path: root/release/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/installation/common/install.sgml

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install.sgml

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<sect1>
  <title>Installing &os;</title>

  <sect2 id="quickstart">
    <title>Quick Start</title>

    <para>This manual documents the process of making a new
    installation of &os; on your machine.  If you are upgrading
    from a previous release of &os;, please see <xref
    linkend="upgrading">
    for important information on upgrading.  If you are
    not familiar with configuring hardware for &os;, you should
    also read the <filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename> file - it contains important
    information which may save you a lot of grief.</para>

    <para>If you're new to &os; then you should also read
    <emphasis>everything</emphasis> listed in the Documentation menu
    of the installer.  It may seem like a lot to read, but the time
    you spend now reading the documents will be made up many times
    over because you were adequately prepared. Also, you will know the
    types of information available should you get stuck later.  Once
    the system is installed, you can also revisit this menu and use a
    Web browser to read the installed FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
    and Handbook HTML documentation sets for &os;.  Note that on-line
    versions of the <ulink
    url="http://www.freebsd.org/faq/">FAQ</ulink> and <ulink
    url="http://www.freebsd.org/handbook/">Handbook</ulink> are also
    available from the <ulink
    url="http://www.freebsd.org/">FreeBSD Project Web
    site</ulink>, if you have an Internet connection. See
    <filename>README.TXT</filename> for more information on the
    resources available to you.</para>

    <para>The best laid plans sometimes go awry, so if you run into
    trouble take a look at <xref linkend="trouble">, which contains
    valuable troubleshooting information.  You should also read
    <filename>ERRATA.TXT</filename> before installing and follow the
    pointers there carefully since this will stop you from falling
    over any problems which have reported in the interim for your
    particular release.</para>

    <important>
      <para>While &os; does its best to safeguard against
      accidental loss of data, it's still more than possible to
      <emphasis>wipe out your entire disk</emphasis>
      with this installation if you make a
      mistake!  Please do not proceed to the final &os;
      installation menu unless you've adequately backed up any
      important data first!  We really mean it!</para>
    </important>

    <para arch="i386">&os; for the &arch; requires a 386 or better
    processor to run (sorry, there is no support for 286 processors)
    and at least 5 megs of RAM to install and 4 megs of RAM to
    run. You will need at least 100MB of free hard drive space for the
    most minimal installation.  See below for ways of shrinking
    existing DOS partitions in order to install &os;.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">&os; for the &arch; supports the alpha platforms
    described in <filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename>.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">You will need a dedicated disk for
    FreeBSD/alpha. It is not possible to share a disk with another
    operating system at this time. This disk will need to be attached
    to a SCSI controller which is supported by the SRM firmware or an
    IDE disk assuming the SRM in your machine supports booting from
    IDE disks.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">Your root filesystem MUST be the first
    partition (partition <literal>a</literal>) on the disk to be
    bootable.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">You will need the SRM console firmware for your
    platform. In some cases, it is possible to switch between
    AlphaBIOS (or ARC) firmware and SRM. In others it will be
    necessary to download new firmware from the vendor's Web
    site.</para>

    <sect3>
      <title>Installing &os; from CDROM or the Internet</title>

      <para arch="i386">The easiest type of installation is from
      CDROM.  If you have a supported CDROM drive and a &os;
      installation CDROM, there are 2 ways of starting the
      installation from it:
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>If your system supports bootable CDROM media
            (usually an option which can be selectively enabled in the
            controller's setup menu or in the PC BIOS for some
            systems) and you have it enabled, &os; supports the
            <quote>El Torrito</quote> bootable CD standard.  Simply
            put the installation CD in your CDROM drive and boot the
            system to begin installation.</para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>Build a set of &os; boot floppies from the
            <filename>floppies/</filename> directory in every &os;
            distribution.  Either simply use the
            <filename>makeflp.bat</filename> script from DOS or read
            <xref linkend="floppies"> for more information on creating
            the bootable floppies under different operating systems.
            Then you simply boot from the first floppy and you should
            soon be in the &os; installation.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </para>

      <para arch="alpha">The easiest type of installation is from
      CDROM.  If you have a supported CDROM drive and a FreeBSD
      installation CDROM, you can boot FreeBSD directly from the
      CDROM. Insert the CDROM into the drive and type the following
      command to start the installation (substituting the name of the
      appropriate CDROM drive if necessary):

        <screen>&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>boot dka0</userinput></screen>
      </para>

      <para arch="alpha">Alternatively you can boot the installation
      from floppy disk. You should start the installation by building
      a set of FreeBSD boot floppy from the files
      <filename>floppies/kern.flp</filename> and
      <filename>floppies/mfsroot.flp</filename> using the instructions
      found in <xref linkend="floppies">. From the SRM console prompt
      (<literal>&gt;&gt;&gt;</literal>), just insert the
      <filename>kern.flp</filename> floppy and type the following
      command to start the installation:

        <screen>&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>boot dva0</userinput></screen>
      </para>

      <para arch="alpha">Insert the <filename>mfsroot.flp</filename>
      floppy when prompted and you will end up at the first screen of
      the install program.</para>

      <para>If you don't have a CDROM and would like to simply install
      over the net using PPP, SLIP or a dedicated connection, see
      <xref linkend="floppies"> for instructions on
      making boot floppies.  Then please go to
      <xref linkend="ftpnfs"> for additional tips on installing
      via FTP or NFS.</para>

    </sect3>
  </sect2>
  <sect2>
    <title>Detail on various installation types</title>

    <para>Once you've gotten yourself to the initial installation
    screen somehow, you should be able to follow the various menu
    prompts and go from there.  If you've never used the &os;
    installation before, you are also encouraged to read some of the
    documentation in the Documentation submenu as well as the
    general <quote>Usage</quote> instructions on the first menu.</para>

    <note>
      <para>If you get stuck at a screen, hit the <keycap>F1</keycap> key for online
      documentation relevant to that specific section.</para>
    </note>

    <para>If you've never installed &os; before, or even if you
    have, the <quote>Standard</quote> installation mode is the most recommended
    since it makes sure that you'll visit all the various important
    checklist items along the way.  If you're much more comfortable
    with the &os; installation process and know <emphasis>exactly</emphasis> what you
    want to do, use the <quote>Express</quote> or <quote>Custom</quote> installation options.  If
    you're upgrading an existing system, use the <quote>Upgrade</quote> option.</para>

    <para>The &os; installer supports the direct use of floppy,
    DOS, tape, CDROM, FTP, NFS and UFS partitions as installation
    media; further tips on installing from each type of media are listed
    below.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">Once the install procedure has finished, you will be able
    to start &os;/&arch; by typing something like this to the SRM
    prompt:
      <screen>&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>boot dkc0</userinput></screen>
    </para>

    <para arch="alpha">This instructs the firmware to boot the specified disk. To
    find the SRM names of disks in your machine, use the <literal>show
    device</literal> command:

      <screen>&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>show device</userinput>
dka0.0.0.4.0               DKA0           TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57  3476
dkc0.0.0.1009.0            DKC0                       RZ1BB-BS  0658
dkc100.1.0.1009.0          DKC100             SEAGATE ST34501W  0015
dva0.0.0.0.1               DVA0
ewa0.0.0.3.0               EWA0              00-00-F8-75-6D-01
pkc0.7.0.1009.0            PKC0                  SCSI Bus ID 7  5.27
pqa0.0.0.4.0               PQA0                       PCI EIDE
pqb0.0.1.4.0               PQB0                       PCI EIDE</screen>
    </para>

    <para arch="alpha">This example is from a Digital Personal Workstation 433au
    and shows three disks attached to the machine. The first is a
    CDROM called <devicename>dka0</devicename> and the other two are
    disks and are called <devicename>dkc0</devicename> and
    <devicename>dkc100</devicename> repectively.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">You can specify which kernel file to load and what boot
    options to use with the <option>-file</option> and
    <option>-flags</option> options, for example:
      <screen><prompt>&gt;&gt;&gt;</prompt> <userinput>boot -file kernel.old -flags s</userinput></screen>
    </para>

    <para arch="alpha">To make &os;/&arch; boot automatically, use these commands:

      <screen><prompt>&gt;&gt;&gt;</prompt> <userinput>set boot_osflags a</userinput>
<prompt>&gt;&gt;&gt;</prompt> <userinput>set bootdef_dev dkc0</userinput>
<prompt>&gt;&gt;&gt;</prompt> <userinput>set auto_action BOOT</userinput></screen>
    </para>

    <sect3>
      <title>Installing from a Network CDROM</title>

      <para>If you simply wish to install from a local CDROM drive
      then see <xref linkend="quickstart">.  If you don't have a CDROM
      drive on your system and wish to use a &os; distribution CD
      in the CDROM drive of another system to which you have network
      connectivity, there are also several ways of going about it:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>If you would be able to FTP install &os; directly
          from the CDROM drive in some &os; machine, it's quite
          easy: You simply add the following line to the password file
          (using the &man.vipw.8; command):</para>

          <screen>ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/sbin/nologin</screen>

          <para>On the machine on which you are running the install,
          go to the Options menu and set Release Name to
          <literal>any</literal>.  You may then choose a Media type of
          <literal>FTP</literal> and type in
          <filename>ftp://<replaceable>machine</replaceable></filename>
          after picking <quote>URL</quote> in the ftp sites
          menu.</para>

          <warning>
	    <para>This may allow anyone on the local network (or Internet) to
            make <quote>anonymous FTP</quote> connections to this
            machine, which may not be desirable.</para>
	  </warning>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>If you would rather use NFS to export the CDROM
          directly to the machine(s) you'll be installing from, you
          need to first add an entry to the
          <filename>/etc/exports</filename> file (on the machine with
          the CDROM drive).  The example below allows the machine
          <hostid role="hostname">ziggy.foo.com</hostid> to mount the
          CDROM directly via NFS during installation:</para>

	  <screen>/cdrom          -ro             ziggy.foo.com</screen>

	  <para>The machine
          with the CDROM must also be configured as an NFS server, of
          course, and if you're not sure how to do that then an NFS
          installation is probably not the best choice for you unless
          you're willing to read up on &man.rc.conf.5; and configure things
          appropriately.  Assuming that this part goes smoothly, you
          should be able to enter: <filename><replaceable>cdrom-host</replaceable>:/cdrom</filename> as the path for
          an NFS installation when the target machine is installed,
          e.g. <filename>wiggy:/cdrom</filename>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>

    <sect3>
      <title>Installing from Floppies</title>

      <para>If you must install from floppy disks, either due to
      unsupported hardware or just because you enjoy doing things the
      hard way, you must first prepare some floppies for the
      install.</para>

      <para>First, make your boot floppies as described in
      <xref linkend="floppies">.</para>

      <para>Second, peruse <xref linkend="layout"> and pay special attention
      to the <quote>Distribution Format</quote> section since it describes which
      files you're going to need to put onto floppy and which you can
      safely skip.</para>

      <para>Next you will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB floppies as
      it takes to hold all files in the <filename>bin</filename>
      (binary distribution) directory.  If you're preparing these
      floppies under DOS, then these floppies
      <emphasis>must</emphasis> be formatted using the MS-DOS
      <filename>FORMAT</filename> command.  If you're using Windows,
      use the Windows File Manager format command.</para>

      <important>
        <para>Don't trust <quote>factory preformatted</quote>
        floppies!  Format them again yourself, just to make sure.
        Many problems reported by users in the past have resulted
        from the use of improperly formatted media.</para>
      </important>

      <para>If you're creating the floppies from another &os;
      machine, a format is still not a bad idea though you don't need
      to put a DOS filesystem on each floppy.  You can use the
      &man.disklabel.8; and &man.newfs.8; commands to put a UFS filesystem on a
      floppy, as the following sequence of commands illustrates:
        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/fd0</userinput></screen>
      </para>

      <para>After you've formatted the floppies for DOS or UFS, you'll
      need to copy the files onto them.  The distribution files are
      split into chunks conveniently sized so that 5 of them will fit
      on a conventional 1.44MB floppy.  Go through all your floppies,
      packing as many files as will fit on each one, until you've got
      all the distributions you want packed up in this fashion.  Each
      distribution should go into its own subdirectory on the floppy,
      e.g.: <filename>a:\bin\bin.inf</filename>, <filename>a:\bin\bin.aa</filename>, <filename>a:\bin\bin.ab</filename>, ...</para>

      <important>
        <para>The <filename>bin.inf</filename> file also needs to go on the first floppy of
        the <filename>bin</filename> set since it is read by the installation program in
        order to figure out how many additional pieces to look for
        when fetching and concatenating the distribution.  When
        putting distributions onto floppies, the
        <filename>distname.inf</filename> file <emphasis>must</emphasis> occupy the first
        floppy of each distribution set!  This is also covered in
        <filename>README.TXT</filename>.</para>
      </important>

      <para>Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select
      <quote>Floppy</quote> and you'll be prompted for the rest.</para>
    </sect3>

    <sect3 arch="i386">
      <title>Installing from a DOS partition</title>

      <para>To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition you
      should simply copy the files from the distribution into a
      directory called <filename>FREEBSD</filename> on the Primary DOS partition (<devicename>C:</devicename>).  For example, to do a minimal installation of &os; from
      DOS using files copied from the CDROM, you might do something
      like this:</para>

      <screen><prompt>C:\></prompt> <userinput>MD C:\FREEBSD</userinput>
<prompt>C:\></prompt <userinput>XCOPY /S E:\BIN C:\FREEBSD\BIN</userinput></screen>

      <para>Assuming that <devicename>E:</devicename> was where your CD was mounted.</para>

      <para>For as many distributions as you wish to install from DOS (and
      you have free space for), install each one in a directory under
      <filename>C:\FREEBSD</filename> - the <filename>BIN</filename> dist is only the minimal requirement.</para>

      <para>Once you've copied the directories, you can simply launch
      the installation from floppies as normal and select <quote>DOS</quote> as
      your media type when the time comes.</para>
    </sect3>

    <sect3>
      <title>Installing from QIC/SCSI Tape</title>

      <para>When installing from tape, the installation program
      expects the files to be simply tar'ed onto it, so after fetching
      all of the files for the distributions you're interested in,
      simply use &man.tar.1; to get them onto the tape with a command something like
      this:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd <replaceable>/where/you/have/your/dists</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>tar cvf /dev/rsa0 <replaceable>dist1</replaceable> .. <replaceable>dist2</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>When you go to do the installation, you should also make
      sure that you leave enough room in some temporary directory
      (which you'll be allowed to choose) to accommodate the <emphasis>full</emphasis>
      contents of the tape you've created.  Due to the non-random
      access nature of tapes, this method of installation requires
      quite a bit of temporary storage!  You should expect to require
      as much temporary storage as you have stuff written on tape.</para>

      <note>
        <para>When going to do the installation, the tape must be in
        the drive <emphasis>before</emphasis> booting from the boot floppies.  The
        installation <quote>probe</quote> may otherwise fail to find it.</para>
      </note>

      <para>Now create a boot floppy as described in <xref linkend="quickstart"> and
      proceed with the installation.</para>
    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="ftpnfs">
      <title>Installing over a Network using FTP or NFS</title>

      <para>After making the boot floppies as described in the first
      section, you can load the rest of the installation over a
      network using one of 3 types of connections:  serial port,
      parallel port, or Ethernet.</para>

      <sect4>
        <title>Serial Port</title>

	<para>SLIP support is rather primitive, and is limited
        primarily to hard-wired links, such as a serial cable running
        between two computers.  The link must be hard-wired because
        the SLIP installation doesn't currently offer a dialing
        capability.  If you need to dial out with a modem or otherwise
        dialog with the link before connecting to it, then I recommend
        that the PPP utility be used instead.</para>

        <para>If you're using PPP, make sure that you have your
        Internet Service Provider's IP address and DNS information
        handy as you'll need to know it fairly early in the
        installation process.  You may also need to know your own IP
        address, though PPP supports dynamic address negotiation and
        may be able to pick up this information directly from your ISP
        if they support it.</para>

        <para>You will also need to know how to use the various <quote>AT
        commands</quote> for dialing out with your particular brand of modem
        as the PPP dialer provides only a very simple terminal
        emulator.</para>
      </sect4>

      <sect4>
        <title>Parallel Port</title>

	<para>If a hard-wired connection to another &os; or Linux
        machine is available, you might also consider installing over
        a <quote>laplink</quote> style parallel port cable.  The data rate over the
        parallel port is much higher than what is typically possible
        over a serial line (up to 50k/sec), thus resulting in a
        quicker installation.  It's not typically necessary to use
        <quote>real</quote> IP addresses when using a point-to-point parallel cable
        in this way and you can generally just use RFC 1918 style
        addresses for the ends of the link (e.g. <hostid
        role="ipaddr">10.0.0.1</hostid>, <hostid role="ipaddr">10.0.0.2</hostid>,
        etc).</para>

        <important>
	  <para>If you use a Linux machine rather than a &os;
          machine as your PLIP peer, you will also have to specify
          <option>link0</option> in the TCP/IP setup screen's <quote>extra options for
          ifconfig</quote> field in order to be compatible with Linux's
          slightly different PLIP protocol.</para>
	</important>

      </sect4>

      <sect4>
        <title>Ethernet</title>

	<para>&os; supports most common PC Ethernet cards, a table
        of supported cards (and their required settings) being
        provided as part of the &os; Hardware Guide (see the
        Documentation menu on the boot floppy or the top level
        directory of the CDROM).  If you are using one of the
        supported PCMCIA Ethernet cards, also be sure that it's
        plugged in <emphasis>before</emphasis> the laptop is powered on!  &os; does
        not, unfortunately, currently support <quote>hot insertion</quote> of
        PCMCIA cards during installation.</para>

        <para>You will also need to know your IP address on the
        network, the <option>netmask</option> value for your subnet and the
        name of your machine.  Your system administrator can tell you
        which values are appropriate to your particular network setup.
        If you will be referring to other hosts by name rather than IP
        address, you'll also need a name server and possibly the
        address of a gateway (if you're using PPP, it's your
        provider's IP address) to use in talking to it.  If you want
        to install by FTP via an HTTP proxy (see below), you will also
        need the proxy's address.</para>

        <para>If you do not know the answers to these questions then
        you should really probably talk to your system administrator
        <emphasis>first</emphasis> before trying this type of
        installation!  Using a randomly chosen IP address or netmask
        on a live network will almost certainly get you shot at
        dawn.</para>

        <para>Once you have a network connection of some sort working, the
	installation can continue over NFS or FTP.</para>
      </sect4>

      <sect4>
        <title>NFS installation tips</title>

        <para>NFS installation is fairly straight-forward: Simply copy
        the &os; distribution files you want onto a server
        somewhere and then point the NFS media selection at it.</para>

        <para>If this server supports only <quote>privileged port</quote> access (this is
        generally the default for Sun and Linux workstations), you
        will need to set this option in the Options menu before
        installation can proceed.</para>

        <para>If you have a poor quality Ethernet card which suffers from very
        slow transfer rates, you may also wish to toggle the appropriate
        Options flag.</para>

        <para>In order for NFS installation to work, the server must
        also support <quote>subdir mounts</quote>, e.g. if your &os;
        distribution directory lives on
        <filename>wiggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</filename>, then
        <hostid role="hostname">wiggy</hostid> will have to allow
        the direct mounting of <filename>/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</filename>, not just
        <filename>/usr</filename> or <filename>/usr/archive/stuff</filename>.</para>

        <para>In FreeBSD's <filename>/etc/exports</filename> file this is controlled by the
        <option>-alldirs</option> option.  Other NFS servers may have different
        conventions.  If you are getting <literal>Permission Denied</literal> messages
        from the server then it's likely that you don't have this
        properly enabled!</para>
      </sect4>

      <sect4>
        <title>FTP Installation tips</title>

        <para>FTP installation may be done from any mirror site containing a
        reasonably up-to-date version of &os;.  A full menu of
        reasonable choices for almost any location in the world is
        provided in the FTP site menu during installation.</para>

        <para>If you are installing from some other FTP site not listed in
        this menu, or you are having troubles getting your name server
        configured properly, you can also specify your own URL by
        selecting the <quote>URL</quote> choice in that menu.  A URL can
        contain a hostname or an IP address, so something like the following would
        work in the absence of a name server:</para>

        <screen>ftp://216.66.64.162/pub/FreeBSD/releases/&arch;/4.2-RELEASE</screen>

        <para>There are three FTP installation modes you can use:
	  <itemizedlist>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>FTP:  This method uses the standard
              <quote>Active</quote> mode for transfers, in which the
              server initiates a connection to the client.  This will
              not work through most firewalls but will often work best
              with older FTP servers that do not support passive mode.
              If your connection hangs with passive mode, try this
              one!</para>
	    </listitem>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>FTP Passive:  This sets the FTP "Passive" mode
              which prevents the server from opening connections to
              the client.  This option is best for users to pass
              through firewalls that do not allow incoming connections
              on random port addresses.</para>
	    </listitem>
            <listitem>
	      <para>FTP via an HTTP proxy: This option instructs &os;
              to use HTTP to connect to a proxy for all FTP
              operations.  The proxy will translate the requests and
              send them to the FTP server.  This allows the user to
              pass through firewalls that do not allow FTP at all, but
              offer an HTTP proxy.  You must specify the hostname of
              the proxy in addition to the FTP server.</para>

	      <para>In the rare case that you have an FTP proxy that
              does not go through HTTP, you can specify the URL as
              something like:</para>

              <screen><userinput>ftp://foo.bar.com:<replaceable>port</replaceable>/pub/FreeBSD</userinput></screen>

              <para>In the URL above, <replaceable>port</replaceable>
              is the port number of the proxy FTP server.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </itemizedlist>

      </sect4>
    </sect3>
    <sect3>
      <title>Tips for Serial Console Users</title>

      <para>If you'd like to install &os; on a machine using just a
      serial port (e.g. you don't have or wish to use a VGA card),
      please follow these steps:</para>

      <procedure>
	<step>
	  <para>Connect some sort of ANSI (vt100) compatible terminal
	  or terminal emulation program to the <devicename>COM1</devicename> port of the PC you
	  are installing &os; onto.</para>
	</step>
	<step>
	  <para>Unplug the keyboard (yes, that's correct!) and then
	  try to boot from floppy or the installation CDROM, depending
	  on the type of installation media you have, with the
	  keyboard unplugged.</para>
	</step>
	<step>
	  <para>If you don't get any output on your serial console,
	  plug the keyboard in again and wait for some beeps.  If you
	  are booting from the CDROM, proceed to <xref
	  linkend="hitspace"> as soon as you
	  hear the beep.</para>
	</step>
	<step>
	  <para>For a floppy boot, the first beep means to remove the
	  <filename>kern.flp</filename> floppy and insert the
	  <filename>mfsroot.flp</filename> floppy, after
	  which you should press <keycap>Enter</keycap> and wait for another beep.</para>
	</step>
	<step id="hitspace">
	  <para>Hit the space bar, then enter</para>

	  <screen><userinput>boot -h</userinput></screen>

	  <para>and you should now definitely be seeing everything on
	  the serial port.  If that still doesn't work, check your
	  serial cabling as well as the settings on your terminal
	  emulation program or actual terminal device.  It should be
	  set for 9600 baud, 8 bits, no parity.</para>
	</step>
      </procedure>
    </sect3>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Question and Answer Section for &arch; Architecture Users</title>

    <qandaset arch="i386">
      <qandaentry>
        <question>
	  <para>Help!  I have no space!  Do I need to delete
	  everything first?</para>
	</question>
	<answer>
	  <para>If your machine is already running DOS and has little
	  or no free space available for &os;'s installation, all is
	  not lost!  You may find the <application>FIPS</application>
	  utility, provided in the <filename>tools/</filename>
	  subdirectory on the &os; CDROM or on the various &os; ftp
	  sites, to be quite useful.</para>

	  <para><application>FIPS</application> allows you to split an
	  existing DOS partition into two pieces, preserving the
	  original partition and allowing you to install onto the
	  second free piece.  You first <quote>defrag</quote> your DOS
	  partition, using the DOS 6.xx <filename>DEFRAG</filename>
	  utility or the <application>Norton Disk Tools</application>,
	  then run FIPS.  It will
	  prompt you for the rest of the information it needs.
	  Afterwards, you can reboot and install &os; on the new
	  partition.  Also note that FIPS will create the second
	  partition as a <quote>clone</quote> of the first, so you'll
	  actually see that you now have two DOS Primary partitions
	  where you formerly had one.  Don't be alarmed!  You can
	  simply delete the extra DOS Primary partition (making sure
	  it's the right one by examining its size! :)</para>

	  <para><application>FIPS</application> does NOT currently
	  work with FAT32 or VFAT style partitions as used by newer
	  versions of Windows 95.  To split up such a partition, you
	  will need a commercial product such as
	  <application>Partition Magic</application>.  Sorry, but this
	  is just the breaks if you've got a Windows partition hogging
	  your whole disk and you don't want to reinstall from
	  scratch.</para>
	  
	</answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
	  <para>Can I use compressed DOS filesystems from
	  &os;?</para>
	</question>

	<answer>
	  <para>No.  If you are using a utility such as
	  <application>Stacker</application>(tm) or
	  <application>DoubleSpace</application>(tm), &os; will only
	  be able to use whatever portion of the filesystem you leave
	  uncompressed.  The rest of the filesystem will show up as
	  one large file (the stacked/dblspaced file!).  <emphasis>Do
	  not remove that file</emphasis> as you will probably regret
	  it greatly!</para>

	  <para>It is probably better to create another uncompressed DOS
	  extended partition and use this for communications between
	  DOS and &os; if such is your desire.</para>
	</answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
	  <para>Can I mount my DOS extended partitions?</para>
	</question>

	<answer>
	  <para>Yes.  DOS extended partitions are mapped in at the end
	  of the other <quote>slices</quote> in &os;, e.g. your <devicename>D:</devicename> drive might
	  be <filename>/dev/da0s5</filename>, your <devicename>E:</devicename> drive <filename>/dev/da0s6</filename>, and so on. This
	  example assumes, of course, that your extended partition is
	  on SCSI drive 0. For IDE drives, substitute <literal>ad</literal> for
	  <literal>da</literal> appropriately. You otherwise mount extended
	  partitions exactly like you would mount any other DOS drive,
	  e.g.:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t msdos /dev/da0s5 /dos_d</userinput></screen>
	</answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
	  <para>Can I run DOS binaries under &os;?</para>
	</question>

	<answer>
	  <para>Ongoing work with BSDI's &man.doscmd.1; utility will
	  suffice in many cases, though
	  it still has some rough edges.  If you're interested in
	  working on this, please send mail to the &a.emulation
	  and indicate that you're interested in joining this ongoing
	  effort!</para>

	  <para>There is also a neat utility called <filename>pcemu</filename> in the
	  &os; Ports Collection which emulates an 8088 and enough BIOS
	  services to run DOS text mode applications.  It requires the
	  X Window System (XFree86) to operate.</para>
	</answer>
      </qandaentry>
    </qandaset>

    <qandaset arch="alpha">
      <qandaentry>
        <question>
	  <para>Can I boot from the ARC or Alpha BIOS Console?</para>
	</question>

	<answer>
	  <para>No.  &os;, like Compaq Tru64 and VMS, will only boot
	  from the SRM console.</para>
	</answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
	  <para>Help!  I have no space!  Do I need to delete
	  everything first?</para>
	</question>

	<answer>
	  <para>Unfortunately, yes.</para>
	</answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
	  <para>Can I mount my Compaq Tru64 or VMS extended partitions?</para>
	</question>

	<answer>
	  <para>No, not at this time.</para>
	</answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
	  <para>What about support for Compaq Tru64 (OSF/1) binaries?</para>
	</question>

	<answer>
	  <para>&os; can run Tru64 applications very well using the
	  <filename>emulators/osf1_base</filename> port/package.</para>
	</answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
	  <para>What about support for Linux binaries?</para>
	</question>

	<answer>
	  <para>At the moment, &os; cannot run AlphaLinux.  Support is
	  currently being worked on.</para>
	</answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
	  <para>What about support for NT Alpha binaries?</para>
	</question>

	<answer>
	  <para>&os; is not able to run NT applications natively,
	  although it has the ability to mount NT partitions.</para>
	</answer>
      </qandaentry>
    </qandaset>
  </sect2>
</sect1>