1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
|
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)write.2 8.5 (Berkeley) 4/2/94
.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.Dd April 2, 1994
.Dt WRITE 2
.Os BSD 4
.Sh NAME
.Nm write ,
.Nm writev ,
.Nm pwrite
.Nd write output
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Fd #include <sys/types.h>
.Fd #include <sys/uio.h>
.Fd #include <unistd.h>
.Ft ssize_t
.Fn write "int d" "const void *buf" "size_t nbytes"
.Ft ssize_t
.Fn writev "int d" "const struct iovec *iov" "int iovcnt"
.Ft ssize_t
.Fn pwrite "int d" "const void *buf" "size_t nbytes" "off_t offset"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Fn Write
attempts to write
.Fa nbytes
of data to the object referenced by the descriptor
.Fa d
from the buffer pointed to by
.Fa buf .
.Fn Writev
performs the same action, but gathers the output data
from the
.Fa iovcnt
buffers specified by the members of the
.Fa iov
array: iov[0], iov[1], ..., iov[iovcnt\|-\|1].
.Fn Pwrite
performs the same function, but writes to the specified position in
the file without modifying the file pointer.
.Pp
For
.Fn writev ,
the
.Fa iovec
structure is defined as:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
struct iovec {
char *iov_base; /* Base address. */
size_t iov_len; /* Length. */
};
.Ed
.Pp
Each
.Fa iovec
entry specifies the base address and length of an area
in memory from which data should be written.
.Fn Writev
will always write a complete area before proceeding
to the next.
.Pp
On objects capable of seeking, the
.Fn write
starts at a position
given by the pointer associated with
.Fa d ,
see
.Xr lseek 2 .
Upon return from
.Fn write ,
the pointer is incremented by the number of bytes which were written.
.Pp
Objects that are not capable of seeking always write from the current
position. The value of the pointer associated with such an object
is undefined.
.Pp
If the real user is not the super-user, then
.Fn write
clears the set-user-id bit on a file.
This prevents penetration of system security
by a user who
.Dq captures
a writable set-user-id file
owned by the super-user.
.Pp
When using non-blocking I/O on objects such as sockets that are subject
to flow control,
.Fn write
and
.Fn writev
may write fewer bytes than requested;
the return value must be noted,
and the remainder of the operation should be retried when possible.
.Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
.Pp
In the non-threaded library
.Fn write
is implemented as the
.Va write
syscall.
.Pp
In the threaded library, the
.Va write
syscall is assembled to
.Fn _thread_sys_write
and
.Fn write
is implemented as a function which locks
.Va d
for read and write, then calls
.Fn _thread_sys_write .
If the call to
.Fn _thread_sys_write
would block, a context switch is performed. Before returning,
.Fn write
unlocks
.Va d .
.Pp
In the non-threaded library
.Fn writev
is implemented as the
.Va writev
syscall.
.Pp
In the threaded library, the
.Va writev
syscall is assembled to
.Fn _thread_sys_writev
and
.Fn writev
is implemented as a function which locks
.Va d
for read and write, then calls
.Fn _thread_sys_writev .
If the call to
.Fn _thread_sys_writev
would block, a context switch is performed. Before returning,
.Fn writev
unlocks
.Va d .
.Sh RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion the number of bytes which were written
is returned. Otherwise a -1 is returned and the global variable
.Va errno
is set to indicate the error.
.Sh ERRORS
.Fn Write ,
.Fn writev ,
and
.Fn pwrite
will fail and the file pointer will remain unchanged if:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er EBADF
.Fa D
is not a valid descriptor open for writing.
.It Bq Er EPIPE
An attempt is made to write to a pipe that is not open
for reading by any process.
.It Bq Er EPIPE
An attempt is made to write to a socket of type
.Dv SOCK_STREAM
that is not connected to a peer socket.
.It Bq Er EFBIG
An attempt was made to write a file that exceeds the process's
file size limit or the maximum file size.
.It Bq Er EFAULT
Part of
.Fa iov
or data to be written to the file
points outside the process's allocated address space.
.It Bq Er EINVAL
The pointer associated with
.Fa d
was negative.
.It Bq Er ENOSPC
There is no free space remaining on the file system
containing the file.
.It Bq Er EDQUOT
The user's quota of disk blocks on the file system
containing the file has been exhausted.
.It Bq Er EIO
An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.
.It Bq Er EAGAIN
The file was marked for non-blocking I/O,
and no data could be written immediately.
.El
.Pp
In addition,
.Fn writev
may return one of the following errors:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er EDESTADDRREQ
The destination is no longer available when writing to a
.Ux
domain datagram socket on which
.Xr connect 2
had been used to set a destination address.
.It Bq Er EINVAL
.Fa Iovcnt
was less than or equal to 0, or greater than
.Dv UIO_MAXIOV .
.It Bq Er EINVAL
One of the
.Fa iov_len
values in the
.Fa iov
array was negative.
.It Bq Er EINVAL
The sum of the
.Fa iov_len
values in the
.Fa iov
array overflowed a 32-bit integer.
.It Bq Er ENOBUFS
The mbuf pool has been completely exhausted when writing to a socket.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fn pwrite
call may also return the following errors:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er EINVAL
The specified file offset is invalid.
.It Bq Er ESPIPE
The file descriptor is associated with a pipe, socket, or FIFO.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr fcntl 2 ,
.Xr lseek 2 ,
.Xr open 2 ,
.Xr pipe 2 ,
.Xr select 2
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Fn write
function call is expected to conform to
.St -p1003.1-90 .
The
.Fn writev
and
.Fn pwrite
functions are expected to conform to
.St -xpg4.2 .
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Fn pwrite
function call
appeared in
.At V.4 .
The
.Fn writev
function call
appeared in
.Bx 4.2 .
A
.Fn write
function call appeared in
.At v6 .
|