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-This file describes the implementation notes of the GNU C Compiler for
-the National Semiconductor 32032 chip (and 32000 family).
-
-The 32032 machine description and configuration file for this compiler
-is, for NS32000 family machine, primarily machine independent.
-However, since this release still depends on vendor-supplied
-assemblers and linkers, the compiler must obey the existing
-conventions of the actual machine to which this compiler is targeted.
-In this case, the actual machine which this compiler was targeted to
-is a Sequent Balance 8000, running DYNIX 2.1.
-
-The assembler for DYNIX 2.1 (and DYNIX 3.0, alas) does not cope with
-the full generality of the addressing mode REGISTER RELATIVE.
-Specifically, it generates incorrect code for operands of the
-following form:
-
- sym(rn)
-
-Where `rn' is one of the general registers. Correct code is generated
-for operands of the form
-
- sym(pn)
-
-where `pn' is one of the special processor registers (sb, fp, or sp).
-
-An equivalent operand can be generated by the form
-
- sym[rn:b]
-
-although this addressing mode is about twice as slow on the 32032.
-
-The more efficient addressing mode is controlled by defining the
-constant SEQUENT_ADDRESS_BUG to 0. It is currently defined to be 1.
-
-Another bug in the assembler makes it impossible to compute with
-explicit addresses. In order to compute with a symbolic address, it
-is necessary to load that address into a register using the "addr"
-instruction. For example, it is not possible to say
-
- cmpd _p,@_x
-
-Rather one must say
-
- addr _x,rn
- cmpd _p,rn
-
-
-The ns32032 chip has a number of known bugs. Any attempt to make the
-compiler unaware of these deficiencies will surely bring disaster.
-The current list of know bugs are as follows (list provided by Richard
-Stallman):
-
-1) instructions with two overlapping operands in memory
-(unlikely in C code, perhaps impossible).
-
-2) floating point conversion instructions with constant
-operands (these may never happen, but I'm not certain).
-
-3) operands crossing a page boundary. These can be prevented
-by setting the flag in tm.h that requires strict alignment.
-
-4) Scaled indexing in an insn following an insn that has a read-write
-operand in memory. This can be prevented by placing a no-op in
-between. I, Michael Tiemann, do not understand what exactly is meant
-by `read-write operand in memory'. If this is referring to the special
-TOS mode, for example "addd 5,tos" then one need not fear, since this
-will never be generated. However, is this includes "addd 5,-4(fp)"
-then there is room for disaster. The Sequent compiler does not insert
-a no-op for code involving the latter, and I have been informed that
-Sequent is aware of this list of bugs, so I must assume that it is not
-a problem.
-
-5) The 32032 cannot shift by 32 bits. It shifts modulo the word size
-of the operand. Therefore, for 32-bit operations, 32-bit shifts are
-interpreted as zero bit shifts. 32-bit shifts have been removed from
-the compiler, but future hackers must be careful not to reintroduce
-them.
-
-6) The ns32032 is a very slow chip; however, some instructions are
-still very much slower than one might expect. For example, it is
-almost always faster to double a quantity by adding it to itself than
-by shifting it by one, even if that quantity is deep in memory. The
-MOVM instruction has a 20-cycle setup time, after which it moves data
-at about the speed that normal moves would. It is also faster to use
-address generation instructions than shift instructions for left
-shifts less than 4. I do not claim that I generate optimal code for all
-given patterns, but where I did escape from National's "clean
-architecture", I did so because the timing specification from the data
-book says that I will win if I do. I suppose this is called the
-"performance gap".
-
-
-Signed bitfield extraction has not been implemented. It is not
-provided by the NS32032, and while it is most certainly possible to do
-better than the standard shift-left/shift-right sequence, it is also
-quite hairy. Also, since signed bitfields do not yet exist in C, this
-omission seems relatively harmless.
-
-
-Zero extractions could be better implemented if it were possible in
-GCC to provide sized zero extractions: i.e. a byte zero extraction
-would be allowed to yield a byte result. The current implementation
-of GCC manifests 68000-ist thinking, where bitfields are extracted
-into a register, and automatically sign/zero extended to fill the
-register. See comments in ns32k.md around the "extzv" insn for more
-details.
-
-
-It should be noted that while the NS32000 family was designed to
-provide odd-aligned addressing capability for multi-byte data (also
-provided by the 68020, but not by the 68000 or 68010), many machines
-do not opt to take advantage of this. For example, on the sequent,
-although there is no advantage to long-word aligning word data, shorts
-must be int-aligned in structs. This is an example of another
-machine-specific machine dependency.
-
-
-Because the ns32032 is has a coherent byte-order/bit-order
-architecture, many instructions which would be different for
-68000-style machines, fold into the same instruction for the 32032.
-The classic case is push effective address, where it does not matter
-whether one is pushing a long, word, or byte address. They all will
-push the same address.
-
-
-The macro FUNCTION_VALUE_REGNO_P is probably not sufficient, what is
-needed is FUNCTION_VALUE_P, which also takes a MODE parameter. In
-this way it will be possible to determine more exactly whether a
-register is really a function value register, or just one that happens
-to look right.
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