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diff --git a/share/doc/smm/01.setup/6.t b/share/doc/smm/01.setup/6.t new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d043474 --- /dev/null +++ b/share/doc/smm/01.setup/6.t @@ -0,0 +1,663 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1988, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. +.\" All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)6.t 8.1 (Berkeley) 7/27/93 +.\" +.ds LH "Installing/Operating \*(4B +.ds CF \*(Dy +.Sh 1 "System operation" +.PP +This section describes procedures used to operate a \*(4B UNIX system. +Procedures described here are used periodically, to reboot the system, +analyze error messages from devices, do disk backups, monitor +system performance, recompile system software and control local changes. +.Sh 2 "Bootstrap and shutdown procedures" +.PP +In a normal reboot, the system checks the disks and comes up multi-user +without intervention at the console. +Such a reboot +can be stopped (after it prints the date) with a ^C (interrupt). +This will leave the system in single-user mode, with only the console +terminal active. +(If the console has been marked ``insecure'' in +.Pn /etc/ttys +you must enter the root password to bring the machine to single-user mode.) +It is also possible to allow the filesystem checks to complete +and then to return to single-user mode by signaling +.Xr fsck (8) +with a QUIT signal (^\|\e). +.PP +To bring the system up to a multi-user configuration from the single-user +status, +all you have to do is hit ^D on the console. The system +will then execute +.Pn /etc/rc , +a multi-user restart script (and +.Pn /etc/rc.local ), +and come up on the terminals listed as +active in the file +.Pn /etc/ttys . +See +.Xr init (8) +and +.Xr ttys (5) for more details. +Note, however, that this does not cause a filesystem check to be done. +Unless the system was taken down cleanly, you should run +``fsck \-p'' or force a reboot with +.Xr reboot (8) +to have the disks checked. +.PP +To take the system down to a single user state you can use +.DS +\fB#\fP \fIkill 1\fP +.DE +or use the +.Xr shutdown (8) +command (which is much more polite, if there are other users logged in) +when you are running multi-user. +Either command will kill all processes and give you a shell on the console, +as if you had just booted. Filesystems remain mounted after the +system is taken single-user. If you wish to come up multi-user again, you +should do this by: +.DS +\fB#\fP \fIcd /\fP +\fB#\fP \fI/sbin/umount -a\fP +\fB#\fP \fI^D\fP +.DE +.PP +Each system shutdown, crash, processor halt and reboot +is recorded in the system log +with its cause. +.Sh 2 "Device errors and diagnostics" +.PP +When serious errors occur on peripherals or in the system, the system +prints a warning diagnostic on the console. +These messages are collected +by the system error logging process +.Xr syslogd (8) +and written into a system error log file +.Pn /var/log/messages . +Less serious errors are sent directly to +.Xr syslogd , +which may log them on the console. +The error priorities that are logged and the locations to which they are logged +are controlled by +.Pn /etc/syslog.conf . +See +.Xr syslogd (8) +for further details. +.PP +Error messages printed by the devices in the system are described with the +drivers for the devices in section 4 of the programmer's manual. +If errors occur suggesting hardware problems, you should contact +your hardware support group or field service. It is a good idea to +examine the error log file regularly +(e.g. with the command \fItail \-r /var/log/messages\fP). +.Sh 2 "Filesystem checks, backups, and disaster recovery" +.PP +Periodically (say every week or so in the absence of any problems) +and always (usually automatically) after a crash, +all the filesystems should be checked for consistency +by +.Xr fsck (1). +The procedures of +.Xr reboot (8) +should be used to get the system to a state where a filesystem +check can be done manually or automatically. +.PP +Dumping of the filesystems should be done regularly, +since once the system is going it is easy to +become complacent. +Complete and incremental dumps are easily done with +.Xr dump (8). +You should arrange to do a towers-of-hanoi dump sequence; we tune +ours so that almost all files are dumped on two tapes and kept for at +least a week in most every case. We take full dumps every month (and keep +these indefinitely). +Operators can execute ``dump w'' at login that will tell them what needs +to be dumped +(based on the +.Pn /etc/fstab +information). +Be sure to create a group +.B operator +in the file +.Pn /etc/group +so that dump can notify logged-in operators when it needs help. +.PP +More precisely, we have three sets of dump tapes: 10 daily tapes, +5 weekly sets of 2 tapes, and fresh sets of three tapes monthly. +We do daily dumps circularly on the daily tapes with sequence +`3 2 5 4 7 6 9 8 9 9 9 ...'. +Each weekly is a level 1 and the daily dump sequence level +restarts after each weekly dump. +Full dumps are level 0 and the daily sequence restarts after each full dump +also. +.PP +Thus a typical dump sequence would be: +.br +.ne 6 +.TS +center; +c c c c c +n n n l l. +tape name level number date opr size +_ +FULL 0 Nov 24, 1992 operator 137K +D1 3 Nov 28, 1992 operator 29K +D2 2 Nov 29, 1992 operator 34K +D3 5 Nov 30, 1992 operator 19K +D4 4 Dec 1, 1992 operator 22K +W1 1 Dec 2, 1992 operator 40K +D5 3 Dec 4, 1992 operator 15K +D6 2 Dec 5, 1992 operator 25K +D7 5 Dec 6, 1992 operator 15K +D8 4 Dec 7, 1992 operator 19K +W2 1 Dec 9, 1992 operator 118K +D9 3 Dec 11, 1992 operator 15K +D10 2 Dec 12, 1992 operator 26K +D1 5 Dec 15, 1992 operator 14K +W3 1 Dec 17, 1992 operator 71K +D2 3 Dec 18, 1992 operator 13K +FULL 0 Dec 22, 1992 operator 135K +.TE +We do weekly dumps often enough that daily dumps always fit on one tape. +.PP +Dumping of files by name is best done by +.Xr tar (1) +but the amount of data that can be moved in this way is limited +to a single tape. +Finally if there are enough drives entire +disks can be copied with +.Xr dd (1) +using the raw special files and an appropriate +blocking factor; the number of sectors per track is usually +a good value to use, consult +.Pn /etc/disktab . +.PP +It is desirable that full dumps of the root filesystem be +made regularly. +This is especially true when only one disk is available. +Then, if the +root filesystem is damaged by a hardware or software failure, you +can rebuild a workable disk doing a restore in the +same way that the initial root filesystem was created. +.PP +Exhaustion of user-file space is certain to occur +now and then; disk quotas may be imposed, or if you +prefer a less fascist approach, try using the programs +.Xr du (1), +.Xr df (1), +and +.Xr quot (8), +combined with threatening +messages of the day, and personal letters. +.Sh 2 "Moving filesystem data" +.PP +If you have the resources, +the best way to move a filesystem +is to dump it to a spare disk partition, or magtape, using +.Xr dump (8), +use +.Xr newfs (8) +to create the new filesystem, +and restore the filesystem using +.Xr restore (8). +Filesystems may also be moved by piping the output of +.Xr dump +to +.Xr restore . +The +.Xr restore +program uses an ``in-place'' algorithm that +allows filesystem dumps to be restored without concern for the +original size of the filesystem. Further, portions of a +filesystem may be selectively restored using a method similar +to the tape archive program. +.PP +If you have to merge a filesystem into another, existing one, +the best bet is to use +.Xr tar (1). +If you must shrink a filesystem, the best bet is to dump +the original and restore it onto the new filesystem. +If you +are playing with the root filesystem and only have one drive, +the procedure is more complicated. +If the only drive is a Winchester disk, this procedure may not be used +without overwriting the existing root or another partition. +What you do is the following: +.IP 1. +GET A SECOND PACK, OR USE ANOTHER DISK DRIVE!!!! +.IP 2. +Dump the root filesystem to tape using +.Xr dump (8). +.IP 3. +Bring the system down. +.IP 4. +Mount the new pack in the correct disk drive, if +using removable media. +.IP 5. +Load the distribution tape and install the new +root filesystem as you did when first installing the system. +Boot normally +using the newly created disk filesystem. +.PP +Note that if you change the disk partition tables or add new disk +drivers they should also be added to the standalone system in +.Pn /sys/<architecture>/stand , +and the default disk partition tables in +.Pn /etc/disktab +should be modified. +.Sh 2 "Monitoring system performance" +.PP +The +.Xr systat +program provided with the system is designed to be an aid to monitoring +systemwide activity. The default ``pigs'' mode shows a dynamic ``ps''. +By running in the ``vmstat'' mode +when the system is active you can judge the system activity in several +dimensions: job distribution, virtual memory load, paging and swapping +activity, device interrupts, and disk and cpu utilization. +Ideally, there should be few blocked (b) jobs, +there should be little paging or swapping activity, there should +be available bandwidth on the disk devices (most single arms peak +out at 20-30 tps in practice), and the user cpu utilization (us) should +be high (above 50%). +.PP +If the system is busy, then the count of active jobs may be large, +and several of these jobs may often be blocked (b). If the virtual +memory is active, then the paging demon will be running (sr will +be non-zero). It is healthy for the paging demon to free pages when +the virtual memory gets active; it is triggered by the amount of free +memory dropping below a threshold and increases its pace as free memory +goes to zero. +.PP +If you run in the ``vmstat'' mode +when the system is busy, you can find +imbalances by noting abnormal job distributions. If many +processes are blocked (b), then the disk subsystem +is overloaded or imbalanced. If you have several non-dma +devices or open teletype lines that are ``ringing'', or user programs +that are doing high-speed non-buffered input/output, then the system +time may go high (60-70% or higher). +It is often possible to pin down the cause of high system time by +looking to see if there is excessive context switching (cs), interrupt +activity (in) and per-device interrupt counts, +or system call activity (sy). Cumulatively on one of +our large machines we average about 60-200 context switches and interrupts +per second and about 50-500 system calls per second. +.PP +If the system is heavily loaded, or if you have little memory +for your load (2M is little in most any case), then the system +may be forced to swap. This is likely to be accompanied by a noticeable +reduction in system performance and pregnant pauses when interactive +jobs such as editors swap out. +If you expect to be in a memory-poor environment +for an extended period you might consider administratively +limiting system load. +.Sh 2 "Recompiling and reinstalling system software" +.PP +It is easy to regenerate either the entire system or a single utility, +and it is a good idea to try rebuilding pieces of the system to build +confidence in the procedures. +.LP +In general, there are six well-known targets supported by +all the makefiles on the system: +.IP all 9 +This entry is the default target, the same as if no target is specified. +This target builds the kernel, binary or library, as well as its +associated manual pages. +This target \fBdoes not\fP build the dependency files. +Some of the utilities require that a \fImake depend\fP be done before +a \fImake all\fP can succeed. +.IP depend +Build the include file dependency file, ``.depend'', which is +read by +.Xr make . +See +.Xr mkdep (1) +for further details. +.IP install +Install the kernel, binary or library, as well as its associated +manual pages. +See +.Xr install (1) +for further details. +.IP clean +Remove the kernel, binary or library, as well as any object files +created when building it. +.IP cleandir +The same as clean, except that the dependency files and formatted +manual pages are removed as well. +.IP obj +Build a shadow directory structure in the area referenced by +.Pn /usr/obj +and create a symbolic link in the current source directory to +referenced it, named ``obj''. +Once this shadow structure has been created, all the files created by +.Xr make +will live in the shadow structure, and +.Pn /usr/src +may be mounted read-only by multiple machines. +Doing a \fImake obj\fP in +.Pn /usr/src +will build the shadow directory structure for everything on the +system except for the contributed, old, and kernel software. +.PP +The system consists of three major parts: +the kernel itself, found in +.Pn /usr/src/sys , +the libraries , found in +.Pn /usr/src/lib , +and the user programs (the rest of +.Pn /usr/src ). +.PP +Deprecated software, found in +.Pn /usr/src/old , +often has old style makefiles; +some of it does not compile under \*(4B at all. +.PP +Contributed software, found in +.Pn /usr/src/contrib , +usually does not support the ``cleandir'', ``depend'', or ``obj'' targets. +.PP +The kernel does not support the ``obj'' shadow structure. +All kernels are compiled in subdirectories of +.Pn /usr/src/sys/compile +which is usually abbreviated as +.Pn /sys/compile . +If you want to mount your source tree read-only, +.Pn /usr/src/sys/compile +will have to be on a separate filesystem from +.Pn /usr/src . +Separation from +.Pn /usr/src +can be done by making +.Pn /usr/src/sys/compile +a symbolic link that references +.Pn /usr/obj/sys/compile . +If it is a symbolic link, the \fIS\fP variable in the kernel +Makefile must be changed from +.Pn \&../.. +to the absolute pathname needed to locate the kernel sources, usually +.Pn /usr/src/sys . +The symbolic link created by +.Xr config (8) +for +.Pn machine +must also be manually changed to an absolute pathname. +Finally, the +.Pn /usr/src/sys/libkern/obj +directory must be located in +.Pn /usr/obj/sys/libkern . +.PP +Each of the standard utilities and libraries may be built and +installed by changing directories into the correct location and +doing: +.DS +\fB#\fP \fImake\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake install\fP +.DE +Note, if system include files have changed between compiles, +.Xr make +will not do the correct dependency checks if the dependency +files have not been built using the ``depend'' target. +.PP +The entire library and utility suite for the system may be recompiled +from scratch by changing directory to +.Pn /usr/src +and doing: +.DS +\fB#\fP \fImake build\fP +.DE +This target installs the system include files, cleans the source +tree, builds and installs the libraries, and builds and installs +the system utilities. +.PP +To recompile a specific program, first determine where the binary +resides with the +.Xr whereis (1) +command, then change to the corresponding source directory and build +it with the Makefile in the directory. +For instance, to recompile ``passwd'', +all one has to do is: +.DS +\fB#\fP \fIwhereis passwd\fP +\fB/usr/bin/passwd\fP +\fB#\fP \fIcd /usr/src/usr.bin/passwd\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake install\fP +.DE +this will compile and install the +.Xr passwd +utility. +.PP +If you wish to recompile and install all programs into a particular +target area you can override the default path prefix by doing: +.DS +\fB#\fP \fImake\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake DESTDIR=\fPpathname \fIinstall\fP +.DE +Similarly, the mode, owner, group, and other characteristics of +the installed object can be modified by changing other default +make variables. +See +.Xr make (1), +.Pn /usr/src/share/mk/bsd.README , +and the ``.mk'' scripts in the +.Pn /usr/share/mk +directory for more information. +.PP +If you modify the C library or system include files, to change a +system call for example, and want to rebuild and install everything, +you have to be a little careful. +You must ensure that the include files are installed before anything +is compiled, and that the libraries are installed before the remainder +of the source, otherwise the loaded images will not contain the new +routine from the library. +If include files have been modified, the following commands should +be done first: +.DS +\fB#\fP \fIcd /usr/src/include\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake install\fP +.DE +Then, if, for example, C library files have been modified, the +following commands should be executed: +.DS +\fB#\fP \fIcd /usr/src/lib/libc\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake depend\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake install\fP +\fB#\fP \fIcd /usr/src\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake depend\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake\fP +\fB#\fP \fImake install\fP +.DE +Alternatively, the \fImake build\fP command described above will +accomplish the same tasks. +This takes several hours on a reasonably configured machine. +.Sh 2 "Making local modifications" +.PP +The source for locally written commands is normally stored in +.Pn /usr/src/local , +and their binaries are kept in +.Pn /usr/local/bin . +This isolation of local binaries allows +.Pn /usr/bin , +and +.Pn /bin +to correspond to the distribution tape (and to the manuals that +people can buy). +People using local commands should be made aware that they are not +in the base manual. +Manual pages for local commands should be installed in +.Pn /usr/local/man/cat[1-8]. +The +.Xr man (1) +command automatically finds manual pages placed in +/usr/local/man/cat[1-8] to encourage this practice (see +.Xr man.conf (5)). +.Sh 2 "Accounting" +.PP +UNIX optionally records two kinds of accounting information: +connect time accounting and process resource accounting. The connect +time accounting information is stored in the file +.Pn /var/log/wtmp , +which is summarized by the program +.Xr ac (8). +The process time accounting information is stored in the file +.Pn /var/account/acct +after it is enabled by +.Xr accton (8), +and is analyzed and summarized by the program +.Xr sa (8). +.PP +If you need to recharge for computing time, you can develop +procedures based on the information provided by these commands. +A convenient way to do this is to give commands to the clock daemon +.Pn /usr/sbin/cron +to be executed every day at a specified time. +This is done by adding lines to +.Pn /etc/crontab.local ; +see +.Xr cron (8) +for details. +.Sh 2 "Resource control" +.PP +Resource control in the current version of UNIX is more +elaborate than in most UNIX systems. The disk quota +facilities developed at the University of Melbourne have +been incorporated in the system and allow control over the +number of files and amount of disk space each user and/or group may use +on each filesystem. In addition, the resources consumed +by any single process can be limited by the mechanisms of +.Xr setrlimit (2). +As distributed, the latter mechanism +is voluntary, though sites may choose to modify the login +mechanism to impose limits not covered with disk quotas. +.PP +To use the disk quota facilities, the system must be +configured with ``options QUOTA''. Filesystems may then +be placed under the quota mechanism by creating a null file +.Pn quota.user +and/or +.Pn quota.group +at the root of the filesystem, running +.Xr quotacheck (8), +and modifying +.Pn /etc/fstab +to show that the filesystem is to run +with disk quotas (options userquota and/or groupquota). +The +.Xr quotaon (8) +program may then be run to enable quotas. +.PP +Individual quotas are applied by using the quota editor +.Xr edquota (8). +Users may view their quotas (but not those of other users) with the +.Xr quota (1) +program. The +.Xr repquota (8) +program may be used to summarize the quotas and current +space usage on a particular filesystem or filesystems. +.PP +Quotas are enforced with \fIsoft\fP and \fIhard\fP limits. +When a user and/or group first reaches a soft limit on a resource, a +message is generated on their terminal. If the user and/or group fails to +lower the resource usage below the soft limit +for longer than the time limit established for that filesystem +(default seven days) the system then treats the soft limit as a +\fIhard\fP limit and disallows any allocations until enough space is +reclaimed to bring the user and/or group back below the soft limit. +Hard limits are enforced strictly resulting in errors when a user +and/or group tries to create or write a file. Each time a hard limit is +exceeded the system will generate a message on the user's terminal. +.PP +Consult the auxiliary document, ``Disc Quotas in a UNIX Environment'' (SMM:4) +and the appropriate manual entries for more information. +.Sh 2 "Network troubleshooting" +.PP +If you have anything more than a trivial network configuration, +from time to time you are bound to run into problems. Before +blaming the software, first check your network connections. On +networks such as the Ethernet a +loose cable tap or misplaced power cable can result in severely +deteriorated service. The +.Xr netstat (1) +program may be of aid in tracking down hardware malfunctions. +In particular, look at the \fB\-i\fP and \fB\-s\fP options in the manual page. +.PP +Should you believe a communication protocol problem exists, +consult the protocol specifications and attempt to isolate the +problem in a packet trace. The SO_DEBUG option may be supplied +before establishing a connection on a socket, in which case the +system will trace all traffic and internal actions (such as timers +expiring) in a circular trace buffer. +This buffer may then be printed out with the +.Xr trpt (8) +program. +Most of the servers distributed with the system +accept a \fB\-d\fP option forcing +all sockets to be created with debugging turned on. +Consult the appropriate manual pages for more information. +.Sh 2 "Files that need periodic attention" +.PP +We conclude the discussion of system operations by listing +the files that require periodic attention or are system specific: +.TS +center; +lfC l. +/etc/fstab how disk partitions are used +/etc/disktab default disk partition sizes/labels +/etc/printcap printer database +/etc/gettytab terminal type definitions +/etc/remote names and phone numbers of remote machines for \fItip\fP(1) +/etc/group group memberships +/etc/motd message of the day +/etc/master.passwd password file; each account has a line +/etc/rc.local local system restart script; runs reboot; starts daemons +/etc/inetd.conf local internet servers +/etc/hosts local host name database +/etc/networks network name database +/etc/services network services database +/etc/hosts.equiv hosts under same administrative control +/etc/syslog.conf error log configuration for \fIsyslogd\fP\|(8) +/etc/ttys enables/disables ports +/etc/crontab commands that are run periodically +/etc/crontab.local local commands that are run periodically +/etc/aliases mail forwarding and distribution groups +/var/account/acct raw process account data +/var/log/messages system error log +/var/log/wtmp login session accounting +.TE +.pn 2 +.bp +.PX |
