summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/lib/libc/db/doc/libtp.usenix.ps
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to 'lib/libc/db/doc/libtp.usenix.ps')
-rw-r--r--lib/libc/db/doc/libtp.usenix.ps12340
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 12340 deletions
diff --git a/lib/libc/db/doc/libtp.usenix.ps b/lib/libc/db/doc/libtp.usenix.ps
deleted file mode 100644
index ea821a9..0000000
--- a/lib/libc/db/doc/libtp.usenix.ps
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12340 +0,0 @@
-%!PS-Adobe-1.0
-%%Creator: utopia:margo (& Seltzer,608-13E,8072,)
-%%Title: stdin (ditroff)
-%%CreationDate: Thu Dec 12 15:32:11 1991
-%%EndComments
-% @(#)psdit.pro 1.3 4/15/88
-% lib/psdit.pro -- prolog for psdit (ditroff) files
-% Copyright (c) 1984, 1985 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
-% last edit: shore Sat Nov 23 20:28:03 1985
-% RCSID: $Header: psdit.pro,v 2.1 85/11/24 12:19:43 shore Rel $
-
-% Changed by Edward Wang (edward@ucbarpa.berkeley.edu) to handle graphics,
-% 17 Feb, 87.
-
-/$DITroff 140 dict def $DITroff begin
-/fontnum 1 def /fontsize 10 def /fontheight 10 def /fontslant 0 def
-/xi{0 72 11 mul translate 72 resolution div dup neg scale 0 0 moveto
- /fontnum 1 def /fontsize 10 def /fontheight 10 def /fontslant 0 def F
- /pagesave save def}def
-/PB{save /psv exch def currentpoint translate
- resolution 72 div dup neg scale 0 0 moveto}def
-/PE{psv restore}def
-/arctoobig 90 def /arctoosmall .05 def
-/m1 matrix def /m2 matrix def /m3 matrix def /oldmat matrix def
-/tan{dup sin exch cos div}def
-/point{resolution 72 div mul}def
-/dround {transform round exch round exch itransform}def
-/xT{/devname exch def}def
-/xr{/mh exch def /my exch def /resolution exch def}def
-/xp{}def
-/xs{docsave restore end}def
-/xt{}def
-/xf{/fontname exch def /slotno exch def fontnames slotno get fontname eq not
- {fonts slotno fontname findfont put fontnames slotno fontname put}if}def
-/xH{/fontheight exch def F}def
-/xS{/fontslant exch def F}def
-/s{/fontsize exch def /fontheight fontsize def F}def
-/f{/fontnum exch def F}def
-/F{fontheight 0 le{/fontheight fontsize def}if
- fonts fontnum get fontsize point 0 0 fontheight point neg 0 0 m1 astore
- fontslant 0 ne{1 0 fontslant tan 1 0 0 m2 astore m3 concatmatrix}if
- makefont setfont .04 fontsize point mul 0 dround pop setlinewidth}def
-/X{exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def
-/N{3 1 roll moveto show}def
-/Y{exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def
-/S{show}def
-/ditpush{}def/ditpop{}def
-/AX{3 -1 roll currentpoint exch pop moveto 0 exch ashow}def
-/AN{4 2 roll moveto 0 exch ashow}def
-/AY{3 -1 roll currentpoint pop exch moveto 0 exch ashow}def
-/AS{0 exch ashow}def
-/MX{currentpoint exch pop moveto}def
-/MY{currentpoint pop exch moveto}def
-/MXY{moveto}def
-/cb{pop}def % action on unknown char -- nothing for now
-/n{}def/w{}def
-/p{pop showpage pagesave restore /pagesave save def}def
-/Dt{/Dlinewidth exch def}def 1 Dt
-/Ds{/Ddash exch def}def -1 Ds
-/Di{/Dstipple exch def}def 1 Di
-/Dsetlinewidth{2 Dlinewidth mul setlinewidth}def
-/Dsetdash{Ddash 4 eq{[8 12]}{Ddash 16 eq{[32 36]}
- {Ddash 20 eq{[32 12 8 12]}{[]}ifelse}ifelse}ifelse 0 setdash}def
-/Dstroke{gsave Dsetlinewidth Dsetdash 1 setlinecap stroke grestore
- currentpoint newpath moveto}def
-/Dl{rlineto Dstroke}def
-/arcellipse{/diamv exch def /diamh exch def oldmat currentmatrix pop
- currentpoint translate 1 diamv diamh div scale /rad diamh 2 div def
- currentpoint exch rad add exch rad -180 180 arc oldmat setmatrix}def
-/Dc{dup arcellipse Dstroke}def
-/De{arcellipse Dstroke}def
-/Da{/endv exch def /endh exch def /centerv exch def /centerh exch def
- /cradius centerv centerv mul centerh centerh mul add sqrt def
- /eradius endv endv mul endh endh mul add sqrt def
- /endang endv endh atan def
- /startang centerv neg centerh neg atan def
- /sweep startang endang sub dup 0 lt{360 add}if def
- sweep arctoobig gt
- {/midang startang sweep 2 div sub def /midrad cradius eradius add 2 div def
- /midh midang cos midrad mul def /midv midang sin midrad mul def
- midh neg midv neg endh endv centerh centerv midh midv Da
- Da}
- {sweep arctoosmall ge
- {/controldelt 1 sweep 2 div cos sub 3 sweep 2 div sin mul div 4 mul def
- centerv neg controldelt mul centerh controldelt mul
- endv neg controldelt mul centerh add endh add
- endh controldelt mul centerv add endv add
- centerh endh add centerv endv add rcurveto Dstroke}
- {centerh endh add centerv endv add rlineto Dstroke}
- ifelse}
- ifelse}def
-/Dpatterns[
-[%cf[widthbits]
-[8<0000000000000010>]
-[8<0411040040114000>]
-[8<0204081020408001>]
-[8<0000103810000000>]
-[8<6699996666999966>]
-[8<0000800100001008>]
-[8<81c36666c3810000>]
-[8<0f0e0c0800000000>]
-[8<0000000000000010>]
-[8<0411040040114000>]
-[8<0204081020408001>]
-[8<0000001038100000>]
-[8<6699996666999966>]
-[8<0000800100001008>]
-[8<81c36666c3810000>]
-[8<0f0e0c0800000000>]
-[8<0042660000246600>]
-[8<0000990000990000>]
-[8<0804020180402010>]
-[8<2418814242811824>]
-[8<6699996666999966>]
-[8<8000000008000000>]
-[8<00001c3e363e1c00>]
-[8<0000000000000000>]
-[32<00000040000000c00000004000000040000000e0000000000000000000000000>]
-[32<00000000000060000000900000002000000040000000f0000000000000000000>]
-[32<000000000000000000e0000000100000006000000010000000e0000000000000>]
-[32<00000000000000002000000060000000a0000000f00000002000000000000000>]
-[32<0000000e0000000000000000000000000000000f000000080000000e00000001>]
-[32<0000090000000600000000000000000000000000000007000000080000000e00>]
-[32<00010000000200000004000000040000000000000000000000000000000f0000>]
-[32<0900000006000000090000000600000000000000000000000000000006000000>]]
-[%ug
-[8<0000020000000000>]
-[8<0000020000002000>]
-[8<0004020000002000>]
-[8<0004020000402000>]
-[8<0004060000402000>]
-[8<0004060000406000>]
-[8<0006060000406000>]
-[8<0006060000606000>]
-[8<00060e0000606000>]
-[8<00060e000060e000>]
-[8<00070e000060e000>]
-[8<00070e000070e000>]
-[8<00070e020070e000>]
-[8<00070e020070e020>]
-[8<04070e020070e020>]
-[8<04070e024070e020>]
-[8<04070e064070e020>]
-[8<04070e064070e060>]
-[8<06070e064070e060>]
-[8<06070e066070e060>]
-[8<06070f066070e060>]
-[8<06070f066070f060>]
-[8<060f0f066070f060>]
-[8<060f0f0660f0f060>]
-[8<060f0f0760f0f060>]
-[8<060f0f0760f0f070>]
-[8<0e0f0f0760f0f070>]
-[8<0e0f0f07e0f0f070>]
-[8<0e0f0f0fe0f0f070>]
-[8<0e0f0f0fe0f0f0f0>]
-[8<0f0f0f0fe0f0f0f0>]
-[8<0f0f0f0ff0f0f0f0>]
-[8<1f0f0f0ff0f0f0f0>]
-[8<1f0f0f0ff1f0f0f0>]
-[8<1f0f0f8ff1f0f0f0>]
-[8<1f0f0f8ff1f0f0f8>]
-[8<9f0f0f8ff1f0f0f8>]
-[8<9f0f0f8ff9f0f0f8>]
-[8<9f0f0f9ff9f0f0f8>]
-[8<9f0f0f9ff9f0f0f9>]
-[8<9f8f0f9ff9f0f0f9>]
-[8<9f8f0f9ff9f8f0f9>]
-[8<9f8f1f9ff9f8f0f9>]
-[8<9f8f1f9ff9f8f1f9>]
-[8<bf8f1f9ff9f8f1f9>]
-[8<bf8f1f9ffbf8f1f9>]
-[8<bf8f1fdffbf8f1f9>]
-[8<bf8f1fdffbf8f1fd>]
-[8<ff8f1fdffbf8f1fd>]
-[8<ff8f1fdffff8f1fd>]
-[8<ff8f1ffffff8f1fd>]
-[8<ff8f1ffffff8f1ff>]
-[8<ff9f1ffffff8f1ff>]
-[8<ff9f1ffffff9f1ff>]
-[8<ff9f9ffffff9f1ff>]
-[8<ff9f9ffffff9f9ff>]
-[8<ffbf9ffffff9f9ff>]
-[8<ffbf9ffffffbf9ff>]
-[8<ffbfdffffffbf9ff>]
-[8<ffbfdffffffbfdff>]
-[8<ffffdffffffbfdff>]
-[8<ffffdffffffffdff>]
-[8<fffffffffffffdff>]
-[8<ffffffffffffffff>]]
-[%mg
-[8<8000000000000000>]
-[8<0822080080228000>]
-[8<0204081020408001>]
-[8<40e0400000000000>]
-[8<66999966>]
-[8<8001000010080000>]
-[8<81c36666c3810000>]
-[8<f0e0c08000000000>]
-[16<07c00f801f003e007c00f800f001e003c007800f001f003e007c00f801f003e0>]
-[16<1f000f8007c003e001f000f8007c003e001f800fc007e003f001f8007c003e00>]
-[8<c3c300000000c3c3>]
-[16<0040008001000200040008001000200040008000000100020004000800100020>]
-[16<0040002000100008000400020001800040002000100008000400020001000080>]
-[16<1fc03fe07df0f8f8f07de03fc01f800fc01fe03ff07df8f87df03fe01fc00f80>]
-[8<80>]
-[8<8040201000000000>]
-[8<84cc000048cc0000>]
-[8<9900009900000000>]
-[8<08040201804020100800020180002010>]
-[8<2418814242811824>]
-[8<66999966>]
-[8<8000000008000000>]
-[8<70f8d8f870000000>]
-[8<0814224180402010>]
-[8<aa00440a11a04400>]
-[8<018245aa45820100>]
-[8<221c224180808041>]
-[8<88000000>]
-[8<0855800080550800>]
-[8<2844004482440044>]
-[8<0810204080412214>]
-[8<00>]]]def
-/Dfill{
- transform /maxy exch def /maxx exch def
- transform /miny exch def /minx exch def
- minx maxx gt{/minx maxx /maxx minx def def}if
- miny maxy gt{/miny maxy /maxy miny def def}if
- Dpatterns Dstipple 1 sub get exch 1 sub get
- aload pop /stip exch def /stipw exch def /stiph 128 def
- /imatrix[stipw 0 0 stiph 0 0]def
- /tmatrix[stipw 0 0 stiph 0 0]def
- /minx minx cvi stiph idiv stiph mul def
- /miny miny cvi stipw idiv stipw mul def
- gsave eoclip 0 setgray
- miny stiph maxy{
- tmatrix exch 5 exch put
- minx stipw maxx{
- tmatrix exch 4 exch put tmatrix setmatrix
- stipw stiph true imatrix {stip} imagemask
- }for
- }for
- grestore
-}def
-/Dp{Dfill Dstroke}def
-/DP{Dfill currentpoint newpath moveto}def
-end
-
-/ditstart{$DITroff begin
- /nfonts 60 def % NFONTS makedev/ditroff dependent!
- /fonts[nfonts{0}repeat]def
- /fontnames[nfonts{()}repeat]def
-/docsave save def
-}def
-
-% character outcalls
-/oc{
- /pswid exch def /cc exch def /name exch def
- /ditwid pswid fontsize mul resolution mul 72000 div def
- /ditsiz fontsize resolution mul 72 div def
- ocprocs name known{ocprocs name get exec}{name cb}ifelse
-}def
-/fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def
-/fraction{
- /fden exch def /fnum exch def gsave /cf currentfont def
- cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 dm 2 copy neg rmoveto
- fnum show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont(\244)show setfont fden show
- grestore ditwid 0 rmoveto
-}def
-/oce{grestore ditwid 0 rmoveto}def
-/dm{ditsiz mul}def
-/ocprocs 50 dict def ocprocs begin
-(14){(1)(4)fraction}def
-(12){(1)(2)fraction}def
-(34){(3)(4)fraction}def
-(13){(1)(3)fraction}def
-(23){(2)(3)fraction}def
-(18){(1)(8)fraction}def
-(38){(3)(8)fraction}def
-(58){(5)(8)fraction}def
-(78){(7)(8)fraction}def
-(sr){gsave 0 .06 dm rmoveto(\326)show oce}def
-(is){gsave 0 .15 dm rmoveto(\362)show oce}def
-(->){gsave 0 .02 dm rmoveto(\256)show oce}def
-(<-){gsave 0 .02 dm rmoveto(\254)show oce}def
-(==){gsave 0 .05 dm rmoveto(\272)show oce}def
-(uc){gsave currentpoint 400 .009 dm mul add translate
- 8 -8 scale ucseal oce}def
-end
-
-% an attempt at a PostScript FONT to implement ditroff special chars
-% this will enable us to
-% cache the little buggers
-% generate faster, more compact PS out of psdit
-% confuse everyone (including myself)!
-50 dict dup begin
-/FontType 3 def
-/FontName /DIThacks def
-/FontMatrix [.001 0 0 .001 0 0] def
-/FontBBox [-260 -260 900 900] def% a lie but ...
-/Encoding 256 array def
-0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for
-Encoding
- dup 8#040/space put %space
- dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil
- dup 8#111/lt put %left top curl
- dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert
- dup 8#113/lk put %left mid curl
- dup 8#114/lb put %left bot curl
- dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl
- dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl
- dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl
- dup 8#120/rf put %right floor
- dup 8#121/lf put %left floor
- dup 8#122/lc put %left ceil
- dup 8#140/sq put %square
- dup 8#141/bx put %box
- dup 8#142/ci put %circle
- dup 8#143/br put %box rule
- dup 8#144/rn put %root extender
- dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule
- dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet
- dup 8#147/bu put %bullet
- dup 8#150/ru put %rule
- dup 8#151/ul put %underline
- pop
-/DITfd 100 dict def
-/BuildChar{0 begin
- /cc exch def /fd exch def
- /charname fd /Encoding get cc get def
- /charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def
- /charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def
- charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice
- 2 setlinejoin 40 setlinewidth
- newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore
- end}def
-/BuildChar load 0 DITfd put
-/CharProcs 50 dict def
-CharProcs begin
-/space{}def
-/.notdef{}def
-/ru{500 0 rls}def
-/rn{0 840 moveto 500 0 rls}def
-/vr{0 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def
-/bv{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def
-/br{0 840 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def
-/ul{0 -140 moveto 500 0 rls}def
-/ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def
-/bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def
-/sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto
- 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def
-/bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto
- 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def
-/ci{500 360 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc
- 50 setlinewidth stroke}def
-
-/lt{0 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def
-/lb{0 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def
-/rt{0 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def
-/rb{0 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def
-/lk{0 800 moveto 0 300 -300 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub
- 0 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 0 -200 lineto stroke}def
-/rk{0 800 moveto 0 300 s2 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub
- 0 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 0 -200 lineto stroke}def
-/lf{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def
-/rf{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def
-/lc{0 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def
-/rc{0 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def
-end
-
-/Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin
-/.notdef 0 def
-/space 500 def
-/ru 500 def
-/br 0 def
-/lt 416 def
-/lb 416 def
-/rt 416 def
-/rb 416 def
-/lk 416 def
-/rk 416 def
-/rc 416 def
-/lc 416 def
-/rf 416 def
-/lf 416 def
-/bv 416 def
-/ob 350 def
-/bu 350 def
-/ci 750 def
-/bx 750 def
-/sq 750 def
-/rn 500 def
-/ul 500 def
-/vr 0 def
-end
-
-DITfd begin
-/s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def
-/a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def
-/2cx{2 copy exch}def
-/rls{rlineto stroke}def
-/currx{currentpoint pop}def
-/dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def
-end
-end
-/DIThacks exch definefont pop
-ditstart
-(psc)xT
-576 1 1 xr
-1(Times-Roman)xf 1 f
-2(Times-Italic)xf 2 f
-3(Times-Bold)xf 3 f
-4(Times-BoldItalic)xf 4 f
-5(Helvetica)xf 5 f
-6(Helvetica-Bold)xf 6 f
-7(Courier)xf 7 f
-8(Courier-Bold)xf 8 f
-9(Symbol)xf 9 f
-10(DIThacks)xf 10 f
-10 s
-1 f
-xi
-%%EndProlog
-
-%%Page: 1 1
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
-3 f
-14 s
-1205 1206(LIBTP:)N
-1633(Portable,)X
-2100(M)X
-2206(odular)X
-2551(Transactions)X
-3202(for)X
-3374(UNIX)X
-1 f
-11 s
-3661 1162(1)N
-2 f
-12 s
-2182 1398(Margo)N
-2467(Seltzer)X
-2171 1494(Michael)N
-2511(Olson)X
-1800 1590(University)N
-2225(of)X
-2324(California,)X
-2773(Berkeley)X
-3 f
-2277 1878(Abstract)N
-1 f
-10 s
-755 2001(Transactions)N
-1198(provide)X
-1475(a)X
-1543(useful)X
-1771(programming)X
-2239(paradigm)X
-2574(for)X
-2700(maintaining)X
-3114(logical)X
-3364(consistency,)X
-3790(arbitrating)X
-4156(con-)X
-555 2091(current)N
-808(access,)X
-1059(and)X
-1200(managing)X
-1540(recovery.)X
-1886(In)X
-1977(traditional)X
-2330(UNIX)X
-2555(systems,)X
-2852(the)X
-2974(only)X
-3140(easy)X
-3307(way)X
-3465(of)X
-3556(using)X
-3753(transactions)X
-4160(is)X
-4237(to)X
-555 2181(purchase)N
-876(a)X
-947(database)X
-1258(system.)X
-1554(Such)X
-1748(systems)X
-2035(are)X
-2168(often)X
-2367(slow,)X
-2572(costly,)X
-2817(and)X
-2967(may)X
-3139(not)X
-3275(provide)X
-3554(the)X
-3686(exact)X
-3890(functionality)X
-555 2271(desired.)N
-848(This)X
-1011(paper)X
-1210(presents)X
-1493(the)X
-1611(design,)X
-1860(implementation,)X
-2402(and)X
-2538(performance)X
-2965(of)X
-3052(LIBTP,)X
-3314(a)X
-3370(simple,)X
-3623(non-proprietary)X
-4147(tran-)X
-555 2361(saction)N
-809(library)X
-1050(using)X
-1249(the)X
-1373(4.4BSD)X
-1654(database)X
-1957(access)X
-2189(routines)X
-2473(\()X
-3 f
-2500(db)X
-1 f
-2588(\(3\)\).)X
-2775(On)X
-2899(a)X
-2961(conventional)X
-3401(transaction)X
-3779(processing)X
-4148(style)X
-555 2451(benchmark,)N
-959(its)X
-1061(performance)X
-1495(is)X
-1575(approximately)X
-2065(85%)X
-2239(that)X
-2386(of)X
-2480(the)X
-2604(database)X
-2907(access)X
-3139(routines)X
-3423(without)X
-3693(transaction)X
-4071(protec-)X
-555 2541(tion,)N
-725(200%)X
-938(that)X
-1084(of)X
-1177(using)X
-3 f
-1376(fsync)X
-1 f
-1554(\(2\))X
-1674(to)X
-1761(commit)X
-2030(modi\256cations)X
-2490(to)X
-2577(disk,)X
-2755(and)X
-2896(125%)X
-3108(that)X
-3253(of)X
-3345(a)X
-3406(commercial)X
-3810(relational)X
-4138(data-)X
-555 2631(base)N
-718(system.)X
-3 f
-555 2817(1.)N
-655(Introduction)X
-1 f
-755 2940(Transactions)N
-1186(are)X
-1306(used)X
-1474(in)X
-1557(database)X
-1855(systems)X
-2129(to)X
-2212(enable)X
-2443(concurrent)X
-2807(users)X
-2992(to)X
-3074(apply)X
-3272(multi-operation)X
-3790(updates)X
-4055(without)X
-555 3030(violating)N
-863(the)X
-985(integrity)X
-1280(of)X
-1371(the)X
-1493(database.)X
-1814(They)X
-2003(provide)X
-2271(the)X
-2392(properties)X
-2736(of)X
-2826(atomicity,)X
-3171(consistency,)X
-3588(isolation,)X
-3906(and)X
-4045(durabil-)X
-555 3120(ity.)N
-701(By)X
-816(atomicity,)X
-1160(we)X
-1276(mean)X
-1472(that)X
-1614(the)X
-1734(set)X
-1845(of)X
-1934(updates)X
-2200(comprising)X
-2581(a)X
-2638(transaction)X
-3011(must)X
-3187(be)X
-3284(applied)X
-3541(as)X
-3629(a)X
-3686(single)X
-3898(unit;)X
-4085(that)X
-4226(is,)X
-555 3210(they)N
-714(must)X
-890(either)X
-1094(all)X
-1195(be)X
-1292(applied)X
-1549(to)X
-1632(the)X
-1751(database)X
-2049(or)X
-2137(all)X
-2238(be)X
-2335(absent.)X
-2601(Consistency)X
-3013(requires)X
-3293(that)X
-3434(a)X
-3491(transaction)X
-3864(take)X
-4019(the)X
-4138(data-)X
-555 3300(base)N
-725(from)X
-908(one)X
-1051(logically)X
-1358(consistent)X
-1704(state)X
-1877(to)X
-1965(another.)X
-2272(The)X
-2423(property)X
-2721(of)X
-2814(isolation)X
-3115(requires)X
-3400(that)X
-3546(concurrent)X
-3916(transactions)X
-555 3390(yield)N
-750(results)X
-994(which)X
-1225(are)X
-1358(indistinguishable)X
-1938(from)X
-2128(the)X
-2260(results)X
-2503(which)X
-2733(would)X
-2967(be)X
-3077(obtained)X
-3387(by)X
-3501(running)X
-3784(the)X
-3916(transactions)X
-555 3480(sequentially.)N
-1002(Finally,)X
-1268(durability)X
-1599(requires)X
-1878(that)X
-2018(once)X
-2190(transactions)X
-2593(have)X
-2765(been)X
-2937(committed,)X
-3319(their)X
-3486(results)X
-3715(must)X
-3890(be)X
-3986(preserved)X
-555 3570(across)N
-776(system)X
-1018(failures)X
-1279([TPCB90].)X
-755 3693(Although)N
-1080(these)X
-1268(properties)X
-1612(are)X
-1734(most)X
-1912(frequently)X
-2265(discussed)X
-2595(in)X
-2680(the)X
-2801(context)X
-3060(of)X
-3150(databases,)X
-3501(they)X
-3661(are)X
-3782(useful)X
-4000(program-)X
-555 3783(ming)N
-750(paradigms)X
-1114(for)X
-1238(more)X
-1433(general)X
-1700(purpose)X
-1984(applications.)X
-2441(There)X
-2659(are)X
-2788(several)X
-3046(different)X
-3353(situations)X
-3689(where)X
-3916(transactions)X
-555 3873(can)N
-687(be)X
-783(used)X
-950(to)X
-1032(replace)X
-1285(current)X
-1533(ad-hoc)X
-1772(mechanisms.)X
-755 3996(One)N
-910(situation)X
-1206(is)X
-1280(when)X
-1475(multiple)X
-1762(\256les)X
-1916(or)X
-2004(parts)X
-2181(of)X
-2269(\256les)X
-2422(need)X
-2594(to)X
-2676(be)X
-2772(updated)X
-3046(in)X
-3128(an)X
-3224(atomic)X
-3462(fashion.)X
-3758(For)X
-3889(example,)X
-4201(the)X
-555 4086(traditional)N
-907(UNIX)X
-1131(\256le)X
-1256(system)X
-1501(uses)X
-1661(ordering)X
-1955(constraints)X
-2324(to)X
-2408(achieve)X
-2676(recoverability)X
-3144(in)X
-3228(the)X
-3348(face)X
-3505(of)X
-3594(crashes.)X
-3893(When)X
-4107(a)X
-4165(new)X
-555 4176(\256le)N
-678(is)X
-752(created,)X
-1026(its)X
-1122(inode)X
-1321(is)X
-1395(written)X
-1642(to)X
-1724(disk)X
-1877(before)X
-2103(the)X
-2221(new)X
-2375(\256le)X
-2497(is)X
-2570(added)X
-2782(to)X
-2864(the)X
-2982(directory)X
-3292(structure.)X
-3633(This)X
-3795(guarantees)X
-4159(that,)X
-555 4266(if)N
-627(the)X
-748(system)X
-993(crashes)X
-1253(between)X
-1544(the)X
-1665(two)X
-1808(I/O's,)X
-2016(the)X
-2137(directory)X
-2450(does)X
-2620(not)X
-2744(contain)X
-3002(a)X
-3060 0.4531(reference)AX
-3383(to)X
-3467(an)X
-3565(invalid)X
-3809(inode.)X
-4049(In)X
-4138(actu-)X
-555 4356(ality,)N
-741(the)X
-863(desired)X
-1119(effect)X
-1326(is)X
-1402(that)X
-1545(these)X
-1733(two)X
-1876(updates)X
-2144(have)X
-2319(the)X
-2440(transactional)X
-2873(property)X
-3168(of)X
-3258(atomicity)X
-3583(\(either)X
-3816(both)X
-3981(writes)X
-4200(are)X
-555 4446(visible)N
-790(or)X
-879(neither)X
-1124(is\).)X
-1266(Rather)X
-1501(than)X
-1660(building)X
-1947(special)X
-2191(purpose)X
-2466(recovery)X
-2769(mechanisms)X
-3186(into)X
-3331(the)X
-3450(\256le)X
-3573(system)X
-3816(or)X
-3904(related)X
-4144(tools)X
-555 4536(\()N
-2 f
-582(e.g.)X
-3 f
-726(fsck)X
-1 f
-864(\(8\)\),)X
-1033(one)X
-1177(could)X
-1383(use)X
-1518(general)X
-1783(purpose)X
-2064(transaction)X
-2443(recovery)X
-2752(protocols)X
-3077(after)X
-3252(system)X
-3501(failure.)X
-3778(Any)X
-3943(application)X
-555 4626(that)N
-705(needs)X
-918(to)X
-1010(keep)X
-1192(multiple,)X
-1508(related)X
-1757(\256les)X
-1920(\(or)X
-2044(directories\))X
-2440(consistent)X
-2790(should)X
-3032(do)X
-3141(so)X
-3241(using)X
-3443(transactions.)X
-3895(Source)X
-4147(code)X
-555 4716(control)N
-805(systems,)X
-1101(such)X
-1271(as)X
-1361(RCS)X
-1534(and)X
-1673(SCCS,)X
-1910(should)X
-2146(use)X
-2276(transaction)X
-2651(semantics)X
-2990(to)X
-3075(allow)X
-3276(the)X
-3397(``checking)X
-3764(in'')X
-3903(of)X
-3992(groups)X
-4232(of)X
-555 4806(related)N
-801(\256les.)X
-1001(In)X
-1095(this)X
-1237(way,)X
-1418(if)X
-1493(the)X
-1617 0.2841(``check-in'')AX
-2028(fails,)X
-2212(the)X
-2336(transaction)X
-2714(may)X
-2878(be)X
-2980(aborted,)X
-3267(backing)X
-3547(out)X
-3675(the)X
-3799(partial)X
-4030(``check-)X
-555 4896(in'')N
-691(leaving)X
-947(the)X
-1065(source)X
-1295(repository)X
-1640(in)X
-1722(a)X
-1778(consistent)X
-2118(state.)X
-755 5019(A)N
-842(second)X
-1094(situation)X
-1398(where)X
-1624(transactions)X
-2036(can)X
-2177(be)X
-2282(used)X
-2458(to)X
-2549(replace)X
-2811(current)X
-3068(ad-hoc)X
-3316(mechanisms)X
-3741(is)X
-3822(in)X
-3912(applications)X
-555 5109(where)N
-776(concurrent)X
-1144(updates)X
-1413(to)X
-1499(a)X
-1559(shared)X
-1793(\256le)X
-1919(are)X
-2042(desired,)X
-2318(but)X
-2444(there)X
-2629(is)X
-2706(logical)X
-2948(consistency)X
-3345(of)X
-3435(the)X
-3556(data)X
-3713(which)X
-3932(needs)X
-4138(to)X
-4223(be)X
-555 5199(preserved.)N
-928(For)X
-1059(example,)X
-1371(when)X
-1565(the)X
-1683(password)X
-2006(\256le)X
-2128(is)X
-2201(updated,)X
-2495(\256le)X
-2617(locking)X
-2877(is)X
-2950(used)X
-3117(to)X
-3199(disallow)X
-3490(concurrent)X
-3854(access.)X
-4120(Tran-)X
-555 5289(saction)N
-804(semantics)X
-1142(on)X
-1244(the)X
-1364(password)X
-1689(\256les)X
-1844(would)X
-2066(allow)X
-2266(concurrent)X
-2632(updates,)X
-2919(while)X
-3119(preserving)X
-3479(the)X
-3598(logical)X
-3837(consistency)X
-4232(of)X
-555 5379(the)N
-681(password)X
-1012(database.)X
-1357(Similarly,)X
-1702(UNIX)X
-1930(utilities)X
-2196(which)X
-2419(rewrite)X
-2674(\256les)X
-2834(face)X
-2996(a)X
-3059(potential)X
-3366(race)X
-3528(condition)X
-3857(between)X
-4152(their)X
-555 5469(rewriting)N
-871(a)X
-929(\256le)X
-1053(and)X
-1191(another)X
-1453(process)X
-1715(reading)X
-1977(the)X
-2096(\256le.)X
-2259(For)X
-2391(example,)X
-2704(the)X
-2823(compiler)X
-3129(\(more)X
-3342(precisely,)X
-3673(the)X
-3792(assembler\))X
-4161(may)X
-8 s
-10 f
-555 5541(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
-5 s
-1 f
-727 5619(1)N
-8 s
-763 5644(To)N
-850(appear)X
-1035(in)X
-1101(the)X
-2 f
-1195(Proceedings)X
-1530(of)X
-1596(the)X
-1690(1992)X
-1834(Winter)X
-2024(Usenix)X
-1 f
-2201(,)X
-2233(San)X
-2345(Francisco,)X
-2625(CA,)X
-2746(January)X
-2960(1992.)X
-
-2 p
-%%Page: 2 2
-8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
-10 s
-3 f
-1 f
-555 630(have)N
-737(to)X
-829(rewrite)X
-1087(a)X
-1152(\256le)X
-1283(to)X
-1374(which)X
-1599(it)X
-1672(has)X
-1808(write)X
-2002(permission)X
-2382(in)X
-2473(a)X
-2538(directory)X
-2857(to)X
-2948(which)X
-3173(it)X
-3246(does)X
-3422(not)X
-3553(have)X
-3734(write)X
-3928(permission.)X
-555 720(While)N
-779(the)X
-904(``.o'')X
-1099(\256le)X
-1228(is)X
-1308(being)X
-1513(written,)X
-1787(another)X
-2055(utility)X
-2272(such)X
-2446(as)X
-3 f
-2540(nm)X
-1 f
-2651(\(1\))X
-2772(or)X
-3 f
-2866(ar)X
-1 f
-2942(\(1\))X
-3063(may)X
-3228(read)X
-3394(the)X
-3519(\256le)X
-3648(and)X
-3791(produce)X
-4077(invalid)X
-555 810(results)N
-790(since)X
-981(the)X
-1105(\256le)X
-1233(has)X
-1366(not)X
-1494(been)X
-1672(completely)X
-2054(written.)X
-2347(Currently,)X
-2700(some)X
-2895(utilities)X
-3160(use)X
-3293(special)X
-3542(purpose)X
-3821(code)X
-3998(to)X
-4085(handle)X
-555 900(such)N
-722(cases)X
-912(while)X
-1110(others)X
-1326(ignore)X
-1551(the)X
-1669(problem)X
-1956(and)X
-2092(force)X
-2278(users)X
-2463(to)X
-2545(live)X
-2685(with)X
-2847(the)X
-2965(consequences.)X
-755 1023(In)N
-845(this)X
-983(paper,)X
-1205(we)X
-1322(present)X
-1577(a)X
-1635(simple)X
-1870(library)X
-2106(which)X
-2324(provides)X
-2622(transaction)X
-2996(semantics)X
-3334(\(atomicity,)X
-3705(consistency,)X
-4121(isola-)X
-555 1113(tion,)N
-720(and)X
-857(durability\).)X
-1236(The)X
-1382(4.4BSD)X
-1658(database)X
-1956(access)X
-2182(methods)X
-2473(have)X
-2645(been)X
-2817(modi\256ed)X
-3121(to)X
-3203(use)X
-3330(this)X
-3465(library,)X
-3719(optionally)X
-4063(provid-)X
-555 1203(ing)N
-682(shared)X
-917(buffer)X
-1139(management)X
-1574(between)X
-1867(applications,)X
-2298(locking,)X
-2582(and)X
-2722(transaction)X
-3098(semantics.)X
-3478(Any)X
-3640(UNIX)X
-3865(program)X
-4161(may)X
-555 1293(transaction)N
-930(protect)X
-1176(its)X
-1274(data)X
-1430(by)X
-1532(requesting)X
-1888(transaction)X
-2262(protection)X
-2609(with)X
-2773(the)X
-3 f
-2893(db)X
-1 f
-2981(\(3\))X
-3097(library)X
-3333(or)X
-3422(by)X
-3524(adding)X
-3764(appropriate)X
-4152(calls)X
-555 1383(to)N
-646(the)X
-773(transaction)X
-1154(manager,)X
-1480(buffer)X
-1706(manager,)X
-2032(lock)X
-2199(manager,)X
-2525(and)X
-2670(log)X
-2801(manager.)X
-3147(The)X
-3301(library)X
-3543(routines)X
-3829(may)X
-3995(be)X
-4099(linked)X
-555 1473(into)N
-708(the)X
-834(host)X
-995(application)X
-1379(and)X
-1523(called)X
-1743(by)X
-1851(subroutine)X
-2217(interface,)X
-2547(or)X
-2642(they)X
-2808(may)X
-2974(reside)X
-3194(in)X
-3284(a)X
-3348(separate)X
-3640(server)X
-3865(process.)X
-4174(The)X
-555 1563(server)N
-772(architecture)X
-1172(provides)X
-1468(for)X
-1582(network)X
-1865(access)X
-2091(and)X
-2227(better)X
-2430(protection)X
-2775(mechanisms.)X
-3 f
-555 1749(2.)N
-655(Related)X
-938(Work)X
-1 f
-755 1872(There)N
-1000(has)X
-1164(been)X
-1373(much)X
-1608(discussion)X
-1998(in)X
-2117(recent)X
-2371(years)X
-2597(about)X
-2831(new)X
-3021(transaction)X
-3429(models)X
-3716(and)X
-3888(architectures)X
-555 1962 0.1172([SPEC88][NODI90][CHEN91][MOHA91].)AN
-2009(Much)X
-2220(of)X
-2310(this)X
-2448(work)X
-2636(focuses)X
-2900(on)X
-3003(new)X
-3160(ways)X
-3348(to)X
-3433(model)X
-3656(transactions)X
-4062(and)X
-4201(the)X
-555 2052(interactions)N
-953(between)X
-1245(them,)X
-1449(while)X
-1651(the)X
-1772(work)X
-1960(presented)X
-2291(here)X
-2453(focuses)X
-2717(on)X
-2820(the)X
-2941(implementation)X
-3466(and)X
-3605(performance)X
-4035(of)X
-4125(tradi-)X
-555 2142(tional)N
-757(transaction)X
-1129(techniques)X
-1492(\(write-ahead)X
-1919(logging)X
-2183(and)X
-2319(two-phase)X
-2669(locking\))X
-2956(on)X
-3056(a)X
-3112(standard)X
-3404(operating)X
-3727(system)X
-3969(\(UNIX\).)X
-755 2265(Such)N
-947(traditional)X
-1308(operating)X
-1643(systems)X
-1928(are)X
-2059(often)X
-2256(criticized)X
-2587(for)X
-2713(their)X
-2892(inability)X
-3190(to)X
-3283(perform)X
-3573(transaction)X
-3956(processing)X
-555 2355(adequately.)N
-971([STON81])X
-1342(cites)X
-1517(three)X
-1706(main)X
-1894(areas)X
-2088(of)X
-2183(inadequate)X
-2559(support:)X
-2849(buffer)X
-3074(management,)X
-3532(the)X
-3658(\256le)X
-3788(system,)X
-4058(and)X
-4201(the)X
-555 2445(process)N
-823(structure.)X
-1191(These)X
-1410(arguments)X
-1771(are)X
-1897(summarized)X
-2316(in)X
-2405(table)X
-2587(one.)X
-2769(Fortunately,)X
-3184(much)X
-3388(has)X
-3521(changed)X
-3815(since)X
-4006(1981.)X
-4232(In)X
-555 2535(the)N
-683(area)X
-848(of)X
-945(buffer)X
-1172(management,)X
-1632(most)X
-1817(UNIX)X
-2048(systems)X
-2331(provide)X
-2606(the)X
-2734(ability)X
-2968(to)X
-3060(memory)X
-3357(map)X
-3525(\256les,)X
-3708(thus)X
-3870(obviating)X
-4201(the)X
-555 2625(need)N
-734(for)X
-855(a)X
-918(copy)X
-1101(between)X
-1396(kernel)X
-1624(and)X
-1766(user)X
-1926(space.)X
-2171(If)X
-2251(a)X
-2313(database)X
-2616(system)X
-2864(is)X
-2943(going)X
-3151(to)X
-3239(use)X
-3372(the)X
-3496(\256le)X
-3624(system)X
-3872(buffer)X
-4095(cache,)X
-555 2715(then)N
-719(a)X
-781(system)X
-1029(call)X
-1171(is)X
-1250(required.)X
-1584(However,)X
-1924(if)X
-1998(buffering)X
-2322(is)X
-2400(provided)X
-2710(at)X
-2793(user)X
-2952(level)X
-3133(using)X
-3331(shared)X
-3566(memory,)X
-3878(as)X
-3970(in)X
-4057(LIBTP,)X
-555 2805(buffer)N
-776(management)X
-1210(is)X
-1287(only)X
-1452(as)X
-1542(slow)X
-1716(as)X
-1806(access)X
-2035(to)X
-2120(shared)X
-2353(memory)X
-2643(and)X
-2782(any)X
-2921(replacement)X
-3337(algorithm)X
-3671(may)X
-3832(be)X
-3931(used.)X
-4121(Since)X
-555 2895(multiple)N
-849(processes)X
-1185(can)X
-1325(access)X
-1559(the)X
-1685(shared)X
-1923(data,)X
-2105(prefetching)X
-2499(may)X
-2665(be)X
-2769(accomplished)X
-3238(by)X
-3346(separate)X
-3638(processes)X
-3973(or)X
-4067(threads)X
-555 2985(whose)N
-782(sole)X
-932(purpose)X
-1207(is)X
-1281(to)X
-1364(prefetch)X
-1649(pages)X
-1853(and)X
-1990(wait)X
-2149(on)X
-2250(them.)X
-2471(There)X
-2680(is)X
-2754(still)X
-2894(no)X
-2995(way)X
-3150(to)X
-3233(enforce)X
-3496(write)X
-3682(ordering)X
-3975(other)X
-4161(than)X
-555 3075(keeping)N
-829(pages)X
-1032(in)X
-1114(user)X
-1268(memory)X
-1555(and)X
-1691(using)X
-1884(the)X
-3 f
-2002(fsync)X
-1 f
-2180(\(3\))X
-2294(system)X
-2536(call)X
-2672(to)X
-2754(perform)X
-3033(synchronous)X
-3458(writes.)X
-755 3198(In)N
-845(the)X
-966(area)X
-1124(of)X
-1214(\256le)X
-1339(systems,)X
-1635(the)X
-1756(fast)X
-1895(\256le)X
-2020(system)X
-2265(\(FFS\))X
-2474([MCKU84])X
-2871(allows)X
-3103(allocation)X
-3442(in)X
-3527(units)X
-3704(up)X
-3806(to)X
-3890(64KBytes)X
-4232(as)X
-555 3288(opposed)N
-846(to)X
-932(the)X
-1054(4KByte)X
-1327(and)X
-1466(8KByte)X
-1738(\256gures)X
-1979(quoted)X
-2220(in)X
-2305([STON81].)X
-2711(The)X
-2859(measurements)X
-3341(in)X
-3426(this)X
-3564(paper)X
-3766(were)X
-3946(taken)X
-4143(from)X
-555 3378(an)N
-655(8KByte)X
-928(FFS,)X
-1104(but)X
-1230(as)X
-1320(LIBTP)X
-1565(runs)X
-1726(exclusively)X
-2114(in)X
-2199(user)X
-2356(space,)X
-2578(there)X
-2762(is)X
-2838(nothing)X
-3105(to)X
-3190(prevent)X
-3454(it)X
-3521(from)X
-3700(being)X
-3901(run)X
-4031(on)X
-4134(other)X
-555 3468(UNIX)N
-776(compatible)X
-1152(\256le)X
-1274(systems)X
-1547(\(e.g.)X
-1710(log-structured)X
-2180([ROSE91],)X
-2558(extent-based,)X
-3004(or)X
-3091(multi-block)X
-3484([SELT91]\).)X
-755 3591(Finally,)N
-1029(with)X
-1199(regard)X
-1433(to)X
-1523(the)X
-1648(process)X
-1916(structure,)X
-2244(neither)X
-2494(context)X
-2757(switch)X
-2993(time)X
-3162(nor)X
-3296(scheduling)X
-3670(around)X
-3920(semaphores)X
-555 3681(seems)N
-785(to)X
-881(affect)X
-1099(the)X
-1231(system)X
-1487(performance.)X
-1968(However,)X
-2317(the)X
-2449(implementation)X
-2984(of)X
-3084(semaphores)X
-3496(can)X
-3641(impact)X
-3892(performance)X
-555 3771(tremendously.)N
-1051(This)X
-1213(is)X
-1286(discussed)X
-1613(in)X
-1695(more)X
-1880(detail)X
-2078(in)X
-2160(section)X
-2407(4.3.)X
-755 3894(The)N
-908(Tuxedo)X
-1181(system)X
-1431(from)X
-1615(AT&T)X
-1861(is)X
-1941(a)X
-2004(transaction)X
-2383(manager)X
-2687(which)X
-2910(coordinates)X
-3307(distributed)X
-3676(transaction)X
-4055(commit)X
-555 3984(from)N
-738(a)X
-801(variety)X
-1051(of)X
-1145(different)X
-1449(local)X
-1632(transaction)X
-2011(managers.)X
-2386(At)X
-2493(this)X
-2634(time,)X
-2822(LIBTP)X
-3070(does)X
-3243(not)X
-3371(have)X
-3549(its)X
-3650(own)X
-3814(mechanism)X
-4205(for)X
-555 4074(distributed)N
-942(commit)X
-1231(processing,)X
-1639(but)X
-1786(could)X
-2009(be)X
-2130(used)X
-2322(as)X
-2434(a)X
-2515(local)X
-2716(transaction)X
-3113(agent)X
-3331(by)X
-3455(systems)X
-3752(such)X
-3943(as)X
-4054(Tuxedo)X
-555 4164([ANDR89].)N
-10 f
-863 4393(i)N
-870(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-1 f
-903 4483(Buffer)N
-1133(Management)X
-10 f
-1672(g)X
-1 f
-1720(Data)X
-1892(must)X
-2067(be)X
-2163(copied)X
-2397(between)X
-2685(kernel)X
-2906(space)X
-3105(and)X
-3241(user)X
-3395(space.)X
-10 f
-1672 4573(g)N
-1 f
-1720(Buffer)X
-1950(pool)X
-2112(access)X
-2338(is)X
-2411(too)X
-2533(slow.)X
-10 f
-1672 4663(g)N
-1 f
-1720(There)X
-1928(is)X
-2001(no)X
-2101(way)X
-2255(to)X
-2337(request)X
-2589(prefetch.)X
-10 f
-1672 4753(g)N
-1 f
-1720(Replacement)X
-2159(is)X
-2232(usually)X
-2483(LRU)X
-2663(which)X
-2879(may)X
-3037(be)X
-3133(suboptimal)X
-3508(for)X
-3622(databases.)X
-10 f
-1672 4843(g)N
-1 f
-1720(There)X
-1928(is)X
-2001(no)X
-2101(way)X
-2255(to)X
-2337(guarantee)X
-2670(write)X
-2855(ordering.)X
-10 f
-863 4853(i)N
-870(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-1 f
-903 4943(File)N
-1047(System)X
-10 f
-1672(g)X
-1 f
-1720(Allocation)X
-2078(is)X
-2151(done)X
-2327(in)X
-2409(small)X
-2602(blocks)X
-2831(\(usually)X
-3109(4K)X
-3227(or)X
-3314(8K\).)X
-10 f
-1672 5033(g)N
-1 f
-1720(Logical)X
-1985(organization)X
-2406(of)X
-2493(\256les)X
-2646(is)X
-2719(redundantly)X
-3122(expressed.)X
-10 f
-863 5043(i)N
-870(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-1 f
-903 5133(Process)N
-1168(Structure)X
-10 f
-1672(g)X
-1 f
-1720(Context)X
-1993(switching)X
-2324(and)X
-2460(message)X
-2752(passing)X
-3012(are)X
-3131(too)X
-3253(slow.)X
-10 f
-1672 5223(g)N
-1 f
-1720(A)X
-1798(process)X
-2059(may)X
-2217(be)X
-2313(descheduled)X
-2730(while)X
-2928(holding)X
-3192(a)X
-3248(semaphore.)X
-10 f
-863 5233(i)N
-870(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-863(c)X
-5193(c)Y
-5113(c)Y
-5033(c)Y
-4953(c)Y
-4873(c)Y
-4793(c)Y
-4713(c)Y
-4633(c)Y
-4553(c)Y
-4473(c)Y
-3990 5233(c)N
-5193(c)Y
-5113(c)Y
-5033(c)Y
-4953(c)Y
-4873(c)Y
-4793(c)Y
-4713(c)Y
-4633(c)Y
-4553(c)Y
-4473(c)Y
-3 f
-1156 5446(Table)N
-1371(One:)X
-1560(Shortcomings)X
-2051(of)X
-2138(UNIX)X
-2363(transaction)X
-2770(support)X
-3056(cited)X
-3241(in)X
-3327([STON81].)X
-
-3 p
-%%Page: 3 3
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 3 f
-1 f
-755 630(The)N
-901(transaction)X
-1274(architecture)X
-1675(presented)X
-2004(in)X
-2087([YOUN91])X
-2474(is)X
-2548(very)X
-2712(similar)X
-2955(to)X
-3038(that)X
-3179(implemented)X
-3618(in)X
-3701(the)X
-3820(LIBTP.)X
-4103(While)X
-555 720([YOUN91])N
-947(presents)X
-1236(a)X
-1298(model)X
-1524(for)X
-1644(providing)X
-1981(transaction)X
-2359(services,)X
-2663(this)X
-2803(paper)X
-3007(focuses)X
-3273(on)X
-3378(the)X
-3501(implementation)X
-4028(and)X
-4169(per-)X
-555 810(formance)N
-881(of)X
-970(a)X
-1028(particular)X
-1358(system.)X
-1642(In)X
-1731(addition,)X
-2034(we)X
-2149(provide)X
-2415(detailed)X
-2690(comparisons)X
-3116(with)X
-3279(alternative)X
-3639(solutions:)X
-3970(traditional)X
-555 900(UNIX)N
-776(services)X
-1055(and)X
-1191(commercial)X
-1590(database)X
-1887(management)X
-2317(systems.)X
-3 f
-555 1086(3.)N
-655(Architecture)X
-1 f
-755 1209(The)N
-906(library)X
-1146(is)X
-1224(designed)X
-1534(to)X
-1621(provide)X
-1891(well)X
-2054(de\256ned)X
-2315(interfaces)X
-2653(to)X
-2740(the)X
-2863(services)X
-3147(required)X
-3440(for)X
-3559(transaction)X
-3936(processing.)X
-555 1299(These)N
-777(services)X
-1066(are)X
-1195(recovery,)X
-1527(concurrency)X
-1955(control,)X
-2232(and)X
-2378(the)X
-2506(management)X
-2946(of)X
-3043(shared)X
-3283(data.)X
-3487(First)X
-3663(we)X
-3787(will)X
-3941(discuss)X
-4201(the)X
-555 1389(design)N
-795(tradeoffs)X
-1112(in)X
-1205(the)X
-1334(selection)X
-1650(of)X
-1748(recovery,)X
-2081(concurrency)X
-2510(control,)X
-2787(and)X
-2933(buffer)X
-3160(management)X
-3600(implementations,)X
-4183(and)X
-555 1479(then)N
-713(we)X
-827(will)X
-971(present)X
-1223(the)X
-1341(overall)X
-1584(library)X
-1818(architecture)X
-2218(and)X
-2354(module)X
-2614(descriptions.)X
-3 f
-555 1665(3.1.)N
-715(Design)X
-966(Tradeoffs)X
-1 f
-3 f
-555 1851(3.1.1.)N
-775(Crash)X
-1004(Recovery)X
-1 f
-755 1974(The)N
-909(recovery)X
-1220(protocol)X
-1516(is)X
-1598(responsible)X
-1992(for)X
-2115(providing)X
-2455(the)X
-2582(transaction)X
-2963(semantics)X
-3308(discussed)X
-3644(earlier.)X
-3919(There)X
-4136(are)X
-4263(a)X
-555 2064(wide)N
-739(range)X
-946(of)X
-1041(recovery)X
-1351(protocols)X
-1677(available)X
-1995([HAER83],)X
-2395(but)X
-2525(we)X
-2647(can)X
-2786(crudely)X
-3054(divide)X
-3281(them)X
-3468(into)X
-3619(two)X
-3766(main)X
-3953(categories.)X
-555 2154(The)N
-706(\256rst)X
-856(category)X
-1159(records)X
-1422(all)X
-1528(modi\256cations)X
-1989(to)X
-2077(the)X
-2201(database)X
-2504(in)X
-2592(a)X
-2653(separate)X
-2942(\256le,)X
-3089(and)X
-3230(uses)X
-3393(this)X
-3533(\256le)X
-3660(\(log\))X
-3841(to)X
-3928(back)X
-4105(out)X
-4232(or)X
-555 2244(reapply)N
-825(these)X
-1019(modi\256cations)X
-1483(if)X
-1561(a)X
-1626(transaction)X
-2007(aborts)X
-2232(or)X
-2328(the)X
-2455(system)X
-2706(crashes.)X
-3012(We)X
-3153(call)X
-3298(this)X
-3442(set)X
-3560(the)X
-3 f
-3687(logging)X
-3963(protocols)X
-1 f
-4279(.)X
-555 2334(The)N
-703(second)X
-949(category)X
-1249(avoids)X
-1481(the)X
-1602(use)X
-1732(of)X
-1822(a)X
-1881(log)X
-2006(by)X
-2109(carefully)X
-2418(controlling)X
-2792(when)X
-2989(data)X
-3146(are)X
-3268(written)X
-3518(to)X
-3603(disk.)X
-3799(We)X
-3934(call)X
-4073(this)X
-4210(set)X
-555 2424(the)N
-3 f
-673(non-logging)X
-1096(protocols)X
-1 f
-1412(.)X
-755 2547(Non-logging)N
-1185(protocols)X
-1504(hold)X
-1666(dirty)X
-1837(buffers)X
-2085(in)X
-2167(main)X
-2347(memory)X
-2634(or)X
-2721(temporary)X
-3071(\256les)X
-3224(until)X
-3390(commit)X
-3654(and)X
-3790(then)X
-3948(force)X
-4134(these)X
-555 2637(pages)N
-769(to)X
-862(disk)X
-1026(at)X
-1115(transaction)X
-1498(commit.)X
-1813(While)X
-2040(we)X
-2165(can)X
-2308(use)X
-2446(temporary)X
-2807(\256les)X
-2971(to)X
-3064(hold)X
-3237(dirty)X
-3418(pages)X
-3631(that)X
-3781(may)X
-3949(need)X
-4131(to)X
-4223(be)X
-555 2727(evicted)N
-810(from)X
-988(memory)X
-1277(during)X
-1508(a)X
-1566(long-running)X
-2006(transaction,)X
-2400(the)X
-2520(only)X
-2684(user-level)X
-3023(mechanism)X
-3410(to)X
-3494(force)X
-3682(pages)X
-3887(to)X
-3971(disk)X
-4126(is)X
-4201(the)X
-3 f
-555 2817(fsync)N
-1 f
-733(\(2\))X
-850(system)X
-1095(call.)X
-1274(Unfortunately,)X
-3 f
-1767(fsync)X
-1 f
-1945(\(2\))X
-2062(is)X
-2138(an)X
-2237(expensive)X
-2581(system)X
-2826(call)X
-2965(in)X
-3050(that)X
-3193(it)X
-3260(forces)X
-3480(all)X
-3583(pages)X
-3789(of)X
-3879(a)X
-3938(\256le)X
-4062(to)X
-4146(disk,)X
-555 2907(and)N
-691(transactions)X
-1094(that)X
-1234(manage)X
-1504(more)X
-1689(than)X
-1847(one)X
-1983(\256le)X
-2105(must)X
-2280(issue)X
-2460(one)X
-2596(call)X
-2732(per)X
-2855(\256le.)X
-755 3030(In)N
-853(addition,)X
-3 f
-1166(fsync)X
-1 f
-1344(\(2\))X
-1469(provides)X
-1776(no)X
-1887(way)X
-2051(to)X
-2143(control)X
-2400(the)X
-2528(order)X
-2728(in)X
-2820(which)X
-3046(dirty)X
-3227(pages)X
-3440(are)X
-3569(written)X
-3826(to)X
-3918(disk.)X
-4121(Since)X
-555 3120(non-logging)N
-976(protocols)X
-1304(must)X
-1489(sometimes)X
-1861(order)X
-2061(writes)X
-2287(carefully)X
-2603([SULL92],)X
-2987(they)X
-3155(are)X
-3284(dif\256cult)X
-3567(to)X
-3659(implement)X
-4030(on)X
-4139(Unix)X
-555 3210(systems.)N
-868(As)X
-977(a)X
-1033(result,)X
-1251(we)X
-1365(have)X
-1537(chosen)X
-1780(to)X
-1862(implement)X
-2224(a)X
-2280(logging)X
-2544(protocol.)X
-755 3333(Logging)N
-1050(protocols)X
-1372(may)X
-1534(be)X
-1634(categorized)X
-2029(based)X
-2236(on)X
-2340(how)X
-2502(information)X
-2904(is)X
-2981(logged)X
-3223(\(physically)X
-3602(or)X
-3692(logically\))X
-4022(and)X
-4161(how)X
-555 3423(much)N
-767(is)X
-854(logged)X
-1106(\(before)X
-1373(images,)X
-1654(after)X
-1836(images)X
-2097(or)X
-2198(both\).)X
-2441(In)X
-3 f
-2542(physical)X
-2855(logging)X
-1 f
-3103(,)X
-3157(images)X
-3417(of)X
-3517(complete)X
-3844(physical)X
-4144(units)X
-555 3513(\(pages)N
-786(or)X
-874(buffers\))X
-1150(are)X
-1270(recorded,)X
-1593(while)X
-1792(in)X
-3 f
-1875(logical)X
-2118(logging)X
-1 f
-2387(a)X
-2444(description)X
-2820(of)X
-2907(the)X
-3025(operation)X
-3348(is)X
-3421(recorded.)X
-3763(Therefore,)X
-4121(while)X
-555 3603(we)N
-675(may)X
-839(record)X
-1071(entire)X
-1280(pages)X
-1489(in)X
-1577(a)X
-1639(physical)X
-1932(log,)X
-2080(we)X
-2200(need)X
-2378(only)X
-2546(record)X
-2777(the)X
-2900(records)X
-3162(being)X
-3365(modi\256ed)X
-3674(in)X
-3761(a)X
-3822(logical)X
-4065(log.)X
-4232(In)X
-555 3693(fact,)N
-718(physical)X
-1006(logging)X
-1271(can)X
-1404(be)X
-1501(thought)X
-1766(of)X
-1854(as)X
-1942(a)X
-1999(special)X
-2243(case)X
-2403(of)X
-2491(logical)X
-2730(logging,)X
-3015(since)X
-3201(the)X
-3320 0.3125(``records'')AX
-3686(that)X
-3827(we)X
-3942(log)X
-4065(in)X
-4148(logi-)X
-555 3783(cal)N
-673(logging)X
-941(might)X
-1151(be)X
-1251(physical)X
-1542(pages.)X
-1789(Since)X
-1991(logical)X
-2233(logging)X
-2501(is)X
-2578(both)X
-2743(more)X
-2931(space-ef\256cient)X
-3423(and)X
-3562(more)X
-3750(general,)X
-4030(we)X
-4147(have)X
-555 3873(chosen)N
-798(it)X
-862(for)X
-976(our)X
-1103(logging)X
-1367(protocol.)X
-755 3996(In)N
-3 f
-843(before-image)X
-1315(logging)X
-1 f
-1563(,)X
-1604(we)X
-1719(log)X
-1842(a)X
-1899(copy)X
-2076(of)X
-2164(the)X
-2283(data)X
-2438(before)X
-2665(the)X
-2784(update,)X
-3039(while)X
-3238(in)X
-3 f
-3321(after-image)X
-3739(logging)X
-1 f
-3987(,)X
-4027(we)X
-4141(log)X
-4263(a)X
-555 4086(copy)N
-740(of)X
-836(the)X
-963(data)X
-1126(after)X
-1303(the)X
-1429(update.)X
-1711(If)X
-1793(we)X
-1915(log)X
-2045(only)X
-2215(before-images,)X
-2723(then)X
-2889(there)X
-3078(is)X
-3159(suf\256cient)X
-3485(information)X
-3891(in)X
-3981(the)X
-4107(log)X
-4237(to)X
-555 4176(allow)N
-761(us)X
-860(to)X
-3 f
-950(undo)X
-1 f
-1150(the)X
-1276(transaction)X
-1656(\(go)X
-1791(back)X
-1971(to)X
-2061(the)X
-2187(state)X
-2361(represented)X
-2759(by)X
-2866(the)X
-2991(before-image\).)X
-3514(However,)X
-3876(if)X
-3952(the)X
-4077(system)X
-555 4266(crashes)N
-814(and)X
-952(a)X
-1010(committed)X
-1374(transaction's)X
-1806(changes)X
-2087(have)X
-2261(not)X
-2385(reached)X
-2658(the)X
-2778(disk,)X
-2953(we)X
-3068(have)X
-3241(no)X
-3342(means)X
-3568(to)X
-3 f
-3651(redo)X
-1 f
-3828(the)X
-3947(transaction)X
-555 4356(\(reapply)N
-849(the)X
-973(updates\).)X
-1311(Therefore,)X
-1675(logging)X
-1945(only)X
-2113(before-images)X
-2599(necessitates)X
-3004(forcing)X
-3262(dirty)X
-3439(pages)X
-3648(at)X
-3732(commit)X
-4002(time.)X
-4210(As)X
-555 4446(mentioned)N
-913(above,)X
-1145(forcing)X
-1397(pages)X
-1600(at)X
-1678(commit)X
-1942(is)X
-2015(considered)X
-2383(too)X
-2505(costly.)X
-755 4569(If)N
-834(we)X
-953(log)X
-1080(only)X
-1247(after-images,)X
-1694(then)X
-1857(there)X
-2043(is)X
-2121(suf\256cient)X
-2444(information)X
-2847(in)X
-2934(the)X
-3057(log)X
-3184(to)X
-3271(allow)X
-3474(us)X
-3570(to)X
-3657(redo)X
-3825(the)X
-3947(transaction)X
-555 4659(\(go)N
-687(forward)X
-967(to)X
-1054(the)X
-1177(state)X
-1348(represented)X
-1743(by)X
-1847(the)X
-1969(after-image\),)X
-2411(but)X
-2537(we)X
-2655(do)X
-2759(not)X
-2885(have)X
-3061(the)X
-3183(information)X
-3585(required)X
-3877(to)X
-3963(undo)X
-4147(tran-)X
-555 4749(sactions)N
-845(which)X
-1073(aborted)X
-1346(after)X
-1526(dirty)X
-1709(pages)X
-1924(were)X
-2113(written)X
-2372(to)X
-2466(disk.)X
-2670(Therefore,)X
-3039(logging)X
-3314(only)X
-3487(after-images)X
-3920(necessitates)X
-555 4839(holding)N
-819(all)X
-919(dirty)X
-1090(buffers)X
-1338(in)X
-1420(main)X
-1600(memory)X
-1887(until)X
-2053(commit)X
-2317(or)X
-2404(writing)X
-2655(them)X
-2835(to)X
-2917(a)X
-2973(temporary)X
-3323(\256le.)X
-755 4962(Since)N
-956(neither)X
-1202(constraint)X
-1541(\(forcing)X
-1823(pages)X
-2029(on)X
-2132(commit)X
-2399(or)X
-2489(buffering)X
-2811(pages)X
-3016(until)X
-3184(commit\))X
-3477(was)X
-3624(feasible,)X
-3916(we)X
-4032(chose)X
-4237(to)X
-555 5052(log)N
-683(both)X
-851(before)X
-1083(and)X
-1225(after)X
-1399(images.)X
-1672(The)X
-1823(only)X
-1991(remaining)X
-2342(consideration)X
-2800(is)X
-2879(when)X
-3079(changes)X
-3363(get)X
-3486(written)X
-3738(to)X
-3825(disk.)X
-4023(Changes)X
-555 5142(affect)N
-764(both)X
-931(data)X
-1090(pages)X
-1298(and)X
-1438(the)X
-1560(log.)X
-1726(If)X
-1804(the)X
-1926(changed)X
-2218(data)X
-2376(page)X
-2552(is)X
-2629(written)X
-2880(before)X
-3110(the)X
-3232(log)X
-3358(page,)X
-3554(and)X
-3694(the)X
-3816(system)X
-4062(crashes)X
-555 5232(before)N
-787(the)X
-911(log)X
-1039(page)X
-1217(is)X
-1296(written,)X
-1569(the)X
-1693(log)X
-1820(will)X
-1969(contain)X
-2230(insuf\256cient)X
-2615(information)X
-3018(to)X
-3105(undo)X
-3290(the)X
-3413(change.)X
-3706(This)X
-3873(violates)X
-4147(tran-)X
-555 5322(saction)N
-803(semantics,)X
-1160(since)X
-1346(some)X
-1536(changed)X
-1825(data)X
-1980(pages)X
-2184(may)X
-2343(not)X
-2466(have)X
-2638(been)X
-2810(written,)X
-3077(and)X
-3213(the)X
-3331(database)X
-3628(cannot)X
-3862(be)X
-3958(restored)X
-4237(to)X
-555 5412(its)N
-650(pre-transaction)X
-1152(state.)X
-755 5535(The)N
-914(log)X
-1050(record)X
-1290(describing)X
-1658(an)X
-1768(update)X
-2016(must)X
-2205(be)X
-2315(written)X
-2576(to)X
-2672(stable)X
-2893(storage)X
-3159(before)X
-3398(the)X
-3529(modi\256ed)X
-3846(page.)X
-4071(This)X
-4246(is)X
-3 f
-555 5625(write-ahead)N
-992(logging)X
-1 f
-1240(.)X
-1307(If)X
-1388(log)X
-1517(records)X
-1781(are)X
-1907(safely)X
-2126(written)X
-2380(to)X
-2469(disk,)X
-2649(data)X
-2810(pages)X
-3020(may)X
-3185(be)X
-3288(written)X
-3542(at)X
-3627(any)X
-3770(time)X
-3939(afterwards.)X
-555 5715(This)N
-721(means)X
-950(that)X
-1094(the)X
-1216(only)X
-1382(\256le)X
-1508(that)X
-1652(ever)X
-1815(needs)X
-2022(to)X
-2108(be)X
-2208(forced)X
-2438(to)X
-2524(disk)X
-2681(is)X
-2758(the)X
-2880(log.)X
-3046(Since)X
-3248(the)X
-3370(log)X
-3495(is)X
-3571(append-only,)X
-4015(modi\256ed)X
-
-4 p
-%%Page: 4 4
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
-3 f
-1 f
-555 630(pages)N
-760(always)X
-1005(appear)X
-1242(at)X
-1322(the)X
-1442(end)X
-1580(and)X
-1718(may)X
-1878(be)X
-1976(written)X
-2224(to)X
-2307(disk)X
-2461(ef\256ciently)X
-2807(in)X
-2890(any)X
-3027(\256le)X
-3150(system)X
-3393(that)X
-3534(favors)X
-3756(sequential)X
-4102(order-)X
-555 720(ing)N
-677(\()X
-2 f
-704(e.g.)X
-1 f
-820(,)X
-860(FFS,)X
-1032(log-structured)X
-1502(\256le)X
-1624(system,)X
-1886(or)X
-1973(an)X
-2069(extent-based)X
-2495(system\).)X
-3 f
-555 906(3.1.2.)N
-775(Concurrency)X
-1245(Control)X
-1 f
-755 1029(The)N
-918(concurrency)X
-1354(control)X
-1619(protocol)X
-1923(is)X
-2013(responsible)X
-2415(for)X
-2546(maintaining)X
-2965(consistency)X
-3376(in)X
-3475(the)X
-3610(presence)X
-3929(of)X
-4033(multiple)X
-555 1119(accesses.)N
-897(There)X
-1114(are)X
-1242(several)X
-1499(alternative)X
-1867(solutions)X
-2183(such)X
-2358(as)X
-2453(locking,)X
-2741(optimistic)X
-3088(concurrency)X
-3514(control)X
-3769([KUNG81],)X
-4183(and)X
-555 1209(timestamp)N
-912(ordering)X
-1208([BERN80].)X
-1619(Since)X
-1821(optimistic)X
-2164(methods)X
-2459(and)X
-2599(timestamp)X
-2956(ordering)X
-3252(are)X
-3374(generally)X
-3696(more)X
-3884(complex)X
-4183(and)X
-555 1299(restrict)N
-804(concurrency)X
-1228(without)X
-1498(eliminating)X
-1888(starvation)X
-2230(or)X
-2323(deadlocks,)X
-2690(we)X
-2810(chose)X
-3018(two-phase)X
-3373(locking)X
-3638(\(2PL\).)X
-3890(Strict)X
-4088(2PL)X
-4246(is)X
-555 1389(suboptimal)N
-935(for)X
-1054(certain)X
-1297(data)X
-1455(structures)X
-1791(such)X
-1962(as)X
-2053(B-trees)X
-2309(because)X
-2588(it)X
-2656(can)X
-2792(limit)X
-2966(concurrency,)X
-3408(so)X
-3503(we)X
-3621(use)X
-3752(a)X
-3812(special)X
-4059(locking)X
-555 1479(protocol)N
-842(based)X
-1045(on)X
-1145(one)X
-1281(described)X
-1609(in)X
-1691([LEHM81].)X
-755 1602(The)N
-901(B-tree)X
-1123(locking)X
-1384(protocol)X
-1672(we)X
-1787(implemented)X
-2226(releases)X
-2502(locks)X
-2691(at)X
-2769(internal)X
-3034(nodes)X
-3241(in)X
-3323(the)X
-3441(tree)X
-3582(as)X
-3669(it)X
-3733(descends.)X
-4083(A)X
-4161(lock)X
-555 1692(on)N
-658(an)X
-757(internal)X
-1025(page)X
-1200(is)X
-1276(always)X
-1522(released)X
-1808(before)X
-2036(a)X
-2094(lock)X
-2254(on)X
-2356(its)X
-2453(child)X
-2635(is)X
-2710(obtained)X
-3008(\(that)X
-3177(is,)X
-3272(locks)X
-3463(are)X
-3584(not)X
-3 f
-3708(coupled)X
-1 f
-3996([BAY77])X
-555 1782(during)N
-786(descent\).)X
-1116(When)X
-1330(a)X
-1388(leaf)X
-1531(\(or)X
-1647(internal\))X
-1941(page)X
-2115(is)X
-2190(split,)X
-2369(a)X
-2427(write)X
-2614(lock)X
-2774(is)X
-2849(acquired)X
-3148(on)X
-3250(the)X
-3370(parent)X
-3593(before)X
-3821(the)X
-3941(lock)X
-4100(on)X
-4201(the)X
-555 1872(just-split)N
-855(page)X
-1028(is)X
-1102(released)X
-1387(\(locks)X
-1604(are)X
-3 f
-1724(coupled)X
-1 f
-2011(during)X
-2241(ascent\).)X
-2530(Write)X
-2734(locks)X
-2924(on)X
-3025(internal)X
-3291(pages)X
-3495(are)X
-3615(released)X
-3899(immediately)X
-555 1962(after)N
-723(the)X
-841(page)X
-1013(is)X
-1086(updated,)X
-1380(but)X
-1502(locks)X
-1691(on)X
-1791(leaf)X
-1932(pages)X
-2135(are)X
-2254(held)X
-2412(until)X
-2578(the)X
-2696(end)X
-2832(of)X
-2919(the)X
-3037(transaction.)X
-755 2085(Since)N
-964(locks)X
-1164(are)X
-1294(released)X
-1589(during)X
-1828(descent,)X
-2119(the)X
-2247(structure)X
-2558(of)X
-2655(the)X
-2783(tree)X
-2934(may)X
-3102(change)X
-3360(above)X
-3582(a)X
-3648(node)X
-3834(being)X
-4042(used)X
-4219(by)X
-555 2175(some)N
-752(process.)X
-1061(If)X
-1143(that)X
-1291(process)X
-1560(must)X
-1743(later)X
-1914(ascend)X
-2161(the)X
-2287(tree)X
-2435(because)X
-2717(of)X
-2811(a)X
-2874(page)X
-3053(split,)X
-3237(any)X
-3380(such)X
-3554(change)X
-3809(must)X
-3991(not)X
-4120(cause)X
-555 2265(confusion.)N
-938(We)X
-1077(use)X
-1211(the)X
-1336(technique)X
-1675(described)X
-2010(in)X
-2099([LEHM81])X
-2487(which)X
-2710(exploits)X
-2989(the)X
-3113(ordering)X
-3411(of)X
-3504(data)X
-3664(on)X
-3770(a)X
-3832(B-tree)X
-4059(page)X
-4237(to)X
-555 2355(guarantee)N
-888(that)X
-1028(no)X
-1128(process)X
-1389(ever)X
-1548(gets)X
-1697(lost)X
-1832(as)X
-1919(a)X
-1975(result)X
-2173(of)X
-2260(internal)X
-2525(page)X
-2697(updates)X
-2962(made)X
-3156(by)X
-3256(other)X
-3441(processes.)X
-755 2478(If)N
-836(a)X
-899(transaction)X
-1278(that)X
-1425(updates)X
-1697(a)X
-1760(B-tree)X
-1988(aborts,)X
-2231(the)X
-2356(user-visible)X
-2757(changes)X
-3043(to)X
-3131(the)X
-3255(tree)X
-3402(must)X
-3583(be)X
-3685(rolled)X
-3898(back.)X
-4116(How-)X
-555 2568(ever,)N
-735(changes)X
-1015(to)X
-1097(the)X
-1215(internal)X
-1480(nodes)X
-1687(of)X
-1774(the)X
-1892(tree)X
-2033(need)X
-2205(not)X
-2327(be)X
-2423(rolled)X
-2630(back,)X
-2822(since)X
-3007(these)X
-3192(pages)X
-3395(contain)X
-3651(no)X
-3751(user-visible)X
-4145(data.)X
-555 2658(When)N
-771(rolling)X
-1008(back)X
-1184(a)X
-1244(transaction,)X
-1640(we)X
-1758(roll)X
-1893(back)X
-2069(all)X
-2173(leaf)X
-2318(page)X
-2494(updates,)X
-2783(but)X
-2909(no)X
-3013(internal)X
-3281(insertions)X
-3615(or)X
-3705(page)X
-3880(splits.)X
-4111(In)X
-4201(the)X
-555 2748(worst)N
-759(case,)X
-944(this)X
-1085(will)X
-1235(leave)X
-1431(a)X
-1493(leaf)X
-1640(page)X
-1818(less)X
-1964(than)X
-2128(half)X
-2279(full.)X
-2456(This)X
-2624(may)X
-2788(cause)X
-2993(poor)X
-3166(space)X
-3371(utilization,)X
-3741(but)X
-3869(does)X
-4042(not)X
-4170(lose)X
-555 2838(user)N
-709(data.)X
-755 2961(Holding)N
-1038(locks)X
-1228(on)X
-1329(leaf)X
-1471(pages)X
-1675(until)X
-1842(transaction)X
-2215(commit)X
-2480(guarantees)X
-2845(that)X
-2986(no)X
-3087(other)X
-3273(process)X
-3535(can)X
-3668(insert)X
-3866(or)X
-3953(delete)X
-4165(data)X
-555 3051(that)N
-711(has)X
-854(been)X
-1042(touched)X
-1332(by)X
-1448(this)X
-1598(process.)X
-1914(Rolling)X
-2188(back)X
-2375(insertions)X
-2721(and)X
-2872(deletions)X
-3196(on)X
-3311(leaf)X
-3467(pages)X
-3685(guarantees)X
-4064(that)X
-4219(no)X
-555 3141(aborted)N
-819(updates)X
-1087(are)X
-1209(ever)X
-1371(visible)X
-1607(to)X
-1692(other)X
-1880(transactions.)X
-2326(Leaving)X
-2612(page)X
-2787(splits)X
-2978(intact)X
-3179(permits)X
-3442(us)X
-3536(to)X
-3621(release)X
-3867(internal)X
-4134(write)X
-555 3231(locks)N
-744(early.)X
-965(Thus)X
-1145(transaction)X
-1517(semantics)X
-1853(are)X
-1972(preserved,)X
-2325(and)X
-2461(locks)X
-2650(are)X
-2769(held)X
-2927(for)X
-3041(shorter)X
-3284(periods.)X
-755 3354(The)N
-901(extra)X
-1083(complexity)X
-1464(introduced)X
-1828(by)X
-1929(this)X
-2065(locking)X
-2326(protocol)X
-2614(appears)X
-2881(substantial,)X
-3264(but)X
-3387(it)X
-3452(is)X
-3525(important)X
-3856(for)X
-3970(multi-user)X
-555 3444(execution.)N
-950(The)X
-1118(bene\256ts)X
-1410(of)X
-1520(non-two-phase)X
-2040(locking)X
-2323(on)X
-2446(B-trees)X
-2721(are)X
-2863(well)X
-3044(established)X
-3443(in)X
-3548(the)X
-3689(database)X
-4009(literature)X
-555 3534([BAY77],)N
-899([LEHM81].)X
-1320(If)X
-1394(a)X
-1450(process)X
-1711(held)X
-1869(locks)X
-2058(until)X
-2224(it)X
-2288(committed,)X
-2670(then)X
-2828(a)X
-2884(long-running)X
-3322(update)X
-3556(could)X
-3754(lock)X
-3912(out)X
-4034(all)X
-4134(other)X
-555 3624(transactions)N
-967(by)X
-1076(preventing)X
-1448(any)X
-1593(other)X
-1787(process)X
-2057(from)X
-2241(locking)X
-2509(the)X
-2635(root)X
-2792(page)X
-2972(of)X
-3067(the)X
-3193(tree.)X
-3382(The)X
-3535(B-tree)X
-3764(locking)X
-4032(protocol)X
-555 3714(described)N
-884(above)X
-1096(guarantees)X
-1460(that)X
-1600(locks)X
-1789(on)X
-1889(internal)X
-2154(pages)X
-2357(are)X
-2476(held)X
-2634(for)X
-2748(extremely)X
-3089(short)X
-3269(periods,)X
-3545(thereby)X
-3806(increasing)X
-4156(con-)X
-555 3804(currency.)N
-3 f
-555 3990(3.1.3.)N
-775(Management)X
-1245(of)X
-1332(Shared)X
-1596(Data)X
-1 f
-755 4113(Database)N
-1075(systems)X
-1353(permit)X
-1587(many)X
-1790(users)X
-1980(to)X
-2067(examine)X
-2364(and)X
-2505(update)X
-2744(the)X
-2866(same)X
-3055(data)X
-3213(concurrently.)X
-3683(In)X
-3774(order)X
-3968(to)X
-4054(provide)X
-555 4203(this)N
-702(concurrent)X
-1078(access)X
-1316(and)X
-1464(enforce)X
-1738(the)X
-1868(write-ahead)X
-2280(logging)X
-2556(protocol)X
-2855(described)X
-3195(in)X
-3289(section)X
-3548(3.1.1,)X
-3759(we)X
-3884(use)X
-4022(a)X
-4089(shared)X
-555 4293(memory)N
-848(buffer)X
-1071(manager.)X
-1414(Not)X
-1559(only)X
-1726(does)X
-1898(this)X
-2038(provide)X
-2308(the)X
-2431(guarantees)X
-2800(we)X
-2919(require,)X
-3192(but)X
-3319(a)X
-3380(user-level)X
-3722(buffer)X
-3944(manager)X
-4246(is)X
-555 4383(frequently)N
-916(faster)X
-1126(than)X
-1295(using)X
-1498(the)X
-1626(\256le)X
-1758(system)X
-2010(buffer)X
-2237(cache.)X
-2491(Reads)X
-2717(or)X
-2814(writes)X
-3040(involving)X
-3376(the)X
-3504(\256le)X
-3636(system)X
-3888(buffer)X
-4115(cache)X
-555 4473(often)N
-746(require)X
-1000(copying)X
-1284(data)X
-1444(between)X
-1738(user)X
-1898(and)X
-2040(kernel)X
-2266(space)X
-2470(while)X
-2673(a)X
-2734(user-level)X
-3076(buffer)X
-3298(manager)X
-3600(can)X
-3737(return)X
-3954(pointers)X
-4237(to)X
-555 4563(data)N
-709(pages)X
-912(directly.)X
-1217(Additionally,)X
-1661(if)X
-1730(more)X
-1915(than)X
-2073(one)X
-2209(process)X
-2470(uses)X
-2628(the)X
-2746(same)X
-2931(page,)X
-3123(then)X
-3281(fewer)X
-3485(copies)X
-3710(may)X
-3868(be)X
-3964(required.)X
-3 f
-555 4749(3.2.)N
-715(Module)X
-997(Architecture)X
-1 f
-755 4872(The)N
-913(preceding)X
-1262(sections)X
-1552(described)X
-1892(modules)X
-2195(for)X
-2321(managing)X
-2669(the)X
-2799(transaction)X
-3183(log,)X
-3337(locks,)X
-3558(and)X
-3706(a)X
-3774(cache)X
-3990(of)X
-4089(shared)X
-555 4962(buffers.)N
-847(In)X
-938(addition,)X
-1244(we)X
-1362(need)X
-1538(to)X
-1624(provide)X
-1893(functionality)X
-2326(for)X
-2444(transaction)X
-2 f
-2819(begin)X
-1 f
-2997(,)X
-2 f
-3040(commit)X
-1 f
-3276(,)X
-3319(and)X
-2 f
-3458(abort)X
-1 f
-3654(processing,)X
-4040(necessi-)X
-555 5052(tating)N
-769(a)X
-837(transaction)X
-1221(manager.)X
-1570(In)X
-1669(order)X
-1871(to)X
-1965(arbitrate)X
-2265(concurrent)X
-2641(access)X
-2879(to)X
-2973(locks)X
-3173(and)X
-3320(buffers,)X
-3599(we)X
-3724(include)X
-3991(a)X
-4058(process)X
-555 5142(management)N
-995(module)X
-1264(which)X
-1489(manages)X
-1799(a)X
-1864(collection)X
-2209(of)X
-2305(semaphores)X
-2713(used)X
-2889(to)X
-2980(block)X
-3187(and)X
-3332(release)X
-3585(processes.)X
-3962(Finally,)X
-4237(in)X
-555 5232(order)N
-752(to)X
-841(provide)X
-1113(a)X
-1176(simple,)X
-1436(standard)X
-1735(interface)X
-2044(we)X
-2165(have)X
-2344(modi\256ed)X
-2655(the)X
-2780(database)X
-3084(access)X
-3317(routines)X
-3602(\()X
-3 f
-3629(db)X
-1 f
-3717(\(3\)\).)X
-3904(For)X
-4041(the)X
-4165(pur-)X
-555 5322(poses)N
-758(of)X
-850(this)X
-990(paper)X
-1194(we)X
-1313(call)X
-1453(the)X
-1575(modi\256ed)X
-1883(package)X
-2171(the)X
-3 f
-2293(Record)X
-2567(Manager)X
-1 f
-2879(.)X
-2943(Figure)X
-3176(one)X
-3316(shows)X
-3540(the)X
-3662(main)X
-3846(interfaces)X
-4183(and)X
-555 5412(architecture)N
-955(of)X
-1042(LIBTP.)X
-
-5 p
-%%Page: 5 5
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
-3 f
-1 f
-11 s
-1851 1520(log_commit)N
-2764 2077(buf_unpin)N
-2764 1987(buf_get)N
-3633 1408(buf_unpin)N
-3633 1319(buf_pin)N
-3633 1230(buf_get)N
-3 f
-17 s
-1163 960(Txn)N
-1430(M)X
-1559(anager)X
-2582(Record)X
-3040(M)X
-3169(anager)X
-1 Dt
-2363 726 MXY
-0 355 Dl
-1426 0 Dl
-0 -355 Dl
--1426 0 Dl
-3255 1616 MXY
-0 535 Dl
-534 0 Dl
-0 -535 Dl
--534 0 Dl
-2185 MX
-0 535 Dl
-535 0 Dl
-0 -535 Dl
--535 0 Dl
-1116 MX
-0 535 Dl
-534 0 Dl
-0 -535 Dl
--534 0 Dl
-726 MY
-0 355 Dl
-891 0 Dl
-0 -355 Dl
--891 0 Dl
-1 f
-11 s
-2207 1297(lock)N
-2564 1386(log)N
-865(unlock_all)X
-1851 1609(log_unroll)N
-1650 2508 MXY
-0 178 Dl
-1605 0 Dl
-0 -178 Dl
--1605 0 Dl
-1294 1616 MXY
-19 -30 Dl
--19 11 Dl
--20 -11 Dl
-20 30 Dl
-0 -535 Dl
-2319 2508 MXY
--22 -30 Dl
-4 23 Dl
--18 14 Dl
-36 -7 Dl
--936 -357 Dl
-3277 2455(sleep_on)N
-1405 1616 MXY
-36 4 Dl
--18 -13 Dl
-1 -22 Dl
--19 31 Dl
-1070 -535 Dl
-2631 2508 MXY
-36 6 Dl
--18 -14 Dl
-3 -22 Dl
--21 30 Dl
-891 -357 Dl
-1426 2455(sleep_on)N
-3255 1884 MXY
--31 -20 Dl
-11 20 Dl
--11 19 Dl
-31 -19 Dl
--535 0 Dl
-1554 2366(wake)N
-3277(wake)X
-2185 1884 MXY
--31 -20 Dl
-12 20 Dl
--12 19 Dl
-31 -19 Dl
--356 0 Dl
-0 -803 Dl
-3 f
-17 s
-1236 1851(Lock)N
-1118 2030(M)N
-1247(anager)X
-2339 1851(Log)N
-2187 2030(M)N
-2316(anager)X
-3333 1851(Buffer)N
-3257 2030(M)N
-3386(anager)X
-3522 1616 MXY
-20 -30 Dl
--20 11 Dl
--20 -11 Dl
-20 30 Dl
-0 -535 Dl
-1950 2654(Process)N
-2424(M)X
-2553(anager)X
-2542 1616 MXY
-19 -30 Dl
--19 11 Dl
--20 -11 Dl
-20 30 Dl
-0 -535 Dl
-1 f
-11 s
-2207 1364(unlock)N
-2452 2508 MXY
-20 -31 Dl
--20 11 Dl
--19 -11 Dl
-19 31 Dl
-0 -357 Dl
-2497 2322(sleep_on)N
-2497 2233(wake)N
-3 Dt
--1 Ds
-3 f
-10 s
-1790 2830(Figure)N
-2037(1:)X
-2144(Library)X
-2435(module)X
-2708(interfaces.)X
-1 f
-10 f
-555 3010(h)N
-579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
-3 f
-555 3286(3.2.1.)N
-775(The)X
-928(Log)X
-1081(Manager)X
-1 f
-755 3409(The)N
-3 f
-907(Log)X
-1067(Manager)X
-1 f
-1406(enforces)X
-1706(the)X
-1831(write-ahead)X
-2238(logging)X
-2509(protocol.)X
-2843(Its)X
-2949(primitive)X
-3268(operations)X
-3628(are)X
-2 f
-3753(log)X
-1 f
-3855(,)X
-2 f
-3901(log_commit)X
-1 f
-4279(,)X
-2 f
-555 3499(log_read)N
-1 f
-844(,)X
-2 f
-889(log_roll)X
-1 f
-1171(and)X
-2 f
-1312(log_unroll)X
-1 f
-1649(.)X
-1714(The)X
-2 f
-1864(log)X
-1 f
-1991(call)X
-2132(performs)X
-2447(a)X
-2508(buffered)X
-2806(write)X
-2996(of)X
-3088(the)X
-3211(speci\256ed)X
-3520(log)X
-3646(record)X
-3876(and)X
-4016(returns)X
-4263(a)X
-555 3589(unique)N
-809(log)X
-947(sequence)X
-1278(number)X
-1559(\(LSN\).)X
-1840(This)X
-2017(LSN)X
-2203(may)X
-2376(then)X
-2549(be)X
-2660(used)X
-2842(to)X
-2939(retrieve)X
-3220(a)X
-3291(record)X
-3532(from)X
-3723(the)X
-3856(log)X
-3993(using)X
-4201(the)X
-2 f
-555 3679(log_read)N
-1 f
-865(call.)X
-1042(The)X
-2 f
-1188(log)X
-1 f
-1311(interface)X
-1614(knows)X
-1844(very)X
-2008(little)X
-2175(about)X
-2374(the)X
-2493(internal)X
-2759(format)X
-2993(of)X
-3080(the)X
-3198(log)X
-3320(records)X
-3577(it)X
-3641(receives.)X
-3965(Rather,)X
-4219(all)X
-555 3769(log)N
-681(records)X
-942(are)X
-1065 0.4028(referenced)AX
-1430(by)X
-1534(a)X
-1594(header)X
-1833(structure,)X
-2158(a)X
-2218(log)X
-2344(record)X
-2574(type,)X
-2756(and)X
-2896(a)X
-2956(character)X
-3276(buffer)X
-3497(containing)X
-3859(the)X
-3981(data)X
-4138(to)X
-4223(be)X
-555 3859(logged.)N
-834(The)X
-980(log)X
-1103(record)X
-1330(type)X
-1489(is)X
-1563(used)X
-1731(to)X
-1814(call)X
-1951(the)X
-2070(appropriate)X
-2457(redo)X
-2621(and)X
-2758(undo)X
-2939(routines)X
-3217(during)X
-2 f
-3446(abort)X
-1 f
-3639(and)X
-2 f
-3775(commit)X
-1 f
-4031(process-)X
-555 3949(ing.)N
-721(While)X
-941(we)X
-1059(have)X
-1235(used)X
-1406(the)X
-3 f
-1528(Log)X
-1684(Manager)X
-1 f
-2019(to)X
-2104(provide)X
-2372(before)X
-2601(and)X
-2740(after)X
-2911(image)X
-3130(logging,)X
-3417(it)X
-3484(may)X
-3645(also)X
-3797(be)X
-3896(used)X
-4066(for)X
-4183(any)X
-555 4039(of)N
-642(the)X
-760(logging)X
-1024(algorithms)X
-1386(discussed.)X
-755 4162(The)N
-2 f
-905(log_commit)X
-1 f
-1308(operation)X
-1636(behaves)X
-1920(exactly)X
-2177(like)X
-2322(the)X
-2 f
-2445(log)X
-1 f
-2572(operation)X
-2900(but)X
-3026(guarantees)X
-3394(that)X
-3538(the)X
-3660(log)X
-3786(has)X
-3917(been)X
-4093(forced)X
-555 4252(to)N
-643(disk)X
-802(before)X
-1034(returning.)X
-1394(A)X
-1478(discussion)X
-1837(of)X
-1930(our)X
-2063(commit)X
-2333(strategy)X
-2613(appears)X
-2884(in)X
-2971(the)X
-3094(implementation)X
-3621(section)X
-3873(\(section)X
-4152(4.2\).)X
-2 f
-555 4342(Log_unroll)N
-1 f
-935(reads)X
-1126(log)X
-1249(records)X
-1507(from)X
-1684(the)X
-1803(log,)X
-1946(following)X
-2278(backward)X
-2611(transaction)X
-2983(pointers)X
-3261(and)X
-3397(calling)X
-3635(the)X
-3753(appropriate)X
-4139(undo)X
-555 4432(routines)N
-839(to)X
-927(implement)X
-1295(transaction)X
-1673(abort.)X
-1904(In)X
-1997(a)X
-2059(similar)X
-2307(manner,)X
-2 f
-2594(log_roll)X
-1 f
-2877(reads)X
-3073(log)X
-3201(records)X
-3464(sequentially)X
-3877(forward,)X
-4178(cal-)X
-555 4522(ling)N
-699(the)X
-817(appropriate)X
-1203(redo)X
-1366(routines)X
-1644(to)X
-1726(recover)X
-1988(committed)X
-2350(transactions)X
-2753(after)X
-2921(a)X
-2977(system)X
-3219(crash.)X
-3 f
-555 4708(3.2.2.)N
-775(The)X
-928(Buffer)X
-1171(Manager)X
-1 f
-755 4831(The)N
-3 f
-912(Buffer)X
-1167(Manager)X
-1 f
-1511(uses)X
-1681(a)X
-1749(pool)X
-1923(of)X
-2022(shared)X
-2264(memory)X
-2563(to)X
-2657(provide)X
-2934(a)X
-3002(least-recently-used)X
-3641(\(LRU\))X
-3886(block)X
-4095(cache.)X
-555 4921(Although)N
-886(the)X
-1013(current)X
-1270(library)X
-1513(provides)X
-1818(an)X
-1923(LRU)X
-2112(cache,)X
-2345(it)X
-2418(would)X
-2647(be)X
-2752(simple)X
-2994(to)X
-3085(add)X
-3229(alternate)X
-3534(replacement)X
-3955(policies)X
-4232(as)X
-555 5011(suggested)N
-903(by)X
-1015([CHOU85])X
-1408(or)X
-1507(to)X
-1601(provide)X
-1878(multiple)X
-2176(buffer)X
-2405(pools)X
-2610(with)X
-2784(different)X
-3092(policies.)X
-3412(Transactions)X
-3853(request)X
-4116(pages)X
-555 5101(from)N
-736(the)X
-859(buffer)X
-1081(manager)X
-1383(and)X
-1524(keep)X
-1701(them)X
-3 f
-1886(pinned)X
-1 f
-2145(to)X
-2232(ensure)X
-2466(that)X
-2610(they)X
-2772(are)X
-2895(not)X
-3021(written)X
-3272(to)X
-3358(disk)X
-3515(while)X
-3717(they)X
-3879(are)X
-4002(in)X
-4088(a)X
-4148(logi-)X
-555 5191(cally)N
-732(inconsistent)X
-1135(state.)X
-1343(When)X
-1556(page)X
-1729(replacement)X
-2143(is)X
-2217(necessary,)X
-2571(the)X
-3 f
-2689(Buffer)X
-2932(Manager)X
-1 f
-3264(\256nds)X
-3439(an)X
-3535(unpinned)X
-3853(page)X
-4025(and)X
-4161(then)X
-555 5281(checks)N
-794(with)X
-956(the)X
-3 f
-1074(Log)X
-1227(Manager)X
-1 f
-1559(to)X
-1641(ensure)X
-1871(that)X
-2011(the)X
-2129(write-ahead)X
-2529(protocol)X
-2816(is)X
-2889(enforced.)X
-3 f
-555 5467(3.2.3.)N
-775(The)X
-928(Lock)X
-1121(Manager)X
-1 f
-755 5590(The)N
-3 f
-901(Lock)X
-1095(Manager)X
-1 f
-1428(supports)X
-1720(general)X
-1978(purpose)X
-2253(locking)X
-2514(\(single)X
-2753(writer,)X
-2986(multiple)X
-3273(readers\))X
-3553(which)X
-3769(is)X
-3842(currently)X
-4152(used)X
-555 5680(to)N
-638(provide)X
-904(two-phase)X
-1254(locking)X
-1514(and)X
-1650(high)X
-1812(concurrency)X
-2230(B-tree)X
-2451(locking.)X
-2751(However,)X
-3086(the)X
-3204(general)X
-3461(purpose)X
-3735(nature)X
-3956(of)X
-4043(the)X
-4161(lock)X
-
-6 p
-%%Page: 6 6
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
-3 f
-1 f
-555 630(manager)N
-857(provides)X
-1158(the)X
-1281(ability)X
-1510(to)X
-1597(support)X
-1862(a)X
-1923(variety)X
-2171(of)X
-2263(locking)X
-2528(protocols.)X
-2890(Currently,)X
-3241(all)X
-3345(locks)X
-3538(are)X
-3661(issued)X
-3885(at)X
-3967(the)X
-4089(granu-)X
-555 720(larity)N
-747(of)X
-837(a)X
-896(page)X
-1071(\(the)X
-1219(size)X
-1367(of)X
-1457(a)X
-1516(buffer)X
-1736(in)X
-1821(the)X
-1942(buffer)X
-2161(pool\))X
-2352(which)X
-2570(is)X
-2645(identi\256ed)X
-2969(by)X
-3071(two)X
-3213(4-byte)X
-3440(integers)X
-3716(\(a)X
-3801(\256le)X
-3925(id)X
-4009(and)X
-4147(page)X
-555 810(number\).)N
-898(This)X
-1071(provides)X
-1378(the)X
-1507(necessary)X
-1851(information)X
-2259(to)X
-2351(extend)X
-2595(the)X
-3 f
-2723(Lock)X
-2926(Manager)X
-1 f
-3268(to)X
-3360(perform)X
-3649(hierarchical)X
-4059(locking)X
-555 900([GRAY76].)N
-982(The)X
-1133(current)X
-1387(implementation)X
-1915(does)X
-2088(not)X
-2216(support)X
-2482(locks)X
-2677(at)X
-2760(other)X
-2950(granularities)X
-3376(and)X
-3517(does)X
-3689(not)X
-3816(promote)X
-4108(locks;)X
-555 990(these)N
-740(are)X
-859(obvious)X
-1132(future)X
-1344(additions)X
-1657(to)X
-1739(the)X
-1857(system.)X
-755 1113(If)N
-831(an)X
-929(incoming)X
-1253(lock)X
-1413(request)X
-1667(cannot)X
-1903(be)X
-2001(granted,)X
-2284(the)X
-2404(requesting)X
-2760(process)X
-3023(is)X
-3098(queued)X
-3352(for)X
-3467(the)X
-3586(lock)X
-3745(and)X
-3882(descheduled.)X
-555 1203(When)N
-769(a)X
-827(lock)X
-987(is)X
-1062(released,)X
-1368(the)X
-1488(wait)X
-1647(queue)X
-1860(is)X
-1934(traversed)X
-2250(and)X
-2387(any)X
-2524(newly)X
-2741(compatible)X
-3118(locks)X
-3308(are)X
-3428(granted.)X
-3730(Locks)X
-3947(are)X
-4067(located)X
-555 1293(via)N
-680(a)X
-743(\256le)X
-872(and)X
-1015(page)X
-1194(hash)X
-1368(table)X
-1551(and)X
-1694(are)X
-1820(chained)X
-2097(both)X
-2266(by)X
-2373(object)X
-2595(and)X
-2737(by)X
-2843(transaction,)X
-3241(facilitating)X
-3614(rapid)X
-3805(traversal)X
-4108(of)X
-4201(the)X
-555 1383(lock)N
-713(table)X
-889(during)X
-1118(transaction)X
-1490(commit)X
-1754(and)X
-1890(abort.)X
-755 1506(The)N
-907(primary)X
-1188(interfaces)X
-1528(to)X
-1617(the)X
-1742(lock)X
-1907(manager)X
-2211(are)X
-2 f
-2337(lock)X
-1 f
-2471(,)X
-2 f
-2518(unlock)X
-1 f
-2732(,)X
-2779(and)X
-2 f
-2922(lock_unlock_all)X
-1 f
-3434(.)X
-2 f
-3500(Lock)X
-1 f
-3682(obtains)X
-3939(a)X
-4001(new)X
-4161(lock)X
-555 1596(for)N
-680(a)X
-747(speci\256c)X
-1023(object.)X
-1290(There)X
-1509(are)X
-1638(also)X
-1797(two)X
-1947(variants)X
-2231(of)X
-2328(the)X
-2 f
-2456(lock)X
-1 f
-2620(request,)X
-2 f
-2902(lock_upgrade)X
-1 f
-3373(and)X
-2 f
-3519(lock_downgrade)X
-1 f
-4053(,)X
-4103(which)X
-555 1686(allow)N
-755(the)X
-875(caller)X
-1076(to)X
-1160(atomically)X
-1519(trade)X
-1701(a)X
-1758(lock)X
-1917(of)X
-2005(one)X
-2142(type)X
-2301(for)X
-2416(a)X
-2473(lock)X
-2632(of)X
-2720(another.)X
-2 f
-3022(Unlock)X
-1 f
-3275(releases)X
-3551(a)X
-3608(speci\256c)X
-3874(mode)X
-4073(of)X
-4161(lock)X
-555 1776(on)N
-655(a)X
-711(speci\256c)X
-976(object.)X
-2 f
-1232(Lock_unlock_all)X
-1 f
-1786(releases)X
-2061(all)X
-2161(the)X
-2279(locks)X
-2468(associated)X
-2818(with)X
-2980(a)X
-3036(speci\256c)X
-3301(transaction.)X
-3 f
-555 1962(3.2.4.)N
-775(The)X
-928(Process)X
-1207(Manager)X
-1 f
-755 2085(The)N
-3 f
-900(Process)X
-1179(Manager)X
-1 f
-1511(acts)X
-1656(as)X
-1743(a)X
-1799(user-level)X
-2136(scheduler)X
-2464(to)X
-2546(make)X
-2740(processes)X
-3068(wait)X
-3226(on)X
-3326(unavailable)X
-3716(locks)X
-3905(and)X
-4041(pending)X
-555 2175(buffer)N
-778(cache)X
-988(I/O.)X
-1161(For)X
-1297(each)X
-1470(process,)X
-1756(a)X
-1817(semaphore)X
-2190(is)X
-2268(maintained)X
-2649(upon)X
-2834(which)X
-3055(that)X
-3200(process)X
-3466(waits)X
-3660(when)X
-3859(it)X
-3928(needs)X
-4136(to)X
-4223(be)X
-555 2265(descheduled.)N
-1014(When)X
-1228(a)X
-1286(process)X
-1549(needs)X
-1754(to)X
-1838(be)X
-1936(run,)X
-2084(its)X
-2180(semaphore)X
-2549(is)X
-2623(cleared,)X
-2897(and)X
-3034(the)X
-3153(operating)X
-3477(system)X
-3720(reschedules)X
-4116(it.)X
-4201(No)X
-555 2355(sophisticated)N
-1002(scheduling)X
-1378(algorithm)X
-1718(is)X
-1799(applied;)X
-2085(if)X
-2162(the)X
-2288(lock)X
-2454(for)X
-2576(which)X
-2800(a)X
-2864(process)X
-3133(was)X
-3286(waiting)X
-3554(becomes)X
-3863(available,)X
-4201(the)X
-555 2445(process)N
-824(is)X
-905(made)X
-1107(runnable.)X
-1456(It)X
-1533(would)X
-1761(have)X
-1941(been)X
-2121(possible)X
-2411(to)X
-2501(change)X
-2757(the)X
-2883(kernel's)X
-3170(process)X
-3439(scheduler)X
-3775(to)X
-3865(interact)X
-4134(more)X
-555 2535(ef\256ciently)N
-900(with)X
-1062(the)X
-1180(lock)X
-1338(manager,)X
-1655(but)X
-1777(doing)X
-1979(so)X
-2070(would)X
-2290(have)X
-2462(compromised)X
-2918(our)X
-3045(commitment)X
-3469(to)X
-3551(a)X
-3607(user-level)X
-3944(package.)X
-3 f
-555 2721(3.2.5.)N
-775(The)X
-928(Transaction)X
-1361(Manager)X
-1 f
-755 2844(The)N
-3 f
-901(Transaction)X
-1335(Manager)X
-1 f
-1668(provides)X
-1965(the)X
-2084(standard)X
-2377(interface)X
-2680(of)X
-2 f
-2768(txn_begin)X
-1 f
-3084(,)X
-2 f
-3125(txn_commit)X
-1 f
-3499(,)X
-3540(and)X
-2 f
-3676(txn_abort)X
-1 f
-3987(.)X
-4047(It)X
-4116(keeps)X
-555 2934(track)N
-742(of)X
-835(all)X
-941(active)X
-1159(transactions,)X
-1588(assigns)X
-1845(unique)X
-2089(transaction)X
-2467(identi\256ers,)X
-2833(and)X
-2974(directs)X
-3213(the)X
-3336(abort)X
-3526(and)X
-3667(commit)X
-3936(processing.)X
-555 3024(When)N
-772(a)X
-2 f
-833(txn_begin)X
-1 f
-1174(is)X
-1252(issued,)X
-1497(the)X
-3 f
-1620(Transaction)X
-2058(Manager)X
-1 f
-2395(assigns)X
-2651(the)X
-2773(next)X
-2935(available)X
-3249(transaction)X
-3625(identi\256er,)X
-3958(allocates)X
-4263(a)X
-555 3114(per-process)N
-948(transaction)X
-1322(structure)X
-1625(in)X
-1709(shared)X
-1941(memory,)X
-2249(increments)X
-2622(the)X
-2741(count)X
-2940(of)X
-3028(active)X
-3241(transactions,)X
-3665(and)X
-3802(returns)X
-4046(the)X
-4165(new)X
-555 3204(transaction)N
-937(identi\256er)X
-1256(to)X
-1348(the)X
-1476(calling)X
-1724(process.)X
-2034(The)X
-2188(in-memory)X
-2573(transaction)X
-2954(structure)X
-3264(contains)X
-3560(a)X
-3625(pointer)X
-3881(into)X
-4034(the)X
-4161(lock)X
-555 3294(table)N
-734(for)X
-851(locks)X
-1043(held)X
-1204(by)X
-1307(this)X
-1445(transaction,)X
-1840(the)X
-1961(last)X
-2095(log)X
-2220(sequence)X
-2538(number,)X
-2826(a)X
-2885(transaction)X
-3260(state)X
-3430(\()X
-2 f
-3457(idle)X
-1 f
-(,)S
-2 f
-3620(running)X
-1 f
-3873(,)X
-2 f
-3915(aborting)X
-1 f
-4190(,)X
-4232(or)X
-2 f
-555 3384(committing\))N
-1 f
-942(,)X
-982(an)X
-1078(error)X
-1255(code,)X
-1447(and)X
-1583(a)X
-1639(semaphore)X
-2007(identi\256er.)X
-755 3507(At)N
-859(commit,)X
-1147(the)X
-3 f
-1269(Transaction)X
-1706(Manager)X
-1 f
-2042(calls)X
-2 f
-2213(log_commit)X
-1 f
-2615(to)X
-2700(record)X
-2929(the)X
-3050(end)X
-3189(of)X
-3279(transaction)X
-3654(and)X
-3793(to)X
-3878(\257ush)X
-4056(the)X
-4177(log.)X
-555 3597(Then)N
-743(it)X
-810(directs)X
-1047(the)X
-3 f
-1168(Lock)X
-1364(Manager)X
-1 f
-1699(to)X
-1784(release)X
-2031(all)X
-2134(locks)X
-2325(associated)X
-2677(with)X
-2841(the)X
-2961(given)X
-3161(transaction.)X
-3575(If)X
-3651(a)X
-3709(transaction)X
-4083(aborts,)X
-555 3687(the)N
-3 f
-680(Transaction)X
-1120(Manager)X
-1 f
-1459(calls)X
-1633(on)X
-2 f
-1739(log_unroll)X
-1 f
-2102(to)X
-2190(read)X
-2355(the)X
-2479(transaction's)X
-2915(log)X
-3043(records)X
-3306(and)X
-3448(undo)X
-3634(any)X
-3776(modi\256cations)X
-4237(to)X
-555 3777(the)N
-673(database.)X
-1010(As)X
-1119(in)X
-1201(the)X
-1319(commit)X
-1583(case,)X
-1762(it)X
-1826(then)X
-1984(calls)X
-2 f
-2151(lock_unlock_all)X
-1 f
-2683(to)X
-2765(release)X
-3009(the)X
-3127(transaction's)X
-3557(locks.)X
-3 f
-555 3963(3.2.6.)N
-775(The)X
-928(Record)X
-1198(Manager)X
-1 f
-755 4086(The)N
-3 f
-919(Record)X
-1208(Manager)X
-1 f
-1559(supports)X
-1869(the)X
-2006(abstraction)X
-2397(of)X
-2503(reading)X
-2783(and)X
-2938(writing)X
-3208(records)X
-3484(to)X
-3585(a)X
-3660(database.)X
-3996(We)X
-4147(have)X
-555 4176(modi\256ed)N
-861(the)X
-981(the)X
-1101(database)X
-1399(access)X
-1626(routines)X
-3 f
-1905(db)X
-1 f
-1993(\(3\))X
-2108([BSD91])X
-2418(to)X
-2501(call)X
-2638(the)X
-2757(log,)X
-2900(lock,)X
-3079(and)X
-3216(buffer)X
-3434(managers.)X
-3803(In)X
-3891(order)X
-4082(to)X
-4165(pro-)X
-555 4266(vide)N
-718(functionality)X
-1152(to)X
-1239(perform)X
-1523(undo)X
-1708(and)X
-1849(redo,)X
-2037(the)X
-3 f
-2160(Record)X
-2434(Manager)X
-1 f
-2770(de\256nes)X
-3021(a)X
-3081(collection)X
-3421(of)X
-3512(log)X
-3638(record)X
-3868(types)X
-4061(and)X
-4201(the)X
-555 4356(associated)N
-920(undo)X
-1115(and)X
-1266(redo)X
-1444(routines.)X
-1777(The)X
-3 f
-1937(Log)X
-2105(Manager)X
-1 f
-2452(performs)X
-2777(a)X
-2848(table)X
-3039(lookup)X
-3296(on)X
-3411(the)X
-3543(record)X
-3783(type)X
-3955(to)X
-4051(call)X
-4201(the)X
-555 4446(appropriate)N
-951(routines.)X
-1299(For)X
-1440(example,)X
-1762(the)X
-1890(B-tree)X
-2121(access)X
-2356(method)X
-2625(requires)X
-2913(two)X
-3062(log)X
-3193(record)X
-3428(types:)X
-3648(insert)X
-3855(and)X
-4000(delete.)X
-4241(A)X
-555 4536(replace)N
-808(operation)X
-1131(is)X
-1204(implemented)X
-1642(as)X
-1729(a)X
-1785(delete)X
-1997(followed)X
-2302(by)X
-2402(an)X
-2498(insert)X
-2696(and)X
-2832(is)X
-2905(logged)X
-3143(accordingly.)X
-3 f
-555 4722(3.3.)N
-715(Application)X
-1134(Architectures)X
-1 f
-755 4845(The)N
-907(structure)X
-1215(of)X
-1309(LIBTP)X
-1558(allows)X
-1794(application)X
-2177(designers)X
-2507(to)X
-2596(trade)X
-2784(off)X
-2905(performance)X
-3339(and)X
-3481(protection.)X
-3872(Since)X
-4076(a)X
-4138(large)X
-555 4935(portion)N
-810(of)X
-901(LIBTP's)X
-1205(functionality)X
-1638(is)X
-1715(provided)X
-2024(by)X
-2128(managing)X
-2468(structures)X
-2804(in)X
-2889(shared)X
-3122(memory,)X
-3432(its)X
-3530(structures)X
-3865(are)X
-3987(subject)X
-4237(to)X
-555 5025(corruption)N
-926(by)X
-1043(applications)X
-1467(when)X
-1678(the)X
-1813(library)X
-2064(is)X
-2154(linked)X
-2391(directly)X
-2673(with)X
-2852(the)X
-2987(application.)X
-3420(For)X
-3568(this)X
-3720(reason,)X
-3987(LIBTP)X
-4246(is)X
-555 5115(designed)N
-864(to)X
-950(allow)X
-1152(compilation)X
-1558(into)X
-1706(a)X
-1766(separate)X
-2053(server)X
-2273(process)X
-2537(which)X
-2756(may)X
-2917(be)X
-3016(accessed)X
-3321(via)X
-3442(a)X
-3501(socket)X
-3729(interface.)X
-4094(In)X
-4184(this)X
-555 5205(way)N
-712(LIBTP's)X
-1015(data)X
-1172(structures)X
-1507(are)X
-1629(protected)X
-1951(from)X
-2130(application)X
-2509(code,)X
-2704(but)X
-2829(communication)X
-3349(overhead)X
-3666(is)X
-3741(increased.)X
-4107(When)X
-555 5295(applications)N
-975(are)X
-1107(trusted,)X
-1377(LIBTP)X
-1631(may)X
-1801(be)X
-1909(compiled)X
-2239(directly)X
-2516(into)X
-2672(the)X
-2802(application)X
-3190(providing)X
-3533(improved)X
-3872(performance.)X
-555 5385(Figures)N
-815(two)X
-955(and)X
-1091(three)X
-1272(show)X
-1461(the)X
-1579(two)X
-1719(alternate)X
-2016(application)X
-2392(architectures.)X
-755 5508(There)N
-964(are)X
-1084(potentially)X
-1447(two)X
-1588(modes)X
-1818(in)X
-1901(which)X
-2118(one)X
-2255(might)X
-2462(use)X
-2590(LIBTP)X
-2833(in)X
-2916(a)X
-2972(server)X
-3189(based)X
-3392(architecture.)X
-3832(In)X
-3919(the)X
-4037(\256rst,)X
-4201(the)X
-555 5598(server)N
-778(would)X
-1004(provide)X
-1275(the)X
-1399(capability)X
-1741(to)X
-1829(respond)X
-2109(to)X
-2197(requests)X
-2486(to)X
-2574(each)X
-2747(of)X
-2839(the)X
-2962(low)X
-3107(level)X
-3288(modules)X
-3584(\(lock,)X
-3794(log,)X
-3941(buffer,)X
-4183(and)X
-555 5688(transaction)N
-944(managers\).)X
-1356(Unfortunately,)X
-1863(the)X
-1998(performance)X
-2442(of)X
-2546(such)X
-2730(a)X
-2803(system)X
-3062(is)X
-3152(likely)X
-3371(to)X
-3470(be)X
-3583(blindingly)X
-3947(slow)X
-4134(since)X
-
-7 p
-%%Page: 7 7
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
-3 f
-1 f
-1 Dt
-1864 1125 MXY
-15 -26 Dl
--15 10 Dl
--14 -10 Dl
-14 26 Dl
-0 -266 Dl
-1315 1125 MXY
-15 -26 Dl
--15 10 Dl
--14 -10 Dl
-14 26 Dl
-0 -266 Dl
-3 Dt
-1133 1125 MXY
-0 798 Dl
-931 0 Dl
-0 -798 Dl
--931 0 Dl
-1 Dt
-1266 1257 MXY
-0 133 Dl
-665 0 Dl
-0 -133 Dl
--665 0 Dl
-3 f
-8 s
-1513 1351(driver)N
-1502 1617(LIBTP)N
-1266 1390 MXY
-0 400 Dl
-665 0 Dl
-0 -400 Dl
--665 0 Dl
-3 Dt
-1133 726 MXY
-0 133 Dl
-931 0 Dl
-0 -133 Dl
--931 0 Dl
-1 f
-1029 1098(txn_abort)N
-964 1015(txn_commit)N
-1018 932(txn_begin)N
-1910 1015(db_ops)N
-3 f
-1308 820(Application)N
-1645(Program)X
-1398 1218(Server)N
-1594(Process)X
-1 f
-1390 986(socket)N
-1569(interface)X
-1 Dt
-1848 967 MXY
--23 -14 Dl
-8 14 Dl
--8 15 Dl
-23 -15 Dl
--50 0 Dl
-1324 MX
-23 15 Dl
--9 -15 Dl
-9 -14 Dl
--23 14 Dl
-50 0 Dl
-3 Dt
-2862 859 MXY
-0 1064 Dl
-932 0 Dl
-0 -1064 Dl
--932 0 Dl
-1 Dt
-3178 1390 MXY
-24 -12 Dl
--17 0 Dl
--8 -15 Dl
-1 27 Dl
-150 -265 Dl
-3494 1390 MXY
-0 -27 Dl
--8 15 Dl
--16 1 Dl
-24 11 Dl
--166 -265 Dl
-3 f
-3232 1617(LIBTP)N
-2995 1390 MXY
-0 400 Dl
-666 0 Dl
-0 -400 Dl
--666 0 Dl
-992 MY
-0 133 Dl
-666 0 Dl
-0 -133 Dl
--666 0 Dl
-3168 1086(Application)N
-1 f
-2939 1201(txn_begin)N
-2885 1284(txn_commit)N
-2950 1368(txn_abort)N
-3465 1284(db_ops)N
-3 f
-3155 766(Single)N
-3339(Process)X
-3 Dt
--1 Ds
-811 2100(Figure)N
-1023(2:)X
-1107(Server)X
-1318(Architecture.)X
-1 f
-1727(In)X
-1811(this)X
-1934(con\256guration,)X
-811 2190(the)N
-916(library)X
-1113(is)X
-1183(loaded)X
-1380(into)X
-1507(a)X
-1562(server)X
-1744(process)X
-1962(which)X
-2145(is)X
-2214(ac-)X
-811 2280(cessed)N
-993(via)X
-1087(a)X
-1131(socket)X
-1310(interface.)X
-3 f
-2563 2100(Figure)N
-2803(3:)X
-2914(Single)X
-3140(Process)X
-3403(Architecture.)X
-1 f
-3839(In)X
-3950(this)X
-2563 2190(con\256guration,)N
-2948(the)X
-3053(library)X
-3250(routines)X
-3483(are)X
-3587(loaded)X
-3784(as)X
-3864(part)X
-3990(of)X
-2563 2280(the)N
-2657(application)X
-2957(and)X
-3065(accessed)X
-3303(via)X
-3397(a)X
-3441(subroutine)X
-3727(interface.)X
-10 s
-10 f
-555 2403(h)N
-579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
-1 f
-555 2679(modifying)N
-909(a)X
-966(piece)X
-1157(of)X
-1245(data)X
-1400(would)X
-1621(require)X
-1870(three)X
-2051(or)X
-2138(possibly)X
-2424(four)X
-2578(separate)X
-2862(communications:)X
-3433(one)X
-3569(to)X
-3651(lock)X
-3809(the)X
-3927(data,)X
-4101(one)X
-4237(to)X
-555 2769(obtain)N
-781(the)X
-905(data,)X
-1085(one)X
-1227(to)X
-1315(log)X
-1443(the)X
-1567(modi\256cation,)X
-2017(and)X
-2159(possibly)X
-2451(one)X
-2593(to)X
-2681(transmit)X
-2969(the)X
-3093(modi\256ed)X
-3403(data.)X
-3583(Figure)X
-3817(four)X
-3976(shows)X
-4201(the)X
-555 2859(relative)N
-826(performance)X
-1263(for)X
-1387(retrieving)X
-1728(a)X
-1793(single)X
-2013(record)X
-2248(using)X
-2450(the)X
-2577(record)X
-2812(level)X
-2997(call)X
-3142(versus)X
-3376(using)X
-3578(the)X
-3705(lower)X
-3917(level)X
-4102(buffer)X
-555 2949(management)N
-987(and)X
-1125(locking)X
-1387(calls.)X
-1616(The)X
-1763(2:1)X
-1887(ratio)X
-2056(observed)X
-2367(in)X
-2450(the)X
-2569(single)X
-2781(process)X
-3043(case)X
-3203(re\257ects)X
-3456(the)X
-3575(additional)X
-3916(overhead)X
-4232(of)X
-555 3039(parsing)N
-819(eight)X
-1006(commands)X
-1380(rather)X
-1595(than)X
-1760(one)X
-1903(while)X
-2108(the)X
-2233(3:1)X
-2362(ratio)X
-2536(observed)X
-2853(in)X
-2942(the)X
-3067(client/server)X
-3491(architecture)X
-3898(re\257ects)X
-4157(both)X
-555 3129(the)N
-679(parsing)X
-941(and)X
-1083(the)X
-1207(communication)X
-1731(overheard.)X
-2118(Although)X
-2445(there)X
-2631(may)X
-2794(be)X
-2895(applications)X
-3307(which)X
-3528(could)X
-3731(tolerate)X
-3997(such)X
-4169(per-)X
-555 3219(formance,)N
-904(it)X
-973(seems)X
-1194(far)X
-1309(more)X
-1499(feasible)X
-1774(to)X
-1861(support)X
-2126(a)X
-2187(higher)X
-2417(level)X
-2597(interface,)X
-2923(such)X
-3094(as)X
-3185(that)X
-3329(provided)X
-3638(by)X
-3742(a)X
-3802(query)X
-4009(language)X
-555 3309(\()N
-2 f
-582(e.g.)X
-1 f
-718(SQL)X
-889([SQL86]\).)X
-755 3432(Although)N
-1081(LIBTP)X
-1327(does)X
-1498(not)X
-1624(have)X
-1800(an)X
-1900(SQL)X
-2075(parser,)X
-2316(we)X
-2433(have)X
-2608(built)X
-2777(a)X
-2836(server)X
-3056(application)X
-3435(using)X
-3631(the)X
-3752(toolkit)X
-3983(command)X
-555 3522(language)N
-882(\(TCL\))X
-1124([OUST90].)X
-1544(The)X
-1706(server)X
-1940(supports)X
-2248(a)X
-2321(command)X
-2674(line)X
-2831(interface)X
-3150(similar)X
-3409(to)X
-3508(the)X
-3643(subroutine)X
-4017(interface)X
-555 3612(de\256ned)N
-811(in)X
-3 f
-893(db)X
-1 f
-981(\(3\).)X
-1135(Since)X
-1333(it)X
-1397(is)X
-1470(based)X
-1673(on)X
-1773(TCL,)X
-1964(it)X
-2028(provides)X
-2324(control)X
-2571(structures)X
-2903(as)X
-2990(well.)X
-3 f
-555 3798(4.)N
-655(Implementation)X
-1 f
-3 f
-555 3984(4.1.)N
-715(Locking)X
-1014(and)X
-1162(Deadlock)X
-1502(Detection)X
-1 f
-755 4107(LIBTP)N
-1007(uses)X
-1175(two-phase)X
-1535(locking)X
-1805(for)X
-1929(user)X
-2093(data.)X
-2297(Strictly)X
-2562(speaking,)X
-2897(the)X
-3024(two)X
-3173(phases)X
-3416(in)X
-3507(two-phase)X
-3866(locking)X
-4135(are)X
-4263(a)X
-3 f
-555 4197(grow)N
-1 f
-756(phase,)X
-986(during)X
-1221(which)X
-1443(locks)X
-1638(are)X
-1763(acquired,)X
-2086(and)X
-2228(a)X
-3 f
-2290(shrink)X
-1 f
-2537(phase,)X
-2766(during)X
-3001(which)X
-3223(locks)X
-3418(are)X
-3543(released.)X
-3873(No)X
-3997(lock)X
-4161(may)X
-555 4287(ever)N
-720(be)X
-822(acquired)X
-1124(during)X
-1358(the)X
-1481(shrink)X
-1706(phase.)X
-1954(The)X
-2104(grow)X
-2294(phase)X
-2502(lasts)X
-2669(until)X
-2840(the)X
-2963(\256rst)X
-3112(release,)X
-3381(which)X
-3602(marks)X
-3823(the)X
-3946(start)X
-4109(of)X
-4201(the)X
-555 4377(shrink)N
-780(phase.)X
-1028(In)X
-1120(practice,)X
-1420(the)X
-1543(grow)X
-1733(phase)X
-1941(lasts)X
-2108(for)X
-2227(the)X
-2350(duration)X
-2642(of)X
-2734(a)X
-2795(transaction)X
-3172(in)X
-3259(LIBTP)X
-3506(and)X
-3647(in)X
-3734(commercial)X
-4138(data-)X
-555 4467(base)N
-721(systems.)X
-1037(The)X
-1184(shrink)X
-1406(phase)X
-1611(takes)X
-1798(place)X
-1990(during)X
-2221(transaction)X
-2595(commit)X
-2861(or)X
-2950(abort.)X
-3177(This)X
-3341(means)X
-3568(that)X
-3710(locks)X
-3901(are)X
-4022(acquired)X
-555 4557(on)N
-655(demand)X
-929(during)X
-1158(the)X
-1276(lifetime)X
-1545(of)X
-1632(a)X
-1688(transaction,)X
-2080(and)X
-2216(held)X
-2374(until)X
-2540(commit)X
-2804(time,)X
-2986(at)X
-3064(which)X
-3280(point)X
-3464(all)X
-3564(locks)X
-3753(are)X
-3872(released.)X
-755 4680(If)N
-832(multiple)X
-1121(transactions)X
-1527(are)X
-1649(active)X
-1864(concurrently,)X
-2313(deadlocks)X
-2657(can)X
-2792(occur)X
-2994(and)X
-3133(must)X
-3311(be)X
-3410(detected)X
-3701(and)X
-3840(resolved.)X
-4174(The)X
-555 4770(lock)N
-715(table)X
-893(can)X
-1027(be)X
-1125(thought)X
-1391(of)X
-1480(as)X
-1569(a)X
-1627(representation)X
-2104(of)X
-2193(a)X
-2251(directed)X
-2532(graph.)X
-2777(The)X
-2924(nodes)X
-3133(in)X
-3216(the)X
-3335(graph)X
-3539(are)X
-3659(transactions.)X
-4103(Edges)X
-555 4860(represent)N
-878(the)X
-3 f
-1004(waits-for)X
-1 f
-1340(relation)X
-1613(between)X
-1909(transactions;)X
-2342(if)X
-2419(transaction)X
-2 f
-2799(A)X
-1 f
-2876(is)X
-2957(waiting)X
-3225(for)X
-3347(a)X
-3411(lock)X
-3577(held)X
-3743(by)X
-3851(transaction)X
-2 f
-4230(B)X
-1 f
-4279(,)X
-555 4950(then)N
-716(a)X
-775(directed)X
-1057(edge)X
-1232(exists)X
-1437(from)X
-2 f
-1616(A)X
-1 f
-1687(to)X
-2 f
-1771(B)X
-1 f
-1842(in)X
-1926(the)X
-2046(graph.)X
-2291(A)X
-2371(deadlock)X
-2683(exists)X
-2887(if)X
-2958(a)X
-3016(cycle)X
-3208(appears)X
-3476(in)X
-3560(the)X
-3680(graph.)X
-3925(By)X
-4040(conven-)X
-555 5040(tion,)N
-719(no)X
-819(transaction)X
-1191(ever)X
-1350(waits)X
-1539(for)X
-1653(a)X
-1709(lock)X
-1867(it)X
-1931(already)X
-2188(holds,)X
-2401(so)X
-2492(re\257exive)X
-2793(edges)X
-2996(are)X
-3115(impossible.)X
-755 5163(A)N
-836(distinguished)X
-1285(process)X
-1549(monitors)X
-1856(the)X
-1977(lock)X
-2138(table,)X
-2337(searching)X
-2668(for)X
-2785(cycles.)X
-3048(The)X
-3195(frequency)X
-3539(with)X
-3703(which)X
-3921(this)X
-4058(process)X
-555 5253(runs)N
-716(is)X
-792(user-settable;)X
-1243(for)X
-1360(the)X
-1481(multi-user)X
-1833(tests)X
-1998(discussed)X
-2328(in)X
-2413(section)X
-2663(5.1.2,)X
-2866(it)X
-2933(has)X
-3063(been)X
-3238(set)X
-3350(to)X
-3435(wake)X
-3628(up)X
-3731(every)X
-3932(second,)X
-4197(but)X
-555 5343(more)N
-742(sophisticated)X
-1182(schedules)X
-1516(are)X
-1636(certainly)X
-1938(possible.)X
-2261(When)X
-2474(a)X
-2531(cycle)X
-2722(is)X
-2796(detected,)X
-3105(one)X
-3242(of)X
-3330(the)X
-3449(transactions)X
-3853(in)X
-3936(the)X
-4055(cycle)X
-4246(is)X
-555 5433(nominated)N
-917(and)X
-1057(aborted.)X
-1362(When)X
-1578(the)X
-1700(transaction)X
-2076(aborts,)X
-2315(it)X
-2382(rolls)X
-2547(back)X
-2722(its)X
-2820(changes)X
-3102(and)X
-3241(releases)X
-3519(its)X
-3617(locks,)X
-3829(thereby)X
-4093(break-)X
-555 5523(ing)N
-677(the)X
-795(cycle)X
-985(in)X
-1067(the)X
-1185(graph.)X
-
-8 p
-%%Page: 8 8
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
-3 f
-1 f
-4 Ds
-1 Dt
-1866 865 MXY
-1338 0 Dl
-1866 1031 MXY
-1338 0 Dl
-1866 1199 MXY
-1338 0 Dl
-1866 1366 MXY
-1338 0 Dl
-1866 1533 MXY
-1338 0 Dl
-1866 1701 MXY
-1338 0 Dl
--1 Ds
-5 Dt
-1866 1868 MXY
-1338 0 Dl
-1 Dt
-1 Di
-2981 MX
- 2981 1868 lineto
- 2981 1575 lineto
- 3092 1575 lineto
- 3092 1868 lineto
- 2981 1868 lineto
-closepath 21 2981 1575 3092 1868 Dp
-2646 MX
- 2646 1868 lineto
- 2646 949 lineto
- 2758 949 lineto
- 2758 1868 lineto
- 2646 1868 lineto
-closepath 14 2646 949 2758 1868 Dp
-2312 MX
- 2312 1868 lineto
- 2312 1701 lineto
- 2423 1701 lineto
- 2423 1868 lineto
- 2312 1868 lineto
-closepath 3 2312 1701 2423 1868 Dp
-1977 MX
- 1977 1868 lineto
- 1977 1512 lineto
- 2089 1512 lineto
- 2089 1868 lineto
- 1977 1868 lineto
-closepath 19 1977 1512 2089 1868 Dp
-3 f
-2640 2047(Client/Server)N
-1957(Single)X
-2185(Process)X
-7 s
-2957 1957(record)N
-2570(component)X
-2289(record)X
-1890(components)X
-1733 1724(.1)N
-1733 1556(.2)N
-1733 1389(.3)N
-1733 1222(.4)N
-1733 1055(.5)N
-1733 889(.6)N
-1590 726(Elapsed)N
-1794(Time)X
-1613 782(\(in)N
-1693(seconds\))X
-3 Dt
--1 Ds
-8 s
-555 2255(Figure)N
-756(4:)X
-829(Comparison)X
-1187(of)X
-1260(High)X
-1416(and)X
-1540(Low)X
-1681(Level)X
-1850(Interfaces.)X
-1 f
-2174(Elapsed)X
-2395(time)X
-2528(in)X
-2597(seconds)X
-2818(to)X
-2887(perform)X
-3111(a)X
-3158(single)X
-3330(record)X
-3511(retrieval)X
-3742(from)X
-3885(a)X
-3932(command)X
-4203(line)X
-555 2345(\(rather)N
-751(than)X
-888(a)X
-943(procedural)X
-1241(interface\))X
-1510(is)X
-1579(shown)X
-1772(on)X
-1862(the)X
-1966(y)X
-2024(axis.)X
-2185(The)X
-2310(``component'')X
-2704(numbers)X
-2950(re\257ect)X
-3135(the)X
-3239(timings)X
-3458(when)X
-3622(the)X
-3726(record)X
-3914(is)X
-3983(retrieved)X
-4235(by)X
-555 2435(separate)N
-785(calls)X
-924(to)X
-996(the)X
-1096(lock)X
-1228(manager)X
-1469(and)X
-1583(buffer)X
-1760(manager)X
-2001(while)X
-2165(the)X
-2264(``record'')X
-2531(timings)X
-2745(were)X
-2889(obtained)X
-3130(by)X
-3215(using)X
-3375(a)X
-3424(single)X
-3598(call)X
-3711(to)X
-3782(the)X
-3881(record)X
-4064(manager.)X
-555 2525(The)N
-674(2:1)X
-776(ratio)X
-913(observed)X
-1163(for)X
-1257(the)X
-1355(single)X
-1528(process)X
-1739(case)X
-1868(is)X
-1930(a)X
-1977(re\257ection)X
-2237(of)X
-2309(the)X
-2406(parsing)X
-2613(overhead)X
-2865(for)X
-2958(executing)X
-3225(eight)X
-3372(separate)X
-3599(commands)X
-3895(rather)X
-4062(than)X
-4191(one.)X
-555 2615(The)N
-673(additional)X
-948(factor)X
-1115(of)X
-1187(one)X
-1298(re\257ected)X
-1536(in)X
-1605(the)X
-1702(3:1)X
-1803(ratio)X
-1939(for)X
-2031(the)X
-2127(client/server)X
-2460(architecture)X
-2794(is)X
-2855(due)X
-2965(to)X
-3033(the)X
-3129(communication)X
-3545(overhead.)X
-3828(The)X
-3945(true)X
-4062(ratios)X
-4222(are)X
-555 2705(actually)N
-775(worse)X
-945(since)X
-1094(the)X
-1190(component)X
-1492(timings)X
-1703(do)X
-1785(not)X
-1884(re\257ect)X
-2060(the)X
-2155(search)X
-2334(times)X
-2490(within)X
-2671(each)X
-2804(page)X
-2941(or)X
-3011(the)X
-3106(time)X
-3237(required)X
-3466(to)X
-3533(transmit)X
-3760(the)X
-3855(page)X
-3992(between)X
-4221(the)X
-555 2795(two)N
-667(processes.)X
-10 s
-10 f
-555 2885(h)N
-579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
-3 f
-555 3161(4.2.)N
-715(Group)X
-961(Commit)X
-1 f
-755 3284(Since)N
-959(the)X
-1083(log)X
-1211(must)X
-1392(be)X
-1494(\257ushed)X
-1751(to)X
-1839(disk)X
-1997(at)X
-2080(commit)X
-2349(time,)X
-2536(disk)X
-2694(bandwidth)X
-3057(fundamentally)X
-3545(limits)X
-3751(the)X
-3874(rate)X
-4020(at)X
-4103(which)X
-555 3374(transactions)N
-959(complete.)X
-1314(Since)X
-1513(most)X
-1688(transactions)X
-2091(write)X
-2276(only)X
-2438(a)X
-2494(few)X
-2635(small)X
-2828(records)X
-3085(to)X
-3167(the)X
-3285(log,)X
-3427(the)X
-3545(last)X
-3676(page)X
-3848(of)X
-3935(the)X
-4053(log)X
-4175(will)X
-555 3464(be)N
-658(\257ushed)X
-916(once)X
-1095(by)X
-1202(every)X
-1408(transaction)X
-1787(which)X
-2010(writes)X
-2233(to)X
-2322(it.)X
-2433(In)X
-2527(the)X
-2652(naive)X
-2853(implementation,)X
-3402(these)X
-3593(\257ushes)X
-3841(would)X
-4067(happen)X
-555 3554(serially.)N
-755 3677(LIBTP)N
-1008(uses)X
-3 f
-1177(group)X
-1412(commit)X
-1 f
-1702([DEWI84])X
-2077(in)X
-2170(order)X
-2371(to)X
-2464(amortize)X
-2775(the)X
-2903(cost)X
-3062(of)X
-3159(one)X
-3305(synchronous)X
-3740(disk)X
-3903(write)X
-4098(across)X
-555 3767(multiple)N
-851(transactions.)X
-1304(Group)X
-1539(commit)X
-1812(provides)X
-2117(a)X
-2182(way)X
-2345(for)X
-2468(a)X
-2533(group)X
-2749(of)X
-2845(transactions)X
-3257(to)X
-3348(commit)X
-3621(simultaneously.)X
-4174(The)X
-555 3857(\256rst)N
-709(several)X
-967(transactions)X
-1380(to)X
-1472(commit)X
-1745(write)X
-1939(their)X
-2115(changes)X
-2403(to)X
-2494(the)X
-2621(in-memory)X
-3006(log)X
-3137(page,)X
-3338(then)X
-3505(sleep)X
-3699(on)X
-3808(a)X
-3873(distinguished)X
-555 3947(semaphore.)N
-966(Later,)X
-1179(a)X
-1238(committing)X
-1629(transaction)X
-2004(\257ushes)X
-2249(the)X
-2370(page)X
-2545(to)X
-2630(disk,)X
-2805(and)X
-2943(wakes)X
-3166(up)X
-3268(all)X
-3370(its)X
-3467(sleeping)X
-3756(peers.)X
-3988(The)X
-4135(point)X
-555 4037(at)N
-635(which)X
-853(changes)X
-1134(are)X
-1255(actually)X
-1531(written)X
-1780(is)X
-1855(determined)X
-2238(by)X
-2340(three)X
-2523(thresholds.)X
-2914(The)X
-3061(\256rst)X
-3207(is)X
-3281(the)X
-2 f
-3400(group)X
-3612(threshold)X
-1 f
-3935(and)X
-4072(de\256nes)X
-555 4127(the)N
-674(minimum)X
-1005(number)X
-1271(of)X
-1359(transactions)X
-1763(which)X
-1979(must)X
-2154(be)X
-2250(active)X
-2462(in)X
-2544(the)X
-2662(system)X
-2904(before)X
-3130(transactions)X
-3533(are)X
-3652(forced)X
-3878(to)X
-3960(participate)X
-555 4217(in)N
-646(a)X
-711(group)X
-927(commit.)X
-1240(The)X
-1394(second)X
-1646(is)X
-1728(the)X
-2 f
-1855(wait)X
-2021(threshold)X
-1 f
-2352(which)X
-2577(is)X
-2658(expressed)X
-3003(as)X
-3098(the)X
-3224(percentage)X
-3601(of)X
-3696(active)X
-3916(transactions)X
-555 4307(waiting)N
-826(to)X
-919(be)X
-1026(committed.)X
-1439(The)X
-1595(last)X
-1737(is)X
-1821(the)X
-2 f
-1950(logdelay)X
-2257(threshold)X
-1 f
-2590(which)X
-2816(indicates)X
-3131(how)X
-3299(much)X
-3507(un\257ushed)X
-3848(log)X
-3980(should)X
-4223(be)X
-555 4397(allowed)N
-829(to)X
-911(accumulate)X
-1297(before)X
-1523(a)X
-1579(waiting)X
-1839(transaction's)X
-2289(commit)X
-2553(record)X
-2779(is)X
-2852(\257ushed.)X
-755 4520(Group)N
-981(commit)X
-1246(can)X
-1379(substantially)X
-1803(improve)X
-2090(performance)X
-2517(for)X
-2631(high-concurrency)X
-3218(environments.)X
-3714(If)X
-3788(only)X
-3950(a)X
-4006(few)X
-4147(tran-)X
-555 4610(sactions)N
-836(are)X
-957(running,)X
-1248(it)X
-1314(is)X
-1389(unlikely)X
-1673(to)X
-1757(improve)X
-2046(things)X
-2263(at)X
-2343(all.)X
-2485(The)X
-2632(crossover)X
-2962(point)X
-3148(is)X
-3223(the)X
-3343(point)X
-3529(at)X
-3609(which)X
-3827(the)X
-3947(transaction)X
-555 4700(commit)N
-823(rate)X
-968(is)X
-1045(limited)X
-1295(by)X
-1399(the)X
-1521(bandwidth)X
-1883(of)X
-1974(the)X
-2096(device)X
-2330(on)X
-2434(which)X
-2654(the)X
-2776(log)X
-2902(resides.)X
-3189(If)X
-3267(processes)X
-3599(are)X
-3722(trying)X
-3937(to)X
-4023(\257ush)X
-4201(the)X
-555 4790(log)N
-677(faster)X
-876(than)X
-1034(the)X
-1152(log)X
-1274(disk)X
-1427(can)X
-1559(accept)X
-1785(data,)X
-1959(then)X
-2117(group)X
-2324(commit)X
-2588(will)X
-2732(increase)X
-3016(the)X
-3134(commit)X
-3398(rate.)X
-3 f
-555 4976(4.3.)N
-715(Kernel)X
-971(Intervention)X
-1418(for)X
-1541(Synchronization)X
-1 f
-755 5099(Since)N
-954(LIBTP)X
-1197(uses)X
-1356(data)X
-1511(in)X
-1594(shared)X
-1825(memory)X
-2113(\()X
-2 f
-2140(e.g.)X
-1 f
-2277(the)X
-2395(lock)X
-2553(table)X
-2729(and)X
-2865(buffer)X
-3082(pool\))X
-3271(it)X
-3335(must)X
-3510(be)X
-3606(possible)X
-3888(for)X
-4002(a)X
-4058(process)X
-555 5189(to)N
-640(acquire)X
-900(exclusive)X
-1226(access)X
-1454(to)X
-1538(shared)X
-1770(data)X
-1926(in)X
-2010(order)X
-2202(to)X
-2286(prevent)X
-2549(corruption.)X
-2945(In)X
-3034(addition,)X
-3338(the)X
-3458(process)X
-3721(manager)X
-4020(must)X
-4197(put)X
-555 5279(processes)N
-886(to)X
-971(sleep)X
-1159(when)X
-1356(the)X
-1477(lock)X
-1638(or)X
-1728(buffer)X
-1948(they)X
-2109(request)X
-2364(is)X
-2440(in)X
-2525(use)X
-2655(by)X
-2758(some)X
-2950(other)X
-3138(process.)X
-3441(In)X
-3530(the)X
-3650(LIBTP)X
-3894(implementa-)X
-555 5385(tion)N
-705(under)X
-914(Ultrix)X
-1131(4.0)X
-7 s
-5353(2)Y
-10 s
-5385(,)Y
-1305(we)X
-1424(use)X
-1556(System)X
-1816(V)X
-1899(semaphores)X
-2303(to)X
-2390(provide)X
-2660(this)X
-2800(synchronization.)X
-3377(Semaphores)X
-3794(implemented)X
-4237(in)X
-555 5475(this)N
-701(fashion)X
-968(turn)X
-1128(out)X
-1261(to)X
-1354(be)X
-1461(an)X
-1568(expensive)X
-1920(choice)X
-2161(for)X
-2285(synchronization,)X
-2847(because)X
-3132(each)X
-3310(access)X
-3546(traps)X
-3732(to)X
-3824(the)X
-3952(kernel)X
-4183(and)X
-8 s
-10 f
-555 5547(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
-5 s
-1 f
-727 5625(2)N
-8 s
-763 5650(Ultrix)N
-932(and)X
-1040(DEC)X
-1184(are)X
-1277(trademarks)X
-1576(of)X
-1645(Digital)X
-1839(Equipment)X
-2136(Corporation.)X
-
-9 p
-%%Page: 9 9
-8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
-10 s
-3 f
-1 f
-555 630(executes)N
-852(atomically)X
-1210(there.)X
-755 753(On)N
-878(architectures)X
-1314(that)X
-1459(support)X
-1724(atomic)X
-1967(test-and-set,)X
-2382(a)X
-2443(much)X
-2646(better)X
-2854(choice)X
-3089(would)X
-3314(be)X
-3415(to)X
-3502(attempt)X
-3767(to)X
-3854(obtain)X
-4079(a)X
-4139(spin-)X
-555 843(lock)N
-714(with)X
-877(a)X
-934(test-and-set,)X
-1345(and)X
-1482(issue)X
-1663(a)X
-1720(system)X
-1963(call)X
-2100(only)X
-2263(if)X
-2333(the)X
-2452(spinlock)X
-2744(is)X
-2818(unavailable.)X
-3249(Since)X
-3447(virtually)X
-3738(all)X
-3838(semaphores)X
-4237(in)X
-555 933(LIBTP)N
-801(are)X
-924(uncontested)X
-1330(and)X
-1469(are)X
-1591(held)X
-1752(for)X
-1869(very)X
-2035(short)X
-2218(periods)X
-2477(of)X
-2567(time,)X
-2752(this)X
-2890(would)X
-3113(improve)X
-3403(performance.)X
-3873(For)X
-4007(example,)X
-555 1023(processes)N
-885(must)X
-1062(acquire)X
-1321(exclusive)X
-1646(access)X
-1874(to)X
-1958(buffer)X
-2177(pool)X
-2341(metadata)X
-2653(in)X
-2737(order)X
-2929(to)X
-3013(\256nd)X
-3159(and)X
-3297(pin)X
-3421(a)X
-3479(buffer)X
-3698(in)X
-3781(shared)X
-4012(memory.)X
-555 1113(This)N
-721(semaphore)X
-1093(is)X
-1170(requested)X
-1502(most)X
-1681(frequently)X
-2034(in)X
-2119(LIBTP.)X
-2404(However,)X
-2742(once)X
-2917(it)X
-2984(is)X
-3060(acquired,)X
-3380(only)X
-3545(a)X
-3604(few)X
-3748(instructions)X
-4144(must)X
-555 1203(be)N
-656(executed)X
-966(before)X
-1196(it)X
-1264(is)X
-1341(released.)X
-1669(On)X
-1791(one)X
-1931(architecture)X
-2335(for)X
-2453(which)X
-2673(we)X
-2791(were)X
-2972(able)X
-3130(to)X
-3216(gather)X
-3441(detailed)X
-3719(pro\256ling)X
-4018(informa-)X
-555 1293(tion,)N
-729(the)X
-857(cost)X
-1015(of)X
-1111(the)X
-1238(semaphore)X
-1615(calls)X
-1791(accounted)X
-2146(for)X
-2269(25%)X
-2445(of)X
-2541(the)X
-2668(total)X
-2839(time)X
-3010(spent)X
-3208(updating)X
-3517(the)X
-3644(metadata.)X
-4003(This)X
-4174(was)X
-555 1383(fairly)N
-749(consistent)X
-1089(across)X
-1310(most)X
-1485(of)X
-1572(the)X
-1690(critical)X
-1933(sections.)X
-755 1506(In)N
-848(an)X
-950(attempt)X
-1216(to)X
-1304(quantify)X
-1597(the)X
-1720(overhead)X
-2040(of)X
-2132(kernel)X
-2358(synchronization,)X
-2915(we)X
-3034(ran)X
-3162(tests)X
-3329(on)X
-3434(a)X
-3495(version)X
-3756(of)X
-3848(4.3BSD-Reno)X
-555 1596(which)N
-786(had)X
-937(been)X
-1123(modi\256ed)X
-1441(to)X
-1537(support)X
-1811(binary)X
-2050(semaphore)X
-2432(facilities)X
-2742(similar)X
-2998(to)X
-3094(those)X
-3297(described)X
-3639(in)X
-3735([POSIX91].)X
-4174(The)X
-555 1686(hardware)N
-880(platform)X
-1181(consisted)X
-1504(of)X
-1595(an)X
-1695(HP300)X
-1941(\(33MHz)X
-2237(MC68030\))X
-2612(workstation)X
-3014(with)X
-3180(16MBytes)X
-3537(of)X
-3628(main)X
-3812(memory,)X
-4123(and)X
-4263(a)X
-555 1776(600MByte)N
-920(HP7959)X
-1205(SCSI)X
-1396(disk)X
-1552(\(17)X
-1682(ms)X
-1798(average)X
-2072(seek)X
-2237(time\).)X
-2468(We)X
-2602(ran)X
-2727(three)X
-2910(sets)X
-3052(of)X
-3141(comparisons)X
-3568(which)X
-3786(are)X
-3907(summarized)X
-555 1866(in)N
-645(\256gure)X
-860(\256ve.)X
-1028(In)X
-1123(each)X
-1299(comparison)X
-1701(we)X
-1823(ran)X
-1954(two)X
-2102(tests,)X
-2292(one)X
-2436(using)X
-2637(hardware)X
-2965(spinlocks)X
-3295(and)X
-3438(the)X
-3563(other)X
-3755(using)X
-3955(kernel)X
-4183(call)X
-555 1956(synchronization.)N
-1135(Since)X
-1341(the)X
-1467(test)X
-1606(was)X
-1758(run)X
-1892(single-user,)X
-2291(none)X
-2474(of)X
-2568(the)X
-2693(the)X
-2818(locks)X
-3014(were)X
-3198(contested.)X
-3568(In)X
-3662(the)X
-3787(\256rst)X
-3938(two)X
-4085(sets)X
-4232(of)X
-555 2046(tests,)N
-743(we)X
-863(ran)X
-992(the)X
-1116(full)X
-1253(transaction)X
-1631(processing)X
-2000(benchmark)X
-2383(described)X
-2717(in)X
-2805(section)X
-3058(5.1.)X
-3223(In)X
-3315(one)X
-3456(case)X
-3620(we)X
-3739(ran)X
-3867(with)X
-4034(both)X
-4201(the)X
-555 2136(database)N
-854(and)X
-992(log)X
-1116(on)X
-1218(the)X
-1338(same)X
-1525(disk)X
-1680(\(1)X
-1769(Disk\))X
-1969(and)X
-2107(in)X
-2191(the)X
-2311(second,)X
-2576(we)X
-2692(ran)X
-2817(with)X
-2981(the)X
-3101(database)X
-3400(and)X
-3538(log)X
-3661(on)X
-3762(separate)X
-4047(disks)X
-4232(\(2)X
-555 2226(Disk\).)N
-800(In)X
-894(the)X
-1019(last)X
-1157(test,)X
-1315(we)X
-1436(wanted)X
-1695(to)X
-1784(create)X
-2004(a)X
-2067(CPU)X
-2249(bound)X
-2476(environment,)X
-2928(so)X
-3026(we)X
-3146(used)X
-3319(a)X
-3381(database)X
-3684(small)X
-3883(enough)X
-4145(to)X
-4233(\256t)X
-555 2316(completely)N
-941(in)X
-1033(the)X
-1161(cache)X
-1375(and)X
-1521(issued)X
-1751(read-only)X
-2089(transactions.)X
-2541(The)X
-2695(results)X
-2933(in)X
-3024(\256gure)X
-3240(\256ve)X
-3389(express)X
-3659(the)X
-3786(kernel)X
-4016(call)X
-4161(syn-)X
-555 2406(chronization)N
-980(performance)X
-1411(as)X
-1502(a)X
-1562(percentage)X
-1935(of)X
-2026(the)X
-2148(spinlock)X
-2443(performance.)X
-2914(For)X
-3049(example,)X
-3365(in)X
-3451(the)X
-3573(1)X
-3637(disk)X
-3794(case,)X
-3977(the)X
-4098(kernel)X
-555 2496(call)N
-697(implementation)X
-1225(achieved)X
-1537(4.4)X
-1662(TPS)X
-1824(\(transactions)X
-2259(per)X
-2387(second\))X
-2662(while)X
-2865(the)X
-2988(semaphore)X
-3361(implementation)X
-3888(achieved)X
-4199(4.6)X
-555 2586(TPS,)N
-735(and)X
-874(the)X
-995(relative)X
-1259(performance)X
-1689(of)X
-1779(the)X
-1900(kernel)X
-2123(synchronization)X
-2657(is)X
-2732(96%)X
-2901(that)X
-3043(of)X
-3132(the)X
-3252(spinlock)X
-3545(\(100)X
-3714(*)X
-3776(4.4)X
-3898(/)X
-3942(4.6\).)X
-4111(There)X
-555 2676(are)N
-674(two)X
-814(striking)X
-1078(observations)X
-1503(from)X
-1679(these)X
-1864(results:)X
-10 f
-635 2799(g)N
-1 f
-755(even)X
-927(when)X
-1121(the)X
-1239(system)X
-1481(is)X
-1554(disk)X
-1707(bound,)X
-1947(the)X
-2065(CPU)X
-2240(cost)X
-2389(of)X
-2476(synchronization)X
-3008(is)X
-3081(noticeable,)X
-3451(and)X
-10 f
-635 2922(g)N
-1 f
-755(when)X
-949(we)X
-1063(are)X
-1182(CPU)X
-1357(bound,)X
-1597(the)X
-1715(difference)X
-2062(is)X
-2135(dramatic)X
-2436(\(67%\).)X
-3 f
-555 3108(4.4.)N
-715(Transaction)X
-1148(Protected)X
-1499(Access)X
-1747(Methods)X
-1 f
-755 3231(The)N
-903(B-tree)X
-1127(and)X
-1266(\256xed)X
-1449(length)X
-1671(recno)X
-1872(\(record)X
-2127(number\))X
-2421(access)X
-2649(methods)X
-2942(have)X
-3116(been)X
-3290(modi\256ed)X
-3596(to)X
-3680(provide)X
-3947(transaction)X
-555 3321(protection.)N
-941(Whereas)X
-1244(the)X
-1363(previously)X
-1722(published)X
-2054(interface)X
-2357(to)X
-2440(the)X
-2559(access)X
-2786(routines)X
-3065(had)X
-3202(separate)X
-3487(open)X
-3664(calls)X
-3832(for)X
-3946(each)X
-4114(of)X
-4201(the)X
-10 f
-555 3507(h)N
-579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
-1 Dt
-2978 5036 MXY
- 2978 5036 lineto
- 2978 4662 lineto
- 3093 4662 lineto
- 3093 5036 lineto
- 2978 5036 lineto
-closepath 21 2978 4662 3093 5036 Dp
-2518 MX
- 2518 5036 lineto
- 2518 3960 lineto
- 2633 3960 lineto
- 2633 5036 lineto
- 2518 5036 lineto
-closepath 3 2518 3960 2633 5036 Dp
-2059 MX
- 2059 5036 lineto
- 2059 3946 lineto
- 2174 3946 lineto
- 2174 5036 lineto
- 2059 5036 lineto
-closepath 1 2059 3946 2174 5036 Dp
-3 f
-7 s
-2912 5141(Read-only)N
-1426 3767(of)N
-1487(Spinlock)X
-1710(Throughput)X
-1480 3710(Throughput)N
-1786(as)X
-1850(a)X
-1892(%)X
-11 s
-1670 4843(20)N
-1670 4614(40)N
-1670 4384(60)N
-1670 4155(80)N
-1648 3925(100)N
-7 s
-2041 5141(1)N
-2083(Disk)X
-2490(2)X
-2532(Disks)X
-5 Dt
-1829 5036 MXY
-1494 0 Dl
-4 Ds
-1 Dt
-1829 4806 MXY
-1494 0 Dl
-1829 4577 MXY
-1494 0 Dl
-1829 4347 MXY
-1494 0 Dl
-1829 4118 MXY
-1494 0 Dl
-1829 3888 MXY
-1494 0 Dl
-3 Dt
--1 Ds
-8 s
-555 5360(Figure)N
-753(5:)X
-823(Kernel)X
-1028(Overhead)X
-1315(for)X
-1413(System)X
-1625(Call)X
-1756(Synchronization.)X
-1 f
-2254(The)X
-2370(performance)X
-2708(of)X
-2778(the)X
-2873(kernel)X
-3049(call)X
-3158(synchronization)X
-3583(is)X
-3643(expressed)X
-3911(as)X
-3980(a)X
-4024(percentage)X
-555 5450(of)N
-625(the)X
-720(spinlock)X
-954(synchronization)X
-1379(performance.)X
-1749(In)X
-1819(disk)X
-1943(bound)X
-2120(cases)X
-2271(\(1)X
-2341(Disk)X
-2479(and)X
-2588(2)X
-2637(Disks\),)X
-2837(we)X
-2928(see)X
-3026(that)X
-3139(4-6%)X
-3294(of)X
-3364(the)X
-3459(performance)X
-3797(is)X
-3857(lost)X
-3966(due)X
-4074(to)X
-4140(kernel)X
-555 5540(calls)N
-688(while)X
-846(in)X
-912(the)X
-1006(CPU)X
-1147(bound)X
-1323(case,)X
-1464(we)X
-1554(have)X
-1690(lost)X
-1799(67%)X
-1932(of)X
-2001(the)X
-2095(performance)X
-2432(due)X
-2540(to)X
-2606(kernel)X
-2781(calls.)X
-
-10 p
-%%Page: 10 10
-8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
-10 s
-3 f
-1 f
-555 630(access)N
-781(methods,)X
-1092(we)X
-1206(now)X
-1364(have)X
-1536(an)X
-1632(integrated)X
-1973(open)X
-2149(call)X
-2285(with)X
-2447(the)X
-2565(following)X
-2896(calling)X
-3134(conventions:)X
-7 f
-715 753(DB)N
-859(*dbopen)X
-1243(\(const)X
-1579(char)X
-1819(*file,)X
-2155(int)X
-2347(flags,)X
-2683(int)X
-2875(mode,)X
-3163(DBTYPE)X
-3499(type,)X
-1291 843(int)N
-1483(dbflags,)X
-1915(const)X
-2203(void)X
-2443(*openinfo\))X
-1 f
-555 966(where)N
-2 f
-774(\256le)X
-1 f
-894(is)X
-969(the)X
-1089(name)X
-1285(of)X
-1374(the)X
-1494(\256le)X
-1618(being)X
-1818(opened,)X
-2 f
-2092(\257ags)X
-1 f
-2265(and)X
-2 f
-2402(mode)X
-1 f
-2597(are)X
-2717(the)X
-2836(standard)X
-3129(arguments)X
-3484(to)X
-3 f
-3567(open)X
-1 f
-3731(\(2\),)X
-2 f
-3866(type)X
-1 f
-4021(is)X
-4095(one)X
-4232(of)X
-555 1056(the)N
-680(access)X
-913(method)X
-1180(types,)X
-2 f
-1396(db\257ags)X
-1 f
-1654(indicates)X
-1966(the)X
-2091(mode)X
-2296(of)X
-2390(the)X
-2515(buffer)X
-2739(pool)X
-2907(and)X
-3049(transaction)X
-3427(protection,)X
-3798(and)X
-2 f
-3940(openinfo)X
-1 f
-4246(is)X
-555 1146(the)N
-681(access)X
-915(method)X
-1183(speci\256c)X
-1456(information.)X
-1902(Currently,)X
-2257(the)X
-2383(possible)X
-2673(values)X
-2906(for)X
-2 f
-3028(db\257ags)X
-1 f
-3287(are)X
-3414(DB_SHARED)X
-3912(and)X
-4055(DB_TP)X
-555 1236(indicating)N
-895(that)X
-1035(buffers)X
-1283(should)X
-1516(be)X
-1612(kept)X
-1770(in)X
-1852(a)X
-1908(shared)X
-2138(buffer)X
-2355(pool)X
-2517(and)X
-2653(that)X
-2793(the)X
-2911(\256le)X
-3033(should)X
-3266(be)X
-3362(transaction)X
-3734(protected.)X
-755 1359(The)N
-900(modi\256cations)X
-1355(required)X
-1643(to)X
-1725(add)X
-1861(transaction)X
-2233(protection)X
-2578(to)X
-2660(an)X
-2756(access)X
-2982(method)X
-3242(are)X
-3361(quite)X
-3541(simple)X
-3774(and)X
-3910(localized.)X
-715 1482(1.)N
-795(Replace)X
-1074(\256le)X
-2 f
-1196(open)X
-1 f
-1372(with)X
-2 f
-1534(buf_open)X
-1 f
-1832(.)X
-715 1572(2.)N
-795(Replace)X
-1074(\256le)X
-2 f
-1196(read)X
-1 f
-1363(and)X
-2 f
-1499(write)X
-1 f
-1683(calls)X
-1850(with)X
-2012(buffer)X
-2229(manager)X
-2526(calls)X
-2693(\()X
-2 f
-2720(buf_get)X
-1 f
-(,)S
-2 f
-3000(buf_unpin)X
-1 f
-3324(\).)X
-715 1662(3.)N
-795(Precede)X
-1070(buffer)X
-1287(manager)X
-1584(calls)X
-1751(with)X
-1913(an)X
-2009(appropriate)X
-2395(\(read)X
-2581(or)X
-2668(write\))X
-2880(lock)X
-3038(call.)X
-715 1752(4.)N
-795(Before)X
-1034(updates,)X
-1319(issue)X
-1499(a)X
-1555(logging)X
-1819(operation.)X
-715 1842(5.)N
-795(After)X
-985(data)X
-1139(have)X
-1311(been)X
-1483(accessed,)X
-1805(release)X
-2049(the)X
-2167(buffer)X
-2384(manager)X
-2681(pin.)X
-715 1932(6.)N
-795(Provide)X
-1064(undo/redo)X
-1409(code)X
-1581(for)X
-1695(each)X
-1863(type)X
-2021(of)X
-2108(log)X
-2230(record)X
-2456(de\256ned.)X
-555 2071(The)N
-702(following)X
-1035(code)X
-1209(fragments)X
-1552(show)X
-1743(how)X
-1903(to)X
-1987(transaction)X
-2361(protect)X
-2606(several)X
-2856(updates)X
-3123(to)X
-3206(a)X
-3263(B-tree.)X
-7 s
-3484 2039(3)N
-10 s
-3533 2071(In)N
-3621(the)X
-3740(unprotected)X
-4140(case,)X
-555 2161(an)N
-652(open)X
-829(call)X
-966(is)X
-1040(followed)X
-1346(by)X
-1447(a)X
-1504(read)X
-1664(call)X
-1801(to)X
-1884(obtain)X
-2105(the)X
-2224(meta-data)X
-2562(for)X
-2677(the)X
-2796(B-tree.)X
-3058(Instead,)X
-3331(we)X
-3446(issue)X
-3627(an)X
-3724(open)X
-3901(to)X
-3984(the)X
-4102(buffer)X
-555 2251(manager)N
-852(to)X
-934(obtain)X
-1154(a)X
-1210(\256le)X
-1332(id)X
-1414(and)X
-1550(a)X
-1606(buffer)X
-1823(request)X
-2075(to)X
-2157(obtain)X
-2377(the)X
-2495(meta-data)X
-2832(as)X
-2919(shown)X
-3148(below.)X
-7 f
-715 2374(char)N
-955(*path;)X
-715 2464(int)N
-907(fid,)X
-1147(flags,)X
-1483(len,)X
-1723(mode;)X
-715 2644(/*)N
-859(Obtain)X
-1195(a)X
-1291(file)X
-1531(id)X
-1675(with)X
-1915(which)X
-2203(to)X
-2347(access)X
-2683(the)X
-2875(buffer)X
-3211(pool)X
-3451(*/)X
-715 2734(fid)N
-907(=)X
-1003(buf_open\(path,)X
-1723(flags,)X
-2059(mode\);)X
-715 2914(/*)N
-859(Read)X
-1099(the)X
-1291(meta)X
-1531(data)X
-1771(\(page)X
-2059(0\))X
-2203(for)X
-2395(the)X
-2587(B-tree)X
-2923(*/)X
-715 3004(if)N
-859(\(tp_lock\(fid,)X
-1531(0,)X
-1675(READ_LOCK\)\))X
-1003 3094(return)N
-1339(error;)X
-715 3184(meta_data_ptr)N
-1387(=)X
-1483(buf_get\(fid,)X
-2107(0,)X
-2251(BF_PIN,)X
-2635(&len\);)X
-1 f
-555 3307(The)N
-714(BF_PIN)X
-1014(argument)X
-1350(to)X
-2 f
-1445(buf_get)X
-1 f
-1718(indicates)X
-2036(that)X
-2189(we)X
-2316(wish)X
-2500(to)X
-2595(leave)X
-2798(this)X
-2946(page)X
-3131(pinned)X
-3382(in)X
-3477(memory)X
-3777(so)X
-3881(that)X
-4034(it)X
-4111(is)X
-4197(not)X
-555 3397(swapped)N
-862(out)X
-990(while)X
-1194(we)X
-1314(are)X
-1439(accessing)X
-1772(it.)X
-1881(The)X
-2031(last)X
-2167(argument)X
-2495(to)X
-2 f
-2582(buf_get)X
-1 f
-2847(returns)X
-3095(the)X
-3218(number)X
-3488(of)X
-3580(bytes)X
-3774(on)X
-3879(the)X
-4002(page)X
-4179(that)X
-555 3487(were)N
-732(valid)X
-912(so)X
-1003(that)X
-1143(the)X
-1261(access)X
-1487(method)X
-1747(may)X
-1905(initialize)X
-2205(the)X
-2323(page)X
-2495(if)X
-2564(necessary.)X
-755 3610(Next,)N
-955(consider)X
-1251(inserting)X
-1555(a)X
-1615(record)X
-1845(on)X
-1949(a)X
-2009(particular)X
-2341(page)X
-2517(of)X
-2608(a)X
-2668(B-tree.)X
-2932(In)X
-3022(the)X
-3143(unprotected)X
-3545(case,)X
-3727(we)X
-3844(read)X
-4006(the)X
-4127(page,)X
-555 3700(call)N
-2 f
-693(_bt_insertat)X
-1 f
-1079(,)X
-1121(and)X
-1258(write)X
-1444(the)X
-1563(page.)X
-1776(Instead,)X
-2049(we)X
-2164(lock)X
-2323(the)X
-2442(page,)X
-2635(request)X
-2888(the)X
-3007(buffer,)X
-3245(log)X
-3368(the)X
-3487(change,)X
-3756(modify)X
-4008(the)X
-4127(page,)X
-555 3790(and)N
-691(release)X
-935(the)X
-1053(buffer.)X
-7 f
-715 3913(int)N
-907(fid,)X
-1147(len,)X
-1387(pageno;)X
-1867(/*)X
-2011(Identifies)X
-2539(the)X
-2731(buffer)X
-3067(*/)X
-715 4003(int)N
-907(index;)X
-1867(/*)X
-2011(Location)X
-2443(at)X
-2587(which)X
-2875(to)X
-3019(insert)X
-3355(the)X
-3547(new)X
-3739(pair)X
-3979(*/)X
-715 4093(DBT)N
-907(*keyp,)X
-1243(*datap;)X
-1867(/*)X
-2011(Key/Data)X
-2443(pair)X
-2683(to)X
-2827(be)X
-2971(inserted)X
-3403(*/)X
-715 4183(DATUM)N
-1003(*d;)X
-1867(/*)X
-2011(Key/data)X
-2443(structure)X
-2923(to)X
-3067(insert)X
-3403(*/)X
-715 4363(/*)N
-859(Lock)X
-1099(and)X
-1291(request)X
-1675(the)X
-1867(buffer)X
-2203(*/)X
-715 4453(if)N
-859(\(tp_lock\(fid,)X
-1531(pageno,)X
-1915(WRITE_LOCK\)\))X
-1003 4543(return)N
-1339(error;)X
-715 4633(buffer_ptr)N
-1243(=)X
-1339(buf_get\(fid,)X
-1963(pageno,)X
-2347(BF_PIN,)X
-2731(&len\);)X
-715 4813(/*)N
-859(Log)X
-1051(and)X
-1243(perform)X
-1627(the)X
-1819(update)X
-2155(*/)X
-715 4903(log_insdel\(BTREE_INSERT,)N
-1915(fid,)X
-2155(pageno,)X
-2539(keyp,)X
-2827(datap\);)X
-715 4993(_bt_insertat\(buffer_ptr,)N
-1915(d,)X
-2059(index\);)X
-715 5083(buf_unpin\(buffer_ptr\);)N
-1 f
-555 5206(Succinctly,)N
-942(the)X
-1068(algorithm)X
-1407(for)X
-1529(turning)X
-1788(unprotected)X
-2195(code)X
-2375(into)X
-2527(protected)X
-2854(code)X
-3034(is)X
-3115(to)X
-3205(replace)X
-3466(read)X
-3633(operations)X
-3995(with)X
-2 f
-4165(lock)X
-1 f
-555 5296(and)N
-2 f
-691(buf_get)X
-1 f
-951(operations)X
-1305(and)X
-1441(write)X
-1626(operations)X
-1980(with)X
-2 f
-2142(log)X
-1 f
-2264(and)X
-2 f
-2400(buf_unpin)X
-1 f
-2744(operations.)X
-8 s
-10 f
-555 5458(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
-5 s
-1 f
-727 5536(3)N
-8 s
-766 5561(The)N
-884(following)X
-1152(code)X
-1291(fragments)X
-1565(are)X
-1661(examples,)X
-1937(but)X
-2038(do)X
-2120(not)X
-2220(de\256ne)X
-2394(the)X
-2490(\256nal)X
-2622(interface.)X
-2894(The)X
-3011(\256nal)X
-3143(interface)X
-3383(will)X
-3501(be)X
-3579(determined)X
-3884(after)X
-4018(LIBTP)X
-4214(has)X
-555 5633(been)N
-691(fully)X
-828(integrated)X
-1099(with)X
-1229(the)X
-1323(most)X
-1464(recent)X
-3 f
-1635(db)X
-1 f
-1707(\(3\))X
-1797(release)X
-1989(from)X
-2129(the)X
-2223(Computer)X
-2495(Systems)X
-2725(Research)X
-2974(Group)X
-3153(at)X
-3215(University)X
-3501(of)X
-3570(California,)X
-3861(Berkeley.)X
-
-11 p
-%%Page: 11 11
-8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
-10 s
-3 f
-555 630(5.)N
-655(Performance)X
-1 f
-755 753(In)N
-845(this)X
-983(section,)X
-1253(we)X
-1370(present)X
-1625(the)X
-1746(results)X
-1978(of)X
-2067(two)X
-2209(very)X
-2374(different)X
-2673(benchmarks.)X
-3103(The)X
-3250(\256rst)X
-3396(is)X
-3471(an)X
-3569(online)X
-3791(transaction)X
-4165(pro-)X
-555 843(cessing)N
-824(benchmark,)X
-1234(similar)X
-1489(to)X
-1584(the)X
-1715(standard)X
-2020(TPCB,)X
-2272(but)X
-2407(has)X
-2547(been)X
-2732(adapted)X
-3015(to)X
-3110(run)X
-3250(in)X
-3345(a)X
-3414(desktop)X
-3696(environment.)X
-4174(The)X
-555 933(second)N
-798(emulates)X
-1103(a)X
-1159(computer-aided)X
-1683(design)X
-1912(environment)X
-2337(and)X
-2473(provides)X
-2769(more)X
-2954(complex)X
-3250(query)X
-3453(processing.)X
-3 f
-555 1119(5.1.)N
-715(Transaction)X
-1148(Processing)X
-1533(Benchmark)X
-1 f
-755 1242(For)N
-887(this)X
-1023(section,)X
-1291(all)X
-1392(performance)X
-1820(numbers)X
-2117(shown)X
-2346(except)X
-2576(for)X
-2690(the)X
-2808(commercial)X
-3207(database)X
-3504(system)X
-3746(were)X
-3923(obtained)X
-4219(on)X
-555 1332(a)N
-614(DECstation)X
-1009(5000/200)X
-1333(with)X
-1497(32MBytes)X
-1852(of)X
-1941(memory)X
-2230(running)X
-2501(Ultrix)X
-2714(V4.0,)X
-2914(accessing)X
-3244(a)X
-3302(DEC)X
-3484(RZ57)X
-3688(1GByte)X
-3959(disk)X
-4114(drive.)X
-555 1422(The)N
-720(commercial)X
-1139(relational)X
-1482(database)X
-1799(system)X
-2061(tests)X
-2242(were)X
-2438(run)X
-2584(on)X
-2703(a)X
-2778(comparable)X
-3192(machine,)X
-3523(a)X
-3598(Sparcstation)X
-4033(1+)X
-4157(with)X
-555 1512(32MBytes)N
-915(memory)X
-1209(and)X
-1352(a)X
-1415(1GByte)X
-1691(external)X
-1976(disk)X
-2135(drive.)X
-2366(The)X
-2517(database,)X
-2840(binaries)X
-3120(and)X
-3262(log)X
-3390(resided)X
-3648(on)X
-3754(the)X
-3878(same)X
-4069(device.)X
-555 1602(Reported)N
-869(times)X
-1062(are)X
-1181(the)X
-1299(means)X
-1524(of)X
-1611(\256ve)X
-1751(tests)X
-1913(and)X
-2049(have)X
-2221(standard)X
-2513(deviations)X
-2862(within)X
-3086(two)X
-3226(percent)X
-3483(of)X
-3570(the)X
-3688(mean.)X
-755 1725(The)N
-905(test)X
-1041(database)X
-1343(was)X
-1493(con\256gured)X
-1861(according)X
-2203(to)X
-2290(the)X
-2413(TPCB)X
-2637(scaling)X
-2889(rules)X
-3070(for)X
-3189(a)X
-3250(10)X
-3355(transaction)X
-3732(per)X
-3860(second)X
-4108(\(TPS\))X
-555 1815(system)N
-817(with)X
-999(1,000,000)X
-1359(account)X
-1649(records,)X
-1946(100)X
-2106(teller)X
-2311(records,)X
-2607(and)X
-2762(10)X
-2881(branch)X
-3139(records.)X
-3455(Where)X
-3709(TPS)X
-3885(numbers)X
-4200(are)X
-555 1905(reported,)N
-865(we)X
-981(are)X
-1102(running)X
-1373(a)X
-1431(modi\256ed)X
-1737(version)X
-1995(of)X
-2084(the)X
-2203(industry)X
-2486(standard)X
-2779(transaction)X
-3152(processing)X
-3516(benchmark,)X
-3914(TPCB.)X
-4174(The)X
-555 1995(TPCB)N
-780(benchmark)X
-1163(simulates)X
-1491(a)X
-1553(withdrawal)X
-1940(performed)X
-2301(by)X
-2407(a)X
-2469(hypothetical)X
-2891(teller)X
-3082(at)X
-3166(a)X
-3228(hypothetical)X
-3650(bank.)X
-3872(The)X
-4022(database)X
-555 2085(consists)N
-831(of)X
-921(relations)X
-1220(\(\256les\))X
-1430(for)X
-1547(accounts,)X
-1871(branches,)X
-2200(tellers,)X
-2439(and)X
-2578(history.)X
-2863(For)X
-2997(each)X
-3168(transaction,)X
-3563(the)X
-3684(account,)X
-3976(teller,)X
-4183(and)X
-555 2175(branch)N
-795(balances)X
-1093(must)X
-1269(be)X
-1366(updated)X
-1641(to)X
-1724(re\257ect)X
-1946(the)X
-2065(withdrawal)X
-2447(and)X
-2584(a)X
-2640(history)X
-2882(record)X
-3108(is)X
-3181(written)X
-3428(which)X
-3644(contains)X
-3931(the)X
-4049(account)X
-555 2265(id,)N
-657(branch)X
-896(id,)X
-998(teller)X
-1183(id,)X
-1285(and)X
-1421(the)X
-1539(amount)X
-1799(of)X
-1886(the)X
-2004(withdrawal)X
-2385([TPCB90].)X
-755 2388(Our)N
-914(implementation)X
-1450(of)X
-1551(the)X
-1683(benchmark)X
-2074(differs)X
-2317(from)X
-2506(the)X
-2637(speci\256cation)X
-3075(in)X
-3170(several)X
-3431(aspects.)X
-3736(The)X
-3894(speci\256cation)X
-555 2478(requires)N
-840(that)X
-985(the)X
-1108(database)X
-1410(keep)X
-1587(redundant)X
-1933(logs)X
-2091(on)X
-2196(different)X
-2498(devices,)X
-2784(but)X
-2911(we)X
-3030(use)X
-3162(a)X
-3223(single)X
-3439(log.)X
-3606(Furthermore,)X
-4052(all)X
-4157(tests)X
-555 2568(were)N
-734(run)X
-863(on)X
-965(a)X
-1023(single,)X
-1256(centralized)X
-1631(system)X
-1875(so)X
-1968(there)X
-2151(is)X
-2226(no)X
-2328(notion)X
-2553(of)X
-2641(remote)X
-2885(accesses.)X
-3219(Finally,)X
-3486(we)X
-3601(calculated)X
-3948(throughput)X
-555 2658(by)N
-662(dividing)X
-955(the)X
-1080(total)X
-1249(elapsed)X
-1517(time)X
-1686(by)X
-1793(the)X
-1918(number)X
-2190(of)X
-2284(transactions)X
-2694(processed)X
-3038(rather)X
-3253(than)X
-3418(by)X
-3525(computing)X
-3894(the)X
-4018(response)X
-555 2748(time)N
-717(for)X
-831(each)X
-999(transaction.)X
-755 2871(The)N
-912(performance)X
-1351(comparisons)X
-1788(focus)X
-1993(on)X
-2104(traditional)X
-2464(Unix)X
-2655(techniques)X
-3029(\(unprotected,)X
-3486(using)X
-3 f
-3690(\257ock)X
-1 f
-3854(\(2\))X
-3979(and)X
-4126(using)X
-3 f
-555 2961(fsync)N
-1 f
-733(\(2\)\))X
-884(and)X
-1030(a)X
-1096(commercial)X
-1504(relational)X
-1836(database)X
-2142(system.)X
-2433(Well-behaved)X
-2913(applications)X
-3329(using)X
-3 f
-3531(\257ock)X
-1 f
-3695(\(2\))X
-3818(are)X
-3946(guaranteed)X
-555 3051(that)N
-704(concurrent)X
-1077(processes')X
-1441(updates)X
-1715(do)X
-1824(not)X
-1955(interact)X
-2225(with)X
-2396(one)X
-2541(another,)X
-2831(but)X
-2962(no)X
-3070(guarantees)X
-3442(about)X
-3648(atomicity)X
-3978(are)X
-4105(made.)X
-555 3141(That)N
-731(is,)X
-833(if)X
-911(the)X
-1038(system)X
-1289(crashes)X
-1555(in)X
-1646(mid-transaction,)X
-2198(only)X
-2369(parts)X
-2554(of)X
-2649(that)X
-2797(transaction)X
-3177(will)X
-3329(be)X
-3433(re\257ected)X
-3738(in)X
-3828(the)X
-3954 0.3125(after-crash)AX
-555 3231(state)N
-725(of)X
-815(the)X
-936(database.)X
-1276(The)X
-1424(use)X
-1554(of)X
-3 f
-1643(fsync)X
-1 f
-1821(\(2\))X
-1937(at)X
-2017(transaction)X
-2391(commit)X
-2657(time)X
-2821(provides)X
-3119(guarantees)X
-3485(of)X
-3574(durability)X
-3907(after)X
-4077(system)X
-555 3321(failure.)N
-825(However,)X
-1160(there)X
-1341(is)X
-1414(no)X
-1514(mechanism)X
-1899(to)X
-1981(perform)X
-2260(transaction)X
-2632(abort.)X
-3 f
-555 3507(5.1.1.)N
-775(Single-User)X
-1191(Tests)X
-1 f
-755 3630(These)N
-978(tests)X
-1151(compare)X
-1459(LIBTP)X
-1712(in)X
-1804(a)X
-1870(variety)X
-2123(of)X
-2220(con\256gurations)X
-2708(to)X
-2800(traditional)X
-3159(UNIX)X
-3390(solutions)X
-3708(and)X
-3854(a)X
-3920(commercial)X
-555 3720(relational)N
-884(database)X
-1187(system)X
-1435(\(RDBMS\).)X
-1814(To)X
-1929(demonstrate)X
-2347(the)X
-2471(server)X
-2694(architecture)X
-3100(we)X
-3220(built)X
-3392(a)X
-3454(front)X
-3636(end)X
-3777(test)X
-3913(process)X
-4179(that)X
-555 3810(uses)N
-732(TCL)X
-922([OUST90])X
-1304(to)X
-1405(parse)X
-1614(database)X
-1930(access)X
-2175(commands)X
-2561(and)X
-2716(call)X
-2870(the)X
-3006(database)X
-3321(access)X
-3565(routines.)X
-3901(In)X
-4006(one)X
-4160(case)X
-555 3900(\(SERVER\),)N
-956(frontend)X
-1249(and)X
-1386(backend)X
-1675(processes)X
-2004(were)X
-2181(created)X
-2434(which)X
-2650(communicated)X
-3142(via)X
-3260(an)X
-3356(IP)X
-3447(socket.)X
-3712(In)X
-3799(the)X
-3917(second)X
-4160(case)X
-555 3990(\(TCL\),)N
-802(a)X
-860(single)X
-1073(process)X
-1336(read)X
-1497(queries)X
-1751(from)X
-1929(standard)X
-2223(input,)X
-2429(parsed)X
-2660(them,)X
-2861(and)X
-2998(called)X
-3211(the)X
-3330(database)X
-3628(access)X
-3855(routines.)X
-4174(The)X
-555 4080(performance)N
-987(difference)X
-1338(between)X
-1630(the)X
-1752(TCL)X
-1927(and)X
-2067(SERVER)X
-2397(tests)X
-2563(quanti\256es)X
-2898(the)X
-3020(communication)X
-3542(overhead)X
-3861(of)X
-3952(the)X
-4074(socket.)X
-555 4170(The)N
-732(RDBMS)X
-1063(implementation)X
-1617(used)X
-1816(embedded)X
-2198(SQL)X
-2401(in)X
-2515(C)X
-2620(with)X
-2814(stored)X
-3062(database)X
-3391(procedures.)X
-3835(Therefore,)X
-4224(its)X
-555 4260(con\256guration)N
-1003(is)X
-1076(a)X
-1132(hybrid)X
-1361(of)X
-1448(the)X
-1566(single)X
-1777(process)X
-2038(architecture)X
-2438(and)X
-2574(the)X
-2692(server)X
-2909(architecture.)X
-3349(The)X
-3494(graph)X
-3697(in)X
-3779(\256gure)X
-3986(six)X
-4099(shows)X
-555 4350(a)N
-611(comparison)X
-1005(of)X
-1092(the)X
-1210(following)X
-1541(six)X
-1654(con\256gurations:)X
-1126 4506(LIBTP)N
-1552(Uses)X
-1728(the)X
-1846(LIBTP)X
-2088(library)X
-2322(in)X
-2404(a)X
-2460(single)X
-2671(application.)X
-1126 4596(TCL)N
-1552(Uses)X
-1728(the)X
-1846(LIBTP)X
-2088(library)X
-2322(in)X
-2404(a)X
-2460(single)X
-2671(application,)X
-3067(requires)X
-3346(query)X
-3549(parsing.)X
-1126 4686(SERVER)N
-1552(Uses)X
-1728(the)X
-1846(LIBTP)X
-2088(library)X
-2322(in)X
-2404(a)X
-2460(server)X
-2677(con\256guration,)X
-3144(requires)X
-3423(query)X
-3626(parsing.)X
-1126 4776(NOTP)N
-1552(Uses)X
-1728(no)X
-1828(locking,)X
-2108(logging,)X
-2392(or)X
-2479(concurrency)X
-2897(control.)X
-1126 4866(FLOCK)N
-1552(Uses)X
-3 f
-1728(\257ock)X
-1 f
-1892(\(2\))X
-2006(for)X
-2120(concurrency)X
-2538(control)X
-2785(and)X
-2921(nothing)X
-3185(for)X
-3299(durability.)X
-1126 4956(FSYNC)N
-1552(Uses)X
-3 f
-1728(fsync)X
-1 f
-1906(\(2\))X
-2020(for)X
-2134(durability)X
-2465(and)X
-2601(nothing)X
-2865(for)X
-2979(concurrency)X
-3397(control.)X
-1126 5046(RDBMS)N
-1552(Uses)X
-1728(a)X
-1784(commercial)X
-2183(relational)X
-2506(database)X
-2803(system.)X
-755 5235(The)N
-902(results)X
-1133(show)X
-1324(that)X
-1466(LIBTP,)X
-1730(both)X
-1894(in)X
-1978(the)X
-2098(procedural)X
-2464(and)X
-2602(parsed)X
-2834(environments,)X
-3312(is)X
-3387(competitive)X
-3787(with)X
-3951(a)X
-4009(commer-)X
-555 5325(cial)N
-692(system)X
-935(\(comparing)X
-1326(LIBTP,)X
-1589(TCL,)X
-1781(and)X
-1917(RDBMS\).)X
-2263(Compared)X
-2617(to)X
-2699(existing)X
-2972(UNIX)X
-3193(solutions,)X
-3521(LIBTP)X
-3763(is)X
-3836(approximately)X
-555 5415(15%)N
-738(slower)X
-988(than)X
-1162(using)X
-3 f
-1371(\257ock)X
-1 f
-1535(\(2\))X
-1665(or)X
-1768(no)X
-1884(protection)X
-2245(but)X
-2383(over)X
-2562(80%)X
-2745(better)X
-2964(than)X
-3137(using)X
-3 f
-3345(fsync)X
-1 f
-3523(\(2\))X
-3652(\(comparing)X
-4057(LIBTP,)X
-555 5505(FLOCK,)N
-857(NOTP,)X
-1106(and)X
-1242(FSYNC\).)X
-
-12 p
-%%Page: 12 12
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
-3 f
-8 s
-3500 2184(RDBMS)N
-1 Dt
-3553 2085 MXY
- 3553 2085 lineto
- 3676 2085 lineto
- 3676 1351 lineto
- 3553 1351 lineto
- 3553 2085 lineto
-closepath 16 3553 1351 3676 2085 Dp
-2018 2184(SERVER)N
-1720 1168 MXY
-0 917 Dl
-122 0 Dl
-0 -917 Dl
--122 0 Dl
-1715 2184(TCL)N
-2087 1534 MXY
- 2087 1534 lineto
- 2209 1534 lineto
- 2209 2085 lineto
- 2087 2085 lineto
- 2087 1534 lineto
-closepath 12 2087 1534 2209 2085 Dp
-3187 MX
- 3187 1534 lineto
- 3309 1534 lineto
- 3309 2085 lineto
- 3187 2085 lineto
- 3187 1534 lineto
-closepath 19 3187 1534 3309 2085 Dp
-3142 2184(FSYNC)N
-2425(NOTP)X
-2453 955 MXY
- 2453 955 lineto
- 2576 955 lineto
- 2576 2085 lineto
- 2453 2085 lineto
- 2453 955 lineto
-closepath 21 2453 955 2576 2085 Dp
-2820 1000 MXY
- 2820 1000 lineto
- 2942 1000 lineto
- 2942 2085 lineto
- 2820 2085 lineto
- 2820 1000 lineto
-closepath 14 2820 1000 2942 2085 Dp
-5 Dt
-1231 2085 MXY
-2567 0 Dl
-4 Ds
-1 Dt
-1231 1840 MXY
-2567 0 Dl
-1231 1596 MXY
-2567 0 Dl
-1231 1351 MXY
-2567 0 Dl
-1231 1108 MXY
-2567 0 Dl
-1231 863 MXY
-2567 0 Dl
-11 s
-1087 1877(2)N
-1087 1633(4)N
-1087 1388(6)N
-1087 1145(8)N
-1065 900(10)N
-1028 763(TPS)N
--1 Ds
-1353 2085 MXY
- 1353 2085 lineto
- 1353 1151 lineto
- 1476 1151 lineto
- 1476 2085 lineto
- 1353 2085 lineto
-closepath 3 1353 1151 1476 2085 Dp
-8 s
-1318 2184(LIBTP)N
-2767(FLOCK)X
-3 Dt
--1 Ds
-10 s
-1597 2399(Figure)N
-1844(6:)X
-1931(Single-User)X
-2347(Performance)X
-2814(Comparison.)X
-1 f
-10 f
-555 2579(h)N
-579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
-3 f
-555 2855(5.1.2.)N
-775(Multi-User)X
-1174(Tests)X
-1 f
-755 2978(While)N
-975(the)X
-1097(single-user)X
-1473(tests)X
-1639(form)X
-1819(a)X
-1878(basis)X
-2061(for)X
-2178(comparing)X
-2544(LIBTP)X
-2789(to)X
-2874(other)X
-3062(systems,)X
-3358(our)X
-3488(goal)X
-3649(in)X
-3734(multi-user)X
-4086(testing)X
-555 3068(was)N
-714(to)X
-810(analyze)X
-1089(its)X
-1197(scalability.)X
-1579(To)X
-1701(this)X
-1849(end,)X
-2018(we)X
-2145(have)X
-2330(run)X
-2470(the)X
-2601(benchmark)X
-2991(in)X
-3086(three)X
-3280(modes,)X
-3542(the)X
-3673(normal)X
-3933(disk)X
-4099(bound)X
-555 3158(con\256guration)N
-1010(\(\256gure)X
-1252(seven\),)X
-1510(a)X
-1573(CPU)X
-1755(bound)X
-1982(con\256guration)X
-2436(\(\256gure)X
-2677(eight,)X
-2884(READ-ONLY\),)X
-3426(and)X
-3569(lock)X
-3734(contention)X
-4099(bound)X
-555 3248(\(\256gure)N
-796(eight,)X
-1003(NO_FSYNC\).)X
-1510(Since)X
-1715(the)X
-1840(normal)X
-2094(con\256guration)X
-2548(is)X
-2628(completely)X
-3011(disk)X
-3171(bound)X
-3398(\(each)X
-3600(transaction)X
-3978(requires)X
-4263(a)X
-555 3354(random)N
-823(read,)X
-1005(a)X
-1064(random)X
-1332(write,)X
-1540(and)X
-1679(a)X
-1738(sequential)X
-2086(write)X
-7 s
-2251 3322(4)N
-10 s
-3354(\))Y
-2329(we)X
-2446(expect)X
-2679(to)X
-2764(see)X
-2890(little)X
-3059(performance)X
-3489(improvement)X
-3939(as)X
-4028(the)X
-4148(mul-)X
-555 3444(tiprogramming)N
-1064(level)X
-1249(increases.)X
-1613(In)X
-1709(fact,)X
-1879(\256gure)X
-2095(seven)X
-2307(reveals)X
-2564(that)X
-2713(we)X
-2836(are)X
-2964(able)X
-3127(to)X
-3218(overlap)X
-3487(CPU)X
-3670(and)X
-3814(disk)X
-3975(utilization)X
-555 3534(slightly)N
-825(producing)X
-1181(approximately)X
-1674(a)X
-1740(10%)X
-1917(performance)X
-2354(improvement)X
-2811(with)X
-2983(two)X
-3133(processes.)X
-3511(After)X
-3711(that)X
-3861(point,)X
-4075(perfor-)X
-555 3624(mance)N
-785(drops)X
-983(off,)X
-1117(and)X
-1253(at)X
-1331(a)X
-1387(multi-programming)X
-2038(level)X
-2214(of)X
-2301(4,)X
-2381(we)X
-2495(are)X
-2614(performing)X
-2995(worse)X
-3207(than)X
-3365(in)X
-3447(the)X
-3565(single)X
-3776(process)X
-4037(case.)X
-755 3747(Similar)N
-1021(behavior)X
-1333(was)X
-1489(reported)X
-1787(on)X
-1897(the)X
-2025(commercial)X
-2434(relational)X
-2767(database)X
-3074(system)X
-3326(using)X
-3529(the)X
-3657(same)X
-3852(con\256guration.)X
-555 3837(The)N
-707(important)X
-1045(conclusion)X
-1419(to)X
-1508(draw)X
-1696(from)X
-1879(this)X
-2021(is)X
-2101(that)X
-2248(you)X
-2395(cannot)X
-2636(attain)X
-2841(good)X
-3028(multi-user)X
-3384(scaling)X
-3638(on)X
-3745(a)X
-3808(badly)X
-4013(balanced)X
-555 3927(system.)N
-839(If)X
-915(multi-user)X
-1266(performance)X
-1695(on)X
-1797(applications)X
-2205(of)X
-2293(this)X
-2429(sort)X
-2570(is)X
-2644(important,)X
-2996(one)X
-3133(must)X
-3309(have)X
-3482(a)X
-3539(separate)X
-3824(logging)X
-4089(device)X
-555 4017(and)N
-697(horizontally)X
-1110(partition)X
-1407(the)X
-1531(database)X
-1834(to)X
-1921(allow)X
-2124(a)X
-2185(suf\256ciently)X
-2570(high)X
-2737(degree)X
-2977(of)X
-3069(multiprogramming)X
-3698(that)X
-3843(group)X
-4055(commit)X
-555 4107(can)N
-687(amortize)X
-988(the)X
-1106(cost)X
-1255(of)X
-1342(log)X
-1464(\257ushing.)X
-755 4230(By)N
-871(using)X
-1067(a)X
-1126(very)X
-1292(small)X
-1488(database)X
-1788(\(one)X
-1954(that)X
-2097(can)X
-2232(be)X
-2331(entirely)X
-2599(cached)X
-2846(in)X
-2930(main)X
-3112(memory\))X
-3428(and)X
-3566(read-only)X
-3896(transactions,)X
-555 4320(we)N
-670(generated)X
-1004(a)X
-1061(CPU)X
-1236(bound)X
-1456(environment.)X
-1921(By)X
-2034(using)X
-2227(the)X
-2345(same)X
-2530(small)X
-2723(database,)X
-3040(the)X
-3158(complete)X
-3472(TPCB)X
-3691(transaction,)X
-4083(and)X
-4219(no)X
-3 f
-555 4410(fsync)N
-1 f
-733(\(2\))X
-862(on)X
-977(the)X
-1110(log)X
-1247(at)X
-1340(commit,)X
-1639(we)X
-1768(created)X
-2036(a)X
-2107(lock)X
-2280(contention)X
-2652(bound)X
-2886(environment.)X
-3365(The)X
-3524(small)X
-3731(database)X
-4042(used)X
-4223(an)X
-555 4500(account)N
-828(\256le)X
-953(containing)X
-1314(only)X
-1479(1000)X
-1662(records)X
-1922(rather)X
-2133(than)X
-2294(the)X
-2415(full)X
-2549(1,000,000)X
-2891(records)X
-3150(and)X
-3288(ran)X
-3413(enough)X
-3671(transactions)X
-4076(to)X
-4160(read)X
-555 4590(the)N
-677(entire)X
-883(database)X
-1183(into)X
-1330(the)X
-1451(buffer)X
-1671(pool)X
-1836(\(2000\))X
-2073(before)X
-2302(beginning)X
-2645(measurements.)X
-3147(The)X
-3295(read-only)X
-3626(transaction)X
-4001(consisted)X
-555 4680(of)N
-646(three)X
-831(database)X
-1132(reads)X
-1326(\(from)X
-1533(the)X
-1655(1000)X
-1839(record)X
-2069(account)X
-2343(\256le,)X
-2489(the)X
-2611(100)X
-2754(record)X
-2983(teller)X
-3171(\256le,)X
-3316(and)X
-3455(the)X
-3576(10)X
-3679(record)X
-3908(branch)X
-4150(\256le\).)X
-555 4770(Since)N
-759(no)X
-865(data)X
-1025(were)X
-1208(modi\256ed)X
-1518(and)X
-1660(no)X
-1766(history)X
-2014(records)X
-2277(were)X
-2460(written,)X
-2733(no)X
-2839(log)X
-2966(records)X
-3228(were)X
-3410(written.)X
-3702(For)X
-3838(the)X
-3961(contention)X
-555 4860(bound)N
-780(con\256guration,)X
-1252(we)X
-1371(used)X
-1543(the)X
-1666(normal)X
-1918(TPCB)X
-2142(transaction)X
-2519(\(against)X
-2798(the)X
-2920(small)X
-3117(database\))X
-3445(and)X
-3585(disabled)X
-3876(the)X
-3998(log)X
-4124(\257ush.)X
-555 4950(Figure)N
-784(eight)X
-964(shows)X
-1184(both)X
-1346(of)X
-1433(these)X
-1618(results.)X
-755 5073(The)N
-902(read-only)X
-1231(test)X
-1363(indicates)X
-1669(that)X
-1810(we)X
-1925(barely)X
-2147(scale)X
-2329(at)X
-2408(all)X
-2509(in)X
-2592(the)X
-2711(CPU)X
-2887(bound)X
-3108(case.)X
-3308(The)X
-3454(explanation)X
-3849(for)X
-3964(that)X
-4105(is)X
-4179(that)X
-555 5163(even)N
-735(with)X
-905(a)X
-969(single)X
-1188(process,)X
-1477(we)X
-1599(are)X
-1726(able)X
-1888(to)X
-1978(drive)X
-2171(the)X
-2297(CPU)X
-2480(utilization)X
-2832(to)X
-2922(96%.)X
-3137(As)X
-3254(a)X
-3317(result,)X
-3542(that)X
-3689(gives)X
-3885(us)X
-3983(very)X
-4153(little)X
-555 5253(room)N
-753(for)X
-876(improvement,)X
-1352(and)X
-1497(it)X
-1570(takes)X
-1764(a)X
-1829(multiprogramming)X
-2462(level)X
-2647(of)X
-2743(four)X
-2906(to)X
-2997(approach)X
-3321(100%)X
-3537(CPU)X
-3721(saturation.)X
-4106(In)X
-4201(the)X
-555 5343(case)N
-718(where)X
-939(we)X
-1057(do)X
-1161(perform)X
-1444(writes,)X
-1684(we)X
-1802(are)X
-1925(interested)X
-2261(in)X
-2347(detecting)X
-2665(when)X
-2863(lock)X
-3025(contention)X
-3387(becomes)X
-3691(a)X
-3750(dominant)X
-4075(perfor-)X
-555 5433(mance)N
-787(factor.)X
-1037(Contention)X
-1414(will)X
-1560(cause)X
-1761(two)X
-1903(phenomena;)X
-2317(we)X
-2433(will)X
-2579(see)X
-2704(transactions)X
-3109(queueing)X
-3425(behind)X
-3665(frequently)X
-4017(accessed)X
-555 5523(data,)N
-731(and)X
-869(we)X
-985(will)X
-1131(see)X
-1256(transaction)X
-1629(abort)X
-1815(rates)X
-1988(increasing)X
-2339(due)X
-2476(to)X
-2559(deadlock.)X
-2910(Given)X
-3127(that)X
-3268(the)X
-3387(branch)X
-3627(\256le)X
-3750(contains)X
-4038(only)X
-4201(ten)X
-8 s
-10 f
-555 5595(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
-5 s
-1 f
-727 5673(4)N
-8 s
-763 5698(Although)N
-1021(the)X
-1115(log)X
-1213(is)X
-1272(written)X
-1469(sequentially,)X
-1810(we)X
-1900(do)X
-1980(not)X
-2078(get)X
-2172(the)X
-2266(bene\256t)X
-2456(of)X
-2525(sequentiality)X
-2868(since)X
-3015(the)X
-3109(log)X
-3207(and)X
-3315(database)X
-3550(reside)X
-3718(on)X
-3798(the)X
-3892(same)X
-4039(disk.)X
-
-13 p
-%%Page: 13 13
-8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
-10 s
-3 f
-1 f
-3187 2051 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3286 2028 MXY
-0 17 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3384 1926 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3483 1910 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3581 1910 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3680 1832 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3778 1909 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3877 1883 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3975 1679 MXY
-0 17 Dl
-0 -8 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-4074 1487 MXY
-0 17 Dl
-0 -8 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-5 Dt
-3187 2060 MXY
-99 -24 Dl
-98 -101 Dl
-99 -16 Dl
-98 0 Dl
-99 -78 Dl
-98 77 Dl
-99 -26 Dl
-98 -204 Dl
-99 -192 Dl
-3 f
-6 s
-4088 1516(SMALL)N
-3 Dt
-3187 2051 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3286 2051 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3384 2041 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3483 1990 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3581 1843 MXY
-0 17 Dl
-0 -8 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3680 1578 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3778 1496 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3877 1430 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-3975 1269 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-4074 1070 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-1 Dt
-3187 2060 MXY
-99 0 Dl
-98 -10 Dl
-99 -51 Dl
-98 -147 Dl
-99 -265 Dl
-98 -82 Dl
-99 -66 Dl
-98 -161 Dl
-99 -199 Dl
-4088 1099(LARGE)N
-5 Dt
-3089 2060 MXY
-985 0 Dl
-3089 MX
-0 -1174 Dl
-4 Ds
-1 Dt
-3581 2060 MXY
-0 -1174 Dl
-4074 2060 MXY
-0 -1174 Dl
-3089 1825 MXY
-985 0 Dl
-9 s
-2993 1855(25)N
-3089 1591 MXY
-985 0 Dl
-2993 1621(50)N
-3089 1356 MXY
-985 0 Dl
-2993 1386(75)N
-3089 1121 MXY
-985 0 Dl
-2957 1151(100)N
-3089 886 MXY
-985 0 Dl
-2957 916(125)N
-3281 2199(Multiprogramming)N
-3071 2152(0)N
-3569(5)X
-4038(10)X
-2859 787(Aborts)N
-3089(per)X
-3211(500)X
-2901 847(transactions)N
--1 Ds
-3 Dt
-2037 1342 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2125 1358 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2213 1341 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2301 1191 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2388 1124 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--17 0 Dl
-2476 1157 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2564 1157 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2652 1161 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2740 1153 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2828 1150 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-8 0 Dl
--17 0 Dl
-5 Dt
-2037 1351 MXY
-88 16 Dl
-88 -17 Dl
-88 -150 Dl
-87 -67 Dl
-88 33 Dl
-88 0 Dl
-88 4 Dl
-88 -8 Dl
-88 -3 Dl
-6 s
-2685 1234(READ-ONLY)N
-3 Dt
-2037 1464 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2125 1640 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2213 1854 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2301 1872 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2388 1871 MXY
-0 17 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--17 0 Dl
-2476 1933 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2564 1914 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2652 1903 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2740 1980 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-2828 2004 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-8 0 Dl
--17 0 Dl
-1 Dt
-2037 1473 MXY
-88 176 Dl
-88 214 Dl
-88 18 Dl
-87 -2 Dl
-88 63 Dl
-88 -19 Dl
-88 -11 Dl
-88 77 Dl
-88 24 Dl
-2759 1997(NO-FSYNC)N
-5 Dt
-1949 2060 MXY
-879 0 Dl
-1949 MX
-0 -1174 Dl
-4 Ds
-1 Dt
-2388 2060 MXY
-0 -1174 Dl
-2828 2060 MXY
-0 -1174 Dl
-1949 1825 MXY
-879 0 Dl
-9 s
-1842 1855(40)N
-1949 1591 MXY
-879 0 Dl
-1842 1621(80)N
-1949 1356 MXY
-879 0 Dl
-1806 1386(120)N
-1949 1121 MXY
-879 0 Dl
-1806 1151(160)N
-1949 886 MXY
-879 0 Dl
-1806 916(200)N
-2088 2199(Multiprogramming)N
-1844 863(in)N
-1922(TPS)X
-1761 792(Throughput)N
-1931 2121(0)N
-2370 2133(5)N
-2792(10)X
-6 s
-1679 1833(LIBTP)N
--1 Ds
-3 Dt
-837 1019 MXY
-0 17 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-929 878 MXY
-0 17 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-1021 939 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-1113 1043 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-1205 1314 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-1297 1567 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-1389 1665 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-1481 1699 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-1573 1828 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-9 0 Dl
--18 0 Dl
-1665 1804 MXY
-0 18 Dl
-0 -9 Dl
-8 0 Dl
--17 0 Dl
-5 Dt
-837 1027 MXY
-92 -141 Dl
-92 62 Dl
-92 104 Dl
-92 271 Dl
-92 253 Dl
-92 98 Dl
-92 34 Dl
-92 129 Dl
-92 -24 Dl
-745 2060 MXY
-920 0 Dl
-745 MX
-0 -1174 Dl
-4 Ds
-1 Dt
-1205 2060 MXY
-0 -1174 Dl
-1665 2060 MXY
-0 -1174 Dl
-745 1766 MXY
-920 0 Dl
-9 s
-673 1796(3)N
-745 1473 MXY
-920 0 Dl
-673 1503(5)N
-745 1180 MXY
-920 0 Dl
-673 1210(8)N
-745 886 MXY
-920 0 Dl
-637 916(10)N
-905 2199(Multiprogramming)N
-622 851(in)N
-700(TPS)X
-575 792(Throughput)N
-733 2152(0)N
-1196(5)X
-1629(10)X
-3 Dt
--1 Ds
-8 s
-655 2441(Figure)N
-872(7:)X
-960(Multi-user)X
-1286(Performance.)X
-1 f
-655 2531(Since)N
-825(the)X
-931(con\256guration)X
-1300(is)X
-1371(completely)X
-655 2621(disk)N
-790(bound,)X
-994(we)X
-1096(see)X
-1204(only)X
-1345(a)X
-1400(small)X
-1566(im-)X
-655 2711(provement)N
-964(by)X
-1064(adding)X
-1274(a)X
-1337(second)X
-1549(pro-)X
-655 2801(cess.)N
-849(Adding)X
-1081(any)X
-1213(more)X
-1383(concurrent)X
-655 2891(processes)N
-935(causes)X
-1137(performance)X
-1493(degra-)X
-655 2981(dation.)N
-3 f
-1927 2441(Figure)N
-2149(8:)X
-2243(Multi-user)X
-2574(Performance)X
-1927 2531(on)N
-2021(a)X
-2079(small)X
-2251(database.)X
-1 f
-2551(With)X
-2704(one)X
-2821(pro-)X
-1927 2621(cess,)N
-2075(we)X
-2174(are)X
-2276(driving)X
-2486(the)X
-2589(CPU)X
-2739(at)X
-2810(96%)X
-1927 2711(utilization)N
-2215(leaving)X
-2430(little)X
-2575(room)X
-2737(for)X
-2838(im-)X
-1927 2801(provement)N
-2238(as)X
-2328(the)X
-2443(multiprogramming)X
-1927 2891(level)N
-2091(increases.)X
-2396(In)X
-2489(the)X
-2607(NO-FSYNC)X
-1927 2981(case,)N
-2076(lock)X
-2209(contention)X
-2502(degrades)X
-2751(perfor-)X
-1927 3071(mance)N
-2117(as)X
-2194(soon)X
-2339(as)X
-2416(a)X
-2468(second)X
-2669(process)X
-2884(is)X
-1927 3161(added.)N
-3 f
-3199 2441(Figure)N
-3405(9:)X
-3482(Abort)X
-3669(rates)X
-3827(on)X
-3919(the)X
-4028(TPCB)X
-3199 2531(Benchmark.)N
-1 f
-3589(The)X
-3726(abort)X
-3895(rate)X
-4028(climbs)X
-3199 2621(more)N
-3366(quickly)X
-3594(for)X
-3704(the)X
-3818(large)X
-3980(database)X
-3199 2711(test)N
-3324(since)X
-3491(processes)X
-3771(are)X
-3884(descheduled)X
-3199 2801(more)N
-3409(frequently,)X
-3766(allowing)X
-4068(more)X
-3199 2891(processes)N
-3459(to)X
-3525(vie)X
-3619(for)X
-3709(the)X
-3803(same)X
-3950(locks.)X
-10 s
-10 f
-555 3284(h)N
-579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
-1 f
-555 3560(records,)N
-835(we)X
-952(expect)X
-1185(contention)X
-1546(to)X
-1631(become)X
-1904(a)X
-1963(factor)X
-2174(quickly)X
-2437(and)X
-2576(the)X
-2697(NO-FSYNC)X
-3120(line)X
-3263(in)X
-3348(\256gure)X
-3557(eight)X
-3739(demonstrates)X
-4184(this)X
-555 3650(dramatically.)N
-1022(Each)X
-1209(additional)X
-1555(process)X
-1822(causes)X
-2058(both)X
-2226(more)X
-2417(waiting)X
-2682(and)X
-2823(more)X
-3013(deadlocking.)X
-3470(Figure)X
-3704(nine)X
-3867(shows)X
-4092(that)X
-4237(in)X
-555 3740(the)N
-681(small)X
-882(database)X
-1187(case)X
-1353(\(SMALL\),)X
-1725(waiting)X
-1992(is)X
-2072(the)X
-2197(dominant)X
-2526(cause)X
-2732(of)X
-2826(declining)X
-3151(performance)X
-3585(\(the)X
-3737(number)X
-4009(of)X
-4103(aborts)X
-555 3830(increases)N
-878(less)X
-1026(steeply)X
-1281(than)X
-1447(the)X
-1573(performance)X
-2008(drops)X
-2214(off)X
-2336(in)X
-2426(\256gure)X
-2641(eight\),)X
-2876(while)X
-3082(in)X
-3172(the)X
-3298(large)X
-3487(database)X
-3792(case)X
-3958(\(LARGE\),)X
-555 3920(deadlocking)N
-967(contributes)X
-1343(more)X
-1528(to)X
-1610(the)X
-1728(declining)X
-2046(performance.)X
-755 4043(Deadlocks)N
-1116(are)X
-1237(more)X
-1424(likely)X
-1628(to)X
-1712(occur)X
-1913(in)X
-1997(the)X
-2116(LARGE)X
-2404(test)X
-2536(than)X
-2695(in)X
-2778(the)X
-2897(SMALL)X
-3189(test)X
-3321(because)X
-3597(there)X
-3779(are)X
-3899(more)X
-4085(oppor-)X
-555 4133(tunities)N
-814(to)X
-900(wait.)X
-1082(In)X
-1173(the)X
-1295(SMALL)X
-1590(case,)X
-1773(processes)X
-2105(never)X
-2307(do)X
-2410(I/O)X
-2540(and)X
-2679(are)X
-2801(less)X
-2944(likely)X
-3149(to)X
-3234(be)X
-3333(descheduled)X
-3753(during)X
-3985(a)X
-4044(transac-)X
-555 4223(tion.)N
-740(In)X
-828(the)X
-947(LARGE)X
-1235(case,)X
-1415(processes)X
-1744(will)X
-1889(frequently)X
-2240(be)X
-2337(descheduled)X
-2755(since)X
-2941(they)X
-3100(have)X
-3273(to)X
-3356(perform)X
-3636(I/O.)X
-3804(This)X
-3967(provides)X
-4263(a)X
-555 4313(window)N
-837(where)X
-1058(a)X
-1118(second)X
-1365(process)X
-1630(can)X
-1766(request)X
-2022(locks)X
-2215(on)X
-2318(already)X
-2578(locked)X
-2815(pages,)X
-3041(thus)X
-3197(increasing)X
-3550(the)X
-3671(likelihood)X
-4018(of)X
-4108(build-)X
-555 4403(ing)N
-677(up)X
-777(long)X
-939(chains)X
-1164(of)X
-1251(waiting)X
-1511(processes.)X
-1879(Eventually,)X
-2266(this)X
-2401(leads)X
-2586(to)X
-2668(deadlock.)X
-3 f
-555 4589(5.2.)N
-715(The)X
-868(OO1)X
-1052(Benchmark)X
-1 f
-755 4712(The)N
-903(TPCB)X
-1125(benchmark)X
-1505(described)X
-1836(in)X
-1921(the)X
-2042(previous)X
-2341(section)X
-2591(measures)X
-2913(performance)X
-3343(under)X
-3549(a)X
-3608(conventional)X
-4044(transac-)X
-555 4802(tion)N
-706(processing)X
-1076(workload.)X
-1446(Other)X
-1656(application)X
-2039(domains,)X
-2357(such)X
-2531(as)X
-2625(computer-aided)X
-3156(design,)X
-3412(have)X
-3591(substantially)X
-4022(different)X
-555 4892(access)N
-786(patterns.)X
-1105(In)X
-1197(order)X
-1392(to)X
-1479(measure)X
-1772(the)X
-1895(performance)X
-2327(of)X
-2418(LIBTP)X
-2664(under)X
-2871(workloads)X
-3229(of)X
-3320(this)X
-3459(type,)X
-3641(we)X
-3759(implemented)X
-4201(the)X
-555 4982(OO1)N
-731(benchmark)X
-1108(described)X
-1436(in)X
-1518([CATT91].)X
-755 5105(The)N
-908(database)X
-1213(models)X
-1472(a)X
-1535(set)X
-1651(of)X
-1745(electronics)X
-2120(components)X
-2534(with)X
-2703(connections)X
-3113(among)X
-3358(them.)X
-3585(One)X
-3746(table)X
-3929(stores)X
-4143(parts)X
-555 5195(and)N
-696(another)X
-962(stores)X
-1174(connections.)X
-1622(There)X
-1835(are)X
-1959(three)X
-2145(connections)X
-2552(originating)X
-2927(at)X
-3009(any)X
-3149(given)X
-3351(part.)X
-3540(Ninety)X
-3782(percent)X
-4043(of)X
-4134(these)X
-555 5285(connections)N
-960(are)X
-1081(to)X
-1165(nearby)X
-1406(parts)X
-1584(\(those)X
-1802(with)X
-1966(nearby)X
-2 f
-2207(ids)X
-1 f
-2300(\))X
-2348(to)X
-2431(model)X
-2652(the)X
-2771(spatial)X
-3001(locality)X
-3262(often)X
-3448(exhibited)X
-3767(in)X
-3850(CAD)X
-4040(applica-)X
-555 5375(tions.)N
-779(Ten)X
-933(percent)X
-1198(of)X
-1293(the)X
-1419(connections)X
-1830(are)X
-1957(randomly)X
-2292(distributed)X
-2662(among)X
-2908(all)X
-3016(other)X
-3209(parts)X
-3393(in)X
-3483(the)X
-3609(database.)X
-3954(Every)X
-4174(part)X
-555 5465(appears)N
-829(exactly)X
-1089(three)X
-1278(times)X
-1479(in)X
-1569(the)X
-2 f
-1695(from)X
-1 f
-1874(\256eld)X
-2043(of)X
-2137(a)X
-2200(connection)X
-2579(record,)X
-2832(and)X
-2975(zero)X
-3141(or)X
-3235(more)X
-3427(times)X
-3627(in)X
-3716(the)X
-2 f
-3841(to)X
-1 f
-3930(\256eld.)X
-4139(Parts)X
-555 5555(have)N
-2 f
-727(x)X
-1 f
-783(and)X
-2 f
-919(y)X
-1 f
-975(locations)X
-1284(set)X
-1393(randomly)X
-1720(in)X
-1802(an)X
-1898(appropriate)X
-2284(range.)X
-
-14 p
-%%Page: 14 14
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
-3 f
-1 f
-755 630(The)N
-900(intent)X
-1102(of)X
-1189(OO1)X
-1365(is)X
-1438(to)X
-1520(measure)X
-1808(the)X
-1926(overall)X
-2169(cost)X
-2318(of)X
-2405(a)X
-2461(query)X
-2664(mix)X
-2808(characteristic)X
-3257(of)X
-3344(engineering)X
-3743(database)X
-4040(applica-)X
-555 720(tions.)N
-770(There)X
-978(are)X
-1097(three)X
-1278(tests:)X
-10 f
-635 843(g)N
-2 f
-755(Lookup)X
-1 f
-1022(generates)X
-1353(1,000)X
-1560(random)X
-1832(part)X
-2 f
-1984(ids)X
-1 f
-2077(,)X
-2124(fetches)X
-2378(the)X
-2502(corresponding)X
-2987(parts)X
-3169(from)X
-3351(the)X
-3475(database,)X
-3798(and)X
-3940(calls)X
-4113(a)X
-4175(null)X
-755 933(procedure)N
-1097(in)X
-1179(the)X
-1297(host)X
-1450(programming)X
-1906(language)X
-2216(with)X
-2378(the)X
-2496(parts')X
-2 f
-2699(x)X
-1 f
-2755(and)X
-2 f
-2891(y)X
-1 f
-2947(positions.)X
-10 f
-635 1056(g)N
-2 f
-755(Traverse)X
-1 f
-1067(retrieves)X
-1371(a)X
-1434(random)X
-1706(part)X
-1858(from)X
-2041(the)X
-2166(database)X
-2470(and)X
-2613(follows)X
-2880(connections)X
-3290(from)X
-3473(it)X
-3544(to)X
-3632(other)X
-3823(parts.)X
-4045(Each)X
-4232(of)X
-755 1146(those)N
-947(parts)X
-1126(is)X
-1202(retrieved,)X
-1531(and)X
-1670(all)X
-1773(connections)X
-2179(from)X
-2358(it)X
-2424(followed.)X
-2771(This)X
-2935(procedure)X
-3279(is)X
-3354(repeated)X
-3649(depth-\256rst)X
-4000(for)X
-4116(seven)X
-755 1236(hops)N
-930(from)X
-1110(the)X
-1232(original)X
-1505(part,)X
-1674(for)X
-1792(a)X
-1852(total)X
-2018(of)X
-2109(3280)X
-2293(parts.)X
-2513(Backward)X
-2862(traversal)X
-3162(also)X
-3314(exists,)X
-3539(and)X
-3678(follows)X
-3941(all)X
-4044(connec-)X
-755 1326(tions)N
-930(into)X
-1074(a)X
-1130(given)X
-1328(part)X
-1473(to)X
-1555(their)X
-1722(origin.)X
-10 f
-635 1449(g)N
-2 f
-755(Insert)X
-1 f
-962(adds)X
-1129(100)X
-1269(new)X
-1423(parts)X
-1599(and)X
-1735(their)X
-1902(connections.)X
-755 1572(The)N
-913(benchmark)X
-1303(is)X
-1389(single-user,)X
-1794(but)X
-1929(multi-user)X
-2291(access)X
-2530(controls)X
-2821(\(locking)X
-3120(and)X
-3268(transaction)X
-3652(protection\))X
-4036(must)X
-4223(be)X
-555 1662(enforced.)N
-898(It)X
-968(is)X
-1042(designed)X
-1348(to)X
-1431(be)X
-1528(run)X
-1656(on)X
-1757(a)X
-1814(database)X
-2112(with)X
-2275(20,000)X
-2516(parts,)X
-2713(and)X
-2850(on)X
-2951(one)X
-3087(with)X
-3249(200,000)X
-3529(parts.)X
-3745(Because)X
-4033(we)X
-4147(have)X
-555 1752(insuf\256cient)N
-935(disk)X
-1088(space)X
-1287(for)X
-1401(the)X
-1519(larger)X
-1727(database,)X
-2044(we)X
-2158(report)X
-2370(results)X
-2599(only)X
-2761(for)X
-2875(the)X
-2993(20,000)X
-3233(part)X
-3378(database.)X
-3 f
-555 1938(5.2.1.)N
-775(Implementation)X
-1 f
-755 2061(The)N
-920(LIBTP)X
-1182(implementation)X
-1724(of)X
-1831(OO1)X
-2027(uses)X
-2205(the)X
-2342(TCL)X
-2532([OUST90])X
-2914(interface)X
-3235(described)X
-3582(earlier.)X
-3867(The)X
-4031(backend)X
-555 2151(accepts)N
-813(commands)X
-1181(over)X
-1345(an)X
-1442(IP)X
-1534(socket)X
-1760(and)X
-1897(performs)X
-2208(the)X
-2327(requested)X
-2656(database)X
-2954(actions.)X
-3242(The)X
-3387(frontend)X
-3679(opens)X
-3886(and)X
-4022(executes)X
-555 2241(a)N
-618(TCL)X
-796(script.)X
-1041(This)X
-1210(script)X
-1415(contains)X
-1709(database)X
-2013(accesses)X
-2313(interleaved)X
-2697(with)X
-2866(ordinary)X
-3165(program)X
-3463(control)X
-3716(statements.)X
-4120(Data-)X
-555 2331(base)N
-718(commands)X
-1085(are)X
-1204(submitted)X
-1539(to)X
-1621(the)X
-1739(backend)X
-2027(and)X
-2163(results)X
-2392(are)X
-2511(bound)X
-2731(to)X
-2813(program)X
-3105(variables.)X
-755 2454(The)N
-903(parts)X
-1082(table)X
-1261(was)X
-1409(stored)X
-1628(as)X
-1718(a)X
-1776(B-tree)X
-1999(indexed)X
-2275(by)X
-2 f
-2377(id)X
-1 f
-2439(.)X
-2501(The)X
-2648(connection)X
-3022(table)X
-3200(was)X
-3347(stored)X
-3565(as)X
-3654(a)X
-3712(set)X
-3823(of)X
-3912(\256xed-length)X
-555 2544(records)N
-824(using)X
-1029(the)X
-1159(4.4BSD)X
-1446(recno)X
-1657(access)X
-1895(method.)X
-2207(In)X
-2306(addition,)X
-2620(two)X
-2771(B-tree)X
-3003(indices)X
-3261(were)X
-3449(maintained)X
-3836(on)X
-3947(connection)X
-555 2634(table)N
-732(entries.)X
-1007(One)X
-1162(index)X
-1360(mapped)X
-1634(the)X
-2 f
-1752(from)X
-1 f
-1923(\256eld)X
-2085(to)X
-2167(a)X
-2223(connection)X
-2595(record)X
-2821(number,)X
-3106(and)X
-3242(the)X
-3360(other)X
-3545(mapped)X
-3819(the)X
-2 f
-3937(to)X
-1 f
-4019(\256eld)X
-4181(to)X
-4263(a)X
-555 2724(connection)N
-932(record)X
-1163(number.)X
-1473(These)X
-1690(indices)X
-1941(support)X
-2205(fast)X
-2345(lookups)X
-2622(on)X
-2726(connections)X
-3133(in)X
-3219(both)X
-3385(directions.)X
-3765(For)X
-3900(the)X
-4022(traversal)X
-555 2814(tests,)N
-743(the)X
-867(frontend)X
-1165(does)X
-1338(an)X
-1439(index)X
-1642(lookup)X
-1889(to)X
-1976(discover)X
-2273(the)X
-2396(connected)X
-2747(part's)X
-2 f
-2955(id)X
-1 f
-3017(,)X
-3062(and)X
-3203(then)X
-3366(does)X
-3538(another)X
-3804(lookup)X
-4051(to)X
-4138(fetch)X
-555 2904(the)N
-673(part)X
-818(itself.)X
-3 f
-555 3090(5.2.2.)N
-775(Performance)X
-1242(Measurements)X
-1766(for)X
-1889(OO1)X
-1 f
-755 3213(We)N
-888(compare)X
-1186(LIBTP's)X
-1487(OO1)X
-1664(performance)X
-2092(to)X
-2174(that)X
-2314(reported)X
-2602(in)X
-2684([CATT91].)X
-3087(Those)X
-3303(results)X
-3532(were)X
-3709(collected)X
-4019(on)X
-4119(a)X
-4175(Sun)X
-555 3303(3/280)N
-759(\(25)X
-888(MHz)X
-1075(MC68020\))X
-1448(with)X
-1612(16)X
-1714(MBytes)X
-1989(of)X
-2078(memory)X
-2367(and)X
-2505(two)X
-2647(Hitachi)X
-2904(892MByte)X
-3267(disks)X
-3452(\(15)X
-3580(ms)X
-3694(average)X
-3966(seek)X
-4130(time\))X
-555 3393(behind)N
-793(an)X
-889(SMD-4)X
-1149(controller.)X
-1521(Frontends)X
-1861(ran)X
-1984(on)X
-2084(an)X
-2180(8MByte)X
-2462(Sun)X
-2606(3/260.)X
-755 3516(In)N
-844(order)X
-1036(to)X
-1120(measure)X
-1410(performance)X
-1839(on)X
-1941(a)X
-1999(machine)X
-2293(of)X
-2382(roughly)X
-2653(equivalent)X
-3009(processor)X
-3339(power,)X
-3582(we)X
-3698(ran)X
-3822(one)X
-3959(set)X
-4069(of)X
-4157(tests)X
-555 3606(on)N
-666(a)X
-733(standalone)X
-1107(MC68030-based)X
-1671(HP300)X
-1923(\(33MHz)X
-2225(MC68030\).)X
-2646(The)X
-2801(database)X
-3108(was)X
-3263(stored)X
-3489(on)X
-3599(a)X
-3665(300MByte)X
-4037(HP7959)X
-555 3696(SCSI)N
-744(disk)X
-898(\(17)X
-1026(ms)X
-1139(average)X
-1410(seek)X
-1573(time\).)X
-1802(Since)X
-2000(this)X
-2135(machine)X
-2427(is)X
-2500(not)X
-2622(connected)X
-2968(to)X
-3050(a)X
-3106(network,)X
-3409(we)X
-3523(ran)X
-3646(local)X
-3822(tests)X
-3984(where)X
-4201(the)X
-555 3786(frontend)N
-855(and)X
-999(backend)X
-1295(run)X
-1430(on)X
-1538(the)X
-1664(same)X
-1856(machine.)X
-2195(We)X
-2334(compare)X
-2638(these)X
-2830(measurements)X
-3316(with)X
-3485(Cattell's)X
-3783(local)X
-3966(Sun)X
-4117(3/280)X
-555 3876(numbers.)N
-755 3999(Because)N
-1051(the)X
-1177(benchmark)X
-1562(requires)X
-1849(remote)X
-2100(access,)X
-2354(we)X
-2476(ran)X
-2607(another)X
-2876(set)X
-2993(of)X
-3088(tests)X
-3258(on)X
-3365(a)X
-3428(DECstation)X
-3828(5000/200)X
-4157(with)X
-555 4089(32M)N
-732(of)X
-825(memory)X
-1118(running)X
-1393(Ultrix)X
-1610(V4.0)X
-1794(and)X
-1936(a)X
-1998(DEC)X
-2184(1GByte)X
-2459(RZ57)X
-2666(SCSI)X
-2859(disk.)X
-3057(We)X
-3194(compare)X
-3496(the)X
-3619(local)X
-3800(performance)X
-4232(of)X
-555 4179(OO1)N
-734(on)X
-837(the)X
-958(DECstation)X
-1354(to)X
-1439(its)X
-1536(remote)X
-1781(performance.)X
-2250(For)X
-2383(the)X
-2503(remote)X
-2748(case,)X
-2929(we)X
-3045(ran)X
-3170(the)X
-3290(frontend)X
-3584(on)X
-3686(a)X
-3744(DECstation)X
-4139(3100)X
-555 4269(with)N
-717(16)X
-817(MBytes)X
-1090(of)X
-1177(main)X
-1357(memory.)X
-755 4392(The)N
-900(databases)X
-1228(tested)X
-1435(in)X
-1517([CATT91])X
-1880(are)X
-10 f
-635 4515(g)N
-1 f
-755(INDEX,)X
-1045(a)X
-1101(highly-optimized)X
-1672(access)X
-1898(method)X
-2158(package)X
-2442(developed)X
-2792(at)X
-2870(Sun)X
-3014(Microsystems.)X
-10 f
-635 4638(g)N
-1 f
-755(OODBMS,)X
-1137(a)X
-1193(beta)X
-1347(release)X
-1591(of)X
-1678(a)X
-1734(commercial)X
-2133(object-oriented)X
-2639(database)X
-2936(management)X
-3366(system.)X
-10 f
-635 4761(g)N
-1 f
-755(RDBMS,)X
-1076(a)X
-1133(UNIX-based)X
-1565(commercial)X
-1965(relational)X
-2289(data)X
-2444(manager)X
-2742(at)X
-2821(production)X
-3189(release.)X
-3474(The)X
-3620(OO1)X
-3797(implementation)X
-755 4851(used)N
-922(embedded)X
-1272(SQL)X
-1443(in)X
-1525(C.)X
-1638(Stored)X
-1867(procedures)X
-2240(were)X
-2417(de\256ned)X
-2673(to)X
-2755(reduce)X
-2990(client-server)X
-3412(traf\256c.)X
-755 4974(Table)N
-974(two)X
-1130(shows)X
-1366(the)X
-1500(measurements)X
-1995(from)X
-2187([CATT91])X
-2566(and)X
-2718(LIBTP)X
-2976(for)X
-3106(a)X
-3178(local)X
-3370(test)X
-3517(on)X
-3632(the)X
-3765(MC680x0-based)X
-555 5064(hardware.)N
-915(All)X
-1037(caches)X
-1272(are)X
-1391(cleared)X
-1644(before)X
-1870(each)X
-2038(test.)X
-2209(All)X
-2331(times)X
-2524(are)X
-2643(in)X
-2725(seconds.)X
-755 5187(Table)N
-960(two)X
-1102(shows)X
-1324(that)X
-1466(LIBTP)X
-1710(outperforms)X
-2123(the)X
-2242(commercial)X
-2642(relational)X
-2966(system,)X
-3229(but)X
-3352(is)X
-3426(slower)X
-3661(than)X
-3820(OODBMS)X
-4183(and)X
-555 5277(INDEX.)N
-872(Since)X
-1077(the)X
-1202(caches)X
-1444(were)X
-1628(cleared)X
-1888(at)X
-1973(the)X
-2098(start)X
-2263(of)X
-2356(each)X
-2530(test,)X
-2687(disk)X
-2846(throughput)X
-3223(is)X
-3302(critical)X
-3551(in)X
-3639(this)X
-3780(test.)X
-3957(The)X
-4108(single)X
-555 5367(SCSI)N
-749(HP)X
-877(drive)X
-1068(used)X
-1241(by)X
-1347(LIBTP)X
-1595(is)X
-1674(approximately)X
-2163(13%)X
-2336(slower)X
-2576(than)X
-2739(the)X
-2862(disks)X
-3051(used)X
-3223(in)X
-3310([CATT91])X
-3678(which)X
-3899(accounts)X
-4205(for)X
-555 5457(part)N
-700(of)X
-787(the)X
-905(difference.)X
-755 5580(OODBMS)N
-1118(and)X
-1255(INDEX)X
-1525(outperform)X
-1906(LIBTP)X
-2148(most)X
-2323(dramatically)X
-2744(on)X
-2844(traversal.)X
-3181(This)X
-3343(is)X
-3416(because)X
-3691(we)X
-3805(use)X
-3932(index)X
-4130(look-)X
-555 5670(ups)N
-689(to)X
-774(\256nd)X
-921(connections,)X
-1347(whereas)X
-1634(the)X
-1755(other)X
-1942(two)X
-2084(systems)X
-2359(use)X
-2488(a)X
-2546(link)X
-2692(access)X
-2920(method.)X
-3222(The)X
-3369(index)X
-3569(requires)X
-3850(us)X
-3943(to)X
-4027(examine)X
-
-15 p
-%%Page: 15 15
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
-3 f
-1 f
-10 f
-555 679(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
-2 f
-606 769(Measure)N
-1 f
-1019(INDEX)X
-1389(OODBMS)X
-1851(RDBMS)X
-2250(LIBTP)X
-10 f
-555 771(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
-555 787(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
-1 f
-595 869(Lookup)N
-1114(5.4)X
-1490(12.9)X
-1950(27)X
-2291(27.2)X
-595 959(Traversal)N
-1074(13)X
-1530(9.8)X
-1950(90)X
-2291(47.3)X
-595 1049(Insert)N
-1114(7.4)X
-1530(1.5)X
-1950(22)X
-2331(9.7)X
-10 f
-555 1059(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
-555(c)X
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-959 1059(c)N
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-1329 1059(c)N
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-1791 1059(c)N
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-2190 1059(c)N
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-2512 1059(c)N
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-2618 679(i)N
-2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-2 f
-2829 769(Measure)N
-3401(Cache)X
-3726(Local)X
-4028(Remote)X
-1 f
-10 f
-2618 771(i)N
-2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-2618 787(i)N
-2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-1 f
-2658 869(Lookup)N
-3401(cold)X
-3747(15.7)X
-4078(20.6)X
-3401 959(warm)N
-3787(7.8)X
-4078(12.4)X
-10 f
-2618 969(i)N
-2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-1 f
-2658 1059(Forward)N
-2950(traversal)X
-3401(cold)X
-3747(28.4)X
-4078(52.6)X
-3401 1149(warm)N
-3747(23.5)X
-4078(47.4)X
-10 f
-2618 1159(i)N
-2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-1 f
-2658 1249(Backward)N
-3004(traversal)X
-3401(cold)X
-3747(24.2)X
-4078(47.4)X
-3401 1339(warm)N
-3747(24.3)X
-4078(47.6)X
-10 f
-2618 1349(i)N
-2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-1 f
-2658 1439(Insert)N
-3401(cold)X
-3787(7.5)X
-4078(10.3)X
-3401 1529(warm)N
-3787(6.7)X
-4078(10.9)X
-10 f
-2618 1539(i)N
-2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
-2618(c)X
-1479(c)Y
-1399(c)Y
-1319(c)Y
-1239(c)Y
-1159(c)Y
-1079(c)Y
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-3341 1539(c)N
-1479(c)Y
-1399(c)Y
-1319(c)Y
-1239(c)Y
-1159(c)Y
-1079(c)Y
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-3666 1539(c)N
-1479(c)Y
-1399(c)Y
-1319(c)Y
-1239(c)Y
-1159(c)Y
-1079(c)Y
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-3968 1539(c)N
-1479(c)Y
-1399(c)Y
-1319(c)Y
-1239(c)Y
-1159(c)Y
-1079(c)Y
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-4309 1539(c)N
-1479(c)Y
-1399(c)Y
-1319(c)Y
-1239(c)Y
-1159(c)Y
-1079(c)Y
-999(c)Y
-919(c)Y
-839(c)Y
-759(c)Y
-3 f
-587 1785(Table)N
-823(2:)X
-931(Local)X
-1163(MC680x0)X
-1538(Performance)X
-2026(of)X
-2133(Several)X
-587 1875(Systems)N
-883(on)X
-987(OO1.)X
-2667 1785(Table)N
-2909(3:)X
-3023(Local)X
-3260(vs.)X
-3397(Remote)X
-3707(Performance)X
-4200(of)X
-2667 1875(LIBTP)N
-2926(on)X
-3030(OO1.)X
-1 f
-10 f
-555 1998(h)N
-579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
-1 f
-555 2274(two)N
-696(disk)X
-850(pages,)X
-1074(but)X
-1197(the)X
-1316(links)X
-1492(require)X
-1741(only)X
-1904(one,)X
-2061(regardless)X
-2408(of)X
-2496(database)X
-2794(size.)X
-2980(Cattell)X
-3214(reports)X
-3458(that)X
-3599(lookups)X
-3873(using)X
-4067(B-trees)X
-555 2364(instead)N
-808(of)X
-901(links)X
-1082(makes)X
-1313(traversal)X
-1616(take)X
-1776(twice)X
-1976(as)X
-2069(long)X
-2237(in)X
-2325(INDEX.)X
-2641(Adding)X
-2907(a)X
-2969(link)X
-3119(access)X
-3351(method)X
-3617(to)X
-3 f
-3704(db)X
-1 f
-3792(\(3\))X
-3911(or)X
-4003(using)X
-4201(the)X
-555 2454(existing)N
-828(hash)X
-995(method)X
-1255(would)X
-1475(apparently)X
-1834(be)X
-1930(a)X
-1986(good)X
-2166(idea.)X
-755 2577(Both)N
-936(OODBMS)X
-1304(and)X
-1446(INDEX)X
-1722(issue)X
-1908 0.1944(coarser-granularity)AX
-2545(locks)X
-2739(than)X
-2902(LIBTP.)X
-3189(This)X
-3356(limits)X
-3562(concurrency)X
-3985(for)X
-4104(multi-)X
-555 2667(user)N
-711(applications,)X
-1140(but)X
-1264(helps)X
-1455(single-user)X
-1829(applications.)X
-2278(In)X
-2367(addition,)X
-2671(the)X
-2791(fact)X
-2934(that)X
-3076(LIBTP)X
-3319(releases)X
-3595(B-tree)X
-3817(locks)X
-4007(early)X
-4189(is)X
-4263(a)X
-555 2757(drawback)N
-896(in)X
-986(OO1.)X
-1210(Since)X
-1416(there)X
-1605(is)X
-1686(no)X
-1793(concurrency)X
-2218(in)X
-2307(the)X
-2432(benchmark,)X
-2836(high-concurrency)X
-3430(strategies)X
-3760(only)X
-3929(show)X
-4125(up)X
-4232(as)X
-555 2847(increased)N
-882(locking)X
-1145(overhead.)X
-1503(Finally,)X
-1772(the)X
-1892(architecture)X
-2294(of)X
-2383(the)X
-2503(LIBTP)X
-2747(implementation)X
-3271(was)X
-3418(substantially)X
-3844(different)X
-4143(from)X
-555 2937(that)N
-702(of)X
-796(either)X
-1006(OODBMS)X
-1375(or)X
-1469(INDEX.)X
-1786(Both)X
-1968(of)X
-2062(those)X
-2258(systems)X
-2538(do)X
-2645(the)X
-2770(searches)X
-3070(in)X
-3159(the)X
-3284(user's)X
-3503(address)X
-3771(space,)X
-3997(and)X
-4139(issue)X
-555 3027(requests)N
-844(for)X
-964(pages)X
-1173(to)X
-1260(the)X
-1383(server)X
-1605(process.)X
-1911(Pages)X
-2123(are)X
-2247(cached)X
-2496(in)X
-2583(the)X
-2706(client,)X
-2929(and)X
-3070(many)X
-3273(queries)X
-3530(can)X
-3667(be)X
-3768(satis\256ed)X
-4055(without)X
-555 3117(contacting)N
-910(the)X
-1029(server)X
-1247(at)X
-1326(all.)X
-1467(LIBTP)X
-1710(submits)X
-1979(all)X
-2080(the)X
-2199(queries)X
-2452(to)X
-2535(the)X
-2653(server)X
-2870(process,)X
-3151(and)X
-3287(receives)X
-3571(database)X
-3868(records)X
-4125(back;)X
-555 3207(it)N
-619(does)X
-786(no)X
-886(client)X
-1084(caching.)X
-755 3330(The)N
-911(RDBMS)X
-1221(architecture)X
-1632(is)X
-1716(much)X
-1925(closer)X
-2148(to)X
-2241(that)X
-2392(of)X
-2490(LIBTP.)X
-2783(A)X
-2872(server)X
-3100(process)X
-3372(receives)X
-3667(queries)X
-3930(and)X
-4076(returns)X
-555 3420(results)N
-786(to)X
-870(a)X
-928(client.)X
-1168(The)X
-1315(timing)X
-1545(results)X
-1776(in)X
-1860(table)X
-2038(two)X
-2180(clearly)X
-2421(show)X
-2612(that)X
-2754(the)X
-2874(conventional)X
-3309(database)X
-3607(client/server)X
-4025(model)X
-4246(is)X
-555 3510(expensive.)N
-941(LIBTP)X
-1188(outperforms)X
-1605(the)X
-1728(RDBMS)X
-2032(on)X
-2136(traversal)X
-2437(and)X
-2577(insertion.)X
-2921(We)X
-3057(speculate)X
-3380(that)X
-3524(this)X
-3663(is)X
-3740(due)X
-3880(in)X
-3966(part)X
-4115(to)X
-4201(the)X
-555 3600(overhead)N
-870(of)X
-957(query)X
-1160(parsing,)X
-1436(optimization,)X
-1880(and)X
-2016(repeated)X
-2309(interpretation)X
-2761(of)X
-2848(the)X
-2966(plan)X
-3124(tree)X
-3265(in)X
-3347(the)X
-3465(RDBMS')X
-3791(query)X
-3994(executor.)X
-755 3723(Table)N
-962(three)X
-1147(shows)X
-1371(the)X
-1492(differences)X
-1873(between)X
-2164(local)X
-2343(and)X
-2482(remote)X
-2728(execution)X
-3063(of)X
-3153(LIBTP's)X
-3456(OO1)X
-3635(implementation)X
-4160(on)X
-4263(a)X
-555 3813(DECstation.)N
-989(We)X
-1122(measured)X
-1451(performance)X
-1879(with)X
-2042(a)X
-2099(populated)X
-2436(\(warm\))X
-2694(cache)X
-2899(and)X
-3036(an)X
-3133(empty)X
-3354(\(cold\))X
-3567(cache.)X
-3812(Reported)X
-4126(times)X
-555 3903(are)N
-681(the)X
-806(means)X
-1037(of)X
-1130(twenty)X
-1374(tests,)X
-1562(and)X
-1704(are)X
-1829(in)X
-1917(seconds.)X
-2237(Standard)X
-2548(deviations)X
-2903(were)X
-3086(within)X
-3316(seven)X
-3525(percent)X
-3788(of)X
-3881(the)X
-4005(mean)X
-4205(for)X
-555 3993(remote,)N
-818(and)X
-954(two)X
-1094(percent)X
-1351(of)X
-1438(the)X
-1556(mean)X
-1750(for)X
-1864(local.)X
-755 4116(The)N
-914(20ms)X
-1121(overhead)X
-1450(of)X
-1551(TCP/IP)X
-1824(on)X
-1938(an)X
-2048(Ethernet)X
-2354(entirely)X
-2633(accounts)X
-2948(for)X
-3076(the)X
-3207(difference)X
-3567(in)X
-3662(speed.)X
-3918(The)X
-4076(remote)X
-555 4206(traversal)N
-857(times)X
-1055(are)X
-1179(nearly)X
-1405(double)X
-1648(the)X
-1771(local)X
-1952(times)X
-2150(because)X
-2430(we)X
-2549(do)X
-2653(index)X
-2855(lookups)X
-3132(and)X
-3272(part)X
-3421(fetches)X
-3673(in)X
-3759(separate)X
-4047(queries.)X
-555 4296(It)N
-629(would)X
-854(make)X
-1053(sense)X
-1252(to)X
-1339(do)X
-1444(indexed)X
-1723(searches)X
-2021(on)X
-2126(the)X
-2248(server,)X
-2489(but)X
-2615(we)X
-2733(were)X
-2914(unwilling)X
-3244(to)X
-3330(hard-code)X
-3676(knowledge)X
-4052(of)X
-4143(OO1)X
-555 4386(indices)N
-803(into)X
-948(our)X
-1075(LIBTP)X
-1317(TCL)X
-1488(server.)X
-1745(Cold)X
-1920(and)X
-2056(warm)X
-2259(insertion)X
-2559(times)X
-2752(are)X
-2871(identical)X
-3167(since)X
-3352(insertions)X
-3683(do)X
-3783(not)X
-3905(bene\256t)X
-4143(from)X
-555 4476(caching.)N
-755 4599(One)N
-915(interesting)X
-1279(difference)X
-1632(shown)X
-1867(by)X
-1973(table)X
-2155(three)X
-2342(is)X
-2421(the)X
-2545(cost)X
-2700(of)X
-2793(forward)X
-3074(versus)X
-3305(backward)X
-3644(traversal.)X
-3987(When)X
-4205(we)X
-555 4689(built)N
-725(the)X
-847(database,)X
-1168(we)X
-1285(inserted)X
-1562(parts)X
-1741(in)X
-1826(part)X
-2 f
-1974(id)X
-1 f
-2059(order.)X
-2292(We)X
-2427(built)X
-2596(the)X
-2717(indices)X
-2967(at)X
-3048(the)X
-3169(same)X
-3357(time.)X
-3562(Therefore,)X
-3923(the)X
-4044(forward)X
-555 4779(index)N
-757(had)X
-897(keys)X
-1068(inserted)X
-1346(in)X
-1432(order,)X
-1646(while)X
-1848(the)X
-1970(backward)X
-2307(index)X
-2509(had)X
-2649(keys)X
-2820(inserted)X
-3098(more)X
-3286(randomly.)X
-3656(In-order)X
-3943(insertion)X
-4246(is)X
-555 4885(pessimal)N
-858(for)X
-975(B-tree)X
-1199(indices,)X
-1469(so)X
-1563(the)X
-1684(forward)X
-1962(index)X
-2163(is)X
-2239(much)X
-2440(larger)X
-2651(than)X
-2812(the)X
-2933(backward)X
-3269(one)X
-7 s
-3385 4853(5)N
-10 s
-4885(.)Y
-3476(This)X
-3640(larger)X
-3850(size)X
-3997(shows)X
-4219(up)X
-555 4975(as)N
-642(extra)X
-823(disk)X
-976(reads)X
-1166(in)X
-1248(the)X
-1366(cold)X
-1524(benchmark.)X
-3 f
-555 5161(6.)N
-655(Conclusions)X
-1 f
-755 5284(LIBTP)N
-1006(provides)X
-1311(the)X
-1438(basic)X
-1632(building)X
-1927(blocks)X
-2165(to)X
-2256(support)X
-2525(transaction)X
-2906(protection.)X
-3300(In)X
-3396(comparison)X
-3799(with)X
-3970(traditional)X
-555 5374(Unix)N
-746(libraries)X
-1040(and)X
-1187(commercial)X
-1597(systems,)X
-1900(it)X
-1974(offers)X
-2192(a)X
-2258(variety)X
-2511(of)X
-2608(tradeoffs.)X
-2964(Using)X
-3185(complete)X
-3509(transaction)X
-3891(protection)X
-4246(is)X
-555 5464(more)N
-747(complicated)X
-1166(than)X
-1331(simply)X
-1575(adding)X
-3 f
-1820(fsync)X
-1 f
-1998(\(2\))X
-2119(and)X
-3 f
-2262(\257ock)X
-1 f
-2426(\(2\))X
-2547(calls)X
-2721(to)X
-2810(code,)X
-3008(but)X
-3136(it)X
-3206(is)X
-3285(faster)X
-3490(in)X
-3578(some)X
-3773(cases)X
-3969(and)X
-4111(offers)X
-8 s
-10 f
-555 5536(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
-5 s
-1 f
-727 5614(5)N
-8 s
-763 5639(The)N
-878(next)X
-1004(release)X
-1196(of)X
-1265(the)X
-1359(4.4BSD)X
-1580(access)X
-1758(method)X
-1966(will)X
-2082(automatically)X
-2446(detect)X
-2614(and)X
-2722(compensate)X
-3039(for)X
-3129(in-order)X
-3350(insertion,)X
-3606(eliminating)X
-3914(this)X
-4023(problem.)X
-
-16 p
-%%Page: 16 16
-8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
-10 s
-3 f
-1 f
-555 630(stricter)N
-801(guarantees)X
-1168(\(atomicity,)X
-1540(consistency,)X
-1957(isolation,)X
-2275(and)X
-2414(durability\).)X
-2815(If)X
-2892(the)X
-3013(data)X
-3170(to)X
-3255(be)X
-3354(protected)X
-3676(are)X
-3798(already)X
-4058(format-)X
-555 720(ted)N
-675(\()X
-2 f
-702(i.e.)X
-1 f
-821(use)X
-949(one)X
-1086(of)X
-1174(the)X
-1293(database)X
-1591(access)X
-1818(methods\),)X
-2157(then)X
-2316(adding)X
-2555(transaction)X
-2928(protection)X
-3274(requires)X
-3554(no)X
-3655(additional)X
-3996(complex-)X
-555 810(ity,)N
-679(but)X
-801(incurs)X
-1017(a)X
-1073(performance)X
-1500(penalty)X
-1756(of)X
-1843(approximately)X
-2326(15%.)X
-755 933(In)N
-844(comparison)X
-1240(with)X
-1404(commercial)X
-1805(database)X
-2104(systems,)X
-2399(the)X
-2519(tradeoffs)X
-2827(are)X
-2948(more)X
-3135(complex.)X
-3473(LIBTP)X
-3717(does)X
-3886(not)X
-4009(currently)X
-555 1023(support)N
-825(a)X
-891(standard)X
-1193(query)X
-1406(language.)X
-1766(The)X
-1921(TCL-based)X
-2312(server)X
-2539(process)X
-2810(allows)X
-3049(a)X
-3115(certain)X
-3364(ease)X
-3533(of)X
-3630(use)X
-3767(which)X
-3993(would)X
-4223(be)X
-555 1113(enhanced)N
-882(with)X
-1047(a)X
-1106(more)X
-1294(user-friendly)X
-1732(interface)X
-2037(\()X
-2 f
-2064(e.g.)X
-1 f
-2203(a)X
-2261(windows)X
-2572(based)X
-2777(query-by-form)X
-3272(application\),)X
-3697(for)X
-3813(which)X
-4031(we)X
-4147(have)X
-555 1203(a)N
-620(working)X
-916(prototype.)X
-1292(When)X
-1513(accesses)X
-1815(do)X
-1924(not)X
-2055(require)X
-2312(sophisticated)X
-2758(query)X
-2969(processing,)X
-3360(the)X
-3486(TCL)X
-3665(interface)X
-3975(is)X
-4056(an)X
-4160(ade-)X
-555 1293(quate)N
-756(solution.)X
-1080(What)X
-1281(LIBTP)X
-1529(fails)X
-1693(to)X
-1781(provide)X
-2052(in)X
-2140(functionality,)X
-2595(it)X
-2665(makes)X
-2896(up)X
-3002(for)X
-3122(in)X
-3210(performance)X
-3643(and)X
-3785(\257exibility.)X
-4161(Any)X
-555 1383(application)N
-931(may)X
-1089(make)X
-1283(use)X
-1410(of)X
-1497(its)X
-1592(record)X
-1818(interface)X
-2120(or)X
-2207(the)X
-2325(more)X
-2510(primitive)X
-2823(log,)X
-2965(lock,)X
-3143(and)X
-3279(buffer)X
-3496(calls.)X
-755 1506(Future)N
-987(work)X
-1175(will)X
-1322(focus)X
-1519(on)X
-1621(overcoming)X
-2026(some)X
-2217(of)X
-2306(the)X
-2426(areas)X
-2614(in)X
-2698(which)X
-2916(LIBTP)X
-3160(is)X
-3235(currently)X
-3547(de\256cient)X
-3845(and)X
-3983(extending)X
-555 1596(its)N
-652(transaction)X
-1026(model.)X
-1288(The)X
-1435(addition)X
-1719(of)X
-1808(an)X
-1905(SQL)X
-2077(parser)X
-2295(and)X
-2432(forms)X
-2640(front)X
-2817(end)X
-2954(will)X
-3099(improve)X
-3387(the)X
-3506(system's)X
-3807(ease)X
-3967(of)X
-4055(use)X
-4183(and)X
-555 1686(make)N
-750(it)X
-815(more)X
-1001(competitive)X
-1400(with)X
-1563(commercial)X
-1963(systems.)X
-2277(In)X
-2365(the)X
-2484(long)X
-2647(term,)X
-2835(we)X
-2950(would)X
-3170(like)X
-3310(to)X
-3392(add)X
-3528(generalized)X
-3919(hierarchical)X
-555 1776(locking,)N
-836(nested)X
-1062(transactions,)X
-1486(parallel)X
-1748(transactions,)X
-2171(passing)X
-2431(of)X
-2518(transactions)X
-2921(between)X
-3209(processes,)X
-3557(and)X
-3693(distributed)X
-4055(commit)X
-555 1866(handling.)N
-900(In)X
-992(the)X
-1115(short)X
-1300(term,)X
-1492(the)X
-1614(next)X
-1776(step)X
-1929(is)X
-2006(to)X
-2092(integrate)X
-2397(LIBTP)X
-2643(with)X
-2809(the)X
-2931(most)X
-3110(recent)X
-3331(release)X
-3579(of)X
-3670(the)X
-3792(database)X
-4093(access)X
-555 1956(routines)N
-833(and)X
-969(make)X
-1163(it)X
-1227(freely)X
-1435(available)X
-1745(via)X
-1863(anonymous)X
-2252(ftp.)X
-3 f
-555 2142(7.)N
-655(Acknowledgements)X
-1 f
-755 2265(We)N
-888(would)X
-1109(like)X
-1250(to)X
-1332(thank)X
-1530(John)X
-1701(Wilkes)X
-1948(and)X
-2084(Carl)X
-2242(Staelin)X
-2484(of)X
-2571(Hewlett-Packard)X
-3131(Laboratories)X
-3557(and)X
-3693(Jon)X
-3824(Krueger.)X
-4148(John)X
-555 2355(and)N
-694(Carl)X
-855(provided)X
-1162(us)X
-1255(with)X
-1419(an)X
-1517(extra)X
-1700(disk)X
-1855(for)X
-1971(the)X
-2091(HP)X
-2215(testbed)X
-2464(less)X
-2606(than)X
-2766(24)X
-2868(hours)X
-3068(after)X
-3238(we)X
-3354(requested)X
-3684(it.)X
-3770(Jon)X
-3903(spent)X
-4094(count-)X
-555 2445(less)N
-699(hours)X
-901(helping)X
-1164(us)X
-1258(understand)X
-1633(the)X
-1754(intricacies)X
-2107(of)X
-2197(commercial)X
-2599(database)X
-2899(products)X
-3198(and)X
-3337(their)X
-3507(behavior)X
-3811(under)X
-4017(a)X
-4076(variety)X
-555 2535(of)N
-642(system)X
-884(con\256gurations.)X
-3 f
-555 2721(8.)N
-655(References)X
-1 f
-555 2901([ANDR89])N
-942(Andrade,)X
-1265(J.,)X
-1361(Carges,)X
-1629(M.,)X
-1765(Kovach,)X
-2060(K.,)X
-2183(``Building)X
-2541(an)X
-2642(On-Line)X
-2939(Transaction)X
-3343(Processing)X
-3715(System)X
-3975(On)X
-4098(UNIX)X
-727 2991(System)N
-982(V'',)X
-2 f
-1134(CommUNIXations)X
-1 f
-1725(,)X
-1765 0.2188(November/December)AX
-2477(1989.)X
-555 3171([BAY77])N
-878(Bayer,)X
-1110(R.,)X
-1223(Schkolnick,)X
-1623(M.,)X
-1754(``Concurrency)X
-2243(of)X
-2330(Operations)X
-2702(on)X
-2802(B-Trees'',)X
-2 f
-3155(Acta)X
-3322(Informatica)X
-1 f
-3700(,)X
-3740(1977.)X
-555 3351([BERN80])N
-936(Bernstein,)X
-1297(P.,)X
-1415(Goodman,)X
-1785(N.,)X
-1917(``Timestamp)X
-2365(Based)X
-2595(Algorithms)X
-2992(for)X
-3119(Concurrency)X
-3567(Control)X
-3844(in)X
-3939(Distributed)X
-727 3441(Database)N
-1042(Systems'',)X
-2 f
-1402(Proceedings)X
-1823(6th)X
-1945(International)X
-2387(Conference)X
-2777(on)X
-2877(Very)X
-3049(Large)X
-3260(Data)X
-3440(Bases)X
-1 f
-3627(,)X
-3667(October)X
-3946(1980.)X
-555 3621([BSD91])N
-864(DB\(3\),)X
-2 f
-1109(4.4BSD)X
-1376(Unix)X
-1552(Programmer's)X
-2044(Manual)X
-2313(Reference)X
-2655(Guide)X
-1 f
-2851(,)X
-2891(University)X
-3249(of)X
-3336(California,)X
-3701(Berkeley,)X
-4031(1991.)X
-555 3801([CATT91])N
-923(Cattell,)X
-1181(R.G.G.,)X
-1455(``An)X
-1632(Engineering)X
-2049(Database)X
-2369(Benchmark'',)X
-2 f
-2838(The)X
-2983(Benchmark)X
-3373(Handbook)X
-3731(for)X
-3848(Database)X
-4179(and)X
-727 3891(Transaction)N
-1133(Processing)X
-1509(Systems)X
-1 f
-1763(,)X
-1803(J.)X
-1874(Gray,)X
-2075(editor,)X
-2302(Morgan)X
-2576(Kaufman)X
-2895(1991.)X
-555 4071([CHEN91])N
-929(Cheng,)X
-1180(E.,)X
-1291(Chang,)X
-1542(E.,)X
-1653(Klein,)X
-1872(J.,)X
-1964(Lee,)X
-2126(D.,)X
-2245(Lu,)X
-2375(E.,)X
-2485(Lutgardo,)X
-2820(A.,)X
-2939(Obermarck,)X
-3342(R.,)X
-3456(``An)X
-3629(Open)X
-3824(and)X
-3961(Extensible)X
-727 4161(Event-Based)N
-1157(Transaction)X
-1556(Manager'',)X
-2 f
-1936(Proceedings)X
-2357(1991)X
-2537(Summer)X
-2820(Usenix)X
-1 f
-3043(,)X
-3083(Nashville,)X
-3430(TN,)X
-3577(June)X
-3744(1991.)X
-555 4341([CHOU85])N
-943(Chou,)X
-1163(H.,)X
-1288(DeWitt,)X
-1570(D.,)X
-1694(``An)X
-1872(Evaluation)X
-2245(of)X
-2338(Buffer)X
-2574(Management)X
-3019(Strategies)X
-3361(for)X
-3481(Relational)X
-3836(Database)X
-4157(Sys-)X
-727 4431(tems'',)N
-2 f
-972(Proceedings)X
-1393(of)X
-1475(the)X
-1593(11th)X
-1755(International)X
-2197(Conference)X
-2587(on)X
-2687(Very)X
-2859(Large)X
-3070(Databases)X
-1 f
-3408(,)X
-3448(1985.)X
-555 4611([DEWI84])N
-925(DeWitt,)X
-1207(D.,)X
-1331(Katz,)X
-1529(R.,)X
-1648(Olken,)X
-1890(F.,)X
-2000(Shapiro,)X
-2295(L.,)X
-2410(Stonebraker,)X
-2843(M.,)X
-2979(Wood,)X
-3220(D.,)X
-3343(``Implementation)X
-3929(Techniques)X
-727 4701(for)N
-841(Main)X
-1030(Memory)X
-1326(Database)X
-1641(Systems'',)X
-2 f
-2001(Proceedings)X
-2422(of)X
-2504(SIGMOD)X
-1 f
-2812(,)X
-2852(pp.)X
-2972(1-8,)X
-3119(June)X
-3286(1984.)X
-555 4881([GRAY76])N
-944(Gray,)X
-1153(J.,)X
-1252(Lorie,)X
-1474(R.,)X
-1595(Putzolu,)X
-1887(F.,)X
-1999(and)X
-2143(Traiger,)X
-2428(I.,)X
-2522(``Granularity)X
-2973(of)X
-3067(locks)X
-3263(and)X
-3406(degrees)X
-3679(of)X
-3773(consistency)X
-4174(in)X
-4263(a)X
-727 4971(large)N
-909(shared)X
-1140(data)X
-1295(base'',)X
-2 f
-1533(Modeling)X
-1861(in)X
-1944(Data)X
-2125(Base)X
-2301(Management)X
-2740(Systems)X
-1 f
-2994(,)X
-3034(Elsevier)X
-3317(North)X
-3524(Holland,)X
-3822(New)X
-3994(York,)X
-4199(pp.)X
-727 5061(365-394.)N
-555 5241([HAER83])N
-931(Haerder,)X
-1235(T.)X
-1348(Reuter,)X
-1606(A.)X
-1728(``Principles)X
-2126(of)X
-2217(Transaction-Oriented)X
-2928(Database)X
-3246(Recovery'',)X
-2 f
-3651(Computing)X
-4029(Surveys)X
-1 f
-4279(,)X
-727 5331(15\(4\);)N
-943(237-318,)X
-1250(1983.)X
-555 5511([KUNG81])N
-943(Kung,)X
-1162(H.)X
-1261(T.,)X
-1371(Richardson,)X
-1777(J.,)X
-1869(``On)X
-2042(Optimistic)X
-2400(Methods)X
-2701(for)X
-2816(Concurrency)X
-3252(Control'',)X
-2 f
-3591(ACM)X
-3781(Transactions)X
-4219(on)X
-727 5601(Database)N
-1054(Systems)X
-1 f
-1328(6\(2\);)X
-1504(213-226,)X
-1811(1981.)X
-
-17 p
-%%Page: 17 17
-10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
-3 f
-1 f
-555 630([LEHM81])N
-939(Lehman,)X
-1245(P.,)X
-1352(Yao,)X
-1529(S.,)X
-1636(``Ef\256cient)X
-1989(Locking)X
-2279(for)X
-2396(Concurrent)X
-2780(Operations)X
-3155(on)X
-3258(B-trees'',)X
-2 f
-3587(ACM)X
-3779(Transactions)X
-4219(on)X
-727 720(Database)N
-1054(Systems)X
-1 f
-1308(,)X
-1348(6\(4\),)X
-1522(December)X
-1873(1981.)X
-555 900([MOHA91])N
-964(Mohan,)X
-1241(C.,)X
-1364(Pirahesh,)X
-1690(H.,)X
-1818(``ARIES-RRH:)X
-2366(Restricted)X
-2721(Repeating)X
-3076(of)X
-3173(History)X
-3442(in)X
-3533(the)X
-3660(ARIES)X
-3920(Transaction)X
-727 990(Recovery)N
-1055(Method'',)X
-2 f
-1398(Proceedings)X
-1819(7th)X
-1941(International)X
-2383(Conference)X
-2773(on)X
-2873(Data)X
-3053(Engineering)X
-1 f
-3449(,)X
-3489(Kobe,)X
-3703(Japan,)X
-3926(April)X
-4115(1991.)X
-555 1170([NODI90])N
-914(Nodine,)X
-1194(M.,)X
-1328(Zdonik,)X
-1602(S.,)X
-1709(``Cooperative)X
-2178(Transaction)X
-2580(Hierarchies:)X
-2996(A)X
-3077(Transaction)X
-3479(Model)X
-3711(to)X
-3796(Support)X
-4072(Design)X
-727 1260(Applications'',)N
-2 f
-1242(Proceedings)X
-1675(16th)X
-1849(International)X
-2303(Conference)X
-2704(on)X
-2815(Very)X
-2998(Large)X
-3220(Data)X
-3411(Bases)X
-1 f
-3598(,)X
-3649(Brisbane,)X
-3985(Australia,)X
-727 1350(August)N
-978(1990.)X
-555 1530([OUST90])N
-923(Ousterhout,)X
-1324(J.,)X
-1420(``Tcl:)X
-1648(An)X
-1771(Embeddable)X
-2197(Command)X
-2555(Language'',)X
-2 f
-2971(Proceedings)X
-3396(1990)X
-3580(Winter)X
-3822(Usenix)X
-1 f
-4045(,)X
-4089(Wash-)X
-727 1620(ington,)N
-971(D.C.,)X
-1162(January)X
-1432(1990.)X
-555 1800([POSIX91])N
-955(``Unapproved)X
-1441(Draft)X
-1645(for)X
-1773(Realtime)X
-2096(Extension)X
-2450(for)X
-2578(Portable)X
-2879(Operating)X
-3234(Systems'',)X
-3608(Draft)X
-3812(11,)X
-3946(October)X
-4239(7,)X
-727 1890(1991,)N
-927(IEEE)X
-1121(Computer)X
-1461(Society.)X
-555 2070([ROSE91])N
-925(Rosenblum,)X
-1341(M.,)X
-1484(Ousterhout,)X
-1892(J.,)X
-1995(``The)X
-2206(Design)X
-2464(and)X
-2611(Implementation)X
-3149(of)X
-3247(a)X
-3314(Log-Structured)X
-3835(File)X
-3990(System'',)X
-2 f
-727 2160(Proceedings)N
-1148(of)X
-1230(the)X
-1348(13th)X
-1510(Symposium)X
-1895(on)X
-1995(Operating)X
-2344(Systems)X
-2618(Principles)X
-1 f
-2947(,)X
-2987(1991.)X
-555 2340([SELT91])N
-904(Seltzer,)X
-1171(M.,)X
-1306(Stonebraker,)X
-1738(M.,)X
-1873(``Read)X
-2116(Optimized)X
-2478(File)X
-2626(Systems:)X
-2938(A)X
-3020(Performance)X
-3454(Evaluation'',)X
-2 f
-3898(Proceedings)X
-727 2430(7th)N
-849(Annual)X
-1100(International)X
-1542(Conference)X
-1932(on)X
-2032(Data)X
-2212(Engineering)X
-1 f
-2608(,)X
-2648(Kobe,)X
-2862(Japan,)X
-3085(April)X
-3274(1991.)X
-555 2610([SPEC88])N
-907(Spector,)X
-1200(Rausch,)X
-1484(Bruell,)X
-1732(``Camelot:)X
-2107(A)X
-2192(Flexible,)X
-2501(Distributed)X
-2888(Transaction)X
-3294(Processing)X
-3668(System'',)X
-2 f
-4004(Proceed-)X
-727 2700(ings)N
-880(of)X
-962(Spring)X
-1195(COMPCON)X
-1606(1988)X
-1 f
-(,)S
-1806(February)X
-2116(1988.)X
-555 2880([SQL86])N
-862(American)X
-1201(National)X
-1499(Standards)X
-1836(Institute,)X
-2139(``Database)X
-2509(Language)X
-2847(SQL'',)X
-3093(ANSI)X
-3301(X3.135-1986)X
-3747(\(ISO)X
-3924(9075\),)X
-4152(May)X
-727 2970(1986.)N
-555 3150([STON81])N
-919(Stonebraker,)X
-1348(M.,)X
-1480(``Operating)X
-1876(System)X
-2132(Support)X
-2406(for)X
-2520(Database)X
-2835(Management'',)X
-2 f
-3348(Communications)X
-3910(of)X
-3992(the)X
-4110(ACM)X
-1 f
-4279(,)X
-727 3240(1981.)N
-555 3420([SULL92])N
-925(Sullivan,)X
-1247(M.,)X
-1394(Olson,)X
-1641(M.,)X
-1788(``An)X
-1976(Index)X
-2195(Implementation)X
-2737(Supporting)X
-3127(Fast)X
-3295(Recovery)X
-3638(for)X
-3767(the)X
-3900(POSTGRES)X
-727 3510(Storage)N
-1014(System'',)X
-1365(to)X
-1469(appear)X
-1726(in)X
-2 f
-1830(Proceedings)X
-2272(8th)X
-2415(Annual)X
-2687(International)X
-3150(Conference)X
-3561(on)X
-3682(Data)X
-3883(Engineering)X
-1 f
-4279(,)X
-727 3600(Tempe,)N
-990(Arizona,)X
-1289(February)X
-1599(1992.)X
-555 3780([TPCB90])N
-914(Transaction)X
-1319(Processing)X
-1692(Performance)X
-2129(Council,)X
-2428(``TPC)X
-2653(Benchmark)X
-3048(B'',)X
-3200(Standard)X
-3510(Speci\256cation,)X
-3973(Waterside)X
-727 3870(Associates,)N
-1110(Fremont,)X
-1421(CA.,)X
-1592(1990.)X
-555 4050([YOUN91])N
-947(Young,)X
-1211(M.)X
-1328(W.,)X
-1470(Thompson,)X
-1858(D.)X
-1962(S.,)X
-2072(Jaffe,)X
-2274(E.,)X
-2388(``A)X
-2525(Modular)X
-2826(Architecture)X
-3253(for)X
-3372(Distributed)X
-3757(Transaction)X
-4161(Pro-)X
-727 4140(cessing'',)N
-2 f
-1057(Proceedings)X
-1478(1991)X
-1658(Winter)X
-1896(Usenix)X
-1 f
-2119(,)X
-2159(Dallas,)X
-2404(TX,)X
-2551(January)X
-2821(1991.)X
-3 f
-755 4263(Margo)N
-1008(I.)X
-1080(Seltzer)X
-1 f
-1338(is)X
-1411(a)X
-1467(Ph.D.)X
-1669(student)X
-1920(in)X
-2002(the)X
-2120(Department)X
-2519(of)X
-2606(Electrical)X
-2934(Engineering)X
-3346(and)X
-3482(Computer)X
-3822(Sciences)X
-4123(at)X
-4201(the)X
-555 4353(University)N
-919(of)X
-1012(California,)X
-1383(Berkeley.)X
-1739(Her)X
-1886(research)X
-2181(interests)X
-2474(include)X
-2735(\256le)X
-2862(systems,)X
-3160(databases,)X
-3513(and)X
-3654(transaction)X
-4031(process-)X
-555 4443(ing)N
-686(systems.)X
-1008(She)X
-1157(spent)X
-1355(several)X
-1612(years)X
-1811(working)X
-2107(at)X
-2194(startup)X
-2441(companies)X
-2813(designing)X
-3153(and)X
-3298(implementing)X
-3771(\256le)X
-3902(systems)X
-4183(and)X
-555 4533(transaction)N
-929(processing)X
-1294(software)X
-1592(and)X
-1729(designing)X
-2061(microprocessors.)X
-2648(Ms.)X
-2791(Seltzer)X
-3035(received)X
-3329(her)X
-3453(AB)X
-3585(in)X
-3668(Applied)X
-3947(Mathemat-)X
-555 4623(ics)N
-664(from)X
-840 0.1953(Harvard/Radcliffe)AX
-1445(College)X
-1714(in)X
-1796(1983.)X
-755 4746(In)N
-845(her)X
-971(spare)X
-1163(time,)X
-1347(Margo)X
-1583(can)X
-1717(usually)X
-1970(be)X
-2068(found)X
-2277(preparing)X
-2607(massive)X
-2887(quantities)X
-3220(of)X
-3309(food)X
-3478(for)X
-3594(hungry)X
-3843(hordes,)X
-4099(study-)X
-555 4836(ing)N
-677(Japanese,)X
-1003(or)X
-1090(playing)X
-1350(soccer)X
-1576(with)X
-1738(an)X
-1834(exciting)X
-2112(Bay)X
-2261(Area)X
-2438(Women's)X
-2770(Soccer)X
-3009(team,)X
-3205(the)X
-3323(Berkeley)X
-3633(Bruisers.)X
-3 f
-755 5049(Michael)N
-1056(A.)X
-1159(Olson)X
-1 f
-1383(is)X
-1461(a)X
-1522(Master's)X
-1828(student)X
-2084(in)X
-2170(the)X
-2292(Department)X
-2695(of)X
-2786(Electrical)X
-3118(Engineering)X
-3534(and)X
-3674(Computer)X
-4018(Sciences)X
-555 5139(at)N
-645(the)X
-774(University)X
-1143(of)X
-1241(California,)X
-1617(Berkeley.)X
-1978(His)X
-2120(primary)X
-2405(interests)X
-2703(are)X
-2833(database)X
-3141(systems)X
-3425(and)X
-3572(mass)X
-3763(storage)X
-4026(systems.)X
-555 5229(Mike)N
-759(spent)X
-963(two)X
-1118(years)X
-1323(working)X
-1625(for)X
-1754(a)X
-1825(commercial)X
-2239(database)X
-2551(system)X
-2808(vendor)X
-3066(before)X
-3307(joining)X
-3567(the)X
-3699(Postgres)X
-4004(Research)X
-555 5319(Group)N
-780(at)X
-858(Berkeley)X
-1168(in)X
-1250(1988.)X
-1470(He)X
-1584(received)X
-1877(his)X
-1990(B.A.)X
-2161(in)X
-2243(Computer)X
-2583(Science)X
-2853(from)X
-3029(Berkeley)X
-3339(in)X
-3421(May)X
-3588(1991.)X
-755 5442(Mike)N
-945(only)X
-1108(recently)X
-1388(transferred)X
-1758(into)X
-1903(Sin)X
-2030(City,)X
-2208(but)X
-2330(is)X
-2403(rapidly)X
-2650(adopting)X
-2950(local)X
-3126(customs)X
-3408(and)X
-3544(coloration.)X
-3929(In)X
-4016(his)X
-4129(spare)X
-555 5532(time,)N
-742(he)X
-843(organizes)X
-1176(informal)X
-1477(Friday)X
-1711(afternoon)X
-2043(study)X
-2240(groups)X
-2482(to)X
-2568(discuss)X
-2823(recent)X
-3044(technical)X
-3358(and)X
-3498(economic)X
-3834(developments.)X
-555 5622(Among)N
-815(his)X
-928(hobbies)X
-1197(are)X
-1316(Charles)X
-1581(Dickens,)X
-1884(Red)X
-2033(Rock,)X
-2242(and)X
-2378(speaking)X
-2683(Dutch)X
-2899(to)X
-2981(anyone)X
-3233(who)X
-3391(will)X
-3535(permit)X
-3764(it.)X
-
-17 p
-%%Trailer
-xt
-
-xs
-
OpenPOWER on IntegriCloud