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.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)2.4.t 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
.\"
.sh "Terminals and Devices
.NH 3
Terminals
.PP
Terminals support \fIread\fP and \fIwrite\fP I/O operations,
as well as a collection of terminal specific \fIioctl\fP operations,
to control input character interpretation and editing,
and output format and delays.
.NH 4
Terminal input
.PP
Terminals are handled according to the underlying communication
characteristics such as baud rate and required delays,
and a set of software parameters.
.NH 5
Input modes
.PP
A terminal is in one of three possible modes: \fIraw\fP, \fIcbreak\fP,
or \fIcooked\fP.
In raw mode all input is passed through to the
reading process immediately and without interpretation.
In cbreak mode, the handler interprets input only by looking
for characters that cause interrupts or output flow control;
all other characters are made available as in raw mode.
In cooked mode, input
is processed to provide standard line-oriented local editing functions,
and input is presented on a line-by-line basis.
.NH 5
Interrupt characters
.PP
Interrupt characters are interpreted by the terminal handler only in
cbreak and cooked modes, and
cause a software interrupt to be sent to all processes in the process
group associated with the terminal. Interrupt characters exist
to send SIGINT
and SIGQUIT signals,
and to stop a process group
with the SIGTSTP signal either immediately, or when
all input up to the stop character has been read.
.NH 5
Line editing
.PP
When the terminal is in cooked mode, editing of an input line
is performed. Editing facilities allow deletion of the previous
character or word, or deletion of the current input line.
In addition, a special character may be used to reprint the current
input line after some number of editing operations have been applied.
.PP
Certain other characters are interpreted specially when a process is
in cooked mode. The \fIend of line\fP character determines
the end of an input record. The \fIend of file\fP character simulates
an end of file occurrence on terminal input. Flow control is provided
by \fIstop output\fP and \fIstart output\fP control characters. Output
may be flushed with the \fIflush output\fP character; and a \fIliteral
character\fP may be used to force literal input of the immediately
following character in the input line.
.PP
Input characters may be echoed to the terminal as they are received.
Non-graphic ASCII input characters may be echoed as a two-character
printable representation, ``^character.''
.NH 4
Terminal output
.PP
On output, the terminal handler provides some simple formatting services.
These include converting the carriage return character to the
two character return-linefeed sequence,
inserting delays after certain standard control characters,
expanding tabs, and providing translations
for upper-case only terminals.
.NH 4
Terminal control operations
.PP
When a terminal is first opened it is initialized to a standard
state and configured with a set of standard control, editing,
and interrupt characters. A process
may alter this configuration with certain
control operations, specifying parameters in a standard structure:\(dg
.FS
\(dg The control interface described here is an internal interface only
in 4.3BSD. Future releases will probably use a modified interface
based on currently-proposed standards.
.FE
.DS
._f
struct ttymode {
short tt_ispeed; /* input speed */
int tt_iflags; /* input flags */
short tt_ospeed; /* output speed */
int tt_oflags; /* output flags */
};
.DE
and ``special characters'' are specified with the
\fIttychars\fP structure,
.DS
._f
struct ttychars {
char tc_erasec; /* erase char */
char tc_killc; /* erase line */
char tc_intrc; /* interrupt */
char tc_quitc; /* quit */
char tc_startc; /* start output */
char tc_stopc; /* stop output */
char tc_eofc; /* end-of-file */
char tc_brkc; /* input delimiter (like nl) */
char tc_suspc; /* stop process signal */
char tc_dsuspc; /* delayed stop process signal */
char tc_rprntc; /* reprint line */
char tc_flushc; /* flush output (toggles) */
char tc_werasc; /* word erase */
char tc_lnextc; /* literal next character */
};
.DE
.NH 4
Terminal hardware support
.PP
The terminal handler allows a user to access basic
hardware related functions; e.g. line speed,
modem control, parity, and stop bits. A special signal,
SIGHUP, is automatically
sent to processes in a terminal's process
group when a carrier transition is detected. This is
normally associated with a user hanging up on a modem
controlled terminal line.
.NH 3
Structured devices
.PP
Structures devices are typified by disks and magnetic
tapes, but may represent any random-access device.
The system performs read-modify-write type buffering actions on block
devices to allow them to be read and written in a totally random
access fashion like ordinary files.
File systems are normally created in block devices.
.NH 3
Unstructured devices
.PP
Unstructured devices are those devices which
do not support block structure. Familiar unstructured devices
are raw communications lines (with
no terminal handler), raster plotters, magnetic tape and disks unfettered
by buffering and permitting large block input/output and positioning
and formatting commands.
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