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<H1>Announcing ncurses @VERSION@</H1>
The ncurses (new curses) library is a free software emulation of
curses in System V Release 4.0, and more. It uses terminfo format,
supports pads and color
and multiple highlights and forms characters and function-key mapping,
and has all the other SYSV-curses enhancements over BSD curses.<P>
In mid-June 1995, the maintainer of 4.4BSD curses declared that he
considered 4.4BSD curses obsolete, and encouraged the keepers of
Unix releases such as BSD/OS, FreeBSD and NetBSD to switch over to
ncurses.<P>
The ncurses code was developed under GNU/Linux.
It has been in use for some time with OpenBSD as the system curses library,
and on FreeBSD and NetBSD as an external package.
It should port easily to any ANSI/POSIX-conforming UNIX.
It has even been ported to OS/2 Warp!<P>
The distribution includes the library and support utilities, including a
terminfo compiler tic(1), a decompiler infocmp(1), clear(1), tput(1), tset(1),
and a termcap conversion tool captoinfo(1). Full manual pages are provided for
the library and tools.<P>
The ncurses distribution is available via anonymous FTP at
the GNU distribution site
<A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/</A> .
<br>It is also available at
<A HREF="ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/">ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/</A> .
<H1>Release Notes</H1>
This release is designed to be upward compatible from ncurses 5.0 through 5.5;
very few applications will require recompilation, depending on the platform.
These are the highlights from the change-log since ncurses 5.5 release.
<p>
Interface changes:
<ul>
<li>generate linkable stubs for some macros:
<br>
getbegx, getbegy, getcurx, getcury, getmaxx, getmaxy, getparx,
getpary, getpary,
<br>
and (for libncursesw)
<br>
wgetbkgrnd
</ul>
New features and improvements:
<ul>
<li>library
<ul>
<li>support hashed databases for the terminal descriptions.
This uses the Berkeley database, has been tested for
several versions on different platforms.
<li>add <code>use_legacy_coding()</code> function to support
lynx's font-switching feature.
<li>add extension <code>nofilter()</code>, to cancel a prior
<code>filter()</code> call.
<li>add/install a package config script, e.g.,
<code>ncurses5-config</code> or
<code>ncursesw5-config</code>, according to
configuration options.
<li>provide ifdef for <code>NCURSES_NOMACROS</code> which
suppresses most macro definitions from curses.h, i.e.,
where a macro is defined to override a function to improve
performance.
<li>make ifdef's consistent in <code>curses.h</code> for the
extended colors so the header file can be used for the
normal curses library. The header file installed for
extended colors is a variation of the wide-character
configuration.
<li>improve <code>tgetstr()</code> by making the return value
point into the user's buffer, if provided.
<li>add ifdef's allowing ncurses to be built with
<code>tparm()</code> using either varargs (the existing
status), or using a fixed-parameter list (to match X/Open).
<li>widen the test for xterm <code>kmous</code> a little to
<code>allow</code> for other
strings than "\E[M", e.g., for <code>xterm-sco</code>
functionality in xterm.
<li>modify <code>wgetnstr()</code> to return
<code>KEY_RESIZE</code> if a sigwinch occurs.
<li>move prototypes for wide-character trace functions from
curses.tail to curses.wide to avoid accidental reference to
those if <code>_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED</code> is defined
without ensuring that <wchar.h> is included.
<li>change the way shared libraries (other than libtool) are
installed. Rather than copying the build-tree's libraries,
link the shared objects into the install directory. This
makes the <code>--with-rpath</code> option work except with
<code>$(DESTDIR)</code>.
<li>several improvements for rendering in hpterm. These are
only available if the library is configured using
<code>--enable-xmc-glitch</code>.
<li>Add <code>NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS</code> and
<code>NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE</code> environment variables
to allow runtime suppression of the related hard-tabs and
xmc-glitch features.
</ul>
<li>programs:
<ul>
<li>add new test programs: chgat.c, demo_altkeys.c,
echochar.c, foldkeys.c, movewindow.c, redraw.c, (noting
that existing test programs also were modified to test
additional features).
<li>modify tack to test extended capability function-key
strings.
<li>modify toe to access termcap data, e.g., via <code>cgetent()</code>
functions, or as a text file if those are not available.
<li>improve infocmp/tic <code>-f</code> option formatting.
<li>add <code>toe -a</code> option, to show all databases.
This uses new private interfaces in the ncurses library for
iterating through the list of databases.
<li>modify <code>MKfallback.sh</code> to use
<code>tic -x</code> when constructing fallback tables to
allow extended capabilities to be retrieved from a fallback entry.
</ul>
<li>terminal database
<ul>
<li>add terminfo entries for xfce terminal (xfce) and multi gnome terminal (mgt)
<li>add nsterm-16color entry
<li>updated mlterm terminfo entry
<li>add kon, kon2 and jfbterm terminfo entry
<li>remove invis capability from klone+sgr, mainly used by linux entry, since it does not really do this
<li>add ka2, kb1, kb3, kc2 to vt220-keypad as an extension
<li>add shifted up/down arrow codes to xterm-new as kind/kri strings
<li>add hpterm-color terminfo entry
<li>add 256color variants of terminfo entries for programs which are reported to implement this feature
<li>correct order of use-clauses in rxvt-basic entry which made codes for f1-f4 vt100-style rather than vt220-style.
</ul>
</ul>
Major bug fixes:
<ul>
<li>correct a typo in configure <code>--with-bool</code> option for the
case where <code>--without-cxx</code> is used.
<li>move assignment from environment variable <code>ESCDELAY</code>
from <code>initscr()</code> down to <code>newterm()</code> so the
environment variable affects timeouts for terminals opened with
newterm() as well.
<li>modify <code>werase</code> to clear multicolumn characters that
extend into a derived window.
<li>modify <code>wchgat()</code> to mark updated cells as changed so a
refresh will repaint those cells.
<li>correct logic in <code>wadd_wch()</code> and
<code>wecho_wch()</code>, which did not guard against passing the
multi-column attribute into a call on <code>waddch()</code>, e.g.,
using data returned by <code>win_wch()</code>
<li>fix redrawing of windows other than <code>stdscr</code> using
<code>wredrawln()</code> by touching the corresponding rows in
<code>curscr</code>.
<li>reduce memory leaks in repeated calls to <code>tgetent()</code> by
remembering the last <code>TERMINAL*</code> value allocated to hold
the corresponding data and freeing that if the
<code>tgetent()</code> result buffer is the same as the previous
call.
<li>modify <code>read_termtype()</code> so the <code>term_names</code>
data is always allocated as part of the <code>str_table</code>, a
better fix for a memory leak.
<li>fix <code>wins_nwstr(),</code> which did not handle single-column
non-8bit codes.
<li>modify <code>wbkgrnd()</code> to avoid clearing the
<code>A_CHARTEXT</code> attribute bits since those record the state
of multicolumn characters.
<li>improve <code>SIGWINCH</code> handling by postponing its effect
during <code>newterm()</code>, etc., when allocating screens.
<li>remove 970913 feature for copying subwindows as they are moved in
<code>mvwin()</code>.
<li>add checks in <code>waddchnstr()</code> and
<code>wadd_wchnstr()</code> to stop copying when a null character
is found.
<li>add some checks to ensure current position is within scrolling
region before scrolling on a new line.
<li>add a workaround to ACS mapping to allow applications such as
test/blue.c to use the "PC ROM" characters by masking them with
A_ALTCHARSET. This worked up til 5.5, but was lost in the revision
of legacy coding.
</ul>
Portability:
<ul>
<li>configure script:
<ul>
<li>new options:
<dl>
<dt>--with-hashed-db
<dd>Use Berkeley hashed database for storing terminfo data rather than storing
each compiled entry in a separate binary file within a directory
tree.
<dt>--without-dlsym
<dd>Do not use <code>dlsym()</code> to load GPM dynamically.
<dt>--with-valgrind
<dd>Simplify building for testing with valgrind.
<dt>--enable-wgetch-events
<dd>Compile with experimental wgetch-events code.
<dt>--enable-signed-char
<dd>Store booleans in "signed char" rather than "char".
</dl>
<li>improved options:
<dl>
<dt>--disable-largefile
<dd>make the option work both ways.
<dt>--with-gpm
<dd>The option now accepts a parameter,
i.e., the name of the dynamic GPM library to load via
<code>dlopen()</code>
<dt>--disable-symlinks
<dd>The option now allows one to
disable <code>symlink()</code> in <code>tic</code> even when
<code>link()</code> does not work.
</dl>
</ul>
<li>other configure/build issues: <ul> <li>remove special case for
Darwin in <code>CF_XOPEN_SOURCE</code> configure macro.
<li>add configure check to ensure that <code>SIGWINCH</code> is
defined on platforms such as OS X which exclude that when
<code>_XOPEN_SOURCE,</code> etc., are defined
<li>use ld's <code>-search_paths_first</code> option on Darwin
to work around odd search rules on that platform.
<li>improve ifdef's for <code>_POSIX_VDISABLE</code> in tset to
work with Mac OS X.
<li>modify configure script to ensure that if the C compiler is
used rather than the loader in making shared libraries, the
<code>$(CFLAGS)</code> variable is also used.
<li>use <code>${CC}</code> rather than <code>${LD}</code> in
shared library rules for IRIX64, Solaris to help ensure
that initialization sections are provided for extra linkage
requirements, e.g., of C++ applications.
<li>improve some shared-library configure scripting for Linux,
FreeBSD and NetBSD to make
<code>--with-shlib-version</code> work.
<li>split up dependency of <code>names.c</code> and
<code>codes.c</code> in <code>ncurses/Makefile</code> to
work with parallel make.
<li>modify <code>MKlib_gen.sh</code> to change
preprocessor-expanded <code>_Bool</code> back to <code>bool</code>.
<li>modify <code>progs/Makefile.in</code> to make
<code>tput init</code> work properly with cygwin,
i.e., do not pass a <code>.exe</code> in the reference
string used in check_aliases.
</ul>
<li>library:
<ul>
<li>ignore wide-acs line-drawing characters that
<code>wcwidth()</code> claims are not one-column. This is
a workaround for Solaris' broken locale support.
<li>reduce name-pollution in <code>term.h</code> by removing
<code>#define</code>'s for HAVE_xxx symbols.
<li>fix <code>#ifdef</code> in <code>c++/internal.h</code> for
QNX 6.1
</ul>
<li>test programs: <ul> <li>modify <code>test/configure</code> script
to allow building test programs with PDCurses/X11.
<li>modified test programs to allow some to work with NetBSD
curses. Several do not because NetBSD curses implements a
subset of X/Open curses, and also lacks much of SVr4
additions. But it is enough for comparison.
<li>improved <code>test/configure</code> to build test/ncurses
on HPUX 11 using the vendor curses.
<li>change configure script to produce
<code>test/Makefile</code> from data file.
</ul>
</ul>
<H1>Features of Ncurses</H1>
The ncurses package is fully compatible with SVr4 (System V Release 4) curses:
<UL>
<LI>All 257 of the SVr4 calls have been implemented (and are documented).
<LI>Full support for SVr4 curses features including keyboard mapping, color,
forms-drawing with ACS characters, and automatic recognition of keypad
and function keys.
<LI>An emulation of the SVr4 panels library, supporting
a stack of windows with backing store, is included.
<LI>An emulation of the SVr4 menus library, supporting
a uniform but flexible interface for menu programming, is included.
<LI>An emulation of the SVr4 form library, supporting
data collection through on-screen forms, is included.
<LI>Binary terminfo entries generated by the ncurses tic(1) implementation
are bit-for-bit-compatible with the entry format SVr4 curses uses.
<LI>The utilities have options to allow you to filter terminfo
entries for use with less capable <STRONG>curses</STRONG>/<STRONG>terminfo</STRONG>
versions such as the HP/UX and AIX ports.</UL>
The ncurses package also has many useful extensions over SVr4:
<UL>
<LI>The API is 8-bit clean and base-level conformant with the X/OPEN curses
specification, XSI curses (that is, it implements all BASE level features,
and most EXTENDED features).
It includes many function calls not supported under SVr4 curses
(but portability of all
calls is documented so you can use the SVr4 subset only).
<LI>Unlike SVr3 curses, ncurses can write to the rightmost-bottommost corner
of the screen if your terminal has an insert-character capability.
<LI>Ada95 and C++ bindings.
<LI>Support for mouse event reporting with X Window xterm
and FreeBSD and OS/2 console windows.
<LI>Extended mouse support via Alessandro Rubini's gpm package.
<LI>The function <CODE>wresize()</CODE> allows you to resize windows, preserving
their data.
<LI>The function <CODE>use_default_colors()</CODE> allows you to
use the terminal's default colors for the default color pair,
achieving the effect of transparent colors.
<LI>The functions <CODE>keyok()</CODE>
and <CODE>define_key()</CODE> allow
you to better control the use of function keys,
e.g., disabling the ncurses KEY_MOUSE,
or by defining more than one control sequence to map to a given key code.
<LI>Support for 16-color terminals, such as aixterm and modern xterm.
<LI>Better cursor-movement optimization. The package now features a
cursor-local-movement computation more efficient than either BSD's
or System V's.
<LI>Super hardware scrolling support. The screen-update code incorporates
a novel, simple, and cheap algorithm that enables it to make optimal
use of hardware scrolling, line-insertion, and line-deletion
for screen-line movements. This algorithm is more powerful than
the 4.4BSD curses quickch() routine.
<LI>Real support for terminals with the magic-cookie glitch. The
screen-update code will refrain from drawing a highlight if the magic-
cookie unattributed spaces required just before the beginning and
after the end would step on a non-space character. It will
automatically shift highlight boundaries when doing so would make it
possible to draw the highlight without changing the visual appearance
of the screen.
<LI>It is possible to generate the library with a list of pre-loaded
fallback entries linked to it so that it can serve those terminal types even
when no terminfo tree or termcap file is accessible (this may be useful
for support of screen-oriented programs that must run in single-user mode).
<LI>The tic(1)/captoinfo utility provided with ncurses has the
ability to translate many termcaps from the XENIX, IBM and
AT&T extension sets.
<LI>A BSD-like tset(1) utility is provided.
<LI>The ncurses library and utilities will automatically read terminfo
entries from $HOME/.terminfo if it exists, and compile to that directory
if it exists and the user has no write access to the system directory.
This feature makes it easier for users to have personal terminfo entries
without giving up access to the system terminfo directory.
<LI>You may specify a path of directories to search for compiled
descriptions with the environment variable TERMINFO_DIRS (this
generalizes the feature provided by TERMINFO under stock System V.)
<LI>In terminfo source files, use capabilities may refer not just to
other entries in the same source file (as in System V) but also to
compiled entries in either the system terminfo directory or the user's
$HOME/.terminfo directory.
<LI>A script (<STRONG>capconvert</STRONG>) is provided to help BSD users
transition from termcap to terminfo. It gathers the information in a
TERMCAP environment variable and/or a ~/.termcap local entries file
and converts it to an equivalent local terminfo tree under $HOME/.terminfo.
<LI>Automatic fallback to the /etc/termcap file can be compiled in
when it is not possible to build a terminfo tree. This feature is neither
fast nor cheap, you don't want to use it unless you have to,
but it's there.
<LI>The table-of-entries utility <STRONG>toe</STRONG> makes it easy for users to
see exactly what terminal types are available on the system.
<LI>The library meets the XSI requirement that every macro entry
point have a corresponding function which may be linked (and will be
prototype-checked) if the macro definition is disabled with
<CODE>#undef</CODE>.
<LI>An HTML "Introduction to Programming with NCURSES" document provides
a narrative introduction to the curses programming interface.
</UL>
<H1>State of the Package</H1>
Numerous bugs present in earlier versions have been fixed; the
library is far more reliable than it used to be. Bounds checking in many
`dangerous' entry points has been improved. The code is now type-safe
according to gcc -Wall. The library has been checked for malloc leaks and
arena corruption by the Purify memory-allocation tester.<P>
The ncurses code has been tested with a wide variety of applications
including (versions starting with those noted):
<DL>
<DT> cdk
<DD> Curses Development Kit
<br>
<A HREF="http://invisible-island.net/cdk/">http://invisible-island.net/cdk/</A>
<br>
<A HREF="http://www.vexus.ca/products/CDK/">http://www.vexus.ca/products/CDK/</a>
<DT> ded
<DD> directory-editor
<br>
<A HREF="http://invisible-island.net/ded/">http://invisible-island.net/ded/</A>
<DT> dialog
<DD> the underlying application used in Slackware's setup, and the basis
for similar applications on GNU/Linux.
<br>
<A HREF="http://invisible-island.net/dialog/">http://invisible-island.net/dialog/</A>
<DT> lynx
<DD> the character-screen WWW browser
<br>
<A HREF="http://lynx.isc.org/release/">http://lynx.isc.org/release/</A>
<DT> Midnight Commander
<DD> file manager
<br>
<A HREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/mc/">http://www.ibiblio.org/mc/</A>
<DT> mutt
<DD> mail utility
<br>
<A HREF="http://www.mutt.org/">http://www.mutt.org/</A>
<DT> ncftp
<DD> file-transfer utility
<br>
<A HREF="http://www.ncftp.com/">http://www.ncftp.com/</A>
<DT> nvi
<DD> New vi versions 1.50 are able to use ncurses versions 1.9.7 and later.
<br>
<A HREF="http://www.bostic.com/vi/">http://www.bostic.com/vi/</A>
<br>
<DT> pinfo
<DD> Lynx-like info browser.
<A HREF="http://dione.ids.pl/~pborys/software/pinfo/">http://dione.ids.pl/~pborys/software/pinfo/</A>
<DT> tin
<DD> newsreader, supporting color, MIME
<A HREF="http://www.tin.org/">http://www.tin.org/</A>
<DT> vh-1.6
<DD> Volks-Hypertext browser for the Jargon File
<br>
<A HREF="http://www.debian.org/Packages/unstable/text/vh.html">http://www.debian.org/Packages/unstable/text/vh.html</A>
</DL>
as well as some that use ncurses for the terminfo support alone:
<DL>
<DT> minicom
<DD> terminal emulator
<br>
<A HREF="http://alioth.debian.org/projects/minicom/">
http://alioth.debian.org/projects/minicom/</A>
<DT> vile
<DD> vi-like-emacs
<br>
<A HREF="http://invisible-island.net/vile/">http://invisible-island.net/vile/</A>
</DL>
<P>
The ncurses distribution includes a selection of test programs (including
a few games).
<H2>Who's Who and What's What</H2>
Zeyd Ben-Halim
started it from a previous package pcurses, written by Pavel Curtis.
Eric S. Raymond
continued development.
Jürgen Pfeifer wrote most of the form and menu libraries.
Ongoing work is being done by
<A HREF="mailto:dickey@invisible-island.net">Thomas Dickey</A>.
Thomas Dickey
acts as the maintainer for the Free Software Foundation,
which holds the copyright on ncurses.
Contact the current maintainers at
<A HREF="mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org">bug-ncurses@gnu.org</A>.
<P>
To join the ncurses mailing list, please write email to
<CODE>bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org</CODE> containing the line:
<PRE>
subscribe <name>@<host.domain>
</PRE>
This list is open to anyone interested in helping with the development and
testing of this package.<P>
Beta versions of ncurses and patches to the current release are made available at
<A HREF="ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/">ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/</A> .
<H2>Future Plans</H2>
<UL>
<LI>Extended-level XPG4 conformance, with internationalization support.
<LI>Ports to more systems, including DOS and Windows.
</UL>
We need people to help with these projects. If you are interested in working
on them, please join the ncurses list.
<H2>Other Related Resources</H2>
The distribution provides a newer version of the terminfo-format
terminal description file once maintained by
<A HREF="http://www.catb.org/~esr/terminfo/">Eric Raymond</A> .
Unlike the older version, the termcap and terminfo data are provided
in the same file, and provides several user-definable extensions
beyond the X/Open specification.<P>
You can find lots of information on terminal-related topics
not covered in the terminfo file at
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utk.edu/~shuford/terminal_index.html">Richard Shuford's
archive</A> .
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