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+.\" Copyright (c) 1984 M. K. McKusick
+.\" Copyright (c) 1984 The Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)0.t	1.2 (Berkeley) 11/8/90
+.\"
+.EQ
+delim $$
+.EN
+.if n .ND
+.TL
+Using gprof to Tune the 4.2BSD Kernel
+.AU
+Marshall Kirk McKusick
+.AI
+Computer Systems Research Group
+Computer Science Division
+Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
+University of California, Berkeley
+Berkeley, California  94720
+.AB
+This paper describes how the \fIgprof\fP profiler 
+accounts for the running time of called routines
+in the running time of the routines that call them.
+It then explains how to configure a profiling kernel on
+the 4.2 Berkeley Software Distribution of 
+.UX
+for the VAX\(dd
+.FS
+\(dd VAX is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.
+.FE
+and discusses tradeoffs in techniques for collecting
+profile data.
+\fIGprof\fP identifies problems
+that severely affects the overall performance of the kernel.
+Once a potential problem areas is identified
+benchmark programs are devised to highlight the bottleneck.
+These benchmarks verify that the problem exist and provide
+a metric against which to validate proposed solutions.
+Two caches are added to the kernel to alleviate the bottleneck
+and \fIgprof\fP is used to validates their effectiveness.
+.AE
+.LP
+.de PT
+.lt \\n(LLu
+.pc %
+.nr PN \\n%
+.tl '\\*(LH'\\*(CH'\\*(RH'
+.lt \\n(.lu
+..
+.af PN i
+.ds LH 4.2BSD Performance
+.ds RH Contents
+.bp 1
+.if t .ds CF May 21, 1984
+.if t .ds LF
+.if t .ds RF McKusick
+.ce
+.B "TABLE OF CONTENTS"
+.LP
+.sp 1
+.nf
+.B "1.  Introduction"
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B "2.  The \fIgprof\fP Profiler"
+\0.1.    Data Presentation"
+\0.1.1.   The Flat Profile
+\0.1.2.   The Call Graph Profile
+\0.2     Profiling the Kernel
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B "3.  Using \fIgprof\fP to Improve Performance
+\0.1.    Using the Profiler
+\0.2.    An Example of Tuning
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B "4.  Conclusions"
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B Acknowledgements
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B References
+.af PN 1
+.bp 1
+.de _d
+.if t .ta .6i 2.1i 2.6i
+.\" 2.94 went to 2.6, 3.64 to 3.30
+.if n .ta .84i 2.6i 3.30i
+..
+.de _f
+.if t .ta .5i 1.25i 2.5i
+.\" 3.5i went to 3.8i
+.if n .ta .7i 1.75i 3.8i
+..