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-.\"
-.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1991, 1993
-.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
-.\"    must display the following acknowledgment:
-.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
-.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
-.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.\"	@(#)fsck.8	8.4 (Berkeley) 5/9/95
-.\" $FreeBSD$
-.\"
-.Dd November 15, 1996
-.Dt FSCK 8
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm fsck
-.Nd filesystem consistency check and interactive repair
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.Nm
-.Fl p
-.Op Fl f
-.Op Fl m Ar mode
-.Op Ar filesystem
-.Ar ...
-.Nm
-.Op Fl ny
-.Op Fl b Ar block#
-.Op Fl c Ar level
-.Op Fl l Ar maxparallel
-.Op Fl m Ar mode
-.Op Ar filesystem
-.Ar ...
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The first form of
-.Nm
-preens a standard set of filesystems or the specified filesystems.
-It is normally used in the script
-.Pa /etc/rc
-during automatic reboot.
-Here
-.Nm
-reads the table
-.Pa /etc/fstab
-to determine which filesystems to check.
-Only partitions in fstab that are mounted ``rw,'' ``rq'' or ``ro''
-and that have non-zero pass number are checked.
-Filesystems with pass number 1 (normally just the root filesystem)
-are checked one at a time.
-When pass 1 completes, all remaining filesystems are checked,
-running one process per disk drive.
-The disk drive containing each filesystem is inferred from the longest prefix
-of the device name that ends in a digit; the remaining characters are assumed
-to be the partition designator.
-.Pp
-In "preen" mode the clean flag of each filesystem's superblock is examined
-and only those filesystems that
-are not marked clean are checked.
-Filesystems are marked clean when they are unmounted,
-when they have been mounted read-only, or when
-.Nm
-runs on them successfully.
-If the
-.Fl f
-option is specified, the filesystems
-will be checked regardless of the state of their clean flag.
-.Pp
-The kernel takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous filesystem
-inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
-These are limited to the following:
-.Pp
-.Bl -item -compact -offset indent
-.It
-Unreferenced inodes
-.It
-Link counts in inodes too large
-.It
-Missing blocks in the free map
-.It
-Blocks in the free map also in files
-.It
-Counts in the super-block wrong
-.El
-.Pp
-These are the only inconsistencies that
-.Nm
-with the
-.Fl p
-option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
-with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
-For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
-identifying the filesystem on which the correction will take place,
-and the nature of the correction.  After successfully correcting a filesystem,
-.Nm
-will print the number of files on that filesystem,
-the number of used and free blocks,
-and the percentage of fragmentation.
-.Pp
-If sent a
-.Dv QUIT
-signal,
-.Nm
-will finish the filesystem checks, then exit with an abnormal
-return status that causes an automatic reboot to fail.
-This is useful when you want to finish the filesystem checks during an
-automatic reboot,
-but do not want the machine to come up multiuser after the checks complete.
-.Pp
-Without the
-.Fl p
-option,
-.Nm
-audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for filesystems.
-If the filesystem is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
-before each correction is attempted.
-It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
-correctable under the
-.Fl p
-option will result in some loss of data.
-The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
-output.
-The default action for each consistency correction
-is to wait for the operator to respond
-.Li yes
-or
-.Li no .
-If the operator does not have write permission on the filesystem
-.Nm
-will default to a
-.Fl n
-action.
-.Pp
-.Nm Fsck
-has more consistency checks than
-its predecessors
-.Em check , dcheck , fcheck ,
-and
-.Em icheck
-combined.
-.Pp
-The following flags are interpreted by
-.Nm .
-.Bl -tag -width indent
-.It Fl b
-Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
-the super block for the filesystem.  Block 32 is usually
-an alternate super block.
-.It Fl c
-Convert the filesystem to the specified level.
-Note that the level of a filesystem can only be raised.
-There are currently four levels defined:
-.Bl -tag -width indent
-.It 0
-The filesystem is in the old (static table) format.
-.It 1
-The filesystem is in the new (dynamic table) format.
-.It 2
-The filesystem supports 32-bit uid's and gid's,
-short symbolic links are stored in the inode,
-and directories have an added field showing the file type.
-.It 3
-If maxcontig is greater than one,
-build the free segment maps to aid in finding contiguous sets of blocks.
-If maxcontig is equal to one, delete any existing segment maps.
-.El
-.Pp
-In interactive mode,
-.Nm
-will list the conversion to be made
-and ask whether the conversion should be done.
-If a negative answer is given,
-no further operations are done on the filesystem.
-In preen mode,
-the conversion is listed and done if
-possible without user interaction.
-Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the filesystems
-are being converted at once.
-The format of a filesystem can be determined from the
-first line of output from
-.Xr dumpfs 8 .
-.It Fl f
-Force
-.Nm
-to check
-.Sq clean
-filesystems when preening.
-.It Fl l
-Limit the number of parallel checks to the number specified in the following
-argument.
-By default, the limit is the number of disks, running one process per disk.
-If a smaller limit is given, the disks are checked round-robin, one filesystem
-at a time.
-.It Fl m
-Use the mode specified in octal immediately after the flag as the
-permission bits to use when creating the
-.Pa lost+found
-directory rather than the default 1777.
-In particular, systems that do not wish to have lost files accessible
-by all users on the system should use a more restrictive
-set of permissions such as 700.
-.It Fl n
-Assume a no response to all questions asked by
-.Nm
-except for
-.Ql CONTINUE? ,
-which is assumed to be affirmative;
-do not open the filesystem for writing.
-.It Fl p
-Preen filesystems (see above).
-.It Fl y
-Assume a yes response to all questions asked by
-.Nm ;
-this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
-to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
-.El
-.Pp
-If no filesystems are given to
-.Nm
-then a default list of filesystems is read from
-the file
-.Pa /etc/fstab .
-.Pp
-Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
-.Pp
-.Bl -enum -compact
-.It
-Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
-.It
-Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the filesystem.
-.It
-Incorrect link counts.
-.It
-Size checks:
-.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
-.It
-Directory size not a multiple of DIRBLKSIZ.
-.It
-Partially truncated file.
-.El
-.It
-Bad inode format.
-.It
-Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
-.It
-Directory checks:
-.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
-.It
-File pointing to unallocated inode.
-.It
-Inode number out of range.
-.It
-Directories with unallocated blocks (holes).
-.It
-Dot or dot-dot not the first two entries of a directory
-or having the wrong inode number.
-.El
-.It
-Super Block checks:
-.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
-.It
-More blocks for inodes than there are in the filesystem.
-.It
-Bad free block map format.
-.It
-Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
-.El
-.El
-.Pp
-Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
-with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
-placing them in the
-.Pa lost+found
-directory.
-The name assigned is the inode number.
-If the
-.Pa lost+found
-directory does not exist, it is created.
-If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
-.Pp
-Because of inconsistencies between the block device and the buffer cache,
-the raw device should always be used.
-.Sh FILES
-.Bl -tag -width /etc/fstab -compact
-.It Pa /etc/fstab
-contains default list of filesystems to check.
-.El
-.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
-The diagnostics produced by
-.Nm
-are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
-.Rs
-.%T "Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program"
-.Re
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr fs 5 ,
-.Xr fstab 5 ,
-.Xr fsdb 8 ,
-.Xr newfs 8 ,
-.Xr reboot 8