is read, as long as it is owned
       by root or the effective user ID of the user.

 (2)   The  environmental  variable NNEEXXIINNIITT (or the variable
       EEXXIINNIITT, if NNEEXXIINNIITT is not set) is interpreted.

 (3)   If neither NNEEXXIINNIITT or EEXXIINNIITT was set,  and  the  HHOOMMEE
       environmental  variable is set, the file $$HHOOMMEE//..nneexxrrcc
       (or the file $$HHOOMMEE//..eexxrrcc, if  $$HHOOMMEE//..nneexxrrcc  does  not
       exist)  is  read, as long as the effective user ID of
       the user is root or is the same as the owner  of  the
       file.

 (4)   If the eexxrrcc option was turned on by one of the previ-
       ous startup information sources, the file ..nneexxrrcc  (or
       the file ..eexxrrcc, if ..nneexxrrcc does not exist) is read, as
       long as the effective user ID of the user is the same
       as the owner of the file.

     No  startup  file  is  read if it is writable by anyone
other than its owner.

     It is not an error for any of the startup environmental
variables or files not to exist.

     Once  all  environmental variables are interpreted, and
all startup files are read, the first file to be  edited  is
read  in  (or  a temporary file is created).  Then, any com-
mands specified using the --cc option  are  executed,  in  the
context of that file.

33..  RReeccoovveerryy

     There  is  no  recovery  program  for nneexx/nnvvii, nor does
nneexx/nnvvii run setuid.  Recovery files are created readable and
writable  by  the  owner  only.   Users may recover any file
which they can read, and the superuser may recover any  edit
session.

     Edit  sessions  are  backed  by  files in the directory
named    by    the    rreeccddiirr    option    (the     directory
//vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr  by default), and are named "vvii..XXXXXXXXXXXX",










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--55


where "XXXXXXXXXXXX" is a number related to the process ID.   When
a  file is first modified, a second recovery file containing
an email message for the  user  is  created,  and  is  named
"rreeccoovveerr..XXXXXXXXXXXX",  where, again, "XXXXXXXXXXXX" is associated with
the process ID.  Both files are removed at the end of a nor-
mal  edit  session,  but  will remain if the edit session is
abnormally terminated or the user runs the eexx pprreesseerrvvee  com-
mand.

     The  rreeccddiirr  option  may be set in either the user's or
system's startup information, changing the  recovery  direc-
tory.  (Note, however, that if a memory based file system is
used as the backup directory, each system reboot will delete
all  of  the  recovery  files!   The same caution applies to
directories such as //ttmmpp which are cleared of their contents
by  a  system  reboot,  or  //uussrr//ttmmpp  which  is periodically
cleared of old files on many systems.)

     The recovery directory should be owned by root,  or  at
least  by a pseudo-user.  In addition, if directory "sticky-
bit" semantics are available, the directory should have  the
sticky-bit  set  so  that files may only be removed by their
owners.  The recovery directory must  be  read,  write,  and
executable by any user, i.e. mode 1777.

     If  the  recovery  directory does not exist, eexx/vvii will
attempt to create it.   This  can  result  in  the  recovery
directory  being  owned  by  a normal user, which means that
that user will be able to remove other user's  recovery  and
backup files.  This is annoying, but is not a security issue
as the user cannot otherwise access or modify the files.

     The recovery file has all of the necessary  information
in  it  to  enable the user to recover the edit session.  In
addition, it has all of  the  necessary  email  headers  for
_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l(8).   When the system is rebooted, all of the files
in //vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr named "rreeccoovveerr..XXXXXXXXXXXX" should be sent
to  their  owners, by email, using the --tt option of sseennddmmaaiill
(or  a  similar  mechanism  in  other  mailers).   If  eexx/vvii
receives  a hangup (SIGHUP) signal, or the user executes the
eexx pprreesseerrvvee command,  eexx/vvii  will  automatically  email  the
recovery information to the user.

     If your system does not have the sseennddmmaaiill utility (or a
mailer program which supports its interface) the source file
nnvvii//ccoommmmoonn//rreeccoovveerr..cc  will  have  to be modified to use your
local mail delivery programs.  Note, if nneexx/nnvvii  is  changed
to  use another mailer, it is important to remember that the
owner of the file given to the mailer is the  nneexx/nnvvii  user,
so nothing in the file should be trusted as it may have been
modified in an effort to compromise the system.












UUSSDD::1133--66                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     Finally, the owner execute bit is set on  backup  files
when  they  are created, and unset when they are first modi-
fied, e.g. backup files that have no associated email recov-
ery  file  will  have  this bit set.  (There is also a small
window where empty files can be created  and  not  yet  have
this  bit set.  This is due to the method in which the files
are created.)  Such files should be deleted when the  system
reboots.

     A  simple  way to do this cleanup is to insert the fol-
lowing Bourne shell script into your //eettcc//rrcc..llooccaall (or other
startup)  file.   The  script  should work with the historic
Bourne shell, a POSIX 1003.2 shell or the  Korn  shell.   (A
copy      of      this     script     is     included     as
nnvvii//iinnssttaallll//rreeccoovveerr..ssccrriipptt in the nneexx/nnvvii distribution.)


    ##    @@((##))rreeccoovveerr..ssccrriipptt  88..44 ((BBeerrkkeelleeyy)) 88//1133//9944
    ##
    ## RReeccoovveerr nnvvii eeddiittoorr ffiilleess::
    RREECCDDIIRR==//vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr
    SSEENNDDMMAAIILL==//uussrr//lliibb//sseennddmmaaiill
    eecchhoo ''RReeccoovveerriinngg nnvvii eeddiittoorr sseessssiioonnss..''

    ## UUnnmmooddiiffiieedd nnvvii eeddiittoorr bbaacckkuupp ffiilleess aarree eeiitthheerr zzeerroo lleennggtthh oorr
    ## hhaavvee tthhee eexxeeccuuttee bbiitt sseett..  DDeelleettee bbootthh ccaasseess..
    vviibbaacckkuupp==``eecchhoo $$RREECCDDIIRR//vvii..**``
    iiff [[ ""$$vviibbaacckkuupp"" !!== ""$$RREECCDDIIRR//vvii..**"" ]];; tthheenn
         ffoorr ii iinn $$vviibbaacckkuupp;; ddoo
              iiff tteesstt --xx $$ii --oo !! --ss $$ii;; tthheenn
                   rrmm $$ii
              ffii
         ddoonnee
    ffii

    ## IItt iiss ppoossssiibbllee ttoo ggeett iinnccoommpplleettee rreeccoovveerryy ffiilleess,, iiff tthhee eeddiittoorr
    ## ccrraasshheess aatt tthhee rriigghhtt ttiimmee..  DDeelleettee aannyy rreeccoovveerryy ffiilleess wwiitthhoouutt
    ## ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg bbaacckkuupp ffiilleess,, ootthheerrwwiissee sseenndd mmaaiill ttoo tthhee uusseerr..
    vviirreeccoovveerryy==``eecchhoo $$RREECCDDIIRR//rreeccoovveerr..**``
    iiff [[ ""$$vviirreeccoovveerryy"" !!== ""$$RREECCDDIIRR//rreeccoovveerr..**"" ]];; tthheenn
         ffoorr ii iinn $$vviirreeccoovveerryy;; ddoo
              rreeccffiillee==``aawwkk ''//^^XX--vvii--rreeccoovveerr--ppaatthh:://{{pprriinntt $$22}}'' << $$ii``
              iiff tteesstt !! --nn $$rreeccffiillee --aa --ss $$rreeccffiillee;; tthheenn
                   $$SSEENNDDMMAAIILL --tt << $$ii
              eellssee
                   rrmm $$ii
              ffii
         ddoonnee
    ffii














NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--77


     If you are not using the default value for  the  rreeccddiirr
option, be sure to substitute the value you're using for the
RREECCDDIIRR value in the recovery script.

     If the path of your system's sseennddmmaaiill program (or what-
ever  mailer you're using) is not //uussrr//lliibb//sseennddmmaaiill, be sure
to substitute the correct pathname for the SSEENNDDMMAAIILL value in
the recovery script.  Consult the manual page for details on
recovering preserved or aborted editing sessions.

44..  SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn

     The size of the screen can be set in a number of  ways.
EExx/vvii  takes  the  following steps until values are obtained
for both the number of rows and number  of  columns  in  the
screen.

 (1)   If  the  environmental  variable  LLIINNEESS exists, it is
       used to specify the number of rows in the screen.

 (2)   If the environmental variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS exists,  it  is
       used  to specify the number of columns in the screen.

 (3)   The TIOCGWINSZ _i_o_c_t_l(2) is attempted on the  standard
       error file descriptor.

 (4)   The  termcap  entry  (or  terminfo  entry on System V
       machines) is checked for the "li"  entry  (rows)  and
       the "co" entry (columns).

 (5)   The  number  of  rows is set to 24, and the number of
       columns is set to 80.

     If a window change size signal (SIGWINCH) is  received,
the  new  window  size  is  retrieved  using  the TIOCGWINSZ
_i_o_c_t_l(2) call, and all other information is ignored.

55..  CChhaarraacctteerr DDiissppllaayy

     In both eexx and vvii printable characters  as  defined  by
_i_s_p_r_i_n_t(3) are displayed using the local character set.

     Non-printable  characters, for which _i_s_c_n_t_r_l(3) returns
true, and which are less than octal \076, are  displayed  as
the  string "^^<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>", where <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> is the charac-
ter that is the original character's value offset  from  the
"@@"  character.   For  example,  the octal character \001 is
displayed as "^^AA".  If _i_s_c_n_t_r_l(3) returns true for the octal
character  \177,  it  is  displayed as the string "^^??".  All
other characters are displayed as either hexadecimal values,
in  the form "00xx<<hhiigghh--hhaallffbbyyttee>> ...... 00xx<<llooww--hhaallffbbyyttee>>", or as
octal  values,  in  the  form  "\\<<hhiigghh--oonnee--oorr--ttwwoo--bbiittss>>  ......
\\<<llooww--tthhrreeee--bbiittss>>".   The  display  of unknown characters is










UUSSDD::1133--88                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


based on the value of the ooccttaall option.

     In vvii command mode, the cursor is always positioned  on
the  last  column  of characters which take up more than one
column on the screen.  In vvii text input mode, the cursor  is
positioned  on  the first column of characters which take up
more than one column on the screen.

66..  MMuullttiippllee SSccrreeeennss

     NNvvii supports multiple screens by  dividing  the  window
into regions.  It also supports stacks of screens by permit-
ting the user to change the set of  screens  that  are  cur-
rently displayed.

     The  command  sspplliitt divides the current screen into two
regions of approximately equal size.  If a list of files are
specified  as  arguments  to  the sspplliitt command, the list of
files to be edited is initialized as if the nneexxtt command had
been  used.   If no files are specified, the new screen will
begin by editing the same file as the previous screen.

     When more than one screen is editing a file, changes in
any  screen  are  reflected in all other screens editing the
same file.  Exiting any screen without  saving  any  changes
(or  explicitly discarding them) is permitted until the last
screen editing the file is exited.

     The  rreessiizzee  command  permits  resizing  of  individual
screens.  Screens may be grown, shrunk or set to an absolute
number of rows.

     The ^^WW command is used to switch between screens.  Each
^^WW  moves  to the next lower screen in the window, or to the
first screen in the window if there are no lower screens.

     The bbgg command "backgrounds" the current  screen.   The
screen  disappears from the window, and the rows it occupied
are taken over by a neighboring screen.  It is an  error  to
attempt to background the only screen in the window.

     The  ddiissppllaayy  ssccrreeeennss command displays the names of the
files associated with the current  backgrounded  screens  in
the window.

     The ffgg [[ffiillee]] command "foregrounds" the first screen in
the list of backgrounded screens that is associated with its
argument.   If  no  file  argument  is  specified, the first
screen on the list is foregrounded.  Foregrounding  consists
of backgrounding the current screen, and replacing its space
in the window with the foregrounded screen.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--99


     If the last screen in the window is exited,  and  there
are  backgrounded  screens,  the first screen on the list of
backgrounded screens takes over the window.

77..  RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss aanndd RReeppllaacceemmeenntt SSttrriinnggss

     Regular expressions are used in line addresses, as  the
first  part  of  the eexx ssuubbssttiittuuttee, gglloobbaall, and vvgglloobbaall com-
mands, and in search patterns.

     The regular expressions  supported  by  eexx/vvii  are,  by
default,  the Basic Regular Expressions (BRE's) described in
the IEEE POSIX Standard 1003.2.  The eexxtteennddeedd option  causes
all  regular  expressions  to be interpreted as the Extended
Regular Expressions (ERE's) described by the same  standard.
(See  _r_e___f_o_r_m_a_t(7)  for more information.)  Generally speak-
ing, BRE's are the Regular Expressions found  in  _e_d(1)  and
_g_r_e_p(1),  and  ERE's  are  the  Regular Expressions found in
_e_g_r_e_p(1).

     The following is not intended to provide a  description
of Regular Expressions.  The information here only describes
strings and characters which have special  meanings  in  the
eexx/vvii  version of RE's, or options which change the meanings
of characters that normally have special meanings in RE's.

 (1)   An empty RE (e.g.  "////" or "????"  is equivalent to the
       last RE used.

 (2)   The construct "\\<<" matches the beginning of a word.

 (3)   The construct "\\>>" matches the end of a word.

 (4)   The character "~~" matches the replacement part of the
       last ssuubbssttiittuuttee command.

     When the mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t set, the  only  characters
with  special  meanings are a "^^" character at the beginning
of an RE, a "$$" character at the  end  of  an  RE,  and  the
escaping  character  "\\".   The characters "..", "**", "[[" and
"~~" are treated as ordinary characters unless preceded by  a
"\\";  when preceded by a "\\" they regain their special mean-
ing.

     Replacement strings are the second part of a ssuubbssttiittuuttee
command.

     The  character  "&&" (or "\\&&" if the mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t
set) in the replacement string stands for the  text  matched
by  the  RE  that  is being replaced.  The character "~~" (or
"\\~~" if the mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t set) stands for the replace-
ment  part  of  the previous ssuubbssttiittuuttee command.  It is only
valid after a ssuubbssttiittuuttee command has been performed.










UUSSDD::1133--1100                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     The string "\\##", where "##" is an integer value  from  1
to  9,  stands for the text matched by the portion of the RE
enclosed in the "##"'th  set  of  escaped  parentheses,  e.g.
"\\(("  and  "\\))".   For example, "ss//aabbcc\\((..**\\))ddeeff//\\11//" deletes
the strings "aabbcc" and "ddeeff" from the matched pattern.

     The strings "\\ll", "\\uu", "\\LL" and "\\UU" can  be  used  to
modify  the case of elements in the replacement string.  The
string "\\ll" causes the next character  to  be  converted  to
lowercase;  the  string "\\uu" behaves similarly, but converts
to uppercase (e.g.  ss//aabbcc//\\UU&&// replaces the string aabbcc  with
AABBCC).   The  strings "\\LL" causes characters up to the end of
the string or the next occurrence of  the  strings  "\\ee"  or
"\\EE"  to  be converted to lowercase; the string "\\UU" behaves
similarly, but converts to uppercase.

     If the entire replacement pattern is "%%", then the last
replacement pattern is used again.

     In  vvii,  inserting  a  <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>> into the replacement
string will cause the matched line  to  be  split  into  two
lines at that point.  (The <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>> will be discarded.)

88..  GGeenneerraall EEddiittoorr DDeessccrriippttiioonn

     When  eexx or vvii are executed, the text of a file is read
(or a temporary file  is  created),  and  then  all  editing
changes  happen  within the context of the copy of the file.
_N_o _c_h_a_n_g_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t _t_h_e _a_c_t_u_a_l _f_i_l_e _u_n_t_i_l _t_h_e _f_i_l_e _i_s  _w_r_i_t_t_e_n
_o_u_t,  either  using a write command or another command which
is affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option.

     All files are locked (using the  _f_l_o_c_k(2)  or  _f_c_n_t_l(2)
interfaces)  during the edit session, to avoid inadvertently
making modifications to multiple copies of the file.   If  a
lock  cannot  be obtained for a file because it is locked by
another process, the edit session is read-only  (as  if  the
rreeaaddoonnllyy  option  or  the --RR flag had been specified).  If a
lock cannot be obtained for other reasons, the edit  session
will  continue,  but  the  file  status information (see the
<<ccoonnttrrooll--GG>> command) will reflect this fact.

     Both eexx and vvii are modeful editors, i.e. they have  two
modes,  "command" mode and "text input" mode.  The former is
intended to permit you  to  enter  commands  which  modifies
already existing text.  The latter is intended to permit you
to enter new text.  When eexx first starts running, it  is  in
command  mode, and usually displays a prompt (see the pprroommpptt
option for more information).  The prompt is a single  colon
("::")  character.   There  are three commands that switch eexx
into text input mode: aappppeenndd, cchhaannggee and  iinnsseerrtt.   Once  in
input  mode, entering a line containing only a single period
("..")  terminates text input mode  and  returns  to  command










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--1111


mode, where the prompt is redisplayed.

     When  vvii first starts running, it is in command mode as
well.  There are eleven commands that switch  vvii  into  text
input  mode:  AA,  aa,  CC, cc, II, ii, OO, oo, RR, SS and ss.  Once in
input mode, entering an <<eessccaappee>> character  terminates  text
input mode and returns to command mode.

     The  following  words have special meanings in both the
eexx and vvii command descriptions:

<<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
     The interrupt character is used to interrupt  the  cur-
     rent operation.  Normally <<ccoonnttrrooll--CC>>, whatever charac-
     ter is set for the current terminal is used.

<<lliitteerraall nneexxtt>>
     The literal next character is used to escape the subse-
     quent character from any special meaning.  This charac-
     ter is always <<ccoonnttrrooll--VV>>.  If the terminal is not  set
     up  to  do  XON/XOFF  flow control, then <<ccoonnttrrooll--QQ>> is
     used to mean literal next as well.

ccuurrrreenntt ppaatthhnnaammee
     The pathname of the file currently being edited by  vi.
     When the percent character ("%%") appears in a file name
     entered as part  of  an  eexx  command  argument,  it  is
     replaced  by  the current pathname.  (The "%%" character
     can be escaped by preceding it with a backslash.)

aalltteerrnnaattee ppaatthhnnaammee
     The name of the last file name mentioned in an eexx  com-
     mand,  or,  the  previous  current pathname if the last
     file mentioned becomes the current file.  When the hash
     mark  character ("##") appears in a file name entered as
     part of an eexx command argument, it is replaced  by  the
     alternate  pathname.  (The "##" character can be escaped
     by preceding it with a backslash.)

bbuuffffeerr
     One of a number of named areas  for  saving  copies  of
     text.  Commands that change or delete text can save the
     changed or deleted text into  a  specific  buffer,  for
     later use, if the command allows it (i.e. the eexx cchhaannggee
     command  cannot  save  the  changed  text  in  a  named
     buffer).   Buffers  are  named with a single character,
     preceded by a double quote, e.g.   ""<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.   His-
     toric  implementations  of eexx/vvii limited <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> to
     the alphanumeric characters; nneexx/nnvvii permits the use of
     any character.

     Buffers  named  by uppercase characters are the same as
     buffers named by lowercase characters, e.g. the  buffer










UUSSDD::1133--1122                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     named  by  the English character "AA" is the same as the
     buffer named by the character "aa", with  the  exception
     that, if the buffer contents are being changed (as with
     a text deletion or vvii  cchhaannggee  command),  the  text  is
     _a_p_p_e_n_d_e_d  to  the buffer, instead of replacing the cur-
     rent contents.

     The  buffers  named  by  the  numeric  characters   (in
     English,  "11"  through "99"), are special, in that if at
     least one line is changed or deleted in the file, (or a
     command changes or deletes a region that crosses a line
     boundary) a copy of the text is placed into the numeric
     buffer  "11",  regardless of the user specifying another
     buffer in which to save it.  Before this copy is  done,
     the  previous  contents  of  buffer  "11" are moved into
     buffer "22", "22" into buffer "33", and so on.   The  con-
     tents  of buffer "99" are discarded.  In vvii, text may be
     explicitly stored into the numeric  buffers.   In  this
     case, the buffer rotation described above occurs before
     the replacement of the buffer's contents.  (Text cannot
     be  explicitly  stored  into  the numeric buffers in eexx
     because of ambiguities that this would cause in the  eexx
     command syntax.)

     When  a vvii command synopsis shows both a [[bbuuffffeerr]] and a
     [[ccoouunntt]], they may be presented in any order.

     Finally, all buffers are either "line"  or  "character"
     oriented.   All  eexx  commands  which  store  text  into
     buffers are line  oriented.   Some  vvii  commands  which
     store text into buffers are line oriented, and some are
     character oriented; the description for each applicable
     vvii command notes whether text copied into buffers using
     the command is line or character  oriented.   In  addi-
     tion,  the vvii command ddiissppllaayy bbuuffffeerrss displays the cur-
     rent orientation for each buffer.  Generally, the  only
     importance  attached to this orientation is that if the
     buffer is subsequently inserted  into  the  text,  line
     oriented buffers create new lines for each of the lines
     they contain, and character oriented buffers create new
     lines for any lines _o_t_h_e_r than the first and last lines
     they contain.  The first and last  lines  are  inserted
     into  the text at the current cursor position, becoming
     part of the current line.  If there is  more  than  one
     line  in  the  buffer, however, the current line itself
     will be split.

uunnnnaammeedd bbuuffffeerr
     The unnamed buffer is a text storage area which is used
     by  commands that take a buffer as an argument, when no
     buffer is specified by the user.  There is  no  way  to
     explicitly reference this buffer.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--1133


99..  VVii DDeessccrriippttiioonn

     VVii  takes  up  the  entire screen to display the edited
file, except for the bottom line of the screen.  The  bottom
line  of the screen is used to enter eexx commands, and for vvii
error and informational messages.  If no  other  information
is being displayed, the default display can show the current
cursor row and cursor column, an indication of  whether  the
file  has been modified, and the current mode of the editor.
See the rruulleerr,  sshhoowwddiirrttyy  and  sshhoowwmmooddee  options  for  more
information.

     Empty  lines  do not have any special representation on
the screen, but lines on the  screen  that  would  logically
come  after  the  end  of the file are displayed as a single
tilde ("~~") character.  To differentiate between empty lines
and  lines consisting of only whitespace characters, use the
lliisstt option.  Historically, implementations of vvii have  also
displayed  some  lines  as single asterisk ("@@") characters.
These were lines that were  not  correctly  displayed,  i.e.
lines  on the screen that did not correspond to lines in the
file, or lines that did not fit on the current screen.   NNvvii
never displays lines in this fashion.

     VVii  is  a  modeful editor, i.e. it has two modes, "com-
mand" mode and "text input" mode.  When vvii first starts,  it
is  in command mode.  There are several commands that change
vvii into text input mode.  The <<eessccaappee>> character is used  to
resolve  the  text  input  into the file, and exit back into
command mode.  In vvii command  mode,  the  cursor  is  always
positioned  on  the  last column of characters which take up
more than one column on the screen.  In vvii text insert mode,
the  cursor  is positioned on the first column of characters
which take up more than one column on the screen.

     Generally, if the cursor line and cursor column are not
on  the  screen,  then the screen is scrolled (if the target
cursor is close) or repainted (if the target cursor  is  far
away) so that the cursor is on the screen.  If the screen is
scrolled, it is moved a minimal amount, and the cursor  line
will  usually appear at the top or bottom of the screen.  In
the screen is repainted, the cursor line will appear in  the
center  of  the  screen,  unless  the cursor is sufficiently
close to the beginning or end of the file that this  is  not
possible.  If the lleeffttrriigghhtt option is set, the screen may be
scrolled or repainted in a horizontal direction as  well  as
in a vertical one.

     A  major difference between the historical vvii presenta-
tion and nnvvii is in the scrolling and screen  oriented  posi-
tion  commands, <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--EE>>, <<ccoonn--
ttrrooll--FF>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--YY>>, HH, LL and MM.  In  histori-
cal  implementations of vvii, these commands acted on physical










UUSSDD::1133--1144                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


(as opposed to logical, or screen) lines.   For  lines  that
were  sufficiently  long  in  relation  to  the  size of the
screen, this meant that single line  scroll  commands  might
repaint  the  entire screen, scrolling or screen positioning
command might not change the screen or move  the  cursor  at
all,  and  some  lines  simply  could not be displayed, even
though vvii would edit the file that contained them.  In  nnvvii,
these  commands  act on logical, i.e. screen lines.  You are
unlikely to notice any difference  unless  you  are  editing
files with lines significantly longer than a screen width.

     VVii  keeps track of the currently "most attractive" cur-
sor position.  Each command description (for  commands  that
can  change  the  current cursor position), specifies if the
cursor is set to a specific location in the line, or  if  it
is moved to the "most attractive cursor position".  The lat-
ter means that the cursor is moved to  the  cursor  position
that  is vertically as close as possible to the current cur-
sor position.  If the current line is shorter than the  cur-
sor  position  vvii  would select, the cursor is positioned on
the last character in the line.  (If the line is empty,  the
cursor is positioned on the first column of the line.)  If a
command moves the cursor to the most attractive position, it
does not alter the current cursor position, and a subsequent
movement will again attempt to move the cursor to that posi-
tion.  Therefore, although a movement to a line shorter than
the currently most attractive position will cause the cursor
to  move to the end of that line, a subsequent movement to a
longer line will cause the cursor to move back to  the  most
attractive position.

     In  addition,  the $$ command makes the end of each line
the most attractive cursor position rather than  a  specific
column.

     Each  vvii command described below notes where the cursor
ends up after it is executed.  This position is described in
terms of characters on the line, i.e.  "the previous charac-
ter", or, "the last character in  the  line".   This  is  to
avoid  needing  to  continually refer to on what part of the
character the cursor rests.

     The following words have special meaning  for  vvii  com-
mands.

pprreevviioouuss ccoonntteexxtt
     The  position  of  the  cursor before the command which
     caused the last absolute movement was  executed.   Each
     vvii  command  described in the next section that is con-
     sidered an absolute movement is so noted.  In addition,
     specifying  _a_n_y  address to an eexx command is considered
     an absolute movement.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--1155


mmoottiioonn
     A second vvii command can be used as an optional trailing
     argument  to the vvii !!, <<, >>, cc, dd, yy, and (depending on
     the ttiillddeeoopp option) ~~ commands.  This command indicates
     the  end  of  the region of text that's affected by the
     command.  The motion command may be either the  command
     character  repeated (in which case it means the current
     line) or a cursor  movement  command.   In  the  latter
     case,  the  region  affected by the command is from the
     starting or stopping cursor position which comes  first
     in  the  file,  to  immediately  before the starting or
     stopping cursor position which comes later in the file.
     Commands  that operate on lines instead of using begin-
     ning and ending cursor positions operate on all of  the
     lines  that  are wholly or partially in the region.  In
     addition, some  other  commands  become  line  oriented
     depending on where in the text they are used.  The com-
     mand descriptions below note these special cases.

     The following commands may all be used as motion compo-
     nents for vvii commands:


     <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>>    <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>   <<ccoonnttrrooll--JJ>>   <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>>
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--NN>>    <<ccoonnttrrooll--PP>>       <<ssppaaccee>>             $$
               %%   ''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>             ((             ))
               ++              ,,             --             //
               00              ;;             ??             BB
               EE              FF             GG             HH
               LL              MM             NN             TT
               WW             [[[[            ]]]]             ^^
               __   ``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>             bb             ee
               ff              hh             jj             kk
               ll              nn             tt             ww
               {{              ||             }}


     The  optional count prefix available for some of the vvii
     commands that take motion commands, or the count prefix
     available  for  the vvii commands that are used as motion
     components, may be included and  is  _a_l_w_a_y_s  considered
     part of the motion argument.  For example, the commands
     "cc22ww" and "22ccww" are equivalent, and the region affected
     by the cc command is two words of text.  In addition, if
     the optional count prefix is specified for both the  vvii
     command  and its motion component, the effect is multi-
     plicative and is considered part of  the  motion  argu-
     ment.   For  example, the commands "44ccww" and "22cc22ww" are
     equivalent, and the region affected by the cc command is
     four words of text.













UUSSDD::1133--1166                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


ccoouunntt
     A  positive number used as an optional argument to most
     commands, either to give a size or a position (for dis-
     play  or  movement commands), or as a repeat count (for
     commands that modify  text).   The  count  argument  is
     always  optional  and  defaults  to  1 unless otherwise
     noted in the command description.

     When a vvii command synopsis shows both  a  [[bbuuffffeerr]]  and
     [[ccoouunntt]], they may be presented in any order.

bbiiggwwoorrdd
     A  set  of  non-whitespace characters preceded and fol-
     lowed by whitespace characters or the beginning or  end
     of the file or line.

     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single bigword.

wwoorrdd
     Generally, in languages where it is applicable, vvii rec-
     ognizes  two kinds of words.  First, a sequence of let-
     ters, digits and underscores, delimited  at  both  ends
     by:  characters  other  than letters, digits, or under-
     scores; the beginning or end of a line;  the  beginning
     or  end  of the file.  Second, a sequence of characters
     other than letters, digits, underscores, or  whitespace
     characters, delimited at both ends by: a letter, digit,
     underscore, or whitespace character; the  beginning  or
     end of a line; the beginning or end of the file.

     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single word.

ppaarraaggrraapphh
     An area of text that begins with either  the  beginning
     of  a  file,  an empty line, or a section boundary, and
     continues until either an empty line, section boundary,
     or the end of the file.

     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single paragraph.

     Additional paragraph boundaries can  be  defined  using
     the ppaarraaggrraapphh option.

sseeccttiioonn
     An  area  of text that starts with the beginning of the
     file or a line whose first character is an  open  brace
     ("{{")  and  continues until the next section or the end
     of the file.

     Additional section boundaries can be defined using  the










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--1177


     sseeccttiioonnss option.

sseenntteennccee
     An  area  of text that begins with either the beginning
     of the file or the first nonblank  character  following
     the  previous  sentence, paragraph, or section boundary
     and continues until the end of  the  file  or  a  or  a
     period ("..")  exclamation point ("!!")  or question mark
     ("??")  character, followed by either an end-of-line  or
     two  whitespace  characters.   Any  number  of  closing
     parentheses ("))"), brackets ("]]") or double-quote ("""")
     characters  can  appear between the period, exclamation
     point, or question mark and the  whitespace  characters
     or end-of-line.

     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single sentence.

1100..  VVii CCoommmmaannddss

     The following section describes the commands  available
in  the command mode of the vvii editor.  In each entry below,
the tag line is a usage synopsis for the command  character.
In  addition,  the  final  line  and column the cursor rests
upon, and any options which affect the command are noted.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>>
     Search forward ccoouunntt times for the current  word.   The
     current word begins at the first non-whitespace charac-
     ter on  or  after  the  current  cursor  position,  and
     extends up to the next non-word character or the end of
     the line.  The search is literal, i.e. no characters in
     the  word  have any special meaning in terms of Regular
     Expressions.  It is an error if no matching pattern  is
     found  between the starting position and the end of the
     file.

     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>> command is an absolute  movement.   The
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>> command may be used as the motion component
     of other vvii commands, in which  case  any  text  copied
     into a buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line where the word is found.
     Column:  Set to the first character of the word.
     Options: Affected by the eexxtteennddeedd, iiggnnoorreeccaassee and wwrraapp--
              ssccaann options.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>>
     Page backward ccoouunntt screens.  Two lines of overlap  are
     maintained  by  displaying  the window starting at line
     ((ttoopp__lliinnee -- ccoouunntt ** wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee)) ++ 22, where wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee
     is  the  value  of  the wwiinnddooww option.  (In the case of
     split screens, this size is corrected  to  the  current










UUSSDD::1133--1188                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     screen size.)  This is an error if the movement is past
     the beginning of the file.

     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>> command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set to the last line of text displayed on  the
              screen.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
     Scroll forward ccoouunntt lines.  If ccoouunntt is not specified,
     scroll  forward  the  number  of lines specified by the
     last <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> or <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command.   If  this  is
     the  first  <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>  or <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command, scroll
     forward half the number of lines in  the  screen.   (In
     the  case  of split screens, the default scrolling dis-
     tance is corrected to half the  current  screen  size.)
     This is an error if the movement is past the end of the
     file.

     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set to the current line  plus  the  number  of
              lines scrolled.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--EE>>
     Scroll forward ccoouunntt lines, leaving the cursor  on  the
     current line and column, if possible.  This is an error
     if the movement is past the end of the file.

     Line:    Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case it is set to the
              first line on the screen.
     Column:  Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case it is set to the
              most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>>
     Page forward ccoouunntt screens.  Two lines of  overlap  are
     maintained  by  displaying  the window starting at line
     ttoopp__lliinnee ++ ccoouunntt ** wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee -- 22,  where  wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee
     is  the  value  of  the wwiinnddooww option.  (In the case of
     split screens, this size is corrected  to  the  current
     screen size.)  This is an error if the movement is past
     the end of the file.

     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>> command is an absolute movement.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--1199


     Line:    Set to the first line on the screen.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              current line.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--GG>>
     Display the file information.  The information includes
     the current pathname, the current line, the  number  of
     total lines in the file, the current line as a percent-
     age of the total lines in the file,  if  the  file  has
     been  modified,  was  able  to be locked, if the file's
     name has been changed, and if the edit session is read-
     only.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>
[[ccoouunntt]] hh
     Move  the  cursor  back ccoouunntt characters in the current
     line.  This is an error if the cursor is on  the  first
     character in the line.

     The  <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>  and  hh  commands  may  be used as the
     motion component of other vvii commands,  in  which  case
     any text copied into a buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to the ccuurrrreenntt -- ccoouunntt character, or, the
              first  character  in  the  line  if  ccoouunntt  is
              greater than or equal to the number of charac-
              ters in the line before the cursor.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--JJ>>
[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--NN>>
[[ccoouunntt]] jj
     Move the cursor down ccoouunntt lines without  changing  the
     current  column.   This  is an error if the movement is
     past the end of the file.

     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--JJ>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--NN>> and jj commands may be used
     as  the motion component of other vvii commands, in which
     case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line plus ccoouunntt.
     Column:  The most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--LL>>
<<ccoonnttrrooll--RR>>
     Repaint the screen.










UUSSDD::1133--2200                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>>
[[ccoouunntt]] ++
     Move the cursor down ccoouunntt lines to the first  nonblank
     character  of that line.  This is an error if the move-
     ment is past the end of the file.

     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>> and ++  commands  may  be  used  as  the
     motion  component  of  other vvii commands, in which case
     any text copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line plus ccoouunntt.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--PP>>
[[ccoouunntt]] kk
     Move  the  cursor  up ccoouunntt lines, without changing the
     current column.  This is an error if  the  movement  is
     past the beginning of the file.

     The  <<ccoonnttrrooll--PP>>  and  kk  commands  may  be used as the
     motion component of other vvii commands,  in  which  case
     any text copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line minus count.
     Column:  The most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
     Return to the most recent tag context.  The <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
     command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set to the context of the  previous  tag  com-
              mand.
     Column:  Set  to  the  context of the previous tag com-
              mand.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>>
     Scroll backward ccoouunntt lines.  If ccoouunntt  is  not  speci-
     fied,  scroll backward the number of lines specified by
     the last <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> or <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command.   If  this
     is the first <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> or <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command, scroll
     backward half the number of lines in the  screen.   (In
     the  case  of split screens, the default scrolling dis-
     tance is corrected to half the  current  screen  size.)
     This  is an error if the movement is past the beginning
     of the file.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2211


     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set to  the  current  line  minus  the  amount
              scrolled.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>>
     Switch to the next lower screen in the window,  or,  to
     the  first  screen if there are no lower screens in the
     window.

     Line:    Set to the previous  cursor  position  in  the
              window.
     Column:  Set  to  the  previous  cursor position in the
              window.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--YY>>
     Scroll backward ccoouunntt lines, leaving the  current  line
     and column as is, if possible.  This is an error if the
     movement is past the beginning of the file.

     Line:    Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case it is set to the
              last line of text displayed on the screen.
     Column:  Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case  it  is the most
              attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--ZZ>>
     Suspend the current editor session.  If  the  file  has
     been modified since it was last completely written, and
     the aauuttoowwrriittee option is set, the file is written before
     the  editor session is suspended.  If this write fails,
     the editor session is not suspended.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option.

<<eessccaappee>>
     Execute eexx commands or cancel partial commands.  If  an
     eexx  command  is being entered (e.g.  //, ??, :: or !!), the
     command is executed.  If a  partial  command  has  been
     entered, e.g.  or the command is cancelled.  Otherwise,
     it is an error.

     Line:    When an eexx command is being executed, the cur-
              rent  line  is  set as described for that com-
              mand.  Otherwise, unchanged.










UUSSDD::1133--2222                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Column:  When an eexx command is being executed, the cur-
              rent  column is set as described for that com-
              mand.  Otherwise, unchanged.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--]]>>
     Push a tag reference onto  the  tag  stack.   The  tags
     files  (see  the  ttaaggss option for more information) are
     searched for a tag matching the current word.  The cur-
     rent  word begins at the first non-whitespace character
     on or after the current cursor position, and extends up
     to  the next non-word character or the end of the line.
     If a matching tag is found, the current  file  is  dis-
     carded  and  the  file  containing the tag reference is
     edited.

     If the current file has been modified since it was last
     completely  written,  the command will fail.  The <<ccoonn--
     ttrrooll--]]>> command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  matching  tag
              string.
     Column:  Set to the start of the matching tag string.
     Options: Affected by the ttaaggss and ttaagglleennggtthh options.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--^^>>
     Switch to the most recently edited file.

     If  the  file  has been modified since it was last com-
     pletely written, and the aauuttoowwrriittee option is  set,  the
     file  is written out.  If this write fails, the command
     will fail.  Otherwise, if the  current  file  has  been
     modified since it was last completely written, the com-
     mand will fail.

     Line:    Set to the line the cursor  was  on  when  the
              file was last edited.
     Column:  Set  to  the column the cursor was on when the
              file was last edited.
     Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ssppaaccee>>
[[ccoouunntt]] ll
     Move the cursor forward ccoouunntt characters without chang-
     ing  the  current line.  This is an error if the cursor
     is on the last character in the line.

     The <<ssppaaccee>> and ll commands may be used  as  the  motion
     component  of other vvii commands, in which case any text
     copied into a buffer is character oriented.   In  addi-
     tion,  these  commands may be used as the motion compo-
     nents of other commands when the cursor is on the  last
     character in the line, without error.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2233


     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  current  character plus the next
              ccoouunntt characters, or to the last character  on
              the  line  if ccoouunntt is greater than the number
              of characters in the line  after  the  current
              character.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] !! mmoottiioonn sshheellll--aarrgguummeenntt((ss))
     Replace  text  with results from a shell command.  Pass
     the lines specified by the ccoouunntt and  mmoottiioonn  arguments
     as  standard  input  to  the program named by the sshheellll
     option, and replace those lines with the  output  (both
     standard error and standard output) of that command.

     After  the  motion is entered, vvii prompts for arguments
     to the shell command.

     Within those arguments,  "%%"  and  "##"  characters  are
     expanded   to  the  current  and  alternate  pathnames,
     respectively.  The "!!"  character is expanded with  the
     command  text  of  the  previous  !!   or  ::!!  commands.
     (Therefore, the command  !!!!   repeats  the  previous  !!
     command.)   The  special  meanings  of "%%", "##" and "!!"
     can be overridden by escaping them  with  a  backslash.
     If no !!  or ::!!  command has yet been executed, it is an
     error to use an unescaped "!!"  character.  The !!   com-
     mand  does  _n_o_t  do shell expansion on the strings pro-
     vided as arguments.  If any  of  the  above  expansions
     change  the  arguments the user entered, the command is
     redisplayed at the bottom of the screen.

     VVii then executes the program named by the sshheellll option,
     with  a  --cc  flag  followed by the arguments (which are
     bundled into a single argument).

     The !!  command is permitted in an empty file.

     If the file has been modified since it  was  last  com-
     pletely written, the !!  command will warn you.

     Line:    The first line of the replaced text.
     Column:  The first column of the replaced text.
     Options: Affected by the sshheellll option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ## ++||--||##
     Increment or decrement the current number.  The current
     number begins at the first non-number character  on  or
     before the current cursor position, or the beginning of
     the line, and extends up to the first non-number  char-
     acter  on  or  after the current cursor position or the
     end of the line.  If the trailing character is a ++, the
     number  is  incremented  by  ccoouunntt.   If  the  trailing










UUSSDD::1133--2244                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     character is a --, the number is decremented  by  ccoouunntt.
     If  the  trailing character is a ##, the previous incre-
     ment or decrement is repeated.

     The format of the  number  (decimal,  hexadecimal,  and
     octal,  and  leading  0's)  is  retained unless the new
     value cannot be represented in the previous format.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first character in the cursor word.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] $$
     Move  the  cursor  to  the  end of a line.  If ccoouunntt is
     specified, the cursor moves down ccoouunntt -- 11 lines.

     It is not an error to use the $$ command when the cursor
     is  on  the last character in the line or when the line
     is empty.

     The $$ command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented, unless the cursor is  at,
     or  before the first nonblank character in the line, in
     which case it is line oriented.  It is not an error  to
     use the $$ command as a motion component when the cursor
     is on the last character in the line, although it is an
     error when the line is empty.

     Line:    Set to the current line plus ccoouunntt minus 1.
     Column:  Set to the last character in the line.
     Options: None.

%%
     Move  to  the  matching character.  The cursor moves to
     the parenthesis or curly brace which _m_a_t_c_h_e_s the paren-
     thesis or curly brace found at the current cursor posi-
     tion or which is the closest one to the  right  of  the
     cursor  on  the  line.  It is an error to execute the %%
     command on a line without a parenthesis or curly brace.
     Historically,  any ccoouunntt specified to the %% command was
     ignored.

     The %% command is an absolute movement.  The  %%  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character  oriented,  unless  the starting point of the
     region is at or before the first nonblank character  on
     its  line, and the ending point is at or after the last
     nonblank character on its line, in  which  case  it  is
     line oriented.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2255


     Line:    Set  to the line containing the matching char-
              acter.
     Column:  Set to the matching character.
     Options: None.

&&
     Repeat the previous substitution command on the current
     line.

     Historically,  any ccoouunntt specified to the && command was
     ignored.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged if the cursor was on the last  char-
              acter in the line, otherwise, set to the first
              nonblank character in the line.
     Options: Affected  by   the   eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,   eexxtteennddeedd,
              iiggnnoorreeccaassee and mmaaggiicc options.

''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Return  to  a  context marked by the character <<cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr>>.  If <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> is  the  "''"  or  "``"  character,
     return  to the previous context.  If <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> is any
     other character, return to the context marked  by  that
     character (see the mm command for more information).  If
     the command is the '' command, only the  line  value  is
     restored,  and  the  cursor is placed on the first non-
     blank character of that line.  If the command is the  ``
     command,  both the line and column values are restored.

     It is an error if the context no longer exists  because
     of  line  deletion.   (Contexts  follow  lines that are
     moved, or which are deleted and then restored.)

     The '' and `` commands are both absolute movements.  They
     may  be  used  as  a motion component for other vvii com-
     mands.  For the ''  command,  any  text  copied  into  a
     buffer  is  line oriented.  For the `` command, any text
     copied into a buffer is character oriented,  unless  it
     both  starts  and  stops  at the first character in the
     line, in which case it is line oriented.  In  addition,
     when  using  the  `` command as a motion component, com-
     mands which move backward  and  started  at  the  first
     character in the line, or move forward and ended at the
     first character in the line, are corrected to the  last
     character  of  the  starting  and ending lines, respec-
     tively.

     Line:    Set to the line from the context.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line,  for  the '' command, and set to the con-
              text's column for the `` command.










UUSSDD::1133--2266                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ((
     Back up ccoouunntt sentences.

     The (( command is an absolute movement.  The  ((  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character  oriented,  unless  the starting and stopping
     points of the region are the  first  character  in  the
     line, in which case it is line oriented.  In the latter
     case, the stopping point of the region is  adjusted  to
     be  the  end of the line immediately before it, and not
     the original cursor position.

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  beginning  of
              the sentence.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              sentence.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ))
     Move forward ccoouunntt sentences.

     The )) command is an absolute movement.  The  ))  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character  oriented,  unless  the starting point of the
     region is the first character in  the  line,  in  which
     case  it  is line oriented.  In the latter case, if the
     stopping point of the region is also the first  charac-
     ter  in  the  line, it is adjusted to be the end of the
     line immediately before it.

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  beginning  of
              the sentence.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              sentence.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ,,
     Reverse find character ccoouunntt times.  Reverse  the  last
     FF,  ff,  TT  or tt command, searching the other way in the
     line, ccoouunntt times.

     The ,, command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character.
     Options: None.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2277


[[ccoouunntt]] --
     Move to first nonblank  of  the  previous  line,  ccoouunntt
     times.

     This  is an error if the movement is past the beginning
     of the file.

     The -- command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line minus ccoouunntt.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ..
     Repeat  the  last  vvii  command that modified text.  The
     repeated command may be a command and motion  component
     combination.   If  ccoouunntt is specified, it replaces _b_o_t_h
     the count specified for the repeated command,  and,  if
     applicable,  for  the  repeated  motion  component.  If
     ccoouunntt is not specified, the counts originally specified
     to the command being repeated are used again.

     As  a special case, if the ..  command is executed imme-
     diately after the uu command, the change log  is  rolled
     forward  or  backward, depending on the action of the uu
     command.

     Line:    Set as described for the repeated command.
     Column:  Set as described for the repeated command.
     Options: None.

//RREE<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
//RREE// [[ooffffsseett]]<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
??RREE<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
??RREE?? [[ooffffsseett]]<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
NN
nn
     Search forward or backward for  a  regular  expression.
     The commands beginning with a slash ("//") character are
     forward searches, the commands beginning with  a  ques-
     tion  mark  ("??")   are  backward searches.  VVii prompts
     with the leading character on  the  last  line  of  the
     screen for a string.  It then searches forward or back-
     ward in the file for the next occurrence of the string,
     which is interpreted as a Basic Regular Expression.

     The // and ??  commands are absolute movements.  They may
     be used as the motion components of other vvii  commands,
     in  which case any text copied into a buffer is charac-
     ter oriented, unless the search started  and  ended  on










UUSSDD::1133--2288                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     the  first  column  of a line, in which case it is line
     oriented.  In addition, forward searches ending at  the
     first character of a line, and backward searches begin-
     ning at the first character in the line, are  corrected
     to  begin  or end at the last character of the previous
     line.  (Note, forward and backward searches  can  occur
     for  both  // and ??  commands, if the wwrraappssccaann option is
     set.)

     If an offset from the matched line is specified (i.e. a
     trailing  "//" or "??"  character is followed by a signed
     offset), the buffer will always be line oriented  (e.g.
     "//ssttrriinngg//++00" will always guarantee a line orientation).

     The nn command repeats the previous search.

     The NN command repeats the previous search, but  in  the
     reverse direction.

     Missing RE's (e.g.  "////<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>", "//<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--
     rreettuurrnn>>",   "????<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>",   or    "??<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--
     rreettuurrnn>>"  search  for  the last search RE, in the indi-
     cated direction.

     Searches may be interrupted using the <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> char-
     acter.

     Line:    Set to the line in which the match occurred.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  character  of the matched
              string.
     Options: Affected  by   the   eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,   eexxtteennddeedd,
              iiggnnoorreeccaassee, mmaaggiicc, and wwrraappssccaann options.

00
     Move to the first character in the current line.  It is
     not an error to use the 00 command when the cursor is on
     the first character in the line,

     The  00  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case it is an error if  the
     cursor is on the first character in the line.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first character in the line.
     Options: None.

::
     Execute an ex command.  VVii prompts for an eexx command on
     the last line of the screen, using a colon ("::")  char-
     acter.   The  command  is  terminated  by  a <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--
     rreettuurrnn>>, <<nneewwlliinnee>> or <<eessccaappee>> character; all of  these
     characters  may  be  escaped  by using a <<lliitteerraall nneexxtt>>
     character.  The command is then executed.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2299


     If the eexx command writes to the screen, vvii will  prompt
     the user for a <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>> before continuing when
     the eexx command finishes.  Large amounts of output  from
     the eexx command will be paged for the user, and the user
     prompted for a <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>> or <<ssppaaccee>> key to con-
     tinue.   In  some cases, a quit (normally a "q" charac-
     ter) or <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> may be entered to interrupt the  eexx
     command.

     When  the eexx command finishes, and the user is prompted
     to resume visual mode, it is  also  possible  to  enter
     another "::" character followed by another eexx command.

     Line:    The  current  line is set as described for the
              eexx command.
     Column:  The current column is set as described for the
              eexx command.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ;;
     Repeat  the  last character find ccoouunntt times.  The last
     character find is one of the FF, ff, TT or tt commands.

     The ;; command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] << mmoottiioonn
[[ccoouunntt]] >> mmoottiioonn
     Shift lines left or right.  Shift the number  of  lines
     in  the region specified by the motion component, times
     ccoouunntt, left (for the << command) or  right  (for  the  >>
     command)  by  the  number  of  columns specified by the
     sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh  option.   Only  whitespace  characters  are
     deleted when shifting left; once the first character in
     the line contains a nonblank character, the sshhiifftt  will
     succeed, but the line will not be modified.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.

@@ bbuuffffeerr
     Execute a named buffer.  Execute the named buffer as vvii
     commands.  The buffer may include eexx commands, too, but
     they must be expressed as a :: command.  If  the  buffer
     is  line  oriented,  <<nneewwlliinnee>> characters are logically
     appended to each line of the buffer.  If the buffer  is










UUSSDD::1133--3300                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     character  oriented, <<nneewwlliinnee>> characters are logically
     appended to all but the last line in the buffer.

     If the buffer name is "@@", or "**", then the last buffer
     executed shall be used.  It is an error to specify "@@@@"
     or "****" if there were no  buffer  previous  executions.
     The text of a macro may contain an @@ command, and it is
     possible to create infinite loops in this manner.  (The
     <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>  character  may  be  used  to interrupt the
     loop.)

     Line:    The current line is set as described  for  the
              command(s).
     Column:  The current column is set as described for the
              command(s).
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] AA
     Enter input mode, appending the text after the  end  of
     the  line.   If ccoouunntt is specified, the text is repeat-
     edly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times  after  input  mode  is
     exited.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] BB
     Move backward ccoouunntt bigwords.  Move the cursor backward
     to  the beginning of a bigword by repeating the follow-
     ing algorithm: if the current position is at the begin-
     ning of a bigword or the character at the current posi-
     tion cannot be part of a bigword,  move  to  the  first
     character of the preceding bigword.  Otherwise, move to
     the first character of the bigword at the current posi-
     tion.   If  no  preceding bigword exists on the current
     line, move to the first character of the  last  bigword
     on the first preceding line that contains a bigword.

     The  BB  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  character  of  the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] CC
     Change  text  from  the current position to the end-of-










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3311


     line.  If ccoouunntt is specified, the input  text  replaces
     from  the  current  position  to  the end-of-line, plus
     ccoouunntt -- 11 subsequent lines.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] DD
     Delete  text  from  the current position to the end-of-
     line.

     It is not an error to execute the DD command on an empty
     line.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to the character before the current char-
              acter, or, column 1 if the cursor was on  col-
              umn 1.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] EE
     Move  forward  ccoouunntt  end-of-bigwords.  Move the cursor
     forward to the end of a bigword by repeating  the  fol-
     lowing algorithm: if the current position is the end of
     a bigword or the character at that position  cannot  be
     part  of  a  bigword, move to the last character of the
     following bigword.  Otherwise, move to the last charac-
     ter of the bigword at the current position.  If no suc-
     ceeding bigword exists on the current line, move to the
     last character of the first bigword on the next follow-
     ing line that contains a bigword.

     The EE command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing the word  selected.
     Column:  Set   to   the  last  character  of  the  word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] FF <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search ccoouunntt times backward through  the  current  line
     for <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.

     The  FF  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.











UUSSDD::1133--3322                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] GG
     Move  to  line  ccoouunntt,  or the last line of the file if
     ccoouunntt not specified.

     The GG command is an absolute movement.  The  GG  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set  to  ccoouunntt,  if  specified, otherwise, the
              last line.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] HH
     Move  to  the screen line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines below the top
     of the screen.

     The HH command is an absolute movement.  The  HH  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set  to the line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines below the top
              of the screen.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              _s_c_r_e_e_n line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] II
     Enter  input  mode, inserting the text at the beginning
     of the line.  If ccoouunntt is specified, the text input  is
     repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] JJ
     Join lines.  If ccoouunntt is  specified,  ccoouunntt  lines  are
     joined;  a  minimum  of  two  lines  are always joined,
     regardless of the value of ccoouunntt.

     If the current line ends with a  whitespace  character,
     all  whitespace is stripped from the next line.  Other-
     wise, if the next line starts with a  open  parenthesis
     ("((")  do nothing.  Otherwise, if the current line ends










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3333


     with a question mark ("??"), period ("..")   or  exclama-
     tion point ("!!"), insert two spaces.  Otherwise, insert
     a single space.

     It is not an error to join lines past the  end  of  the
     file, i.e. lines that do not exist.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to the character after the last character
              of the next-to-last joined line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] LL
     Move to the screen line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines above the  bot-
     tom of the screen.

     The  LL  command is an absolute movement.  The LL command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vvii  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines above the bot-
              tom of the screen.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              _s_c_r_e_e_n line.
     Options: None.

 MM
     Move to the screen line in the middle of the screen.

     The MM command is an absolute movement.  The  MM  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     line oriented.

     Historically,  any ccoouunntt specified to the MM command was
     ignored.

     Line:    Set to the line in the middle of the screen.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              _s_c_r_e_e_n line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] OO
     Enter  input  mode,  appending text in a new line above
     the current line.  If  ccoouunntt  is  specified,  the  text
     input is repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Historically,  any ccoouunntt specified to the OO command was
     ignored.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.










UUSSDD::1133--3344                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] PP
     Insert  text  from a buffer.  Text from the buffer (the
     unnamed buffer by default) is inserted before the  cur-
     rent  column or, if the buffer is line oriented, before
     the current line.

     Line:    Set to the lowest numbered line insert, if the
              buffer  is line oriented, otherwise unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              appended text, if the buffer is line oriented,
              otherwise, the last character of the  appended
              text.
     Options: None.

QQ
     Exit vvii (or visual) mode and switch to eexx mode.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  No longer relevant.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] RR
     Enter  input mode, replacing the characters in the cur-
     rent line.  If ccoouunntt is specified, the  text  input  is
     repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     If  the  end  of  the  current line is reached, no more
     characters are  replaced  and  any  further  characters
     input are appended to the line.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] SS
     Substitute ccoouunntt lines.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3355


[[ccoouunntt]] TT <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search  backward, ccoouunntt times, through the current line
     for the character _a_f_t_e_r the specified <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.

     The TT command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the character  _a_f_t_e_r  the  searched-for
              character.
     Options: None.

UU
     Restore the current line to its state before the cursor
     last moved to it.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  The first character in the line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] WW
     Move forward ccoouunntt bigwords.  Move the  cursor  forward
     to  the beginning of a bigword by repeating the follow-
     ing algorithm: if the current position is within a big-
     word  or  the character at that position cannot be part
     of a bigword, move to the first character of  the  next
     bigword.   If  no subsequent bigword exists on the cur-
     rent line, move to the first  character  of  the  first
     bigword  on  the  first  following line that contains a
     bigword.

     The WW command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    The line containing the word selected.
     Column:  The first character of the word selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] XX
     Delete ccoouunntt characters before the cursor.  If the num-
     ber  of  characters  to  be  deleted is greater than or
     equal to the number of characters to the  beginning  of
     the line, all of the characters before the current cur-
     sor  position,  to  the  beginning  of  the  line,  are
     deleted.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the current character minus ccoouunntt, or
              the first character if count is  greater  than
              the  number  of  characters in the line before
              the cursor.










UUSSDD::1133--3366                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] YY
     Copy (or "yank") ccoouunntt lines into the specified buffer.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

ZZZZ
     Write  the  file and exit vvii.  The file is only written
     if it has been modified since the last  complete  write
     of the file to any file.

     The  ZZZZ  command will exit the editor after writing the
     file, if there are no further files to edit.   Entering
     two  "quit"  commands  (i.e.  wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt or ZZZZ) in a
     row will override this check and the editor will  exit,
     ignoring any files that have not yet been edited.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] [[[[
     Back up ccoouunntt section boundaries.

     The [[[[ command is an absolute movement.  The [[[[ command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vvii  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     character oriented, unless  the  starting  position  is
     column 0, in which case it is line oriented.

     This  is an error if the movement is past the beginning
     of the file.

     Line:    Set to the previous line that is ccoouunntt section
              boundaries back, or the first line of the file
              if no more section boundaries exist  preceding
              the current line.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the sseeccttiioonnss option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ]]]]
     Move forward ccoouunntt section boundaries.

     The ]]]] command is an absolute movement.  The ]]]] command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character  oriented,  unless  the  starting position is
     column 0, in which case it is line oriented.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3377


     This is an error if the movement is past the end of the
     file.

     Line:    Set  to  the line that is ccoouunntt section bound-
              aries forward, or to the last line of the file
              if  no more section boundaries exist following
              the current line.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the sseeccttiioonnss option.

^^
     Move to first nonblank character on the current line.

     The  ^^  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              current line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] __
     Move down ccoouunntt -- 11 lines, to the first nonblank  char-
     acter.   The __ command may be used as the motion compo-
     nent of other vvii  commands,  in  which  case  any  text
     copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     It  is  not  an error to execute the __ command when the
     cursor is on the first character in the line.

     Line:    The current line plus ccoouunntt -- 11.
     Column:  The first nonblank character in the line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] aa
     Enter input mode, appending the text after the  cursor.
     If  ccoouunntt  is  specified,  the text input is repeatedly
     input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] bb
     Move backward ccoouunntt words.  Move the cursor backward to
     the beginning of a  word  by  repeating  the  following
     algorithm:  if the current position is at the beginning
     of a word, move to the first character of the preceding










UUSSDD::1133--3388                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     word.   Otherwise,  the  current  position moves to the
     first character of the word at  the  current  position.
     If  no  preceding word exists on the current line, move
     to the first character of the last word  on  the  first
     preceding line that contains a word.

     The  bb  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  character  of  the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] cc mmoottiioonn
     Change a region of text.  If only part of a single line
     is affected, then the last character being  changed  is
     marked  with  a  "$$".  Otherwise, the region of text is
     deleted, and input mode is entered.

     If ccoouunntt is specified, it is applied to the mmoottiioonn.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] dd mmoottiioonn
     Delete  a region of text.  If ccoouunntt is specified, it is
     applied to the mmoottiioonn.

     Line:    Set to the line where the region starts.
     Column:  Set to the first character in the  line  after
              the  last character in the region.  If no such
              character exists, set to  the  last  character
              before the region.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ee
     Move  forward ccoouunntt end-of-words.  Move the cursor for-
     ward to the end of a word by  repeating  the  following
     algorithm:  if  the  current  position  is the end of a
     word, move to the last character of the following word.
     Otherwise,  move  to  the last character of the word at
     the current position.  If no succeeding word exists  on
     the  current  line,  move  to the last character of the
     first word on the next following line that  contains  a
     word.

     The  ee  command  may be used as the motion component of










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3399


     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  last  character  of   the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ff <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search  forward,  ccoouunntt  times, through the rest of the
     current line for <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.

     The ff command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ii
     Enter input mode, inserting the text before the cursor.
     If  ccoouunntt  is  specified,  the text input is repeatedly
     input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

mm <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Save  the current context (line and column) as <<cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr>>.  The exact position is referred to by  "``<<cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr>>".  The line is referred to by "''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>".

     Historically,  <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> was restricted to lower-case
     letters only, nnvvii permits the use of any character.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] oo
     Enter input mode, appending text in a  new  line  under
     the  current  line.   If  ccoouunntt  is specified, the text
     input is repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Historically, any ccoouunntt specified to the oo command  was
     ignored.












UUSSDD::1133--4400                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] pp
     Append text from a buffer.  Text from the  buffer  (the
     unnamed  buffer  by default) is appended after the cur-
     rent column or, if the buffer is line  oriented,  after
     the current line.

     Line:    Set  to the first line appended, if the buffer
              is line oriented, otherwise unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              appended  text if the buffer is line oriented,
              otherwise, the last character of the  appended
              text.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] rr <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Replace  characters.   The next ccoouunntt characters in the
     line are replaced with <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.  Replacing  charac-
     ters with <<nneewwlliinnee>> characters results in creating new,
     empty lines into the file.

     If <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> is <<eessccaappee>>, the command is cancelled.

     Line:    Unchanged unless the replacement character  is
              a  <<nneewwlliinnee>>,  in  which case it is set to the
              current line plus ccoouunntt -- 11.
     Column:  Set to the last character replaced, unless the
              replacement character is a <<nneewwlliinnee>>, in which
              case the cursor is in column  1  of  the  last
              line inserted.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] ss
     Substitute  ccoouunntt characters in the current line start-
     ing with the current character.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] tt <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search  forward,  ccoouunntt times, through the current line
     for the character immediately _b_e_f_o_r_e <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4411


     The tt command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the character _b_e_f_o_r_e  the  searched-for
              character.
     Options: None.

uu
     Undo  the  last  change made to the file.  If repeated,
     the uu command alternates between these two states,  and
     is  its  own  inverse.   When used after an insert that
     inserted text on more than  one  line,  the  lines  are
     saved in the numeric buffers.

     The  ..  command, when used immediately after the uu com-
     mand, causes the change log to  be  rolled  forward  or
     backward, depending on the action of the uu command.

     Line:    Set to the position of the first line changed,
              if the reversal affects only one line or  rep-
              resents  an addition or change; otherwise, the
              line preceding the deleted text.
     Column:  Set to the cursor position before  the  change
              was made.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ww
     Move  forward  ccoouunntt words.  Move the cursor forward to
     the beginning of a  word  by  repeating  the  following
     algorithm:  if the current position is at the beginning
     of a word, move to the  first  character  of  the  next
     word.   If  no  subsequent  word  exists on the current
     line, move to the first character of the first word  on
     the first following line that contains a word.

     The  ww  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  character  of  the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] xx
     Delete  ccoouunntt  characters.  The deletion is at the cur-
     rent character position.  If the number  of  characters
     to be deleted is greater than or equal to the number of
     characters to the end of the line, all of  the  charac-
     ters from the current cursor position to the end of the
     line are deleted.










UUSSDD::1133--4422                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged unless the  last  character  in  the
              line  is deleted and the cursor is not already
              on the first character in the line,  in  which
              case it is set to the previous character.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] yy mmoottiioonn
     Copy  (or  "yank") a text region specified by the ccoouunntt
     and motion into a buffer.  If ccoouunntt is specified, it is
     applied to the mmoottiioonn.

     Line:    Unchanged,  unless the region covers more than
              a single line, in which case it is set to  the
              line where the region starts.
     Column:  Unchanged,  unless the region covers more than
              a single line, in which case it is set to  the
              character were the region starts.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt11]] zz [[ccoouunntt22]] ttyyppee
     Redraw the screen with a window ccoouunntt22 lines long, with
     line ccoouunntt11 placed as specified by the ttyyppee  character.
     If  ccoouunntt11 is not specified, it defaults to the current
     line.  If ccoouunntt22 is not specified, it defaults  to  the
     current window size.

     The following ttyyppee characters may be used:

     +        If  ccoouunntt11 is specified, place the line ccoouunntt11
              at the top of the screen.  Otherwise,  display
              the screen after the current screen, similarly
              to the <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>> command.
     <carriage-return>
              Place the  line  ccoouunntt11  at  the  top  of  the
              screen.
     .        Place  the  line  ccoouunntt11  in the center of the
              screen.
     -        Place the line ccoouunntt11 at  the  bottom  of  the
              screen.
     ^        If ccoouunntt11 is specified, place the line that is
              at the top of the screen when ccoouunntt11 is at the
              bottom  of  the  screen,  at the bottom of the
              screen, i.e. display  the  screen  before  the
              screen  before ccoouunntt11.  Otherwise, display the
              screen before the current screen, similarly to
              the <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>> command.

     Line:    Set  to  ccoouunntt11 unless ccoouunntt11 is not specified
              and the ttyyppee character was either "^^" or  "++",
              in which case it is set to the line before the
              first line on the previous screen or the  line
              after  the  last  line on the previous screen,










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4433


              respectively.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] {{
     Move backward ccoouunntt paragraphs.

     The  {{  command is an absolute movement.  The {{ command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vvii  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     character oriented, unless the  starting  character  is
     the  first  character  on its line, in which case it is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  beginning  of
              the previous paragraph.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the ppaarraaggrraapphh option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ||
     Move to a specific _c_o_l_u_m_n position on the current line.

     The  ||  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer  is  character  oriented.  It is an error to use
     the || command as a motion component and for the  cursor
     not to move.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  character  occupying  the column
              position identified by ccoouunntt, if the  position
              exists  in  the line.  If the column length of
              the current line is less than ccoouunntt, the  cur-
              sor  is  moved  to  the  last character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] }}
     Move forward ccoouunntt paragraphs.

     The }} command is an absolute movement.  The  }}  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character oriented, unless the starting character is at
     or before any nonblank characters in its line, in which
     case it is line oriented.

     Line:    Set  to  the  line containing the beginning of
              the next paragraph.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.










UUSSDD::1133--4444                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Options: Affected by the ppaarraaggrraapphh option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ~~
     Reverse  the case of the next ccoouunntt character(s).  This
     is the historic semantic for the ~~ command  and  it  is
     only in effect if the ttiillddeeoopp option is not set.

     Lowercase  alphabetic  characters are changed to upper-
     case, and uppercase characters are  changed  to  lower-
     case.  No other characters are affected.

     Historically,  the ~~ command did not take an associated
     count, nor did it move past  the  end  of  the  current
     line.   As it had no associated motion it was difficult
     to change the case of large blocks of text.  In nnvvii, if
     the  cursor  is  on  the  last character of a line, and
     there are more lines in the file, the cursor  moves  to
     the next line.

     It  is  not an error to specify a count larger than the
     number of characters between the cursor and the end  of
     the file.

     Line:    Set  to  the line of the character after ccoouunntt
              characters, or, end of file.
     Column:  Set to the character after  ccoouunntt  characters,
              or, end-of-file.
     Options: Affected by the ttiillddeeoopp option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ~~ mmoottiioonn
     Reverse  the  case  of  the characters in a text region
     specified by the ccoouunntt and mmoottiioonn.  Only in  effect  if
     the ttiillddeeoopp option is set.

     Lowercase  characters  are  changed  to  uppercase, and
     uppercase characters  are  changed  to  lowercase.   No
     other characters are affected.

     Line:    Set  to  the  line  of the character after the
              last character in the region.
     Column:  Set to the character after the last  character
              in the region.
     Options: Affected by the ttiillddeeoopp option.

<<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
     Interrupt  the  current  operation.  Many of the poten-
     tially long-running  vvii  commands  may  be  interrupted
     using  the  terminal interrupt character.  These opera-
     tions include searches, file reading and writing,  fil-
     ter operations and map character expansion.  Interrupts
     are also enabled when running commands outside of vvii.

     If the <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> character is used to interrupt while










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4455


     entering  an  eexx  command,  the command is aborted, the
     cursor returns to its previous position, and vvii remains
     in command mode.

     Generally,  if  the  <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>  character  is used to
     interrupt any operation, any changes  made  before  the
     interrupt are left in place.

     Line:    Dependent  on the operation being interrupted.
     Column:  Dependent on the operation being  interrupted.
     Options: None.

     1111..  VVii TTeexxtt IInnppuutt CCoommmmaannddss

          The   following  section  describes  the  commands
     available in the text input mode of the vvii editor.

          Historically, vvii  implementations  only  permitted
     the  characters  inserted  on  the  current  line to be
     erased.  In addition, only the <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> erase  char-
     acter  and  the "00<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>" and "^^<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>" erase
     strings could erase autoindent characters.  This imple-
     mentation  permits  erasure to continue past the begin-
     ning of the current line, and back to where text  input
     mode  was  entered.  In addition, autoindent characters
     may be erased using the standard erase characters.  For
     the  line  and  word  erase  characters,  reaching  the
     autoindent characters forms a "soft" boundary, denoting
     the  end  of the current word or line erase.  Repeating
     the word or line erase key will  erase  the  autoindent
     characters.

          Historically, vvii always used <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>> and <<ccoonn--
     ttrrooll--WW>> as character and word erase characters, respec-
     tively,  regardless  of  the current terminal settings.
     This implementation accepts, in addition to  these  two
     characters,  the  current terminal characters for those
     operations.

     <<nnuull>>
          If the first character of the input  is  a  <<nnuull>>,
          the   previous  input  is  replayed,  as  if  just
          entered.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
          If the previous  character  on  the  line  was  an
          autoindent character, erase it.  Otherwise, if the
          user is entering the first character in the  line,
          <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>  is  ignored.   Otherwise,  a  literal
          <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> character is entered.

     ^^<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
          If the previous  character  on  the  line  was  an










UUSSDD::1133--4466                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


          autoindent  character, erase all of the autoindent
          characters on the line.  In addition, the  autoin-
          dent level is reset to 0.

     00<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
          If  the  previous  character  on  the  line was an
          autoindent character, erase all of the  autoindent
          characters on the line.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
          Insert  sufficient <<ttaabb>> and <<ssppaaccee>> characters to
          move the cursor forward to  a  column  immediately
          after the next column which is an even multiple of
          the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.

          Historically, vvii did not  permit  the  <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
          command  to  be  used unless the cursor was at the
          first column of a new line or it was preceded only
          by  autoindent  characters.   NNvvii permits it to be
          used at any time during insert mode.

     <<eerraassee>>
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>
          Erase the last character.

     <<lliitteerraall nneexxtt>>
          Quote the next character.  The next character will
          not be mapped (see the mmaapp command for more infor-
          mation) or interpreted specially.  A  carat  ("^^")
          character  will  be  displayed  immediately  as  a
          placeholder, but will  be  replaced  by  the  next
          character.

     <<eessccaappee>>
          Resolve  all  text input into the file, and return
          to command mode.

     <<lliinnee eerraassee>>
          Erase the current line.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>>
     <<wwoorrdd eerraassee>>
          Erase the last word.  The definition  of  word  is
          dependent  on the aallttwweerraassee and ttttyywweerraassee options.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--XX>>[[00--99AA--FFaa--ff]]**
          Insert a character with the specified  hexadecimal
          value into the text.

     <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
          Interrupt  text  input  mode, returning to command
          mode.  If the <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>  character  is  used  to
          interrupt  inserting  text into the file, it is as










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4477


          if the <<eessccaappee>> character was used; all text input
          up  to the interruption is resolved into the file.

     1122..  EExx AAddddrreessssiinngg

          Addressing in eexx (and when eexx  commands  are  exe-
     cuted  from  vvii)  relates to the current line.  In gen-
     eral, the current line is the last line affected  by  a
     command.   The exact effect on the current line is dis-
     cussed under the description of each command.  When the
     file contains no lines, the current line is zero.

          Addresses  are  constructed  by one or more of the
     following methods:

      (1)   The address ".."  refers to the current line.

      (2)   The address "$$" refers to the last line  of  the
            file.

      (3)   The  address  "NN", where NN is a positive number,
            refers to the N-th line of the file.

      (4)   The  address  "''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>"  or  "``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>"
            refers to the line marked with the name <<cchhaarraacc--
            tteerr>>.  (See the kk or mm commands for more  infor-
            mation on how to mark lines.)

      (5)   A  regular  expression  (RE) enclosed by slashes
            ("//") is an address, and it refers to the  first
            line  found  by  searching forward from the line
            _a_f_t_e_r the current line toward  the  end  of  the
            file,  and stopping at the first line containing
            a string matching the RE.  (The  trailing  slash
            can  be omitted at the end of the command line.)

            If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is "////",
            the  last  RE used in any command is used in the
            search.

            If the eexxtteennddeedd option is set, the RE is handled
            as an extended RE, not a basic RE.  If the wwrraapp--
            ssccaann option is set, the search wraps  around  to
            the  beginning  of  the file and continues up to
            and including the  current  line,  so  that  the
            entire file is searched.

            The  form "\\//" is accepted for historic reasons,
            and is identical to "////".

      (6)   An  RE  enclosed   in   question   marks   ("??")
            addresses  the  first  line  found  by searching
            backward from the  line  _p_r_e_c_e_d_i_n_g  the  current










UUSSDD::1133--4488                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


            line, toward the beginning of the file and stop-
            ping at  the  first  line  containing  a  string
            matching  the  RE.   (The trailing question mark
            can be omitted at the end of a command line.)

            If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is "????",
            the  last  RE used in any command is used in the
            search.

            If the eexxtteennddeedd option is set, the RE is handled
            as an extended RE, not a basic RE.  If the wwrraapp--
            ssccaann option is set,  the  search   wraps  around
            from the beginning of the file to the end of the
            file and continues up to and including the  cur-
            rent  line, so that the entire file is searched.

            The form "\\??"  is accepted for historic reasons,
            and is identical to "????".

      (7)   An  address  followed  by a plus sign ("++") or a
            minus sign ("--") followed by a number is an off-
            set  address  and refers to the address plus (or
            minus) the indicated number of  lines.   If  the
            address  is omitted, the addition or subtraction
            is done with respect to the current line.

      (8)   An address of "++" or "--" followed by a number is
            an  offset  from the current line.  For example,
            "--55" is the same as "..--55".

      (9)   An address ending with "++" or "--" has 1 added to
            or  subtracted  from  the address, respectively.
            As a consequence of this rule and of the  previ-
            ous  rule,  the  address  "--" refers to the line
            preceding the current line.  Moreover,  trailing
            "++" and "--" characters have a cumulative effect.
            For example, "++++--++++" refers to the current  line
            plus 3.

      (10)  A  percent  sign  ("%%")  is  equivalent  to  the
            address range "11,,$$".

          EExx commands require zero, one, or  two  addresses.
     It is an error to specify an address to a command which
     requires zero addresses.

          If the user provides more than the expected number
     of  addresses  to  any  eexx command, the first addresses
     specified are discarded.  For  example,  "11,,22,,33,,55"print
     prints  lines  3  through  5, because the pprriinntt command
     only takes two addresses.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--4499


          The addresses in a range are separated  from  each
     other  by  a  comma (",,") or a semicolon (";;").  In the
     latter case, the current line  ("..")   is  set  to  the
     first address, and only then is the second address cal-
     culated.  This feature can be  used  to  determine  the
     starting  line  for  forward and backward searches (see
     rules (5) and (6) above).  The second  address  of  any
     two-address  sequence  corresponds  to a line that fol-
     lows, in the file, the line corresponding to the  first
     address.   The first address must be less than or equal
     to the second  address.   The  first  address  must  be
     greater  than  or  equal to the first line of the file,
     and the last address must be less than or equal to  the
     last line of the file.

     1133..  EExx DDeessccrriippttiioonn

          The  following  words have special meanings for eexx
     commands.

     <<eeooff>>
          The end-of-file character is used  to  scroll  the
          screen  in  the eexx editor.  This character is nor-
          mally <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>, however, whatever character  is
          set for the current terminal is used.

     lliinnee
          A  single-line  address, given in any of the forms
          described in the section entitled "EExx AAddddrreessssiinngg".
          The default for lliinnee is the current line.

     rraannggee
          A  line, or a pair of line addresses, separated by
          a comma or semicolon.  (See the  section  entitled
          "EExx   AAddddrreessssiinngg"   for  more  information.)   The
          default for range is the current line  _o_n_l_y,  i.e.
          "..,,..".   A percent sign ("%%") stands for the range
          "11,,$$".  The starting address must be less than, or
          equal to, the ending address.

     ccoouunntt
          A positive integer, specifying the number of lines
          to be affected by the command; the default  is  1.
          Generally,  a  count  past  the end-of-file may be
          specified, e.g. the command "pp 33000000" in a 10  line
          file  is  acceptable, and will print from the cur-
          rent line through the last line in the file.

     ffllaaggss
          One or more of the characters "#", "p",  and  "l".
          When a command that accepts these flags completes,
          the addressed line(s) are written out as if by the
          corresponding  ##,  ll  or pp commands.  In addition,










UUSSDD::1133--5500                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          any number of "++" or "--" characters can be  speci-
          fied  before, after, or during the flags, in which
          case the line written is not necessarily  the  one
          affected  by  the  command,  but  rather  the line
          addressed by the offset  address  specified.   The
          default for ffllaaggss is none.

     ffiillee
          A  pattern  used to derive a pathname; the default
          is the current file.  File names are subjected  to
          normal _s_h(1) word expansions.

          Anywhere a file name is specified, it is also pos-
     sible to use the special string "//ttmmpp".  This  will  be
     replaced  with  a temporary file name which can be used
     for temporary work, e.g.  "::ee //ttmmpp" creates and edits a
     new file.

          If both a count and a range are specified for com-
     mands that use either, the starting line for  the  com-
     mand  is  the  _l_a_s_t  line  addressed  by the range, and
     ccoouunntt- subsequent lines are affected  by  the  command,
     e.g.  the  command "22,,33pp44" prints out lines 3, 4, 5 and
     6.

          When only a line or range is  specified,  with  no
     command,  the  implied command is either a lliisstt, nnuummbbeerr
     or pprriinntt command.  The command used is the most  recent
     of  the three commands to have been used (including any
     use as a flag).  If none of these  commands  have  been
     used  before, the pprriinntt command is the implied command.
     When no range or count is  specified  and  the  command
     line  is  a blank line, the current line is incremented
     by 1 and then the current line is displayed.

          Zero or more whitespace characters may precede  or
     follow  the  addresses,  count, flags, or command name.
     Any object following a command name  (such  as  buffer,
     file,  etc.), that begins with an alphabetic character,
     should be separated from the command name by  at  least
     one whitespace character.

          Any  character,  including  <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>, "%%"
     and "##" retain their literal value when preceded  by  a
     backslash.

     1144..  EExx CCoommmmaannddss

          The   following  section  describes  the  commands
     available in the eexx editor.  In each entry  below,  the
     tag line is a usage synopsis for the command.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5511


          Each  command  can  be entered as the abbreviation
     (those characters in the synopsis command word  preced-
     ing  the  "[" character), the full command (all charac-
     ters shown for the command word, omitting the  "["  and
     "]" characters), or any leading subset of the full com-
     mand down to the abbreviation.  For example,  the  args
     command  (shown  as  "aarr[[ggss]]"  in  the synopsis) can be
     entered as "aarr", "aarrgg" or "aarrggss".

          Each eexx command described below notes the new cur-
     rent  line after it is executed, as well as any options
     that affect the command.

     ""
          A comment.  Command lines beginning with the  dou-
          ble-quote  character ("""") are ignored.  This per-
          mits comments in editor scripts and startup files.

     <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>>
          Scroll  the screen.  Write the next N lines, where
          N is the value of the ssccrroollll option.  The  command
          is  the  end-of-file terminal character, which may
          be different on different  terminals.   Tradition-
          ally, it is the <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> key.

          Historically,  the eeooff command ignored any preced-
          ing count, and  the  <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>>  character  was
          ignored unless it was entered as the first charac-
          ter of the command.  This implementation treats it
          as  a command _o_n_l_y if entered as the first charac-
          ter of the command line, and otherwise  treats  it
          as any other character.

          Line:    Set to the last line written.
          Options: None.

     !! aarrgguummeenntt((ss))
     [[rraannggee]]!! aarrgguummeenntt((ss))
          Execute a shell command, or filter lines through a
          shell command.  In the first synopsis, the remain-
          der of the line after the "!!"  character is passed
          to the program named by the  sshheellll  option,  as  a
          single argument.

          Within  the  rest  of  the  line,  "%%" and "##" are
          expanded into the current and alternate pathnames,
          respectively.  The character "!!"  is expanded with
          the command  text  of  the  previous  !!   command.
          (Therefore, the command !!!!  repeats the previous !!
          command.)  The special meanings of "%%",  "##",  and
          "!!"   can  be  overridden  by escaping them with a
          backslash.  If no !!  or ::!!  command has  yet  been
          executed,  it  is an error to use an unescaped "!!"










UUSSDD::1133--5522                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          character.  The  !!   command  does  _n_o_t  do  shell
          expansion  on  the  strings provided as arguments.
          If any of the above expansions change the  command
          the  user  entered,  the command is redisplayed at
          the bottom of the screen.

          EExx then executes the program named  by  the  sshheellll
          option,  with  a --cc flag followed by the arguments
          (which are bundled into a single argument).

          The !!  command is permitted in an empty file.

          If the file has been modified since  it  was  last
          completely written, the command will warn you.

          A single "!!"  character is displayed when the com-
          mand completes.

          In the second form of the !!  command, the  remain-
          der  of  the  line after the "!!"  is passed to the
          program named by the sshheellll  option,  as  described
          above.  The specified lines are passed to the pro-
          gram as standard input, and the standard and stan-
          dard error output of the program replace the orig-
          inal lines.

          Line:    Unchanged if no range was specified, oth-
                   erwise  set  to  the  first  line  of the
                   range.
          Options: Affected by the  aauuttoowwrriittee  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     [[rraannggee]] nnuu[[mmbbeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] ## [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display the selected lines, each preceded with its
          line number.

          The line number format is "%6d", followed  by  two
          spaces.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: None.

     @@ bbuuffffeerr
     ** bbuuffffeerr
          Execute  a  buffer.  Each line in the named buffer
          is executed as an eexx command.   If  no  buffer  is
          specified,  or  if  the specified buffer is "@@" or
          "**", the last buffer executed is used.

     [[rraannggee]] <<[[<< ......]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Shift lines left or right.   The  specified  lines
          are  shifted  to  the  left (for the << command) or










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5533


          right (for  the  >>  command),  by  the  number  of
          columns  specified by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.  Only
          leading whitespace  characters  are  deleted  when
          shifting  left;  once the first column of the line
          contains a nonblank character, the  sshhiifftt  command
          will succeed, but the line will not be modified.

          If  the  command character << or >> is repeated more
          than once, the command is repeated once  for  each
          additional command character.

          Line:    If  the current line is set to one of the
                   lines that are affected by  the  command,
                   it is unchanged.  Otherwise, it is set to
                   the first nonblank character of the  low-
                   est numbered line shifted.
          Options: Affected by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.

     [[lliinnee]] == [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display  the line number.  Display the line number
          of lliinnee (which defaults to the last  line  in  the
          file).

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] >>[[>> ......]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Shift  right.   The specified lines are shifted to
          the right by the number of  columns  specified  by
          the  sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option, by inserting tab and space
          characters.  Empty lines are not changed.

          If the command character ">>" is repeated more than
          once,  the command is repeated once for each addi-
          tional command character.

          Line:    Set to the last line modified by the com-
                   mand.
          Options: None.

     aabb[[bbrreevv]] llhhss rrhhss
          Add  an  abbreviation  to the current abbreviation
          list.  In vvii, if llhhss is entered such  that  it  is
          preceded and followed by characters that cannot be
          part of a word, it is replaced by the string  rrhhss.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] aa[[ppppeenndd]][[!!]]
          The  input text is appended to the specified line.
          If line 0 is specified, the text  is  inserted  at
          the  beginning  of the file.  Set to the last line










UUSSDD::1133--5544                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          input.  If no lines are input, then set  to  lliinnee,
          or  to  the  first line of the file if a lliinnee of 0
          was specified.  Following the command name with  a
          "!!"   character causes the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option to be
          toggled for the duration of the command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by  the  aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,
                   bbeeaauuttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraapp--
                   mmaarrggiinn options.

     aarr[[ggss]]
          Display the argument list.  The  current  argument
          is  displayed  inside  of  "[[" and "]]" characters.
          The argument list is the list of  operands  speci-
          fied  on  startup, which can be replaced using the
          nneexxtt command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     bbgg
          VVii mode only.  Background the current screen.

          Line:    Set to the current line when  the  screen
                   was last edited.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] cc[[hhaannggee]][[!!]] [[ccoouunntt]]
          Replace  the lines with input text.  Following the
          command name with  a  "!!"   character  causes  the
          aauuttooiinnddeenntt  option  to be toggled for the duration
          of the command.

          Line:    Set to the last line  input,  or,  if  no
                   lines  were input, set to the line before
                   the target line, or to the first line  of
                   the  file if there are no lines preceding
                   the target line.
          Options: Affected by  the  aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,
                   bbeeaauuttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraapp--
                   mmaarrggiinn options.

     cchhdd[[iirr]][[!!]] [[ddiirreeccttoorryy]]
     ccdd[[!!]] [[ddiirreeccttoorryy]]
          Change the current working directory.  The  ddiirreecc--
          ttoorryy  argument  is  subjected to _s_h(1) word expan-
          sions.  When invoked with  no  directory  argument
          and  the  HHOOMMEE  environment  variable  is set, the
          directory named by the HHOOMMEE  environment  variable
          becomes the new current directory.  Otherwise, the
          new  current  directory  becomes   the   directory
          returned by the _g_e_t_p_w_e_n_t(3) routine.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5555


          The  cchhddiirr  command will fail if the file has been
          modified since the  last  complete  write  of  the
          file.   You can override this check by appending a
          "!!"  character to the command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the ccddppaatthh option.

     [[rraannggee]] ccoo[[ppyy]] lliinnee [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] tt lliinnee [[ffllaaggss]]
          Copy the specified lines (range) after the  desti-
          nation  line.   Line  0 may be specified to insert
          the lines at the beginning of the file.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] dd[[eelleettee]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Delete the lines from the file.  The deleted  text
          is saved in the specified buffer, or, if no buffer
          is specified, in the unnamed buffer.  If the  com-
          mand  name  is  followed by a letter that could be
          interpreted as either a  buffer  name  or  a  flag
          value  (because  neither  a  ccoouunntt or ffllaaggss values
          were given), eexx treats the letter as a ffllaaggss value
          if  the  letter  immediately  follows  the command
          name, without any whitespace separation.   If  the
          letter  is  preceded  by whitespace characters, it
          treats it as a buffer name.

          Line:    Set to the  line  following  the  deleted
                   lines, or to the last line if the deleted
                   lines were at the end.
          Options: None.

     ddii[[ssppllaayy]] bb[[uuffffeerrss]] || ss[[ccrreeeennss]] || tt[[aaggss]]
          Display buffers, screens  or  tags.   The  ddiissppllaayy
          command  takes  one of three additional arguments,
          which are as follows:

          b[uffers]
                   Display  all  buffers  (including  named,
                   unnamed,  and numeric) that contain text.
          s[creens]
                   Display the file names of all  background
                   screens.
          t[ags]   Display the tags stack.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ee[[ddiitt]][[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]











UUSSDD::1133--5566                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


     eexx[[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]
          Edit  a different file.  If the current buffer has
          been modified since the last complete  write,  the
          command  will  fail.   You  can  override  this by
          appending a "!!"  character to the command name.

          If the "++ccmmdd" option is specified, that eexx command
          will  be executed in the new file.  Any eexx command
          may be used, although the most common use of  this
          feature is to specify a line number or search pat-
          tern to set the initial location in the new  file.

          Line:    If  you  have previously edited the file,
                   the current line will be set to your last
                   position  in  the file.  If that position
                   does not exist, or you  have  not  previ-
                   ously  edited  the file, the current line
                   will be set to the first line of the file
                   if  you are in vvii mode, and the last line
                   of the file if you are in eexx.
          Options: Affected by the  aauuttoowwrriittee  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     eexxuu[[ssaaggee]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]]
          Display  usage  for  an eexx command.  If ccoommmmaanndd is
          specified, a usage statement for that  command  is
          displayed.  Otherwise, usage statements for all eexx
          commands are displayed.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ff[[iillee]] [[ffiillee]]
          Display and optionally change the file name.  If a
          file  name  is  specified, the current pathname is
          changed to the specified name.  The current  path-
          name,  the  number of lines, and the current posi-
          tion in the file are displayed.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ffgg [[nnaammee]]
          VVii mode only.  Foreground  the  specified  screen.
          Swap  the  current screen with the specified back-
          grounded screen.  If no screen is  specified,  the
          first background screen is foregrounded.

          Line:    Set  to  the current line when the screen
                   was last edited.
          Options: None.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5577


     [[rraannggee]] gg[[lloobbaall]] //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ccoommmmaannddss]]
     [[rraannggee]] vv //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ccoommmmaannddss]]
          Apply commands to lines matching (or not matching)
          a  pattern.  The lines within the given range that
          match ("gg[[lloobbaall]]"), or  do  not  match  ("vv")  the
          given  pattern  are selected.  Then, the specified
          eexx command(s) are executed with the  current  line
          ("..")   set to each selected line.  If no range is
          specified, the entire file is searched for  match-
          ing, or not matching, lines.

          Multiple  commands can be specified, one per line,
          by escaping each <<nneewwlliinnee>> character with a  back-
          slash,  or by separating commands with a "||" char-
          acter.  If no commands are specified, the  command
          defaults to the pprriinntt command.

          For  the  aappppeenndd,  cchhaannggee and iinnsseerrtt commands, the
          input text must be  part  of  the  global  command
          line.  In this case, the terminating period can be
          omitted if it ends the commands.

          The vviissuuaall command may also be specified as one of
          the  eexx  commands.   In  this mode, input is taken
          from the terminal.  Entering a  QQ  command  in  vvii
          mode  causes the next line matching the pattern to
          be selected and vvii to be reentered, until the list
          is exhausted.

          The  gglloobbaall, vv and uunnddoo commands cannot be used as
          part of these commands.

          The  editor  options  aauuttoopprriinntt,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  and
          rreeppoorrtt  are  turned  off  for  the duration of the
          gglloobbaall and vv commands.

          Line:    The last line modified.
          Options: None.

     hhee[[llpp]]
          Display a help message.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] ii[[nnsseerrtt]][[!!]]
          The input text is inserted  before  the  specified
          line.   Following  the  command  name  with  a "!!"
          character causes the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option setting  to
          be toggled for the duration of this command.

          Line:    Set  to  the last line input; if no lines
                   were input, set to the  line  before  the










UUSSDD::1133--5588                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


                   target  line, or to the first line of the
                   file if there are no lines preceding  the
                   target line.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt,
                   bbeeaauuttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and  wwrraapp--
                   mmaarrggiinn options.

     [[rraannggee]] jj[[ooiinn]][[!!]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Join lines of text together.

          A  ccoouunntt  specified  to the command specifies that
          the last line of the rraannggee plus  ccoouunntt  subsequent
          lines  will be joined.  (Note, this differs by one
          from the general rule where only ccoouunntt- subsequent
          lines are affected.)

          If the current line ends with a whitespace charac-
          ter, all whitespace  is  stripped  from  the  next
          line.   Otherwise,  if the next line starts with a
          open parenthesis ("(("), do nothing.  Otherwise, if
          the  current line ends with a question mark ("??"),
          period ("..")  or exclamation point  ("!!"),  insert
          two spaces.  Otherwise, insert a single space.

          Appending  a  "!!"   character  to the command name
          causes a simpler join with no white-space process-
          ing.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] ll[[iisstt]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display  the  lines  unambiguously.  Tabs are dis-
          played as "^^II", and the end of the line is  marked
          with a "$$" character.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: None.

     mmaapp[[!!]] [[llhhss rrhhss]]
          Define or display maps (for vvii only).

          If  "llhhss" and "rrhhss" are not specified, the current
          set of command mode maps are displayed.  If a  "!!"
          character  is appended to to the command, the text
          input mode maps are displayed.

          Otherwise, when the "llhhss"  character  sequence  is
          entered in vvii, the action is as if the correspond-
          ing "rrhhss" had been entered.  If a  "!!"   character
          is  appended  to  the command name, the mapping is
          effective during text input mode, otherwise, it is
          effective  during command mode.  This allows "llhhss"










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5599


          to have two different  macro  definitions  at  the
          same  time: one for command mode and one for input
          mode.

          Whitespace  characters  require  escaping  with  a
          <<lliitteerraallnext>  character  to be entered in the llhhss
          string in visual mode.

          Normally, keys in the rrhhss string are remapped (see
          the  rreemmaapp  option),  and it is possible to create
          infinite loops.  However, keys which map to  them-
          selves are not further remapped, regardless of the
          setting of the rreemmaapp  option.   For  example,  the
          command  "::mmaapp  nn  nnzz.."  maps the "nn" key to the nn
          and zz commands.

          To exit an infinitely looping map, use the  termi-
          nal <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> character.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] mmaa[[rrkk]] <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     [[lliinnee]] kk <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
          Mark  the  line  with  the  mark <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.  The
          expressions "''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>" and "``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>"  can
          then  be  used  as  an address in any command that
          uses one.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] mm[[oovvee]] lliinnee
          Move the specified lines after the target line.  A
          target line of 0 places the lines at the beginning
          of the file.

          Line:    Set to the first of the moved lines.
          Options: None.

     mmkk[[eexxrrcc]][[!!]] ffiillee
          Write the abbreviations, editor options  and  maps
          to  the specified file.  Information is written in
          a form which can later be read back in  using  the
          eexx  ssoouurrccee  command.   If ffiillee already exists, the
          mmkkeexxrrcc command will fail.  This check can be over-
          ridden  by  appending a "!!"  character to the com-
          mand.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.












UUSSDD::1133--6600                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


     nn[[eexxtt]][[!!]] [[ffiillee ......]]
          Edit the next file from the  argument  list.   The
          nneexxtt  command will fail if the file has been modi-
          fied since the last complete  write.   This  check
          can  be overridden by appending the "!!"  character
          to  the  command  name.   The  argument  list  can
          optionally  be replaced by specifying a new one as
          arguments to this command.  In this case,  editing
          starts with the first file on the new list.

          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: Affected  by  the  options  aauuttoowwrriittee and
                   wwrriitteeaannyy.

     [[lliinnee]] oo[[ppeenn]] //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ffllaaggss]]
          Enter open mode.  Open mode is the same  as  being
          in  vvii, but with a one-line window.  All the stan-
          dard vvii commands are available.   If  a  match  is
          found  for the optional RE argument, the cursor is
          set to the start of the matching pattern.

          _T_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

          Line:    Unchanged,  unless  the  optional  RE  is
                   specified, in which case it is set to the
                   line where the matching pattern is found.
          Options: Affected by the ooppeenn option.

     pprree[[sseerrvvee]]
          Save  the  file in a form that can later be recov-
          ered using the eexx --rr option.   When  the  file  is
          preserved, an email message is sent to the user.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     pprreevv[[iioouuss]][[!!]]
          Edit  the  previous  file  from the argument list.
          The pprreevviioouuss command will fail  if  the  file  has
          been modified since the last complete write.  This
          check can  be  overridden  by  appending  the  "!!"
          character to the command name.

          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: Affected  by  the  options  aauuttoowwrriittee and
                   wwrriitteeaannyy.  None.

     [[rraannggee]] pp[[rriinntt]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display the specified lines.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: None.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6611


     [[lliinnee]] ppuu[[tt]] [[bbuuffffeerr]]
          Append buffer contents to the current line.  If  a
          buffer  is specified, its contents are appended to
          the line, otherwise, the contents of  the  unnamed
          buffer are used.

          Line:    Set to the line after the current line.
          Options: None.

     qq[[uuiitt]][[!!]]
          End  the  editing  session.   If the file has been
          modified since the last complete write,  the  qquuiitt
          command  will  fail.  This check may be overridden
          by appending a "!!"  character to the command.

          If there are more files to edit, the qquuiitt  command
          will fail.  Appending a "!!"  character to the com-
          mand name or entering two qquuiitt commands (i.e.  wwqq,
          qquuiitt,  xxiitt  or  ZZZZ)  in  a row) will override this
          check and the editor will exit.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] rr[[eeaadd]][[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
          Read a file.  A copy  of  the  specified  file  is
          appended  to  the line.  If lliinnee is 0, the copy is
          inserted at the beginning of the file.  If no file
          is  specified,  the current file is read; if there
          is no current file, then ffiillee becomes the  current
          file.   If there is no current file and no ffiillee is
          specified, then the rreeaadd command will fail.

          If ffiillee is preceded by a "!!"  character,  ffiillee  is
          treated  as if it were a shell command, and passed
          to the program  named  by  the  SSHHEELLLL  environment
          variable.  The standard and standard error outputs
          of that command are read into the file  after  the
          specified  line.   The  special meaning of the "!!"
          character can be overridden by escaping it with  a
          backslash ("\\") character.

          Line:    When  executed  from eexx, the current line
                   is set to the last line read.  When  exe-
                   cuted from vvii, the current line is set to
                   the first line read.
          Options: None.

     rreecc[[oovveerr]] ffiillee
          Recover ffiillee if it was previously  saved.   If  no
          saved  file  by that name exists, the rreeccoovveerr com-
          mand behaves similarly to the eeddiitt command.











UUSSDD::1133--6622                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: None.

     rreess[[iizzee]] [[++||--]]ssiizzee
          VVii mode only.  Grow or shrink the current  screen.
          If  ssiizzee is a positive, signed number, the current
          screen is grown by that many lines.  If ssiizzee is  a
          negative,  signed  number,  the  current screen is
          shrunk by that many lines.  If ssiizzee is not signed,
          the  current  screen is set to the specified ssiizzee.
          Applicable only to split screens.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     rreeww[[iinndd]][[!!]]
          Rewind the argument list.  If the current file has
          been  modified  since the last complete write, the
          rreewwiinndd command will fail.  This check may be over-
          ridden by appending the "!!"  character to the com-
          mand.

          Otherwise, the current file is set  to  the  first
          file in the argument list.

          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     ssee[[tt]] [[ooppttiioonn[[==[[vvaalluuee]]]] ......]]  [[nnooooppttiioonn  ......]]  [[ooppttiioonn??
          ......]] [[aallll]]
          Display  or set editor options.  When no arguments
          are specified, the editor  option  tteerrmm,  and  any
          editor options whose values have been changed from
          the default settings are displayed.  If the  argu-
          ment aallll is specified, the values of all of editor
          options are displayed.

          Specifying an option name followed by the  charac-
          ter  "??"   causes the current value of that option
          to be displayed.  The "??"  can be  separated  from
          the option name by whitespace characters.  The "??"
          is necessary  only  for  Boolean  valued  options.
          Boolean  options  can  be given values by the form
          "sseett ooppttiioonn" to turn them on, or "sseett nnooooppttiioonn" to
          turn  them off.  String and numeric options can be
          assigned by  the  form  "sseett  ooppttiioonn==vvaalluuee".   Any
          whitespace  characters  in strings can be included
          literally by  preceding  each  with  a  backslash.
          More  than  one  option  can be set or listed by a
          single set command, by specifying  multiple  argu-
          ments,  each separated from the next by whitespace
          characters.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6633


          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     sshh[[eellll]]
          Run a shell program.  The  program  named  by  the
          sshheellll  option  is  run with a --ii (for interactive)
          flag.  Editing is resumed when that program exits.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ssoo[[uurrccee]] ffiillee
          Read  and execute eexx commands from a file.  SSoouurrccee
          commands may be nested.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     sspp[[lliitt]] [[ffiillee ......]]
          VVii mode only.   Split  the  screen.   The  current
          screen is split into two screens, of approximately
          equal size.  If the cursor is in the lower half of
          the screen, the screen will split up, i.e. the new
          screen will be above the old one.  If  the  cursor
          is in the upper half of the screen, the new screen
          will be below the old one.

          If ffiillee is specified, the new  screen  is  editing
          that file, otherwise, both screens are editing the
          same  file,  and  changes  in  each  will  be   be
          reflected in the other.  The argument list for the
          new screen consists of the list of files specified
          as  arguments  to  this  command,  or, the current
          pathname if no files are specified.

          Line:    If ffiillee is specified, set as for the eeddiitt
                   command, otherwise unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]]   ss[[uubbssttiittuuttee]]   [[//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppllaaccee//]]  [[ooppttiioonnss]]
          [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] && [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] ~~ [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Make substitutions.  Replace the first instance of
          ppaatttteerrnn  with  the string rreeppllaaccee on the specified
          line(s).  If the "//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppll//" argument is  not
          specified,  the "//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppll//" from the previous
          ssuubbssttiittuuttee command is used.

          If ooppttiioonnss includes the letter "cc" (confirm),  you
          will  be  prompted  for  confirmation  before each
          replacement is done.  An affirmative response  (in
          English,  a  "yy" character) causes the replacement










UUSSDD::1133--6644                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          to be made.  A quit response (in  English,  a  "qq"
          character)  causes  the  ssuubbssttiittuuttee  command to be
          terminated.   Any  other   response   causes   the
          replacement  not  to  be  made, and the ssuubbssttiittuuttee
          command continues.  If ooppttiioonnss includes the letter
          "gg" (global), all nonoverlapping instances of ppaatt--
          tteerrnn in the line are replaced.

          The && version of the command is the  same  as  not
          specifying  a pattern or replacement string to the
          ssuubbssttiittuuttee command, and the "&&" is replaced by the
          pattern  and replacement information from the pre-
          vious substitute command.

          The ~~ version of the command is the same as &&  and
          ss, except that the search pattern used is the last
          RE used in _a_n_y command, not  necessarily  the  one
          used in the last ssuubbssttiittuuttee command.

          For example, in the sequence

              ss//rreedd//bblluuee//
              //ggrreeeenn
              ~~

          the "~~" is equivalent to "ss//ggrreeeenn//bblluuee//".

          The  ssuubbssttiittuuttee  command may be interrupted, using
          the terminal interrupt character.   All  substitu-
          tions completed before the interrupt are retained.

          Line:    Set to the last line upon which a substi-
                   tution was made.
          Options: None.

     ssuu[[ssppeenndd]][[!!]]
     sstt[[oopp]][[!!]]
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--ZZ>>
          Suspend  the edit session.  Appending a "!!"  char-
          acter to these commands turns  off  the  aauuttoowwrriittee
          option for the command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option.

     ttaa[[gg]][[!!]] ttaaggssttrriinngg
          Edit   the  file  containing  the  specified  tag.
          Search for the tagstring, which can be in  a  dif-
          ferent  file.   If the tag is in a different file,
          then the new file is edited.  If the current  file
          has  been  modified since the last complete write,
          the ttaagg command will  fail.   This  check  can  be
          overridden  by appending the "!!"  character to the










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6655


          command name.

          The ttaagg command searches for ttaaggssttrriinngg in the tags
          file(s)  specified  by  the option.  (See _c_t_a_g_s(1)
          for more information on tags files.)

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttoowwrriittee,  ttaagglleennggtthh,
                   ttaaggss and wwrriitteeaannyy options.

     ttaaggpp[[oopp]][[!!]] [[ffiillee || nnuummbbeerr]]
          Pop  to  the  specified tag in the tags stack.  If
          neither ffiillee or nnuummbbeerr is  specified,  the  ttaaggppoopp
          command  pops to the most recent entry on the tags
          stack.  If ffiillee or nnuummbbeerr is specified, the ttaaggppoopp
          command  pops to the most recent entry in the tags
          stack for that file, or numbered entry in the tags
          stack, respectively.  (See the ddiissppllaayy command for
          information on displaying the tags stack.)

          If the file has been modified since the last  com-
          plete  write,  the ttaaggppoopp command will fail.  This
          check may be overridden by appending a "!!"   char-
          acter to the command name.

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected  by  the aauuttoowwrriittee, and wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     ttaaggtt[[oopp]][[!!]]
          Pop to the least recent tag  on  the  tags  stack,
          clearing the tags stack.

          If  the file has been modified since the last com-
          plete write, the ttaaggppoopp command will  fail.   This
          check  may be overridden by appending a "!!"  char-
          acter to the command name.

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee,  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     uunnaa[[bbbbrreevv]] llhhss
          Delete  an abbreviation.  Delete llhhss from the cur-
          rent list of abbreviations.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     uu[[nnddoo]]
          Undo the last change made to  the  file.   Changes
          made  by  gglloobbaall,  vv, vviissuuaall and map sequences are
          considered a single command.  If repeated,  the  uu










UUSSDD::1133--6666                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          command  alternates  between these two states, and
          is its own inverse.

          Line:    Set to the last line modified by the com-
                   mand.
          Options: None.

     uunnmm[[aapp]][[!!]] llhhss
          Unmap  a  mapped  string.  Delete the command mode
          map definition for llhhss.  If a  "!!"   character  is
          appended  to  the  command  name,  delete the text
          input mode map definition instead.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     vvee[[rrssiioonn]]
          Display the version of the eexx//vvii editor.

     [[lliinnee]] vvii[[ssuuaall]] [[ttyyppee]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          EExx mode only.  Enter vvii.  The  ttyyppee  is  optional,
          and  can  be  "--", "++" or "^^", as in the eexx zz com-
          mand, to specify the the position of the specified
          line  in  the  screen  window.  (The default is to
          place the line at the top of the  screen  window.)
          A  ccoouunntt  specifies  the number of lines that will
          initially be displayed.  (The default is the value
          of the wwiinnddooww editor option.)

          Line:    Unchanged  unless  lliinnee  is specified, in
                   which case it is set to that line.
          Options: None.

     vvii[[ssuuaall]][[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]
          VVii mode only.  Edit a new file.  Identical to  the
          "eeddiitt[[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]" command.

     vviiuu[[ssaaggee]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]]
          Display  usage  for  a  vvii command.  If ccoommmmaanndd is
          specified, a usage statement for that  command  is
          displayed.  Otherwise, usage statements for all vvii
          commands are displayed.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] ww[[rriittee]][[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]
     [[rraannggee]] ww[[rriittee]] [[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
     [[rraannggee]] wwnn[[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]
     [[rraannggee]] wwqq[[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]
          Write the file.  The specified lines  (the  entire
          file,  if  no  range is given) is written to ffiillee.
          If ffiillee is not specified, the current pathname  is










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6677


          used.   If ffiillee is specified, and it exists, or if
          the current pathname was set using the  ffiillee  com-
          mand,  and the file already exists, these commands
          will fail.  Appending a "!!"  character to the com-
          mand  name  will override this check and the write
          will be attempted, regardless.

          Specifying the optional ">>>>" string will cause the
          write to be appended to the file, in which case no
          tests are made for the file already existing.

          If the file is preceded by a "!!"   character,  the
          program named in the SHELL environment variable is
          invoked with file as its second argument, and  the
          specified  lines  are  passed as standard input to
          that command.  The "!!"  in this usage must be sep-
          arated  from  command name by at least one whites-
          pace character.  The special meaning  of  the  "!!"
          may  be overridden by escaping it with a backslash
          ("\\") character.

          The wwqq version of the write command will exit  the
          editor  after  writing  the  file, if there are no
          further files to edit.  Appending a "!!"  character
          to  the  command  name or entering two "quit" com-
          mands (i.e.  wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt or ZZZZ) in a  row)  will
          override  this  check  and  the  editor will exit,
          ignoring any files that have not yet been  edited.

          The  wwnn  version of the write command will move to
          the next file after writing the file,  unless  the
          write fails.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected  by  the  rreeaaddoonnllyy  and wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     [[rraannggee]] xx[[iitt]][[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
          Write the file if it has been modified.  The spec-
          ified  lines  are written to ffiillee, if the file has
          been modified since the last complete write to any
          file.   If  no rraannggee is specified, the entire file
          is written.

          The xxiitt command will exit the editor after writing
          the  file,  if there are no further files to edit.
          Appending a "!!"  character to the command name  or
          entering  two "quit" commands (i.e.  wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt
          or ZZZZ) in a row) will override this check and  the
          editor will exit, ignoring any files that have not
          yet been edited.












UUSSDD::1133--6688                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by  the  rreeaaddoonnllyy  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     [[rraannggee]] yyaa[[nnkk]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]]
          Copy  the  specified  lines  to  a  buffer.  If no
          buffer is specified, the unnamed buffer is used.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] zz [[ttyyppee]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Adjust the window.  If no ttyyppee is specified,  then
          ccoouunntt  lines following the specified line are dis-
          played.  The default ccoouunntt is  the  value  of  the
          wwiinnddooww  option.   The  ttyyppee  argument  changes the
          position at which lliinnee is displayed on the  screen
          by  changing  the number of lines displayed before
          and after lliinnee.  The following ttyyppee characters may
          be used:

          -        Place  the  line  at  the  bottom  of the
                   screen.
          +        Place the line at the top of the  screen.
          .        Place  the  line  in  the  middle  of the
                   screen.
          ^        Write out count lines starting ccoouunntt **  22
                   lines before lliinnee; the net effect of this
                   is that a "zz^^" command following a zz com-
                   mand writes the previous page.
          =        Center  lliinnee on the screen with a line of
                   hyphens displayed immediately before  and
                   after  it.   The  number of preceding and
                   following lines  of  text  displayed  are
                   reduced to account for those lines.

          Line:    Set  to the last line displayed, with the
                   exception of the ttyyppee, where the  current
                   line  is set to the line specified by the
                   command.
          Options: Affected by the option.

     1155..  SSeett OOppttiioonnss

          There are a large number of options  that  may  be
     set  (or  unset) to change the editor's behavior.  This
     section describes the options, their abbreviations  and
     their default values.

          In  each  entry  below,  the first part of the tag
     line is the full name of the option,  followed  by  any
     equivalent abbreviations.  (Regardless of the abbrevia-
     tions, it is only necessary to use the  minimum  number










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--6699


     of  characters necessary to distinguish an abbreviation
     from all other commands  for  it  to  be  accepted,  in
     nneexx/nnvvii.   Historically,  only  the  full  name and the
     official abbreviations were accepted by  eexx/vvii.   Using
     full  names  in  your  startup  files and environmental
     variables will probably make them more portable.)   The
     part  in  square  brackets  is the default value of the
     option.  Most of the options are boolean, i.e. they are
     either  on or off, and do not have an associated value.

          Options apply to both eexx and vvii modes, unless oth-
     erwise specified.

          For  information  on  modifying  the options or to
     display the options and their current values,  see  the
     "set" command in the section entitled "EExx CCoommmmaannddss".

     aallttwweerraassee [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.   Change  how  vvii does word erase during
          text input.  When this option is set, text is bro-
          ken up into three classes: alphabetic, numeric and
          underscore characters, other nonblank  characters,
          and  blank characters.  Changing from one class to
          another marks the end of a word.  In addition, the
          class  of  the  first  character erased is ignored
          (which is exactly what you want when erasing path-
          name components).

     aauuttooiinnddeenntt,, aaii [[ooffff]]
          If  this  option is set, whenever you create a new
          line (using the vvii AA, aa, CC, cc, II, ii, OO, oo,  RR,  rr,
          SS,  and  ss commands, or the eexx aappppeenndd, cchhaannggee, and
          iinnsseerrtt commands) the  new  line  is  automatically
          indented  to  align the cursor with the first non-
          blank character of the line from which you created
          it.   Lines  are  indented using tab characters to
          the extent possible (based on  the  value  of  the
          ttaabbssttoopp option) and then using space characters as
          necessary.  For commands inserting text  into  the
          middle  of  a  line,  any  blank characters to the
          right of the cursor are discarded, and  the  first
          nonblank  character  to the right of the cursor is
          aligned as described above.

          The indent characters are themselves somewhat spe-
          cial.   If you do not enter more characters on the
          new line before moving to another line, or  enter-
          ing <<eessccaappee>>, the indent character will be deleted
          and the line will be empty.  For example,  if  you
          enter  <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>  twice in succession, the
          line created by the first  <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>  will
          not  have  any characters in it, regardless of the
          indentation of the previous or subsequent line.










UUSSDD::1133--7700                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


          Indent characters  also  require  that  you  enter
          additional  erase  characters to delete them.  For
          example, if you have an indented line,  containing
          only  blanks, the first <<wwoorrdd--eerraassee>> character you
          enter will erase up to end of the  indent  charac-
          ters, and the second will erase back to the begin-
          ning of the line.  (Historically, only  the  <<ccoonn--
          ttrrooll--DD>>  key  would  erase  the indent characters.
          Both the <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> key and the usual erase  keys
          work in nnvvii.)  In addition, if the cursor is posi-
          tioned at the end of the  indent  characters,  the
          keys  "00<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>"  will erase all of the indent
          characters for the  current  line,  resetting  the
          indentation  level  to  0.   Similarly,  the  keys
          "^^<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>" will erase all of the indent  char-
          acters  for the current line, leaving the indenta-
          tion level for future created lines unaffected.

          Finally, if the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option is  set,  the  SS
          and  cccc commands change from the first nonblank of
          the line to the end of the line, instead  of  from
          the  beginning of the line to the end of the line.

     aauuttoopprriinntt,, aapp [[ooffff]]
          EExx only.  Cause the current line to  be  automati-
          cally  displayed after the eexx commands <<, >>, ccooppyy,
          ddeelleettee, jjooiinn, mmoovvee, ppuutt, tt, UUnnddoo, and uunnddoo.   This
          automatic  display is suppressed during gglloobbaall and
          vvgglloobbaall  commands,  and  for  any  command   where
          optional  flags are used to explicitly display the
          line.

     aauuttoowwrriittee,, aaww [[ooffff]]
          If this option is set, the vvii !!, ^^^^, ^^]] and  <<ccoonn--
          ttrrooll--ZZ>>  commands,  and the eexx eeddiitt, nneexxtt, rreewwiinndd,
          ssttoopp, ssuussppeenndd, ttaagg, ttaaggppoopp,  and  ttaaggttoopp  commands
          automatically  write  the current file back to the
          current file name if it has been modified since it
          was last written.  If the write fails, the command
          fails and goes no further.

          Appending the optional force  flag  character  "!!"
          to  the  eexx  commands nneexxtt, rreewwiinndd, ssttoopp, ssuussppeenndd,
          ttaagg, ttaaggppoopp, and ttaaggttoopp stops the automatic  write
          from being attempted.

          (Historically,   the   nneexxtt  command  ignored  the
          optional force flag.)  Note, the eexx commands eeddiitt,
          qquuiitt,  sshheellll,  and  xxiitt  are  _n_o_t  affected by the
          aauuttoowwrriittee option.

     bbeeaauuttiiffyy,, bbff [[ooffff]]
          If this option is set, all control characters that










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--7711


          are  not  currently  being  specially interpreted,
          other than <<ttaabb>>, <<nneewwlliinnee>>, and <<ffoorrmm--ffeeeedd>>,  are
          discarded from commands read in by eexx from command
          files, and from input text entered to  vvii  (either
          into the file or to the colon command line).  Text
          files read by eexx/vvii are _n_o_t affected by the  bbeeaauu--
          ttiiffyy option.

     ccddppaatthh  [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee CCDDPPAATTHH,, oorr ccuurrrreenntt ddiirreecc--
          ttoorryy]]
          This option is used to specify a  colon  separated
          list  of  directories  which are used as path pre-
          fixes for any relative path names  used  as  argu-
          ments  for  the  ccdd  command.   The  value of this
          option defaults to the value of the  environmental
          variable  CCDDPPAATTHH  if  it  is set, otherwise to the
          current directory.   For  compatibility  with  the
          POSIX  1003.2 shell, the ccdd command does _n_o_t check
          the current directory as a path prefix  for  rela-
          tive path names unless it is explicitly specified.
          It may be so specified by entering an empty string
          or  a  ".."   character into the CCDDPPAATTHH variable or
          the option value.

     ccoolluummnnss,, ccoo [[8800]]
          The number of columns in the screen.  Setting this
          option causes eexx/vvii to set (or reset) the environ-
          mental variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS.  See the section entitled
          "SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn" more information.

     ccoommmmeenntt [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.  If the first non-empty line of the file
          begins with the string "//**", this option causes vvii
          to  skip  to  the  end  of that C-language comment
          (probably a terribly boring legal  notice)  before
          displaying the file.

     ddiirreeccttoorryy,, ddiirr [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee TTMMPPDDIIRR,, oorr //ttmmpp]]
          The  directory  where temporary files are created.
          The environmental variable TTMMPPDDIIRR is used  as  the
          default  value  if  it  exists,  otherwise //ttmmpp is
          used.

     eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,, eedd [[ooffff]]
          Remember the values of the "c" and "g" suffices to
          the  ssuubbssttiittuuttee  commands, instead of initializing
          them as unset for each  new  command.   Specifying
          pattern  and replacement strings to the ssuubbssttiittuuttee
          command unsets the "c" and "g" suffices as well.

     eerrrroorrbbeellllss,, eebb [[ooffff]]
          EExx only.  EExx error messages are normally presented
          in inverse video.  If that is not possible for the










UUSSDD::1133--7722                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


          terminal, setting this option  causes  error  mes-
          sages  to  be  announced  by  ringing the terminal
          bell.

     eexxrrcc,, eexx [[ooffff]]
          If this option is turned  off  in  the  system  or
          $HOME  startup  files, the local startup files are
          never read (unless they are the same as the system
          or  $HOME  startup  files).   Turning it on has no
          effect, i.e. the normal checks for  local  startup
          files  are performed, regardless.  See the section
          entitled "SSttaarrttuupp IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn" for  more  informa-
          tion.

     eexxtteennddeedd [[ooffff]]
          This  option  causes all regular expressions to be
          treated as POSIX 1003.2 Extended  Regular  Expres-
          sions  (which  are  similar  to  historic _e_g_r_e_p(1)
          style expressions).

     ffllaasshh [[oonn]]
          This option causes the screen to flash instead  of
          beeping  the  keyboard,  on error, if the terminal
          has the capability.

     hhaarrddttaabbss,, hhtt [[88]]
          This option defines the spacing  between  hardware
          tab  settings, i.e.  the tab expansion done by the
          operating system and/or the terminal  itself.   As
          nneexx/nnvvii  never writes <<ttaabb>> characters to the ter-
          minal, unlike historic  versions  of  eexx/vvii,  this
          option does not currently have any affect.

     iiggnnoorreeccaassee,, iicc [[ooffff]]
          This option causes regular expressions, both in eexx
          commands and in searches, to  be  evaluated  in  a
          case-insensitive manner.

     kkeeyyttiimmee [[66]]
          The  10th's  of  a second eexx/vvii waits for a subse-
          quent key to complete a key mapping.

     lleeffttrriigghhtt [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This option  causes  the  screen  to  be
          scrolled  left-right to view lines longer than the
          screen,  instead  of  the  traditional  vvii  screen
          interface which folds long lines at the right-hand
          margin of the terminal.

     lliinneess,, llii [[2244]]
          VVii only.  The number of lines in the screen.  Set-
          ting  this  option  causes eexx/vvii to set (or reset)
          the environmental variable LLIINNEESS.  See the section










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--7733


          entitled "SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn" for more information.

     lliisspp [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This option changes the behavior of  the
          vvii  ((,  )),  {{,  }}, [[[[ and ]]]] commands to match the
          Lisp  language.   Also,  the  aauuttooiinnddeenntt  option's
          behavior is changed to be appropriate for Lisp.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     lliisstt [[ooffff]]
          This  option  causes  lines  to be displayed in an
          unambiguous fashion.  Specifically, tabs are  dis-
          played  as control characters, i.e.  "^^II", and the
          ends of lines are marked with a "$$" character.

     mmaaggiicc [[oonn]]
          This option is on by default.  Turning  the  mmaaggiicc
          option  off  causes all regular expression charac-
          ters except for "^^" and  "$$",  to  be  treated  as
          ordinary   characters.   To  re-enable  characters
          individually, when the mmaaggiicc option is  off,  pre-
          cede them with a backslash "\\" character.  See the
          section entitled "RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss aanndd RReeppllaaccee--
          mmeenntt SSttrriinnggss" for more information.

     mmaattcchhttiimmee [[77]]
          VVii  only.   The 10th's of a second eexx/vvii pauses on
          the matching character when the  sshhoowwmmaattcchh  option
          is set.

     mmeessgg [[oonn]]
          This  option  allows  other  users  to contact you
          using the _t_a_l_k(1) and  _w_r_i_t_e(1)  utilities,  while
          you  are editing.  EExx/vvii does not turn message on,
          i.e. if messages were turned off when  the  editor
          was  invoked,  they  will  stay  turned off.  This
          option only permits you to disallow  messages  for
          the  edit  session.   See  the _m_e_s_g(1) utility for
          more information.

     mmooddeelliinneess,, mmooddeelliinnee [[ooffff]]
          If the mmooddeelliinneess option is set, eexx/vvii has histori-
          cally  scanned  the  first  and last five lines of
          each file as it is read for editing,  looking  for
          any  eexx  commands  that  have been placed in those
          lines.  After the  startup  information  has  been
          processed,  and before the user starts editing the
          file, any commands embedded in the file  are  exe-
          cuted.

          Commands were recognized by the letters "e" or "v"
          followed by "x" or "i", at the beginning of a line










UUSSDD::1133--7744                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


          or  following  a  tab or space character, and fol-
          lowed by a ":", an eexx command, and another ":".

          This option is a security problem of immense  pro-
          portions, and should not be used under any circum-
          stances.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _w_i_l_l _n_e_v_e_r _b_e _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     nnuummbbeerr,, nnuu [[ooffff]]
          Precede each line displayed with its current  line
          number.

     ooccttaall [[ooffff]]
          Display   unknown  characters  as  octal  numbers,
          instead of the default hexadecimal.

     ooppeenn [[oonn]]
          EExx only.  If this option is not set, the ooppeenn  and
          vviissuuaall commands are disallowed.

     ooppttiimmiizzee,, oopptt [[oonn]]
          VVii  only.  Throughput of text is expedited by set-
          ting the terminal not  to  do  automatic  carriage
          returns when printing more than one (logical) line
          of output, greatly speeding  output  on  terminals
          without addressable cursors when text with leading
          white space is printed.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     ppaarraaggrraapphhss,, ppaarraa [[IIPPLLPPPPPPQQPPPP LLIIppppllppiippbbpp]]
          VVii only.  Define additional  paragraph  boundaries
          for  the  {{  and  }}  commands.   The value of this
          option must be a character  string  consisting  of
          zero or more character pairs.

          In  the  text  to  be edited, the character string
          <<nneewwlliinnee>>..<<cchhaarr--ppaaiirr>>, (where <<cchhaarr--ppaaiirr>>  is  one
          of  the  character  pairs  in  the option's value)
          defines a paragraph boundary.  For example, if the
          option  were  set to LLaaAA<<ssppaaccee>>####, then all of the
          following additional paragraph boundaries would be
          recognized:


              <newline>.La
              <newline>.A<space>
              <newline>.##


     pprroommpptt [[oonn]]
          EExx  only.   This  option  causes  eexx to prompt for










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--7755


          command input with a "::" character; when it is not
          set, no prompt is displayed.

     rreeaaddoonnllyy,, rroo [[ooffff]]
          This  option causes a force flag to be required to
          attempt to write the file  back  to  the  original
          file  name.   Setting this option is equivalent to
          using the --RR command line  option,  or  editing  a
          file which lacks write permission.

     rreeccddiirr [[//vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr]]
          The directory where recovery files are stored.

          If  you  change the value of rreeccddiirr, be careful to
          choose a directory whose contents  are  not  regu-
          larly deleted.  Bad choices include directories in
          memory based filesystems, or //ttmmpp,  on  most  sys-
          tems,  as  their  contents  are  removed  when the
          machine is rebooted.

          Public directories like //uussrr//ttmmpp and //vvaarr//ttmmpp  are
          usually  safe,  although  some  sites periodically
          prune old files from them.  There is  no  require-
          ment  that you use a public directory, e.g. a sub-
          directory of your home directory will work fine.

          Finally, if you change the value  of  rreeccddiirr,  you
          must modify the recovery script to operate in your
          chosen recovery area.

          See the section entitled  "RReeccoovveerryy"  for  further
          information.

     rreeddrraaww,, rree [[ooffff]]
          VVii   only.   The  editor  simulates  (using  great
          amounts of output), an intelligent terminal  on  a
          dumb  terminal  (e.g.  during insertions in vvii the
          characters  to  the  right  of  the   cursor   are
          refreshed as each input character is typed).

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     rreemmaapp [[oonn]]
          If  this  option  is set, it is possible to define
          macros in terms of other macros.  Otherwise,  each
          key is only remapped up to one time.  For example,
          if "AA" is mapped to "BB", and "BB" is mapped to "CC",
          The  keystroke  "AA"  will  be mapped to "CC" if the
          rreemmaapp option is set, and to "BB" if it is not  set.

     rreeppoorrtt [[55]]
          Set the threshold of the number of lines that need
          to be changed or yanked before a message  will  be










UUSSDD::1133--7766                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


          displayed  to  the  user.   For everything but the
          yank command, the value is the largest value about
          which  the  editor  is  silent, i.e. by default, 6
          lines must be deleted before the user is notified.
          However,  if the number of lines yanked is greater
          than _o_r _e_q_u_a_l _t_o the set value, it is reported  to
          the user.

     rruulleerr [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.  Display a row/column ruler on the colon
          command line.

     ssccrroollll,, ssccrr [[wwiinnddooww // 22]]
          Set the number of lines scrolled by the  vvii  <<ccoonn--
          ttrrooll--DD>> and <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> commands.

          Historically,  the  eexx  zz  command, when specified
          without a count, used two times the  size  of  the
          scroll  value; the POSIX 1003.2 standard specified
          the window size, which is a better choice.

     sseeccttiioonnss,, sseecctt [[NNHHSSHHHH HHUUnnhhsshh]]
          VVii only.  Define additional section boundaries for
          the  [[[[  and  ]]]]  commands.   The  sseeccttiioonnss option
          should be set to a character string consisting  of
          zero  or  more character pairs.  In the text to be
          edited,  the  character  string   <<nneewwlliinnee>>..<<cchhaarr--
          ppaaiirr>>,  (where <<cchhaarr--ppaaiirr>> is one of the character
          pairs in the option's value),  defines  a  section
          boundary  in the same manner that ppaarraaggrraapphh option
          boundaries are defined.

     sshheellll,, sshh [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee SSHHEELLLL,, oorr //bbiinn//sshh]]
          Select the shell used by the editor.   The  speci-
          fied  path is the pathname of the shell invoked by
          the vvii !!  shell escape command and by the eexx sshheellll
          command.  This program is also used to resolve any
          shell meta-characters in eexx commands.

     sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh,, ssww [[88]]
          Set the autoindent and shift  command  indentation
          width.   This  width  is  used  by  the aauuttooiinnddeenntt
          option and by the <<, >>, and sshhiifftt commands.

     sshhoowwddiirrttyy [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  Display an asterisk on the colon command
          line if the file has been modified.

     sshhoowwmmaattcchh,, ssmm [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This option causes vvii, when a "}}" or "))"
          is entered, to briefly move the cursor the  match-
          ing "{{" or "((".  See the mmaattcchhttiimmee option for more
          information.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--7777


     sshhoowwmmooddee [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This  option  causes  vvii  to  display  a
          string  identifying the current editor mode on the
          colon command line.

     ssiiddeessccrroollll [[1166]]
          VVii only.  Sets the  number  of  columns  that  are
          shifted  to  the  left  or right, when vvii is doing
          left-right scrolling and the left or right  margin
          is  crossed.   See  the  lleeffttrriigghhtt option for more
          information.

     sslloowwooppeenn,, ssllooww [[ooffff]]
          This option affects the display algorithm used  by
          vvii,  holding  off display updating during input of
          new text to improve throughput when  the  terminal
          in use is slow and unintelligent.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     ssoouurrcceeaannyy [[ooffff]]
          If  this option is turned on, vvii historically read
          startup files that were  owned  by  someone  other
          than  the  editor  user.  See the section entitled
          "SSttaarrttuupp IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn" for more information.   This
          option  is  a  security problem of immense propor-
          tions, and should not be used  under  any  circum-
          stances.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _w_i_l_l _n_e_v_e_r _b_e _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     ttaabbssttoopp,, ttss [[88]]
          This  option  sets  tab widths for the editor dis-
          play.

     ttaagglleennggtthh,, ttll [[00]]
          This option sets the maximum number of  characters
          that  are  considered  significant  in a tag name.
          Setting the value to 0 makes all of the characters
          in the tag name significant.

     ttaaggss,, ttaagg [[ttaaggss //vvaarr//ddbb//lliibbcc..ttaaggss //ssyyss//kkeerrnn//ttaaggss]]
          Sets  the  list  of  tags  files, in search order,
          which are used when the editor searches for a tag.

     tteerrmm,, ttttyyttyyppee,, ttttyy [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee TTEERRMM]]
          Set the terminal type.  Setting this option causes
          eexx/vvii to set (or reset) the environmental variable
          TTEERRMM.

     tteerrssee [[ooffff]]
          This  option has historically made editor messages
          less  verbose.   It  has   no   effect   in   this










UUSSDD::1133--7788                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


          implementation.   See  the vveerrbboossee option for more
          information.

     ttiillddeeoopp
          Modify the ~~ command to take an associated motion.

     ttiimmeeoouutt,, ttoo [[oonn]]
          If  this option is set, eexx/vvii waits for a specific
          period for a subsequent key to complete a key map-
          ping  (see  the kkeeyyttiimmee option).  If the option is
          not set, the editor waits until  enough  keys  are
          entered  to  resolve  the ambiguity, regardless of
          how long it takes.

     ttttyywweerraassee [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This option changes  how  vvii  does  word
          erase  during  text input.  If this option is set,
          text is broken up into two classes, blank  charac-
          ters  and  nonblank characters.  Changing from one
          class to another marks the end of a word.

     vveerrbboossee [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  VVii historically bells the  terminal  for
          many  obvious  mistakes,  e.g. trying to move past
          the left-hand margin, or past the end of the file.
          If  this  option  is set, an error message is dis-
          played for all errors.

     ww330000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          VVii only.  Set the window size if the baud rate  is
          less  than  1200  baud.  See the wwiinnddooww option for
          more information.

     ww11220000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          VVii only.  Set the window size if the baud rate  is
          equal  to  1200  baud.   See the wwiinnddooww option for
          more information.

     ww99660000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          VVii only.  Set the window size if the baud rate  is
          greater than 1200 baud.  See the wwiinnddooww option for
          more information.

     wwaarrnn [[oonn]]
          EExx only.  This option causes a warning message  to
          the  terminal if the file has been modified, since
          it was last written, before a !!  command.

     wwiinnddooww,, ww,, wwii [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee LLIINNEESS]]
          This option determines the default number of lines
          in  a  screenful, as written by the zz command.  It
          also determines the number of  lines  scrolled  by
          the  vvii commands <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>> and <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>>.  The










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--7799


          value of window  can  be  unrelated  to  the  real
          screen  size, although it starts out as the number
          of lines on the screen (see the  section  entitled
          "SSiizziinngg  tthhee  SSccrreeeenn" for more information).  Set-
          ting the value of the wwiinnddooww option is the same as
          using the --ww command line option.

          If  the  value of the wwiinnddooww option (as set by the
          wwiinnddooww, ww330000, ww11220000 or ww99660000 options)  is  smaller
          than  the  actual size of the screen, large screen
          movements will  result  in  displaying  only  that
          smaller  number  of lines on the screen.  (Further
          movements in that same area  will  result  in  the
          screen  being filled.)  This can provide a perfor-
          mance improvement when viewing different places in
          one or more files over a slow link.

     wwrraappmmaarrggiinn,, wwmm [[00]]
          VVii only.  If the value of the wwrraappmmaarrggiinn option is
          non-zero, vvii will split lines so that they end  at
          least  that number of characters before the right-
          hand margin of the screen.  (Note,  the  value  of
          wwrraappmmaarrggiinn is _n_o_t a text length.  In a screen that
          is 80 columns wide,  the  command  "::sseett  wwrraappmmaarr--
          ggiinn==88"  attempts  to  keep  the lines less than or
          equal to 72 columns wide.)

          Lines are split at the previous whitespace charac-
          ter  closest  to the number.  Any trailing whites-
          pace characters before that character are deleted.
          If  the  line  is  split  because  of  an inserted
          <<ssppaaccee>> or <<ttaabb>> character,  and  you  then  enter
          another <<ssppaaccee>> character, it is discarded.

          If wrapmargin is set to 0, or if there is no blank
          character upon which to split the line,  the  line
          is not broken.

     wwrraappssccaann,, wwss [[oonn]]
          This option causes searches to wrap around the end
          or the beginning of the  file,  and  back  to  the
          starting  point.   Otherwise, the end or beginning
          of the file terminates the search.

     wwrriitteeaannyy,, wwaa [[ooffff]]
          If this option  is  set,  file-overwriting  checks
          that  would  usually  be made before the wwrriittee and
          xxiitt commands, or before an  automatic  write  (see
          the  aauuttoowwrriittee option), are not made.  This allows
          a write to any file, provided the file permissions
          allow it.












UUSSDD::1133--8800                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     1166..  AAddddiittiioonnaall FFeeaattuurreess iinn NNeexx//NNvvii

          There  are  a few features in nneexx/nnvvii that are not
     found in historic versions of eexx/vvii.  Some of the  more
     interesting of those features are as follows:

     88--bbiitt cclleeaann ddaattaa,, llaarrggee lliinneess,, ffiilleess
          NNeexx/nnvvii  will  edit any format file.  Line lengths
          are limited by available memory,  and  file  sizes
          are  limited by available disk space.  The vvii text
          input mode command <<ccoonnttrrooll--XX>> can insert any pos-
          sible character value into the text.

     SSpplliitt ssccrreeeennss
          The sspplliitt command divides the screen into multiple
          editing regions.  The <<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>> command  rotates
          between  the  foreground screens.  The rreessiizzee com-
          mand can be used to grow or  shrink  a  particular
          screen.

     BBaacckkggrroouunndd aanndd ffoorreeggrroouunndd ssccrreeeennss
          The bbgg command backgrounds the current screen, and
          the ffgg command foregrounds  backgrounded  screens.
          The  ddiissppllaayy command can be used to list the back-
          ground screens.

     TTaagg ssttaacckkss
          Tags are now maintained in a stack.  The <<ccoonnttrrooll--
          TT>>  command  returns to the previous tag location.
          The ttaaggppoopp command returns to the most recent  tag
          location  by default, or, optionally to a specific
          tag number in the tag stack, or  the  most  recent
          tag  from  a  specified file.  The ddiissppllaayy command
          can be used to list the tags  stack.   The  ttaaggttoopp
          command returns to the top of the tag stack.

     NNeeww ddiissppllaayyss
          The  ddiissppllaayy  command  can  be used to display the
          current buffers, the backgrounded screens, and the
          tags stack.

     IInnffiinniittee uunnddoo
          Changes  made during an edit session may be rolled
          backward and forward.  A  ..   command  immediately
          after  a  uu  command  continues  either forward or
          backward depending on whether the uu command was an
          undo or a redo.

     UUssaaggee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
          The  eexxuussaaggee  and  vviiuussaaggee  commands provide usage
          information for all of the eexx and vvii  commands  by
          default, or, optionally, for a specific command or
          key.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--8811


     EExxtteennddeedd RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss
          The eexxtteennddeedd option causes Regular Expressions  to
          be interpreted as as Extended Regular Expressions,
          (i.e. _e_g_r_e_p(1) style Regular Expressions).

     WWoorrdd sseeaarrcchh
          The <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>> command searches for the word ref-
          erenced by the cursor.

     NNuummbbeerr iinnccrreemmeenntt
          The  ## command increments or decrements the number
          referenced by the cursor.

     PPrreevviioouuss ffiillee
          The pprreevviioouuss command edits the previous file  from
          the argument list.

     LLeefftt--rriigghhtt ssccrroolllliinngg
          The  lleeffttrriigghhtt  option causes nnvvii to do left-right
          screen scrolling, instead of  the  traditional  vvii
          line wrapping.










































UUSSDD::1133--8822                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     1177..  IInnddeexx

     !       15, 34         @       20, 35         columns     47
     ""          34         A           20         comment     47
     #       16, 35         B           20         copy        36
     $           16         C           21         count   10, 33
     %           16         D           21         current pathname 8
     &       17, 42         E           21         d           26
     (           17         F           21         delete      37
     )           17         G           21         directory   47
     *           35         H           21         display     37
     +           13         I           22         e           26
     ,           18         J           22         edcompatible47
     /RE/        18         L           22         edit        37
     0           19         M           22         errorbells  47
     0<control-D>31         N           18         exrc        47
     :           19         O           22         extended    48
     ;           19         P           23         exusage     37
     <       20, 35         Q           23         f           26
     <control-A> 11         R           23         fg          37
     <control-B> 11         S           23         file    33, 37
     <control-1D2>, 31         T           23         flags       33
     <control-E> 12         U           23         flash       48
     <control-F> 12         W           24         global      38
     <control-G> 12         X           24         hardtabs    48
     <control-1H2>, 31         Y           24         help        38
     <control-J> 13         ZZ          24         i           26
     <control-L> 13         [[          24         ignorecase  48
     <control-M> 13         -           18         insert      38
     <control-N> 13         ]]          25         j           13
     <control-P> 13         ^           25         join        38
     <control-R> 13         ^<control-D>31         k       13, 39
     <control-1T4>, 31         _           25         keytime     48
     <control-U> 14         `<character>17         l           15
     <control-1W4>, 31         a           25         leftright   48
     <control-X> 31         abbrev      35         line        33
     <control-Y> 14         alternate pathname 8   lines       48
     <control-1Z4>, 43         altwerase   46         lisp        48
     <control-]> 15         append      36         list    39, 48
     <control-^> 15         args        36         m           27
     <end-of-file> 34       autoindent  46         magic       48
     <eof>       33         autoprint   46         map         39
     <erase>     31         autowrite   47         mark        39
     <escape>14, 31         b           25         matchtime   48
     <inter7r,up3t0>, 31         beautify    47         mesg        48
     <line erase>31         bg          36         mkexrc      39
     <literal next> 7, 31   bigword     10         modelines   49
     <nul>       30         buffer       8         motion      10
     <space>     15         c           26         move        39
     <word erase>31         cd          36         n           18
     =           35         cdpath      47         next        40
     >       20, 35         change      36         number  35, 49
     ?RE?        18         chdir       36         o           27










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--8833


     octal       49         tildeop     51
     open    40, 49         timeout     51
     optimize    49         ttywerase   52
     p           27         u           28
     paragraph   11         unabbrev    44
     paragraphs  49         undo        44
     preserve    40         unmap       44
     previous    40         unnamed buffer 8
     previous context 9     v           38
     print       40         verbose     52
     prompt      49         version     44
     put         40         visual      44
     quit        41         viusage     44
     r           27         w           28
     range       33         w1200       52
     read        41         w300        52
     readonly    49         w9600       52
     recdir      49         warn        52
     recover     41         window      52
     redraw      50         wn          44
     remap       50         word        10
     report      50         wq          44
     resize      41         wrapmargin  52
     rewind      41         wrapscan    52
     ruler       50         write       44
     s           27         writeany    53
     scroll      50         x           28
     section     11         xit         45
     sections    50         y           28
     sentence    11         yank        45
     set         41         z       28, 45
     shell   42, 50         {           29
     shiftwidth  50         |           29
     showdirty   51         }           29
     showmatch   51         ~   29, 30, 42
     showmode    51
     sidescroll  51
     slowopen    51
     source      42
     sourceany   51
     split       42
     stop        43
     substitute  42
     suspend     43
     t       27, 36
     tabstop     51
     tag         43
     taglength   51
     tagpop      43
     tags        51
     tagtop      43
     term        51
     terse       51










UUSSDD::1133--22                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


                        TTaabbllee ooff CCoonntteennttss

     Description ......................................    3
     Startup Information ..............................    3
     Recovery .........................................    4
     Sizing the Screen ................................    7
     Character Display ................................    7
     Multiple Screens .................................    8
     Regular Expressions and Replacement Strings ......    9
     General Editor Description .......................   10
     Vi Description ...................................   12
     Vi Commands ......................................   17
     Vi Text Input Commands ...........................   45
     Ex Addressing ....................................   47
     Ex Description ...................................   49
     Ex Commands ......................................   50
     Set Options ......................................   68
     Additional Features in Nex/Nvi ...................   79
     Index ............................................   82