Latest timezone database from Arthur Olson. Updates in this round:

Current or prospective timestamps: Georgia, Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil Historial timestamps and/or commentary: Malaysia, Mongolia, Singapore, Peru, Russua, Israel, United States, Canada Changes in Argentina and Brazil have created several new time zone regions. Users are encouraged to rerun tzsetup(8), even if current times appear correct, to ensure that future times will be interepreted correctly. Obtained from: Arthur Olson, ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tzdata2004e.tar.gz
author: wollman <wollman@FreeBSD.org> 2004-10-17 23:55:07 +0000
committer: wollman <wollman@FreeBSD.org> 2004-10-17 23:55:07 +0000
commit: 3f66df6e5fa745b89d1be3e137767d3c81c70e24 (patch)
tree: 3d978a5d4b3865f2f1bf66d92c2024beb2a45cd7 /share/zoneinfo
parent: da04da706740eebf6b5fb0d3cbf78dbb857cdad4 (diff)
download: FreeBSD-src-3f66df6e5fa745b89d1be3e137767d3c81c70e24.zip
FreeBSD-src-3f66df6e5fa745b89d1be3e137767d3c81c70e24.tar.gz
14 files changed, 4074 insertions, 2048 deletions
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/africa b/share/zoneinfo/africa
index b84d6dc..e8223f7 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/africa
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/africa
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-# @(#)africa	7.25
+# @(#)africa	7.36
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1997-10-05):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-03-22):
 #
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -24,12 +24,11 @@
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
-# Oxford University Press (1980).
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
 # for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,
-# but Mark R V Murray <markm@iafrica.com> reports that
+# but Mark R V Murray <markm@grondar.za> reports that
 # `SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
 # `CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
 # `WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@
 # I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
 #	 2:00	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
 #	 2:30	BEAT	British East Africa Time (no longer used)
-#	 2:45	BEAUT	British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
+#	 2:44:45 BEAUT	British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	SAST	South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	EAT	East Africa Time
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
 # Angola
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
-			0:52:04	-	LMT	1911 May 26 # Luanda Mean Time?
+			0:52:04	-	AOT	1911 May 26 # Angola Time
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Benin
@@ -207,9 +206,9 @@ Rule	Egypt	1984	1988	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1989	only	-	May	 6	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 # IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.
-# Go with IATA starting in 1995.
-Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Apr	Fri>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Sep	lastFri	23:00s	0	-
+# Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29.
+Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:00 -	LMT	1900 Oct
@@ -277,7 +276,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1911 May 26
 Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1928 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1930
 			2:30	-	BEAT	1940
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1960
+			2:44:45	-	BEAUT	1960
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Lesotho
@@ -288,15 +287,13 @@ Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	SAST
 
 # Liberia
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (2001-07-17):
 # In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch
-# from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 minutes.
+# from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.
 # Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
 # Shanks reports the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan; go with Shanks.
 # For Liberia before 1972, Shanks reports -0:44, whereas Howse and Whitman
 # each report -0:44:30; go with the more precise figure.
-#
-# From Shanks, as corrected by Whitman:
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 			-0:43:08 -	MMT	1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
@@ -321,18 +318,16 @@ Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1987	1990	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Libya	1990	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Libya	1996	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Libya	1996	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
 			2:00	-	EET	1982
-			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1991
-			2:00	-	EET	1996 Mar 30 3:00
-			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4 0:00
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1990 May  4
+# The following entries are all from Shanks;
+# the IATA SSIM data contain some obvious errors.
+			2:00	-	EET	1996 Sep 30
+			1:00	-	CET	1997 Apr  4
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1997 Oct  4
 			2:00	-	EET
 
 # Madagascar
@@ -410,8 +405,8 @@ Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # Namibia
-# Shanks says DST transitions are at 0:00; go with IATA.
 # The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks.
+# Shanks reports no DST after 1998-04; go with IATA.
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Namibia	1994	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Namibia	1995	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
@@ -443,10 +438,9 @@ Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun	# Saint-Denis
 #
 # Scattered Islands (Iles Eparses) administered from Reunion are as follows.
 # The following information about them is taken from
-# <a href="http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm">
-# Iles Eparses
-# </a>
-# (1997-07-22, in French).  We have no info about their time zone histories.
+# Iles Eparses (www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm, 1997-07-22, in French;
+# no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
+# We have no info about their time zone histories.
 #
 # Bassas da India - uninhabited
 # Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
@@ -460,9 +454,6 @@ Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # St Helena
-# From Paul Eggert (1997-10-05):
-# Shanks says St Helena was 1W26 (-0:05:44) from 1890 to 1951,
-# but this is most likely a typo for 5W42, the longitude of Jamestown.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890		# Jamestown
 			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951	# Jamestown Mean Time
@@ -470,7 +461,8 @@ Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890		# Jamestown
 # The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
 #	Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
 #	Ascension: on GMT, says usno1995 and the CIA
-#	Gough (scientific station since 1955): on GMT, says the CIA
+#	Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
+#		on GMT, says the CIA
 #	Inaccessible, Nightingale: no information, but probably GMT
 
 # Sao Tome and Principe
@@ -489,6 +481,12 @@ Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun	# Victoria
 			4:00	-	SCT	# Seychelles Time
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
+# Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
+# Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
+# in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976.  We don't know
+# whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
+# Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
 
 # Sierra Leone
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -518,18 +516,19 @@ Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
 			2:00	SA	SAST
-# Shanks erroneously claims that most of South Africa switched to 1:00
-# on 1994-04-03 at 00:00.
-#
 # Marion and Prince Edward Is
-# weather station since 1947
+# scientific station since 1947
 # no information
 
 # Sudan
-# From Michael Ross <mross@antigone.com> (1995-11-15):
-# Sudan no longer observes any form of daylight time change.
-# I verified this today by telephone with the Sudan Mission to the
-# United Nations: 212-573-6033
+#
+# From <a href="http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html">
+# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13)
+# </a>, also reported by Michael De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
+# Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
+# Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
+# Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	1985	-	Oct	15	0:00	0	-
@@ -537,7 +536,8 @@ Rule	Sudan	1971	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Sudan	1972	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
-			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT
+			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
+			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Swaziland
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
 			3:00	-	EAT	1948
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1961
+			2:44:45	-	BEAUT	1961
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Togo
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
 Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1930
 			2:30	-	BEAT	1948
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1957
+			2:44:45	-	BEAUT	1957
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Zambia
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/antarctica b/share/zoneinfo/antarctica
index f5422b2..b5c12cba 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/antarctica
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/antarctica
@@ -1,21 +1,32 @@
-# @(#)antarctica	7.14
+# @(#)antarctica	7.23
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1997-03-28):
-# To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round;
-# see
-# <a href="http://earth.agu.org/amen/nations.html">
-# Antarctic Activities of Member Nations of the Antarctic Treaty (1996-05-24)
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
+# To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
+# <a href="http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/Stations/">
+# COMNAP - Stations and Bases
 # </a>
 # and
 # <a href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm">
-# Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1996-09-05)
+# Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
 # </a>
 # for information.
 # Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
 #
 # Except for the French entries,
 # I made up all time zone abbreviations mentioned here; corrections welcome!
-# FORMAT is `___' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
+# FORMAT is `zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
+
+# These rules are stolen from the `europe' file.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	RussAQ	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	RussAQ	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	RussAQ	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	RussAQ	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	RussAQ	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	RussAQ	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
+Rule	RussAQ	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	RussAQ	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	RussAQ	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # These rules are stolen from the `southamerica' file.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -28,29 +39,44 @@ Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	ArgAQ	1974	1976	-	Oct	Sun<=7	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	ArgAQ	1975	1977	-	Apr	Sun<=7	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1969	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1970	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	0:00	0	-
+Rule	ChileAQ	1966	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	ChileAQ	1967	1998	-	Mar	Sun>=9	0:00	0	-
+Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	ChileAQ	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	0	-
+Rule	ChileAQ	1999	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	ChileAQ	2000	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	0:00	0	-
 
 
-# Argentina - 6 year-round bases
-# General Belgrano II
-# 5 others
+# Argentina - year-round bases
+# Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
+# Esperanza, San Martin Land, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
+# Jubany, Potter Peninsula, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
+# Marambio, Seymour I, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
+# Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
+# San Martin, Debenham I, -6807-06708, since 1951-03-21
+#	(except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)
 
 # Australia - territories
 # Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
+#	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
+#	<a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
+#	Margaret Turner reports
+#	</a> (1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
+#	presumably this is when they have visitors.
 #
 # year-round bases
-# Casey, Bailey Peninsula, since 1969
-# Davis, Vestfold Hills, since 1957-01-13 (except 1964-11 - 1969-02)
-# Mawson, Holme Bay, since 1954-02-13
+# Casey, Bailey Peninsula, -6617+11032, since 1969
+# Davis, Vestfold Hills, -6835+07759, since 1957-01-13
+#	(except 1964-11 - 1969-02)
+# Mawson, Holme Bay, -6736+06253, since 1954-02-13
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	___	1969
+Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	zzz	1969
 			8:00	-	WST	# Western (Aus) Standard Time
-Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	___	1957 Jan 13
+Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 13
 			7:00	-	DAVT	1964 Nov # Davis Time
-			0	-	___	1969 Feb
+			0	-	zzz	1969 Feb
 			7:00	-	DAVT
-Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	___	1954 Feb 13
+Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	zzz	1954 Feb 13
 			6:00	-	MAWT	# Mawson Time
 # References:
 # <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html">
@@ -66,15 +92,18 @@ Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	___	1954 Feb 13
 # Brazil - year-round base
 # Ferraz, King George Island, since 1983/4
 
-# Chile - 4 year-round bases
+# Chile - year-round bases and towns
+# Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
+# Frei, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
+# O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
+# Prat, -6230-05941
+# Villa Las Estrellas (a town), King George Island, since 1984-04-09
+# These locations have always used Santiago time; use TZ='America/Santiago'.
 
 # China - year-round bases
 # Great Wall, King George Island, since 1985-02-20
 # Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, since 1989-02-26
 
-# Finland - year-round base
-# Aboa, Queen Maud Land, since 1988
-
 # France - year-round bases
 #
 # From Antoine Leca <Antoine.Leca@Renault.FR> (1997-01-20):
@@ -89,24 +118,25 @@ Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	___	1954 Feb 13
 # Martin-de-Vivies Base, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
 # Alfred-Faure Base, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964
 # Port-aux-Francais, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
-#	a whaling and sealing station operated 1908-14, 1920-29, and 1951-56
+#	whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
 #
-# St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited since 1931
+# St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
+#	fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	___	1950	# Port-aux-Francais
+Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950	# Port-aux-Francais
 			5:00	-	TFT	# ISO code TF Time
 #
 # year-round base in the main continent
-# Dumont-d'Urville, Terre Adelie (Adelie Land), -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+# Dumont-d'Urville, Ile des Petrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
 #
 # Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
 # It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	___	1947
+Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
 			10:00	-	PMT	1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time
-			0	-	___	1956 Nov
+			0	-	zzz	1956 Nov
 			10:00	-	DDUT	# Dumont-d'Urville Time
 # Reference:
 # <a href="http://www.icair.iac.org.nz/science/reports/fr/IFRTP.html">
@@ -123,6 +153,22 @@ Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	___	1947
 # Japan - year-round bases
 # Dome Fuji
 # Syowa
+#
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
+# In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.  [See]
+# <a href="http://www.crl.go.jp/uk/uk201/basyo.htm">[reference in Japanese]</a>
+# and information from KAMO Hiroyasu <wd@ics.nara-wu.ac.jp>.
+#
+# Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
+# was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
+# station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
+			3:00	-	SYOT	# Syowa Time
+# See:
+# <a href="http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html">
+# NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
+# </a>
 
 # S Korea - year-round base
 # King Sejong, King George Island, since 1988
@@ -151,14 +197,41 @@ Rule	NZAQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
 # Peter I Island (never inhabited)
 
 # Poland - year-round base
-# Arctowski, King George Island, since 1977
+# Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977
 
 # Russia - year-round bases
-# Bellingshausen, King George Island
-# Mirny
-# Molodezhnaya
-# Novolazarevskaya
-# Vostok
+# Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
+# Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
+# Molodezhnaya, Alasheyev Bay, year-round from 1962-02 to 1999-07-01
+# Novolazarevskaya, Queen Maud Land, -7046+01150,
+#	year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
+
+# Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
+# <a href="http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP">
+# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15)</a>:
+# Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
+# time as Moscow, Russia.
+#
+# From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
+# I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
+# what they had to say about time there:
+# ``in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
+# time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
+# 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
+# of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
+# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT.''
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
+# This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
+# in person.  He said that some Antartic locations set their local
+# time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
+# changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
+# solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
+# happened to be during their visit.  So we still don't really know what time
+# it is at Vostok.  But we'll guess UTC+6.
+#
+Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	zzz	1957 Dec 16
+			6:00	-	VOST	# Vostok time
 
 # S Africa - year-round bases
 # Marion Island
@@ -169,17 +242,29 @@ Rule	NZAQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
 # British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
 # South Orkney Islands
 #	scientific station from 1903
-#	whaling station at Signy I 1920-1926
+#	whaling station at Signy I 1920/1926
 # South Shetland Islands
-#	whaling station at Deception I 1912-1931
-#	scientific station from 1943
 #
 # year-round bases
-# Halley, Coates Land, -7535-2619, since 1956-01-06
+# Bird Island, South Georgia, -5400-03803, since 1983
+# Deception Island, -6259-06034, whaling station 1912/1931,
+#	scientific station 1943/1967,
+#	previously sealers and a scientific expedition wintered by accident,
+#	and a garrison was deployed briefly
+# Halley, Coates Land, -7535-02604, since 1956-01-06
+#	Halley is on a moving ice shelf and is periodically relocated
+#	so that it is never more than 10km from its nominal location.
 # Rothera, Adelaide Island, -6734-6808, since 1976-12-01
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-22)
+# <http://webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/g.html> says Rothera is -03 all year.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	zzz	1976 Dec  1
+			-3:00	-	ROTT	# Rothera time
 
 # Uruguay - year round base
-# Artigas, King George Island
+# Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107
 
 # USA - year-round bases
 #
@@ -193,18 +278,19 @@ Rule	NZAQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
 # Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	___	1965
+Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	zzz	1965
 			-4:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1969 Oct 5
 			-3:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1982 May
 			-4:00	ChileAQ	CL%sT
 #
 #
-# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1956
+# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	___	1956
+Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
 			12:00	NZAQ	NZ%sT
 #
-# Amundsen-Scott, South Pole, since 1957-01-23
+# Amundsen-Scott, South Pole, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 # Normally it wouldn't have a separate entry, since it's like the
 # larger Antarctica/McMurdo since 1970, but it's too famous to omit.
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/asia b/share/zoneinfo/asia
index 9406aca8..3c2c1a1 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/asia
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/asia
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-# @(#)asia	7.40
+# @(#)asia	7.77
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-03-22):
 #
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
-# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -25,24 +24,28 @@
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
-# Oxford University Press (1980).
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
-#		std dst
-#		LMT	Local Mean Time
-#	2:00	EET EEST Eastern European Time
-#	2:00	IST IDT	Israel
-#	3:00	AST ADT	Arabia*
-#	4:00	GST	Gulf*
-#	5:30	IST	India
-#	7:00	ICT	Indochina*
-#	8:00	CST	China
-#	9:00	JST	Japan
-#	9:00	KST	Korea
-#	9:30	CST	(Australian) Central Standard Time
+#	     std  dst
+#	     LMT	Local Mean Time
+#	2:00 EET  EEST	Eastern European Time
+#	2:00 IST  IDT	Israel
+#	3:00 AST  ADT	Arabia*
+#	3:30 IRST IRDT	Iran
+#	4:00 GST	Gulf*
+#	5:30 IST	India
+#	7:00 ICT	Indochina*
+#	7:00 WIT	west Indonesia
+#	8:00 CIT	central Indonesia
+#	8:00 CST	China
+#	9:00 CJT	Central Japanese Time (1896/1937)*
+#	9:00 EIT	east Indonesia
+#	9:00 JST	Japan
+#	9:00 KST	Korea
+#	9:30 CST	(Australian) Central Standard Time
 #
 # See the `europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
 
@@ -78,25 +81,22 @@ Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
 			4:30	-	AFT
 
 # Armenia
-# From Paul Eggert (1998-??-??):
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
 # Shanks has Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST) in spring 1991,
-# but usno1995 has Armenia at 4:00 (with DST), and Edgar Der-Danieliantz
+# then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then readopting Russian DST in 1997.
+# Go with Shanks, even when he disagrees with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
 # <edd@AIC.NET> reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
-# What a mess!  We guess Yerevan DST stayed in sync with Moscow between 1990
-# and 1995, did not use DST in 1996, and started using DST again in 1997.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			3:00	-	YERT	1957 Mar    # Yerevan Time
 			4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			3:00	1:00	YERST	1991 Sep 23 # independence
-			3:00	1:00	AMST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s # Armenia Time
-			3:00	-	AMT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	1996
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	1995 Sep 24 2:00s
 			4:00	-	AMT	1997
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT			
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT
 
 # Azerbaijan
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 
 # Bahrain
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al-Manamah
+Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
 			3:00	-	AST
 
 # Bangladesh
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Dacca	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890
+Zone	Asia/Dhaka	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890
 			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
 			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time
 			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
@@ -130,14 +130,16 @@ Zone	Asia/Dacca	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890
 
 # Bhutan
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Thimbu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15
+Zone	Asia/Thimphu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
 			5:30	-	IST	1987 Oct
 			6:00	-	BTT	# Bhutan Time
 
 # British Indian Ocean Territory
-# From Whitman:
+# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
+# 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Chagos	5:00	-	IOT	# BIOT Time
+Zone	Indian/Chagos	5:00	-	IOT	1996 # BIOT Time
+			6:00	-	IOT
 
 # Brunei
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
 # Peking (Bejing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
 # has two of 'em -- Peking's and Urumqi (named after the capital of
-# the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
+# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
 #
 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
 # painful to suck in another copy..  So, here is what I have for
@@ -190,7 +192,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 # note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
 # Go with Shanks for now.  I made up names for the other pre-1980 time zones.
 
-# From Shanks (1995):
+# From Shanks:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Shang	1940	1941	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
@@ -199,27 +201,39 @@ Rule	PRC	1949	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	0:00	0	S
 Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928
-			8:30	-	HART	1932 Mar # Harbin Time
+#
+# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
+# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
+# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
+# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949):
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928 # or Haerbin
+			8:30	-	CHAT	1932 Mar # Changbai Time
 			8:00	-	CST	1940
-			9:00	-	HART	1966 May
-			8:30	-	HART	1980 May
+			9:00	-	CHAT	1966 May
+			8:30	-	CHAT	1980 May
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time")
 Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:52	-	LMT	1928
 			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-Zone	Asia/Chungking	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928
-			7:00	-	CHUT	1980 May # Chungking Time
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Chungking
+			7:00	-	LONT	1980 May # Long-shu Time
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
+# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time")
+Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 			6:00	-	URUT	1980 May # Urumqi Time
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928
+# Kunlun Time
+Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
 			5:30	-	KAST	1940	 # Kashgar Time
 			5:00	-	KAST	1980 May
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Hong Kong
+
+# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Apr	20	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Dec	1	3:30	0	-
@@ -238,14 +252,17 @@ Rule	HK	1979	1980	-	May	Sun>=8	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:36 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
-			8:00	HK	HK%sT	1997 Jul  1 # return to China
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+			8:00	HK	HK%sT
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Taiwan
 
+# Shanks writes that Taiwan observed DST during 1945, when it
+# was still controlled by Japan.  This is hard to believe, but we don't
+# have any other information.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
@@ -259,28 +276,28 @@ Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1980	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1980	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896
+Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 # or Taibei or T'ai-pei
 			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT
 
-# Macao
+# Macau (Macao, Aomen)
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Macao	1961	1962	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macao	1961	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
-Rule	Macao	1963	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macao	1964	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macao	1965	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macao	1965	only	-	Oct	31	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Macao	1966	1971	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macao	1966	1971	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
-Rule	Macao	1972	1974	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macao	1972	1973	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Macao	1974	1977	-	Oct	Sun>=15	3:30	0	-
-Rule	Macao	1975	1977	-	Apr	Sun>=15	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macao	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macao	1978	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1961	1962	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1961	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1963	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1964	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1965	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1965	only	-	Oct	31	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1966	1971	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1966	1971	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1972	1974	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1972	1973	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1974	1977	-	Oct	Sun>=15	3:30	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1975	1977	-	Apr	Sun>=15	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Macao	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912
-			8:00	Macao	MO%sT	1999 Dec 20 # return to China
+Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912
+			8:00	Macau	MO%sT	1999 Dec 20 # return to China
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
 
 
@@ -295,11 +312,17 @@ Rule	Cyprus	1976	only	-	Oct	11	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Cyprus	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Cyprus	1977	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Cyprus	1978	only	-	Oct	2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Cyprus	1979	max	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Cyprus	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Cyprus	1979	1997	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1981	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Nicosia	2:13:28 -	LMT	1921 Nov 14
-			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT
+			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
+			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
+# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
+
+# Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
+# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
+Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 
 # Georgia
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1994-11-19):
@@ -312,6 +335,16 @@ Zone	Asia/Nicosia	2:13:28 -	LMT	1921 Nov 14
 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
+#
+# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
+#  	
+# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
+# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
+# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
+# ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
+# Mikhail Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
+# of integration into Europe.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:16 -	LMT	1880
 			2:59:16	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
@@ -321,11 +354,44 @@ Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:16 -	LMT	1880
 			3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT	1992 # Georgia Time
 			3:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1994 Sep lastSun
 			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1996 Oct lastSun
-			5:00	-	GET
+			4:00	1:00	GEST	1997 Mar lastSun
+			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	2004 Jun 27
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	GE%sT
+
+# East Timor
+
+# From Joao Carrascalao, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
+# <a href="http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm">
+# East Timor may be late for its millennium
+# </a> (1999-12-26/31):
+# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
+# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
+# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
+# conflicts with their way of life.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
+# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
+
+# <a href="http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/last/00-08-16.undh.html">
+# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
+# (2000-08-16)</a>:
+# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
+# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
+# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
+# midnight on Saturday, September 16.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912
+			8:00	-	TPT	1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug
+			9:00	-	TPT	1976 May  3
+			8:00	-	CIT	2000 Sep 17 00:00
+			9:00	-	TPT
 
 # India
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Calcutta	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880
+Zone	Asia/Calcutta	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880	# Kolkata
 			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
 			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time
 			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
@@ -337,109 +403,156 @@ Zone	Asia/Calcutta	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880
 #	Nicobar Is
 
 # Indonesia
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks:
+# <http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime>
+# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
+# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
+# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
-			7:07:12	-	JMT	1924 Jan  1 0:13 # Jakarta MT
+# Shanks says the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
+# but this must be a typo.
+			7:07:12	-	JMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Jakarta
 			7:20	-	JAVT	1932 Nov	 # Java Time
-			7:30	-	JAVT	1942 Mar 23
+			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Mar 23
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug
+			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
+			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
+			7:30	-	WIT	1964
+			7:00	-	WIT
+Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
+			7:17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
+			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Jan 29
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug
-			7:30	-	JAVT	1948 May
-			8:00	-	JAVT	1950 May
-			7:30	-	JAVT	1964
-			7:00	-	JAVT
-Zone Asia/Ujung_Pandang 7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
+			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
+			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
+			7:30	-	WIT	1964
+			8:00	-	CIT	1988 Jan  1
+			7:00	-	WIT
+Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
 			7:57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
-			8:00	-	BORT	1942 Feb  9 # Borneo Time
+			8:00	-	CIT	1942 Feb  9
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug
-			8:00	-	BORT
+			8:00	-	CIT
 Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
-			9:00	-	JAYT	1944	    # Jayapura Time
+			9:00	-	EIT	1944
 			9:30	-	CST	1964
-			9:00	-	JAYT
+			9:00	-	EIT
 
 # Iran
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-12-17), following up a suggestion by Rich Wales:
-# Ahmea Alavi in
-# <a href="http://tehran.stanford.edu/Iran_Lib/Calendar/taghveem.txt">
-# TAGHVEEM (1993-08-04)
-# </a>
-# writes ``Daylight saving time in Iran starts from the first day
-# of Farvardin and ends the first day of Mehr.''  This disagrees with the SSIM:
-#
-#		   DST start	   DST end
-#	year	SSIM	Alavi	SSIM	Alavi
-#	1991	05-03!=	03-21	09-20!=	09-23
-#	1992	03-22!=	03-21	09-23	09-23
-#	1993	03-21	03-21	09-23	09-23
-#	1994	03-21	03-21	09-22!= 09-23
-#	1995	03-21	03-21	09-22!= 09-23
-#	1996	03-21!=	03-20	09-21!= 09-22
-#	1997	03-21	03-21	09-21!= 09-23
-#
-# Go with Alavi starting with 1992.
-# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 19.34 to compute Persian dates.
+
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
+# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
+# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
+#
+#	Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
+#	No. 16760/T233 H				1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
+#
+#	The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
+#
+#	The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
+#	based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
+#	of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
+#	and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
+#	and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
+#	for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
+#
+#	The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
+#	at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
+#	to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
+#	Shahrivar.
+#
+#	First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
+#
+# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
+# for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
+# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
+# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
+# I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
+# here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-15)
+# Go with Shanks before September 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
+# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates.
 # The Persian calendar is based on the sun, and dates after around 2050
 # are approximate; stop after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	21	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	19	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	Sep	20	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2005	2007	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2005	2007	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2024	2025	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2024	2025	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2026	2027	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2026	2027	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	19	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2005	2007	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2005	2007	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2024	2025	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2024	2025	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2026	2027	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2026	2027	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
 			3:25:44	-	TMT	1946	# Tehran Mean Time
-			3:30	-	IRT	1977 Nov
+			3:30	-	IRST	1977 Nov
 			4:00	Iran	IR%sT	1979
 			3:30	Iran	IR%sT
 
+
 # Iraq
+#
+# From Jonathan Lennox <lennox@cs.columbia.edu> (2000-06-12):
+# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
+# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
+# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
+# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
+#
+# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
+# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
+# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
+# to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
+# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
+#
+# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
@@ -448,8 +561,9 @@ Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
 Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	D
 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the `:01' is a typo.
+# Shanks says Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997 or 1999 on; ignore this.
 Rule	Iraq	1991	max	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1991	max	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	D
+Rule	Iraq	1991	max	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
 			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918	    # Baghdad Mean Time?
@@ -461,11 +575,27 @@ Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
 
 # Israel
 
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
-# ISRAEL              2 H  AHEAD OF UTC
-# ISRAEL              3 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 10 - SEP 3
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
+#
+# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
+# different abbreviations in use:
+#
+# JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
+# IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
+# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
+#
+# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
+# I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
+# EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
+# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
+# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
+# settings in Israeli computers.
+#
+# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
+# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
+# family is from India).
 
-# From Shanks (1995):
+# From Shanks:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1942	1944	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
@@ -509,22 +639,30 @@ Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	 9	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
 
 # From Ephraim Silverberg <ephraim@cs.huji.ac.il>
-# (1997-03-04 and 1998-03-16):
+# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17 and 2000-07-25):
 
 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
-# Each year they decide anew what havoc to wreak on the country.  However,
-# there is a "supposed" set of rules which is subject to change depending
-# on the party the Minister of Interior, the size of the coalition
-# government, the phase of the moon and the direction of the wind.  Hence,
-# changes may need to be made on a semi-annual basis.  One thing is entrenched
-# in law, however: that there must be at least 150 days of daylight savings
-# time annually.  Ever since 1993, the change to daylight savings time is
-# on a Thursday night from midnight IST to 1 a.m IDT.  The change back to
-# standard time is on a Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time
-# to 11 p.m. standard time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the
-# change back to standard time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday
-# night to avoid conflicts with the Jewish New Year.
+# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
+# days of daylight savings time annually.  From 1993-1998, the change to
+# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
+# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
+# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
+# time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
+# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
+# conflicts with the Jewish New Year.  In 1999, the change to
+# daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
+# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
+# was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
+# 1999 only.  In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
+# similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
+# will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST.  Starting in 2001, all
+# changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
+# rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
+# (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
+# of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
+# (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
+# (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -542,7 +680,7 @@ Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S
 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
 
-# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
+# Rule	NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Aug	28	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -555,13 +693,12 @@ Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
 #   ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
 #
 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
-# The official announcement for the year 1997 can be viewed at:
 #
-#   ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1997.ps.gz
+# The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
 #
-# The official announcement for the year 1998 can be viewed at:
+#   ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
 #
-#   ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1998.ps.gz
+#       where YYYY is the relevant year.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -570,25 +707,81 @@ Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Sep	14	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Sep	 6	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Sep	 3	2:00	0	S
 
-# From Member of Knesset Avraham Poraz, as quoted in Ha'aretz (1998-09-02):
-# [The 1998-09-06 transition is to] serve the interests of a small minority
-# of ultra-Orthodox Sephardic Jews who, during the [Hebrew] month of Elul,
-# recite Slihot penitential prayers in the early morning hours
-# and thus find daylight time inconvenient.
+# The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
+# the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
+# years 2001-2004 as well.
+#
+# The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
+#
+#	ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
+#
+# The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
+# for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
+#
+#	ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1998-01-12):
-# Here are guesses for rules after 1998.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Oct	 6	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Apr	 9	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Sep	24	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2002	only	-	Mar	29	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2002	only	-	Oct	 7	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2003	only	-	Mar	28	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2003	only	-	Oct	 3	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Apr	 7	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Sep	22	1:00	0	S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-07-25):
+# Here are guesses for rules after 2004.
 # They are probably wrong, but they are more likely than no DST at all.
-# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
-Rule	Zion	1999	max	-	Mar	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1999	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+# Rule	NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	2005	max	-	Apr	 1	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2005	max	-	Oct	 1	1:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
 			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918	# Jerusalem Mean Time?
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT
 
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2003-03-23):
+#
+# Minister of Interior Poraz has announced that he will respect the law
+# passed in July 2000 (proposed at the time jointly by himself and
+# then-MK David Azulai [Shas]) fixing the dates for 2000-2004.  Hence,
+# the dates for 2003 and 2004 remain unchanged....
+#
+# As far as 2005 and beyond, no dates have been set.  However, the
+# minister has mentioned that he wishes to propose to move Israel's
+# timezone in 2005 from GMT+2 to GMT+3 and upon that have DST during
+# the summer months (i.e. GMT+4).  However, no legislation in this
+# direction is expected until the latter part of 2004 which is a long
+# time off in terms of Israeli politics.
+
+# (2004-09-20):
+# The latest rumour, however, is that in 2005, when the clock changes to
+# Daylight Saving Time (date as yet unknown), the move will be a two-hour leap
+# forward (from UTC+0200 to UTC+0400) and then, in the fall, the clock will
+# move back only an hour to UTC+0300 thus effectively moving Israel's timezone
+# from UTC+0200 to UTC+0300.  However, no actual draft has been put before the
+# Knesset (Israel's Parliament) though the intention is to do so this
+# month [2004-09].
+
+# (2004-09-26):
+# Even though the draft law for the above did pass the Ministerial Committee
+# for Legislative Matters three months ago, it was voted down in today's
+# Cabinet meeting.  The current suggestion is to keep the current timezone at
+# UTC+0200 but have an extended period of Daylight Saving Time (UTC+0300) from
+# the beginning of Passover holiday in the spring to after the Tabernacle
+# holiday in the fall (i.e. the dates of which are governed by the Hebrew
+# calendar but this means at least 184 days of DST).  However, this is only a
+# suggestion that was raised in today's cabinet meeting and has not yet been
+# drafted.
+
+
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -609,36 +802,76 @@ Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
 # but the only locations using it were US military bases.
 # We go with Shanks and omit daylight saving in those years for Asia/Tokyo.
 
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
+# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
+# Observatory: E 139 44' 40".90 (9h 18m 58s.727), N 35 39' 16".0.
+# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
+# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
+# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
+# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
+
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
+# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
+# which stands for the time on E 135 degree.
+# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
+# standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
+# time", which stands for the time on E 120 degree....  But "western standard
+# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
+# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
+# standard....
+#
+# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
+# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
+
+# Shanks claims JST in use since 1896, and that a few places (e.g. Ishigaki)
+# use +0800; go with Suzuki.  Guess that all ordinances took effect on Jan 1.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:19:04	-	LMT	1896
+Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
+			9:00	-	JST	1896
+			9:00	-	CJT	1938
 			9:00	-	JST
-Zone	Asia/Ishigaki	8:16:36	-	LMT	1896
-			8:00	-	CST
-# There is no information for Marcus.
-# Other Japanese possessions are probably like Asia/Tokyo.
+# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
 
 # Jordan
+#
+# From <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html">
+# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
+# in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
+# all year round.
+#
+# From <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html">
+# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
+# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
+# by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
+# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
+# government's departments from six to seven hours.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule    Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule    Jordan	1973	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule    Jordan	1974	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule    Jordan	1976	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule    Jordan	1977	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule    Jordan	1978	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule    Jordan	1978	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
-Rule    Jordan	1985	only	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule    Jordan	1985	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule    Jordan	1986	1988	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule    Jordan	1986	1990	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule    Jordan	1989	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule    Jordan	1990	only	-	Apr	27	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule    Jordan	1991	only	-	Apr	17	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule    Jordan	1991	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
-Rule    Jordan	1992	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule    Jordan	1992	1993	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule    Jordan	1993	max	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule    Jordan	1994	only	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
-Rule    Jordan	1995	max	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1973	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1974	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1976	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1977	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1978	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1978	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1985	only	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1985	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1986	1988	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1986	1990	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1989	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1990	only	-	Apr	27	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1991	only	-	Apr	17	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1991	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1992	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1992	1993	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1993	1998	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1994	only	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1995	1998	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1999	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1999	max	-	Sep	lastThu	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2000	max	-	Mar	lastThu	0:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT
@@ -651,38 +884,79 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 # Guess that Aqtau and Aqtobe diverged in 1995, since that's the first time
 # IATA SSIM mentions a third time zone in Kazakhstan.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-10-18):
+# German Iofis, ELSI, Almaty (2001-10-09) reports that Kazakhstan uses
+# RussiaAsia rules, instead of switching at 00:00 as the IATA has it.
+# Go with Shanks, who has them always using RussiaAsia rules.
+# Also go with the following claims of Shanks:
+#
+# - Kazakhstan did not observe DST in 1991.
+# - Qyzylorda switched from +5:00 to +6:00 on 1992-01-19 02:00.
+# - Oral switched from +5:00 to +4:00 in spring 1989.
+#
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+#
+# Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
 Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
-			5:00	-	ALMT	1957 Mar # Alma-Ata Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	ALMST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			5:00	-	ALMT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			6:00 E-EurAsia	ALM%sT
+			5:00	-	ALMT	1930 Jun 21 # Alma-Ata Time
+			6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT	1991
+			6:00	-	ALMT	1992
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	ALM%sT
+# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.)
+Zone	Asia/Qyzylorda	4:21:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	KIZT	1930 Jun 21 # Kizilorda Time
+			5:00	-	KIZT	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	KIZST	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	KIZT	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	KIZ%sT	1991
+			5:00	-	KIZT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
+			5:00	-	QYZT	1992 Jan 19 2:00
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	QYZ%sT
+# Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Akt'ubinsk)
 Zone	Asia/Aqtobe	3:48:40	-	LMT	1924 May  2
-			4:00	-	AKT	1957 Mar # Aktyubinsk Time
-			5:00 RussiaAsia AK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			4:00	1:00	AKTST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			4:00	-	AQTT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Aqtobe Time
-			5:00 E-EurAsia	AQT%sT
-Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Aktau
-			4:00	-	SHET	1957 Mar # Fort Shevchenko Time
-			5:00 RussiaAsia SHE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			4:00	1:00	AQTST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			4:00	-	AQTT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Aqtau Time
-			5:00 E-EurAsia	AQT%sT	1995 Sep lastSun
-			4:00 E-EurAsia	AQT%sT
-
-# Kirgizstan
+			4:00	-	AKTT	1930 Jun 21 # Aktyubinsk Time
+			5:00	-	AKTT	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	AKTST	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	AKTT	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	AKT%sT	1991
+			5:00	-	AKTT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	# Aqtobe Time
+# Mangghystau
+# Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
+# so include time stamps before 1963.
+Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	FORT	1930 Jun 21 # Fort Shevchenko T
+			5:00	-	FORT	1963
+			5:00	-	SHET	1981 Oct  1 # Shevchenko Time
+			6:00	-	SHET	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	SHE%sT	1991
+			5:00	-	SHET	1991 Dec 16 # independence
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	1995 Mar lastSun 2:00 # Aqtau Time
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT
+# West Kazakhstan
+Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
+			4:00	-	URAT	1930 Jun 21 # Ural'sk time
+			5:00	-	URAT	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	URAST	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	URAT	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	URA%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	URA%sT	1991
+			4:00	-	URAT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	ORA%sT	# Oral Time
+
+# Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
+# Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Kirgiz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Kirgiz	1991	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Kirgiz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Kirgiz	1992	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Kirgiz	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	S
 Rule	Kirgiz	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00	-	FRUT	1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	FRUST	1991 Aug 31 # independence
+			5:00	1:00	FRUST	1991 Aug 31 2:00 # independence
 			5:00	Kirgiz	KG%sT		    # Kirgizstan Time
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -694,7 +968,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # Daylight Savings Time was not observed until 1987.  He did not know
 # at what time of day DST starts or ends.
 
-# From Shanks (1995):
+# From Shanks:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
@@ -727,7 +1001,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
 
 # Laos
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
+Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9 # or Viangchan
 			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
 			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
 			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
@@ -757,29 +1031,40 @@ Rule	Lebanon	1989	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lebanon	1990	1992	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lebanon	1992	only	-	Oct	4	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Lebanon	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Lebanon	1993	max	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1993	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1999	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	Lebanon	EE%sT
 
 # Malaysia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	TS
+Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	TS # one-Third Summer
 Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
+#
+# peninsular Malaysia
+# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# <http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html>.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:48 -	LMT	1880
-			6:55:24	-	SMT	1905 Jun # Singapore Mean Time
-			7:00	-	MALT	1933	 # Malaya Time
-			7:20	-	MALT	1942 Feb 15
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 2
-			7:20	-	MALT	1950
-			7:30	-	MALT	1982 May
+Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:46 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
+			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
+			7:00	-	MALT	1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
+			7:00	0:20	MALST	1936 Jan  1
+			7:20	-	MALT	1941 Sep  1
+			7:30	-	MALT	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
+			7:30	-	MALT	1982 Jan  1
 			8:00	-	MYT	# Malaysia Time
+# Sabah & Sarawak
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-11-01):
+# The data here are mostly from Shanks, but the 1942, 1945 and 1982
+# transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
 			7:30	-	BORT	1933	# Borneo Time
-			8:00	NBorneo	BOR%sT	1942
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 2
-			8:00	-	BORT	1982 May
+			8:00	NBorneo	BOR%sT	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
+			8:00	-	BORT	1982 Jan  1
 			8:00	-	MYT
 
 # Maldives
@@ -789,31 +1074,85 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 			5:00	-	MVT		# Maldives Time
 
 # Mongolia
+
 # Shanks says that Mongolia has three time zones, but usno1995 and the CIA map
 # Standard Time Zones of the World (1997-01)
-# </a>
 # both say that it has just one.
-# Let's comment out the western and eastern Mongolian time zones
-# till we know what their principal towns are.
+
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
+# <a href="http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm">
+# General Information Mongolia
+# </a> (1999-09)
+# "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
+# Bayan-Ulgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
+# the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
+# eight hours."
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
+# Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
+# being the last year it was implemented.  The dates of implementation I am
+# unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
+# of implementation may have been different....
+# Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
+# zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
+# Suhbaatar, and possibly Khentij.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
+# Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
+# We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
+# the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
+# and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
+# is good enough for our purposes.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
+# In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
+# (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
+# there are three time zones.
+#
+# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-ulgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
+# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khovsgol, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Tov,
+#	Bayankhongor, Ovorkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Omnogovi
+# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sukhbaatar
+#
+# [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
+
+# From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar <ganbold@micom.mng.net> (2004-04-17):
+# Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
+# It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
+# September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
+# For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
+# Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Mongol	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Mongol	1981	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Mongol	1985	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Mongol	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Mongol	1991	max	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Mongol	1991	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Mongol	1996	only	-	Oct	Fri>=22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Mongol	1997	max	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+# IATA SSIM says 1990s switches occurred at 00:00, but Shanks (1995) lists
+# them at 02:00s, and McDow says the 2001 switches also occurred at 02:00.
+# Also, IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks through 1998.
+Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	1984	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
+# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
+Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2001	max	-	Sep	lastSat	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Mongol	2002	max	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-#Zone	Asia/Dariv	6:14:32 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-#			6:00	-	DART	1978	# Dariv Time
-#			7:00	Mongol	DAR%sT
-Zone	Asia/Ulan_Bator	7:07:32 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-			7:00	-	ULAT	1978	# Ulan Bator Time
+# Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
+Zone	Asia/Hovd	6:06:36 -	LMT	1905 Aug
+			6:00	-	HOVT	1978	# Hovd Time
+			7:00	Mongol	HOV%sT
+# Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
+Zone	Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -	LMT	1905 Aug
+			7:00	-	ULAT	1978	# Ulaanbaatar Time
 			8:00	Mongol	ULA%sT
-#Zone Asia/Baruun-Urt	7:33:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-#			8:00	-	BART	1978	# Baruun-Urt Time
-#			9:00	Mongol	BAR%sT
+# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tuemen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
+# Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
+Zone	Asia/Choibalsan	7:38:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
+			7:00	-	ULAT	1978
+			8:00	-	ULAT	1983 Apr
+			9:00	Mongol	CHO%sT	# Choibalsan Time
 
 # Nepal
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -827,13 +1166,53 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:20 -	LMT	1920
 			4:00	-	GST
 
 # Pakistan
+
+# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
+# I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
+# TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
+# and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002.  This is what I was
+# told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
+# 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
+# Jesper Norgaard found this URL:
+# http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
+# (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
+# advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
+# Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
+# 15th October each year".  This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
+# but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
+# it's not on a trial basis.  Also, the "between the first Saturday
+# and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
+# transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
+# DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
+# that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight.  Go with McDow for now.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
+# According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
+# there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
+#
+# ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
+# Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
+# decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
+# one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
+#
+# The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
+# shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
+
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:01	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
 			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 15
 			5:30	-	IST	1951 Sep 30
 			5:00	-	KART	1971 Mar 26 # Karachi Time
-			5:00	-	PKT	# Pakistan Time
+			5:00 Pakistan	PK%sT	# Pakistan Time
 
 # Palestine
 
@@ -899,7 +1278,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
 
-# These rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
+# Daoud Kuttab writes in
+# <a href="http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html">
+# Holiday havoc
+# </a> (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
+# the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
+# I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
+# For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
+# and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
+
+# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -907,18 +1296,26 @@ Rule EgyptAsia	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1967	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
 Rule EgyptAsia	1966	only	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-
+
+Rule Palestine	1999	max	-	Apr	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	1999	max	-	Oct	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
 			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
-			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT
+			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
 
 # Paracel Is
 # no information
 
 # Philippines
-# Howse writes (p 162) that until 1844 the Philippines kept American date.
+# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Claveria, governor-general of the
+# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
+# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01.  Robert H. van Gent has a
+# transcript of the decree in <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/idl/idl.htm>.
 # The rest of this data is from Shanks.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -928,7 +1325,7 @@ Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844
+Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			8:04:00 -	LMT	1899 May 11
 			8:00	Phil	PH%sT	1942 May
 			9:00	-	JST	1944 Nov
@@ -936,7 +1333,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844
 
 # Qatar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920		# Al Dawhah
+Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920	# Al Dawhah / Doha
 			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
 			3:00	-	AST
 
@@ -946,15 +1343,18 @@ Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1950
 			3:00	-	AST
 
 # Singapore
+# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# <http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html>.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:24 -	LMT	1880
-			6:55:24	-	SMT	1905 Jun # Singapore Mean Time
-			7:00	-	MALT	1933	 # Malaya Time
-			7:20	-	MALT	1942 Feb 15
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  2
-			7:20	-	MALT	1950
+Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
+			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
+			7:00	-	MALT	1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
+			7:00	0:20	MALST	1936 Jan  1
+			7:20	-	MALT	1941 Sep  1
+			7:30	-	MALT	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
 			7:30	-	MALT	1965 Aug  9 # independence
-			7:30	-	SGT	1982 May # Singapore Time
+			7:30	-	SGT	1982 Jan  1 # Singapore Time
 			8:00	-	SGT
 
 # Spratly Is
@@ -962,12 +1362,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:24 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Sri Lanka
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# <a href="http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html">
-# Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout (1996-05-24)
-# </a>
+# "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
+# (www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html, 1996-05-24,
+# no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
 # reported ``the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) `in the light of the present power crisis'.''
-# Transitions before 1996 are from Shanks (1995).
 #
 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
 # by Shamindra in
@@ -1017,22 +1416,25 @@ Rule	Syria	1991	1992	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Syria	1992	only	-	Apr	 8	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
-# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1997-03-31; (1998-02) says 1998-04-02,
-# 1999-03-29, and 1999-09-29; ignore all these claims for now.
-Rule	Syria	1994	max	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+# IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
+# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
+# 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
+# ignore all these claims and go with Shanks.
+Rule	Syria	1994	1996	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	1994	max	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1997	1998	-	Mar	lastMon	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1999	max	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920
+Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920	# Dimashq
 			2:00	Syria	EE%sT
 
 # Tajikistan
-# From Shanks (1995), who writes ``date of change uncertain'' for 1991.
+# From Shanks.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00	-	DUST	1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	DUSST	1991 Sep  9 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	TJ%sT	1992
+			5:00	1:00	DUSST	1991 Sep  9 2:00s
 			5:00	-	TJT		    # Tajikistan Time
 
 # Thailand
@@ -1042,16 +1444,13 @@ Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
 			7:00	-	ICT
 
 # Turkmenistan
-# From Shanks (1995):
+# From Shanks.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Ashkhabad	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashgabat
+Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
 			4:00	-	ASHT	1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
-			5:00	-	ASHT	1981 Apr  1
-			5:00	1:00	ASHST	1981 Oct  1
-			6:00	-	ASHT	1982 Apr  1
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991
-			5:00	-	ASHT	1991 Oct 27 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	TM%sT	1993	# Turkmenistan Time
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Oct 27 # independence
+			4:00 RussiaAsia TM%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00
 			5:00	-	TMT
 
 # United Arab Emirates
@@ -1060,22 +1459,21 @@ Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
 			4:00	-	GST
 
 # Uzbekistan
-# From Shanks (1995):
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			4:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
 			5:00	-	SAMT	1981 Apr  1
 			5:00	1:00	SAMST	1981 Oct  1
 			6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00 # Tashkent Time
-			5:00	-	TAST	1991 Sep  1 # independence
-			5:00	-	UZT	1992
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1993
 			5:00	-	UZT
 Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00	-	TAST	1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	-	TAST	1991 Sep  1 # independence
-			5:00	-	UZT	1992
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1993
 			5:00	-	UZT
 
@@ -1083,7 +1481,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
 # Saigon's official name is Thanh-Pho Ho Chi Minh, but it's too long.
 # We'll stick with the traditional name for now.
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks:
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Saigon	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/australasia b/share/zoneinfo/australasia
index 7e52f18..d8a8e36 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/australasia
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/australasia
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)australasia	7.44
+# @(#)australasia	7.69
 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
 
 # Notes are at the end of this file
@@ -7,28 +7,29 @@
 
 # Australia
 
+# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Shanks gives 1917 Jan 1 0:01; go with Whitman (and guess 2:00).
-Rule	Aus	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
 Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
-# Whitman says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944, and that
-# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944; go with Shanks.
+# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
+# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
+# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Northern Territory
 Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			 9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			 9:30	-	CST	1917 Jan 1 0:01
 			 9:30	Aus	CST
 # Western Australia
 Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
-			 8:00	-	WST	1917 Jan 1 0:01
-			 8:00	Aus	WST	1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
+			 8:00	Aus	WST	1943 Jul
+			 8:00	-	WST	1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
 			 8:00	1:00	WST	1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
 			 8:00	-	WST	1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
 			 8:00	1:00	WST	1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
@@ -49,19 +50,18 @@ Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
 # so use Lindeman.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Holiday	1989	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	Holiday	1990	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
-			10:00	-	EST	1917 Jan 1 0:01
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971 Oct lastSun 2:00s
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1972 Feb lastSun 2:00s
+			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
 			10:00	AQ	EST
 Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
-			10:00	-	EST	1917 Jan 1 0:01
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971 Oct lastSun 2:00s
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1972 Feb lastSun 2:00s
+			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
+			10:00	AQ	EST	1992 Jul
 			10:00	Holiday	EST
 
 # South Australia
@@ -72,51 +72,58 @@ Rule	AS	1987	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1990	1994	even	Mar	Sun>=18	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1990	1994	odd	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AS	1990	only	-	Mar	Sun>=18	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=18	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	Sun>=18	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	1995	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			9:30	-	CST	1917 Jan 1 0:01
-			9:30	Aus	CST	1971 Oct lastSun 2:00s
+			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
 			9:30	AS	CST
 
 # Tasmania
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	31	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1991	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	1991	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	EST	1917 Jan 1 0:01
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1967 Oct 1 2:00s
+			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
+			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	EST	1967
 			10:00	AT	EST
 
 # Victoria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1987	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	1995	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AV	2001	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	-	EST	1917 Jan 1 0:01
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971 Oct 31 2:00s
+			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
 			10:00	AV	EST
 
 # New South Wales
@@ -128,31 +135,34 @@ Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1987	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	1996	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AN	2001	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	-	EST	1917 Jan 1 0:01
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971 Oct 31 2:00s
+			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
 			10:00	AN	EST
 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	-	EST	1896 Aug 23
 			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			9:30	-	CST	1917 Jan 1 0:01
-			9:30	Aus	CST	1971 Oct 31 2:00s
-			9:30	AN	CST
+			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
+			9:30	AN	CST	2000
+			9:30	AS	CST
 
 # Lord Howe Island
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	1987	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	LH	1996	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	1996	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	2001	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	-	EST	1981 Mar
 			10:30	LH	LHST
@@ -161,7 +171,7 @@ Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 #
 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
-# no information; probably like Australia/Perth
+# like Australia/Perth, says Turner
 #
 # Coral Sea Is
 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
@@ -169,11 +179,8 @@ Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 #
 # Macquarie
 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
-# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888-1917
-# no information
-#
-# Manihiki, Penrhyn, Rakehanga
-# no information
+# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
+# like Australia/Hobart, says Turner
 
 # Christmas
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -181,7 +188,7 @@ Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time
 
 # Cook Is
-# From Shanks (1995):
+# From Shanks:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
 Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
@@ -197,9 +204,12 @@ Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901		# Avarua
 Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:30	-	CCT	# Cocos Islands Time
 
 # Fiji
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:53:40 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26	# Suva
-			12:00	-	FJT	# Fiji Time
+			12:00	Fiji	FJ%sT	# Fiji Time
 
 # French Polynesia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -214,8 +224,10 @@ Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Papeete
 
 # Guam
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Guam	 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901		# Agana
-			10:00	-	GST
+Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901		# Agana
+			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23	# Guam
+			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
 
 # Kiribati
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -232,9 +244,11 @@ Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # N Mariana Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Saipan	 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
+Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
 			 9:00	-	MPT	1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
-			10:00	-	MPT
+			10:00	-	MPT	2000 Dec 23
+			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
 
 # Marshall Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -256,8 +270,9 @@ Zone Pacific/Truk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
 Zone Pacific/Ponape	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kolonia
 			11:00	-	PONT			# Ponape Time
 Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	PONT	1969 Oct
-			12:00	-	KOST			# Kosrae Time
+			11:00	-	KOST	1969 Oct	# Kosrae Time
+			12:00	-	KOST	1999
+			11:00	-	KOST
 
 # Nauru
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -272,6 +287,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15	# Uaobe
 Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
 Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
+# Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
 Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13
@@ -283,40 +299,45 @@ Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13
 # New Zealand
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Shanks gives 1927 Nov 6 - 1928 Mar 4, 1928 Oct 14 - 1929 Mar 17,
-# 1929 Oct 13 - 1930 Mar 16; go with Whitman.
-Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	26	2:00	0:30	HD
-Rule	NZ	1928	1929	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
-Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Nov	 4	2:00	0:30	HD
-Rule	NZ	1929	only	-	Oct	30	2:00	0:30	HD
-Rule	NZ	1930	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
-Rule	NZ	1930	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	HD
-# Whitman says DST went on and off during war years, and the base UT offset
-# didn't change until 1945 Apr 30; go with Shanks.
-Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	NZ	1934	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	HD
-Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M
+Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S
+Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
+Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
+Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
+Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
+# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
+# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
+Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	S
 Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
 Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1990	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868
-			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1940 Sep 29 2:00
+Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
+			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
 			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
-Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:45	Chatham	CHA%sT
+Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1957 Jan  1
+			12:45	Chatham	CHA%sT
 
 
 # Auckland Is
-# uninhabited
+# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
+# and scientific personnel have wintered
 
 # Campbell I
-# minor whaling stations operated 1909-14
-# scientific station operated 1941-1995
+# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
+# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
+# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -335,7 +356,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kingston
 			11:12	-	NMT	1951	# Norfolk Mean Time
 			11:30	-	NFT		# Norfolk Time
 
-# Palau
+# Palau (Belau)
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901		# Koror
 			9:00	-	PWT	# Palau Time
@@ -343,13 +364,14 @@ Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901		# Koror
 # Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
-			9:48:40	-	PMMT	1895	# Port Moresby Mean Time
+			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895	# Port Moresby Mean Time
 			10:00	-	PGT		# Papua New Guinea Time
 
 # Pitcairn
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901		# Adamstown
-			-8:30	-	PNT	# Pitcairn Time
+			-8:30	-	PNT	1998 Apr 27 00:00
+			-8:00	-	PST	# Pitcairn Standard Time
 
 # American Samoa
 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
@@ -377,10 +399,16 @@ Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
 			-10:00	-	TKT	# Tokelau Time
 
 # Tonga
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
-			12:20	-	TOT	1968 Oct # Tonga Time
-			13:00	-	TOT
+			12:20	-	TOT	1941 # Tonga Time
+			13:00	-	TOT	1999
+			13:00	Tonga	TO%sT
 
 # Tuvalu
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -407,6 +435,8 @@ Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
 
 # Midway
 Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
+			-11:00	-	NST	1956 Jun  3
+			-11:00	1:00	NDT	1956 Sep  2
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
 			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
 			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
@@ -445,12 +475,12 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -464,8 +494,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
-# Oxford University Press (1980).
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
@@ -476,12 +505,14 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 #	  9:00	JST	Japan
 #	  9:30	CST CST	Central Australia
 #	 10:00	EST EST	Eastern Australia
-#	 10:00	GST	Guam
+#	 10:00	ChST	Chamorro
 #	 10:30	LHST LHST Lord Howe*
-#	 12:00	NZST NZDT New Zealand
+#	 11:30	NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
+#	 12:00	NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
 #	 12:45	CHAST CHADT Chatham*
 #	-11:00	SST	Samoa
 #	-10:00	HST	Hawaii
+#	- 8:00	PST	Pitcairn*
 #
 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
@@ -490,6 +521,10 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # Australia
 
+# <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
+# Australia's Daylight Saving Times
+# </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
+
 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
 # It is called `summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
@@ -508,12 +543,93 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (March 8 1992):
+# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
 #	CST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
 #	WST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
 #	EST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
+# versus "AEST" etc.:
+#
+# I see the following points of dispute:
+#
+# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
+#
+#   Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
+#   Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
+#   operation of software.  We have other instances of ambiguity
+#   (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
+#   Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
+#   In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
+#   abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
+#   think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
+#
+#   On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
+#   abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion.  This is
+#   particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
+#   time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
+#
+# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
+#
+#   Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
+#   many other countries.  We Americans are currently disagreeing about
+#   which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
+#   Time, for example.
+#
+#   Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
+#   refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
+#   tiebreaker.
+#
+# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
+#   Summer Time"?  Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
+#   the word "Australian"?
+#
+#   My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
+#   common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
+#   popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
+#   often than not.  I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
+#   following count of page hits:
+#
+#     1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
+#       971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
+#       613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+#       127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+#
+#   Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
+#   particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
+#   say.  The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
+#   Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
+#
+#   For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
+#   ambiguity.  Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
+#   many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones.  But here
+#   are the hit counts anyway:
+#
+#     161,304 "EST" and domain:au
+#      25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
+#      18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
+#      10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
+#
+#      14,538 "CST" and domain:au
+#       5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
+#         176 "ACST" and domain:au
+#          29 "ACDT" and domain:au
+#
+#       7,539 "WST" and domain:au
+#          68 "AWST" and domain:au
+#
+#   This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
+#   practice.  The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
+#   the ambiguities involved.
+#
+# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
+#
+#   If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
+#   against.  One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
+#   saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
+#   understood in Australia.
+
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
 # Mark Prior <mrp@itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
@@ -523,17 +639,17 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
-# 
+#
 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
 # relevant entries in this database.
-# 
+#
 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
 # </a>
 # ACT
-# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
+# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
 # </a>
 # SA
@@ -586,6 +702,11 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
 # it matches what was used in the past.
 
+# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
+# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
+# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
+# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
+
 # Queensland
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
@@ -623,6 +744,38 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
 
+# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
+# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
+# southern coast of Australia, population 10 at last report, along with
+# 50,000 sheep, about 100 kilometers long and 40 kilometers into the
+# continent.  The primary town is Madura, with the other towns being
+# Mundrabilla and Eucla.  According to the sheriff of Madura, the
+# residents got tired of having to change the time so often, as they are
+# located in a strip overlapping the border of South Australia and Western
+# Australia.  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
+# Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The
+# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
+# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
+# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
+# Australia and Western Australia.  As it only affects about 10 people and
+# tourists staying at the Madura Motel, it has never really made as big an
+# impact as Broken Hill.  However, as tourist visiting there or anyone
+# calling the local sheriff will attest, they do keep time in this way.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
+# This is confirmed by the section entitled
+# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
+# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>,
+# which says a few other things:
+#
+# * Border Village, SA also is 45 minutes ahead of Perth.
+# * The locals call this time zone "central W.A. Time" (presumably "CWAT").
+# * The locals also call Western Australia time "Perth time".
+#
+# It's not clear from context whether everyone in Western Australia
+# knows of this naming convention, or whether it's just the people in
+# this subregion.
+
 # South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
@@ -697,66 +850,54 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # Tasmania
 
-# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
-# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
-# ...Tasmania will revert to Australian Eastern Standard Time on March 31...
-
-# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
+# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
 # #					[ Nov 1990 ]
-# ...
-# Zone	Australia/Tasmania	10:00	AT	%sST
-# ...
-# Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	E
-# Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	3:00	0	E
-# Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
-# Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E
-# Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	E
-# Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E
-# Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	E
-# Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	AT	1991	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	AT	1991	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	E
-
-# From Bill Hart via Alexander Dupuy and Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
-# My state Government in there eagerness to get a few more bucks for the
-# tourist industry industry decided to change the daylight savings times
-# yet again (we now have almost 6 months per year)...
-# ...
-# Rule  Oz      1986    1990    -       Oct     Sun<=24 2:00    1:00    -
-# Rule  Oz      1991    max     -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    -
-# ...
-# Rule  Oz      1987    1990    -       Mar     Sun<=21 3:00    0       -
-# Rule  Oz      1991    max     -       Mar     Sun<=31 3:00    0       -
 
 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
 # (but nothing new about that).
 
-# Victoria
+# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
+# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
+# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
+# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
+# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
+# instead of the first Sunday in October.
 
-# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
-# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
-# ...Victoria...[has] agreed to end daylight saving at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
+# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
+# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
 
-# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# Victoria
+
+# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
+# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
 # #						[ Nov 1990 ]
-# ...
-# Zone	Australia/Victoria	10:00	AV	%sST
-# ...
-# Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
-# Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E
-# Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	E
-# Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	AV	1988	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	AV	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E
+
+# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
+# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
+# interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
+# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
+# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
+# in Melbourne, Australia.
+#
+# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
+# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
+# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
+# fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
+# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
+# expected time.
+#
+# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
+# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
+# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
+# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
+#
+# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
+# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
 
 # New South Wales
 
@@ -771,42 +912,73 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 #	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
 #	I have researched New South Wales time only...
 
-# From Dave Davey (1990-03-03):
-# Rule	NSW	1988	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
-# Rule	NSW	1989	only	-	Mar	Sun<=21	3:00	0	-
-
-# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
-# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
-# NSW...[has] agreed to end daylight saving at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
-
-# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
-# # The state of NEW SOUTH WALES.. [confirmed by Attorney General's Dept N.S.W]
-# #					[ Dec 1990 ]
-# ...
-# Rule	 AN	1988	1989	-	Mar	Sun<=21	3:00	0	E
-# ...
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
+# The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
+# <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
+# Daylight Saving
+# </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
+# The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
+# publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW.  See:
+# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
+# Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
+# </a>
 
-# From John Mackin (1991-03-09)
-# I have confirmed the accuracy of the historical data for NSW in the
-# file Robert forwarded
+# From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1999-05-26):
+# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
+# October in 2000.  [See: Matthew Moore,
+# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
+# Two months more daylight saving
+# </a>
+# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
-# Sources differ on whether DST ended March 6 or March 20 in 1988;
-# March 20 (the "confirmed" date) is in the chosen rules.
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
+# See the following official NSW source:
+# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
+# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
+# </a>
+#
+# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
+# daylight saving next year.  See:
+# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
+# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
+# </a> (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
+#
+# Victoria will following NSW.  See:
+# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
+# Vic to extend daylight saving
+# </a> (1999-07-28).
+#
+# However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
+# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
+# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
+# </a> (1999-07-19).
+#
+# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
+# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
+# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
+# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
+# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
+# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
+# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
+# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
+# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
+#
+# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
+# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
+# Broken Hill to be behind the times
+# </a> (1999-07-21).
 
-# From Bradley White (1995-05-20):
-# Prem Bob Carr announced NSW will fall into line with other E states
-# and SA and continue daylight savings to the last Sun in Mar.
+# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
+# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
+# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
 
-# From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1997-06-12):
-# The NSW state government in Australia is talking about bringing the start
-# of daylight savings time forward in the year 2000 to cater for the Olympics.
-# This is going to take some time to be negotiated, because the plan is to do
-# this in multiple states due to soccer games (which are not just in Sydney).
+# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
+# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
+# towns to use Queensland time.
 
 # Yancowinna
 
-# From John Basser (1989-01-04):
+# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
@@ -833,16 +1005,31 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
 # hour ahead of NSW time.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# For Lord Howe we use Shanks through 1991.
-# Lord Howe is part of NSW, so we'll guess it has used the same transition
-# times as NSW since 1991, even though Shanks writes that Lord Howe went
-# with Victoria when NSW and Victoria disagreed in 1982.
+# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
+# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
+# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
+# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
+# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
+# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
+# instead of only 30 minutes.  Dependant on the wishes of residents
+# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
+# arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
+# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
+
+# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
+# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
+# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
+# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
+# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
+# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-09):
+# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter.
+# For times we use Lonergan.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
-# New Zealand, from Elz' asia 1.1
-# Elz says "no guarantees"
+# New Zealand
 
 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
@@ -875,24 +1062,47 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Shanks gives no data for Chatham; usno1989 says it's +12:45,
-# usno1995 says it's +12:45/+13:45, and IATA SSIM (1991/1996)
-# gives the NZ rules but with transitions at 2:45 local standard time.
-# Guess that they adopted DST in 1990.
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-05-26):
+# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
+# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
+# Use these sources in preference to Shanks.
+#
+# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
+# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
+# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
+
 # Fiji
 
-# Howse writes (p 162) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
-# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on +12:00.
-# Perhaps it didn't take.  We go with Shanks's more precise date in 1915.
+# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
+# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
+# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
+
+# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
+# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
+# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will
+# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
+# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
+
+# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
+# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
+# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.  But correspondents say it
+# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
+# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
+# millenium.
+
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
+# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
 
 # Johnston
 
 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
 
+
 # Kiribati
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
@@ -900,6 +1110,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
 
+
 # Kwajalein
 
 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
@@ -908,12 +1119,20 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
 
+
 # N Mariana Is, Guam
 
-# Howse writes (p 162) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
+# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
-# Ignore this for now, as we have no hard data.  See also Asia/Manila.
+# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
+# see Asia/Manila.
+
+# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
+# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
+# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
+# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
+
 
 # Micronesia
 
@@ -921,19 +1140,199 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
 #
-# Shanks writes that Truk switched from GMT+10 to GMT+11 on 1978-10-01;
+# Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
 # ignore this for now.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
+# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
+# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
+# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
+# </a> (1999-01-26)
+# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
+# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
+
+
+# Midway
+
+# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
+# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
+# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
+# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
+# Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
+# your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956
+# we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to
+# air at 6am your time.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
+# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
+# started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
+# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
+
+
+# Pitcairn
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
+# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
+# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
+#
+#	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
+#	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
+#	as Pitcairn Standard Time.
+#
+# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
+# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
+# somehow in light of this proclamation.
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
+# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
+# ... at midnight.
+
+# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
+# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
+# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
+# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
+
+
 # Samoa
 
-# Howse writes that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
+# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
+# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
 
+
 # Tonga
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
+
+# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
+# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
+# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
+# </a>:
+
+# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
+# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
+# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
+# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
+# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
+# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
+#
+# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
+# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
+# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
+#
+# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
+# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
+# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
+# minutes we have lost?"
+#
+# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
+# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
+# to say your prayers in the morning."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-08-12):
+# Shanks says the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
+
+# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
+# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
+# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
+# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
+# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
+# Government.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen [straen@thorsen.priv.no] (1999-09-09):
+# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
+#
+# I was given this link by John Letts <johnletts@earthlink.net>:
+# <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
+# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
+# </a>
+#
+# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
+# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
+# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
+# (12 + 1 hour DST).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson [arthur_david_olson@nih.gov] (1999-09-20):
+# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
+# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
+# </a>:
+# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
+# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
+# third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
+# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
+# set back an hour on the closing date."
+# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
+# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
+# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
+# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
+# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
+# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
+# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
+# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
+# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
+# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
+
+# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
+# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
+# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday
+# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
+# hour to 1:00am.
+
+# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
+# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
+
+
+# Wake
+
+# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
+# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
+#
+# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ...  The time was all the
+# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
+# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
+# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
+# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
+# impossible.
+#
+# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
+# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# The International Date Line
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
+#
+# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
+# convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
+# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
+# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
+#
+# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
+# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
+# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
+# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
+# has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
+# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
+# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.
+#
+# An Anglo-French Conference on Time-Keeping at Sea (June, 1917) agreed that
+# legal time on the high seas would be zone time, i.e., the standard time at
+# the nearest meridian that is a multiple of fifteen degrees.  The date is
+# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
+# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
+# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
+# correct date is ambiguous.
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/backward b/share/zoneinfo/backward
index 84f3de5..6e118c2 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/backward
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/backward
@@ -1,13 +1,28 @@
-# @(#)backward	7.15
+# @(#)backward	7.26
 
 # This file provides links between current names for time zones
 # and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
 
 Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
+Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
+Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Catamarca
+Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Cordoba
+Link	America/Tijuana		America/Ensenada
 Link	America/Indianapolis	America/Fort_Wayne
+Link	America/Argentina/Jujuy	America/Jujuy
 Link	America/Indiana/Knox	America/Knox_IN
+Link	America/Argentina/Mendoza	America/Mendoza
+Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
+Link	America/Cordoba		America/Rosario
 Link	America/St_Thomas	America/Virgin
+Link	Asia/Ashgabat		Asia/Ashkhabad
+Link	Asia/Chongqing		Asia/Chungking
+Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
+Link	Asia/Macau		Asia/Macao
+Link	Asia/Makassar		Asia/Ujung_Pandang
 Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
+Link	Asia/Thimphu		Asia/Thimbu
+Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
 Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/ACT
 Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/Canberra
 Link	Australia/Lord_Howe	Australia/LHI
@@ -26,7 +41,7 @@ Link	America/Manaus		Brazil/West
 Link	America/Halifax		Canada/Atlantic
 Link	America/Winnipeg	Canada/Central
 Link	America/Regina		Canada/East-Saskatchewan
-Link	America/Montreal	Canada/Eastern
+Link	America/Toronto		Canada/Eastern
 Link	America/Edmonton	Canada/Mountain
 Link	America/St_Johns	Canada/Newfoundland
 Link	America/Vancouver	Canada/Pacific
@@ -37,7 +52,9 @@ Link	Pacific/Easter		Chile/EasterIsland
 Link	America/Havana		Cuba
 Link	Africa/Cairo		Egypt
 Link	Europe/Dublin		Eire
+Link	Europe/Chisinau		Europe/Tiraspol
 Link	Europe/London		GB
+Link	Europe/London		GB-Eire
 Link	Etc/GMT+0		GMT+0
 Link	Etc/GMT-0		GMT-0
 Link	Etc/GMT0		GMT0
@@ -53,13 +70,13 @@ Link	Africa/Tripoli		Libya
 Link	America/Tijuana		Mexico/BajaNorte
 Link	America/Mazatlan	Mexico/BajaSur
 Link	America/Mexico_City	Mexico/General
-Link	America/Denver		Navajo
+Link	America/Shiprock	Navajo
 Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
 Link	Pacific/Chatham		NZ-CHAT
 Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
-Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
 Link	Europe/Warsaw		Poland
 Link	Europe/Lisbon		Portugal
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
 Link	Asia/Taipei		ROC
 Link	Asia/Seoul		ROK
 Link	Asia/Singapore		Singapore
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/etcetera b/share/zoneinfo/etcetera
index 4fb27ac..f87a76e 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/etcetera
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/etcetera
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)etcetera	7.10
+# @(#)etcetera	7.11
 
 # These entries are mostly present for historical reasons, so that
 # people in areas not otherwise covered by the tz files could "zic -l"
@@ -24,10 +24,24 @@ Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT-0
 Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT+0
 Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT0
 
-# We use POSIX-style signedness in the names and output,
-# internal-style signedness in the specifications.
-# For example, TZ=Etc/GMT+4 corresponds to 4 hours _behind_ UTC;
-# it is equivalent to TZ=GMT+4, which is implemented directly as per POSIX.
+# We use POSIX-style signs in the Zone names and the output abbreviations,
+# even though this is the opposite of what many people expect.
+# POSIX has positive signs west of Greenwich, but many people expect
+# positive signs east of Greenwich.  For example, TZ='Etc/GMT+4' uses
+# the abbreviation "GMT+4" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UTC
+# (i.e. west of Greenwich) even though many people would expect it to
+# mean 4 hours ahead of UTC (i.e. east of Greenwich).
+#
+# In the draft 5 of POSIX 1003.1-200x, the angle bracket notation
+# (which is not yet supported by the tz code) allows for
+# TZ='<GMT-4>+4'; if you want time zone abbreviations conforming to
+# ISO 8601 you can use TZ='<-0400>+4'.  Thus the commonly-expected
+# offset is kept within the angle bracket (and is used for display)
+# while the POSIX sign is kept outside the angle bracket (and is used
+# for calculation).
+#
+# Do not use a TZ setting like TZ='GMT+4', which is four hours behind
+# GMT but uses the completely misleading abbreviation "GMT".
 
 # Earlier incarnations of this package were not POSIX-compliant,
 # and had lines such as
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/europe b/share/zoneinfo/europe
index 9e90832..eeb114f 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/europe
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/europe
@@ -1,45 +1,59 @@
-# @(#)europe	7.57
+# @(#)europe	7.88
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
 #
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
-# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
+# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
 #
-# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
-# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
-# I found in the UCLA library.
+# Other sources occasionally used include:
+#
+#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
+#	which I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+#	<a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
+#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
+#	</a> (1914-03)
+#
+#	Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
+#	<a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
+#	History of Summer Time
+#	</a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
+
 #
 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
-#		std dst
-#		LMT	Local Mean Time
-#	-4:00	AST	Atlantic
-#	-3:00	WGT WGST Western Greenland*
-#	-1:00	EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
-#	 0:00	GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
-#	 0:00	GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
-#	 0:00	WET WEST Western Europe
-#	 1:00	CET CEST Central Europe
-#	 2:00	EET EEST Eastern Europe
-#	 3:00	MSK MSD	Moscow
+#                   std dst  2dst
+#                   LMT           Local Mean Time
+#       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic
+#       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*
+#       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*
+#        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer
+#        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer
+#        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
+#        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
+#        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
+#        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
+#        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
+#        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
+#        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
-# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
-# Oxford University Press (1980).
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 
 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
@@ -66,7 +80,6 @@
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
-# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
 
 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
 #
@@ -94,35 +107,54 @@
 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
-# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
-# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
-# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
+# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
+# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
-# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847 Sep 22 the
+# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
-# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
+# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
+# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
+# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
 # railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
-# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
-# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
+# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
+# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
 # one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
-# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
+# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
 #
 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
-# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22.  We don't know as much
-# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
+# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
+# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
-# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
+# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
+# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
-# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
+# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
+# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
+# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
+# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
+# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
+# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
+# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
+# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
+
+# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
+# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
+# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
+# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
+# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
+# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
+#	-- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
+#	"A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
+#	</a>
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
@@ -147,558 +179,40 @@
 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
 
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19):
-# The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time
-# legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about
-# the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
-#
-# Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that
-# I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem
-# with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to
-# keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They
-# get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time
-# this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer
-# to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual
-# volumes.
-#
-# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
-# the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
-# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
-# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter),
-# and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders
-# up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives.
-#
-# Some definitions:
-#
-# Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales
-# United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern
-# Ireland (since 1922)
-# S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation
-# S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation
-#
-# Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed
-# to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man
-# or the Channel Islands.
-#
-# Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't
-# have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things
-# like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to
-# check these documents again.
-#
-# ---
-#
-# - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9)
-#
-# Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain
-# and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding
-# various forms of local mean time.
-#
-# - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???)
-#
-# An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have
-# defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't
-# seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition,
-# or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain.
-#
-# - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62)
-#
-# Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation
-# to the Isle of Man.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14)
-#
-# Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland.
-# Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of
-# Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT).
-# Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration
-# of the then current war.
-#
-# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)
-#
-# This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916,
-# bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind
-# GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back.
-# Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure
-# derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence
-# would have been:
-# Dublin        London
-# 02:34:38 IST  02:59:59 BST
-# 02:34:39 IST  02:00:00 GMT
-# 02:59:59 IST  02:25:20 GMT
-# 02:25:21 GMT  02:25:21 GMT
-# with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382
-#
-# An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914
-# extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated
-# 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that
-# the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same
-# time as it took effect in the United Kingdom.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
-# for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September,
-# both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916
-# (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same
-# dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
-# for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September,
-# both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429
-#
-# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times.
-#
-# - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918
-#   (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59)
-#
-# This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended,
-# which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied
-# only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal
-# ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
-# for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September,
-# both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366
-#
-# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
-# for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September,
-# both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573
-#
-# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
-#
-# An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to
-# change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to
-# Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green
-# Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike.
-#
-# - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5)
-#
-# This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916
-# for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war.
-# Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more
-# than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
-# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
-# in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364
-#
-# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
-# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
-# in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-# It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date
-# for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the
-# Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting
-# a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time
-# Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???)
-#
-# This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22)
-#
-# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
-# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
-# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
-# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
-# so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
-# Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205
-#
-# An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920
-# dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending
-# the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man.
-#
-# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37)
-#
-# This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
-# 31 December 1924.
-#
-# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm)
-#
-# This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
-# 31 December 1925.
-#
-# - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.))
-#
-# This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating
-# to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply
-# in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect
-# accordingly.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64)
-#
-# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
-# day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925.
-#
-# - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???)
-#
-# I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to
-# do all manner of things during the newly started war.
-#
-# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
-#
-# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
-# They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172
-#
-# An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February
-# (ie. 25 Feb 1940).
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883
-#
-# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
-#
-# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
-# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
-# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
-# which continues throughout the rest of the year.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
-#
-# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first
-# Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
-#
-# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the
-# third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944).
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
-#
-# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the
-# day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday
-# in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July).
-#
-# I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom
-# Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the
-# unusual start on a Monday:
-#
-#  `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
-#   Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
-#   regarding double summer time.
-#
-#   [two other similar questions omitted]
-#
-#   Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
-#   considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
-#   double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
-#   maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
-#   when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
-#   double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
-#   Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from
-#   Monday, 2nd April.'
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
-#
-# An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking
-# a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
-# It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the
-# date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16)
-#
-# Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and
-# 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time
-# (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour
-# offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday
-# 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00
-# Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years,
-# both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied
-# to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of
-# 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was
-# not continued after 1947.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
-#
-# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949
-# of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
-#
-# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950
-# of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
-#
-# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951
-# of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
-#
-# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952
-# of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted
-# to the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
-#
-# - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???)
-#
-# I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the
-# Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the
-# legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
-#
-# Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961
-#
-# - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
-#
-# Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
-#
-# Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963.
-#
-# - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
-#
-# Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
-#
-# Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT):
-#   1965: 21 March to 24 October
-#   1966: 20 March to 23 October
-#   1967: 19 March to 29 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
-# - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
-#
-# The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United
-# Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October,
-# all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date
-# to 18 February to match the United Kingdom.
-#
-# - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45)
-#
-# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
-# the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the
-# Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent.
-# It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
-#
-# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
-# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
-# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
-# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
-# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
-# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
-# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
-# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
-# summer time in 1968.
-#
-# - The Manx Time Act 1968
-#
-# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
-# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6)
-#
-# This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start
-# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
-# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
-# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
-# 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and
-# times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for
-# implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom.
-#
-# - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30)
-#
-# Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of
-# Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal
-# time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it
-# has its own Interpretation Act listed above).
-#
-# - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC)
-#
-# The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start
-# dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates.
-# Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'.
-# The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change
-# time. The dates:
-#   1981: 29 March
-#   1982: 28 March
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
-#
-# Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the
-# EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT:
-#   1981: 29 March to 25 October
-#   1982: 28 March to 24 October
-#
-# - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements
-#   (82/399/EEC)
-#
-# The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985.
-# Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't
-# be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common
-# date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of
-# end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March.
-# All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as:
-#   1983: 25 September or 23 October
-#   1984: 30 September or 28 october
-#   1985: 29 September or 27 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
-#
-# Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates.
-#   1983: 27 March to 23 October
-#   1984: 25 March to 28 october
-#   1985: 31 March to 27 October
-#
-# - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements
-#   (84/634/EEC)
-#
-# Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end
-# dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at
-# 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates:
-#   1986: 28 September or 26 October
-#   1987: 27 September or 25 October
-#   1988: 25 September or 23 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
-#
-# Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates.
-#   1986: 30 March to 26 October
-#   1987: 29 March to 25 October
-#   1988: 27 March to 23 October
-#
-# - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC
-#   on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC)
-#
-# This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC.
-# The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging
-# to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different
-# sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going
-# to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded
-# without any change to the dates themselves.
-#
-# - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements
-#   (88/14/EEC)
-#
-# This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that
-# this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom
-# end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from
-# the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October.
-# All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given:
-#   1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
-#
-# Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989.
-#
-# - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements
-#   (89/47/EEC)
-#
-# Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both
-# rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday
-# in October) and specific dates:
-#   1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October
-#   1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October
-#   1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
-#
-# Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates.
-#
-# - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime
-#   arrangements
-#
-# Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified
-# both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates:
-#   1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October
-#   1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
-#
-# Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates.
-#
-# - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
-#   of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements
-#
-# Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached
-# on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given.
-# The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September
-# or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the
-# last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of
-# the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed
-# but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier
-# than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given:
-#   1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October
-#   1996: 31 March to 27 October
-#   1997: 30 March to 26 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
-#
-# Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995.
-# Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of
-# Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation
-# on the subject.
-#
-# - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
-#   of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements
-#
-# Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both
-# rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates:
-#   1998: 29 March to 25 October
-#   1999: 28 March to 31 October
-#   2000: 26 March to 29 October
-#   2001: 25 March to 28 October
-#
-# <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm">
-# - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
+# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
+# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
+# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
+# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
+# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
+# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
+# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
+# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
+# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
+# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
+# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
+
+# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
+# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
+# which is to be introduced in May....
+# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
+# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
+# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
+# so we use `BDST'.
+
+# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
+# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
+# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
+# and extending this list, which can be found in
+# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
+# History of legal time in Britain
 # </a>
-#
-# Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man,
-# Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order.
 
-# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
+# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
 #
 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
@@ -706,19 +220,11 @@
 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
 # </a>.
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
 #
-# The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
-# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
-# 20 April was an Easter Sunday.  Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
-# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
-# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
-# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
-# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
-# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
-# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
+# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
 #
-# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
+# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
 #     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
 #	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
@@ -730,15 +236,38 @@
 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
 #
-# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
-# we'll ignore them for now.
+# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
 #     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
 #	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
 #	conform with Great Britain.
+# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
+#
+# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
+# we'll ignore it for now.
 #     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
 #
 #
 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
+# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
+# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
+# to London.  For example:
+#
+#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
+#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
+# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
+# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
+# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
+# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
+# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
+# and Frethun run in CT.
+# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
+# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
+# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
+# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
+# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
+# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
 
 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
@@ -770,8 +299,8 @@ Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
 Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
-# The Summer Time Act, 1922
 Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
+# The Summer Time Act, 1922
 Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
@@ -859,20 +388,20 @@ Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Sep 22
+Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
 			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
-			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
 			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s   # Irish Summer Time
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
 			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
-Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:21 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
-			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
+Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00
 			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
@@ -899,6 +428,11 @@ Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
+# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
+# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
+# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
+# </a>
 
 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
@@ -940,14 +474,11 @@ Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST	# Moscow Summer Time
 Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Moscow Mean Time
 Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time
-Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	MST
+Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
-# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
-# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
-# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
@@ -1030,7 +561,6 @@ Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
 			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
-# The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995).
 			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -1042,35 +572,45 @@ Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Austria
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and
+# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
+# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
+# date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
+# Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00
+# for 1945-04-12.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:20 -	LMT	1893 Apr
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Jun 16 3:00
-			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
+			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12 2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1946
 			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Belarus
-# Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks (1995).
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 2:00s
+			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00s
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT
 
 # Belgium
@@ -1086,7 +626,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
-# 
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
@@ -1100,6 +640,10 @@ Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
+# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
+# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
+# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
+# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
 Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1134,9 +678,15 @@ Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# see Yugoslavia
+# see Serbia and Montenegro
 
 # Bulgaria
+#
+# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
+# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
+# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
@@ -1151,13 +701,16 @@ Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
 			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  2:00
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Croatia
-# see Yugosloavia
+# see Serbia and Montenegro
+
+# Cyprus
+# See the `asia' file.
 
 # Czech Republic
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
@@ -1174,7 +727,6 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
@@ -1209,20 +761,82 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faeroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 
+# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
+# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
+# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
+#
+# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
+# is according to the following time line:
+#
+# The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
+# Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
+# Scoresbysund			UTC-1
+# Danmarkshavn			UTC
+#
+# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
+# introduced.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
+#
+# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
+# the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
+# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
+# info from earlier correspondence.]
+#
+# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
+# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
+# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
+#
+# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
+# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
+# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
+# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
+# email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
+# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
+# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
+#
+# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
+# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
+#
+# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
+# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
+# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
+#
+# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
+# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
+# maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
+# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time.  This area might be
+# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
+# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
+# there at 2:00 AM.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
+# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
+# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
+# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
+# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Thule	1993	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Thule	1993	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
+Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
+			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
+			-3:00	EU	WG%sT	1996
+			0:00	-	GMT
+Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
 			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
 			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
 			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
 Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
 			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
 			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
-Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
+Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
 
 # Estonia
@@ -1240,6 +854,39 @@ Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
 # summer time next spring.''
+
+# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
+# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
+# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
+# </a>
+# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
+# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
+#
+# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
+# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
+# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
+
+# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
+# via Steffen Thorsen:
+# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
+# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
+# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
+# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
+# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
+# after that.
+
+# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
+# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
+# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
+# the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
+
+# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
+# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
+# Now we are using again EU rules.
+#
+# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
+# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
@@ -1250,11 +897,12 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
-			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Nov  1
+			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Finland
-# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
 #
 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
@@ -1273,13 +921,26 @@ Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
 			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
+# Aaland Is
+Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
+
+
 # France
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
-# French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
-# and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
+
+# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
+#
+# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
+# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
+#
+# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
+# Paris, 1991
+#
+# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
+# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
+
+
 #
 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
-# From Shanks (1991):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
@@ -1291,6 +952,9 @@ Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
+# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
+# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks.
 Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1311,8 +975,14 @@ Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
-# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
-# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
+# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
+# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
+# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
+# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
+# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
+# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
+# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
+# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
@@ -1337,9 +1007,11 @@ Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
-# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01  # Paris MT
+# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
+# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
+# go with Shanks.
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
@@ -1350,26 +1022,29 @@ Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 # From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
-#
-#	<a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
-#	Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
-#	</a>
+# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
+
+# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
+# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
+# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
+# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
+# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
+# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
+# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
+# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
+
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
-# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
-# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
-# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only.  Guess 3:00 transition times.
-Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	31	3:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
-Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	23	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
-# Shanks gives 1946-10-06; go with the PTB.
 Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
-# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
-# go with Shanks.
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1423,7 +1098,6 @@ Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
@@ -1482,10 +1156,10 @@ Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
 # might mean something else (???).
 #
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
-# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
+# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
@@ -1515,11 +1189,17 @@ Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Italy
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
+# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
+# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
+# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
+# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
+# so record only the time in Rome.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
-# <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
+# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
 # </a>
 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
@@ -1627,6 +1307,26 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
 
+# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
+# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
+# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
+# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
+
+# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
+# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
+# </a>
+# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
+# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
+# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
+# clocks one hour in the spring....
+# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
+# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
+# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
+# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
+# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
+# appears that they will not do so....
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
@@ -1640,11 +1340,11 @@ Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
-			# Shanks says 1944-08-08, but
-			# Riga fell to the Red Army on 1944-10-13.
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
 			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
+			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Liechtenstein
@@ -1654,6 +1354,37 @@ Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Lithuania
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
+# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
+# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
+
+# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
+# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
+# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
+
+# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
+# via Steffen Thorsen:
+# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
+# to be valid here starting from October 31,
+# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
+# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
+# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
+# already done by Estonia.
+
+# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
+# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
+# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
+
+# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
+# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
+# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
+# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
+# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
+# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
+# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
+
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
 			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917	    # Warsaw Mean Time
@@ -1667,14 +1398,9 @@ Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
 			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29 1:00u
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
-# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
-
-# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
-# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
-# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31 1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Luxembourg
 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
@@ -1712,7 +1438,7 @@ Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Macedonia
-# see Yugoslavia
+# see Serbia and Montenegro
 
 # Malta
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1732,12 +1458,32 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2	# Valletta
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Moldova
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
+# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
+# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
+# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
+# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
+# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
+# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
+# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
+# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
+# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT
+Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
+			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 May 6
+			2:00	-	EET	1991
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
+# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Monaco
 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
@@ -1749,71 +1495,148 @@ Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Netherlands
+
 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
+
+# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
+# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
+# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
+# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
+# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
+# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
+# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
+# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
+# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
+#
+# (2001-04-08):
+# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
+# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
+# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
+#
+# (2001-04-09):
+# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
+# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
+# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
+# actually followed.
+#
+# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
+# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
+# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
+# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
+# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
+#
+# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
+# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
+# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
+# Amsterdam mean time.
+
+# The data before 1945 are taken from
+# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
-Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00s	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
+Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
+Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
 Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
-# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
-Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	Mon>=24	2:00s	0	AMT
-Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	NST
-# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
+Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	lastMon	2:00s	0	AMT
+Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
-Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST
-Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	NST
-# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	 5	2:00s	1:00	NST
-# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
+Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
+# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
+# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
 Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
-# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	May	20	2:00s	0	-
-# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
+Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
+#
+# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
+# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:28 -	LMT	1892 May
-			0:19:28	Neth	%s	1937 Jul
-			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:40
+Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
+			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
+			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
 			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Norway
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
-# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Norway	1935	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	1:00	S
-# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
-# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
+# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
+# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895
+Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
+# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
+# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
+# time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
+# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
+# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
+# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
+# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html).  The law/regulation
+# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
+# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
+# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
+# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
+# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
+# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
+# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
+# since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
+# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
+# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
+#
+# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
+# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was
+# keeping Berlin time.
+#
+# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
+# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
+# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
+# frequent air ttacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
+# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
+# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
+# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
+#
+# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
+# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
+# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
+# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
+# expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
+# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
+# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
+# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
+# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
+#
+# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970.  Unless we can
+# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
+# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
 Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
-# From Whitman:
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	EGT
+Link	Europe/Oslo	Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
 
 # Poland
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1846,16 +1669,26 @@ Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23 2:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977 Apr  3 1:00
-			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT
+			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1999
 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
-# <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
-# http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
+# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
+# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
 # </a>
 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
+#
+# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
+# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
+# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
+# worth further discussion.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
+# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
+# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details.  Assume they switched to
+# EU rules in 1999.
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Portugal
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
 #
 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
@@ -1874,6 +1707,9 @@ Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
+# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
+# Go with Shanks.
 Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
@@ -1935,8 +1771,10 @@ Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
+# Willett says 1912-01-01.  Go with Willett.
 Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
-			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1911 May 24   # Lisbon Mean Time
+			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  # Lisbon Mean Time
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00
 			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
@@ -1944,19 +1782,27 @@ Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
-			-1:55	-	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
+			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
 			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
 			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
 			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28 1:00u
 			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
-			-1:08	-	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
+			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
 			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 
 # Romania
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
+# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
+# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
+# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
+# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
+# the same year as Bulgaria.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
@@ -1973,28 +1819,26 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Russia
 
-# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02):
-# On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar''
-# with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
-# On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
-# Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
-# reverted to the 7-day week.  With the 6-day week the usual days
-# off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
-# (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
-#
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
-# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
-# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
+# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
-# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
+# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
+# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
+#
+# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
+# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
+# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
+# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
+# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
 #
 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
-# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
+# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
 #
@@ -2003,109 +1847,206 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
 #
+# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
+# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
+# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
+# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
+# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
+# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
+# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
+# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
+# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
+# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
+# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
+# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
+# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 - 	LMT	1893 Apr
+#
+# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
+Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
-			 2:00	Poland	CET	1946
+			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1994
-# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
 			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
+# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
+# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
+# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
+# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
+# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
+# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
+# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
+# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
+# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
+# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
+# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
+# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
+# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
+# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
+# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
+# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
+# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
+# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
 Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 2:30:20 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
+			 2:30	-	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
+			 2:30:48 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
 			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
-Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 3:00	-	KUYT	1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
-			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 3:00	1:00	KUYST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 3:00	-	SAMT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
-			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT
-Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:34 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 4:00	-	SVET	1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
+Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1 2:00
+			 3:00	-	KUYT	1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
+			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 3:00	-	KUYT	1991 Oct 20 3:00
+			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	# Samara Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
+# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
+# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
+# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
+# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:24 -	LMT	1919 Jul 15 4:00
+			 4:00	-	SVET	1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
 			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 4:00	1:00	SVEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	SVET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	# Yekaterinburg Time
-Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 5:00	-	OMST	1957 Mar # Omsk Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
+Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
+			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
 			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 5:00	1:00	OMSST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 5:00	-	OMST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT
-# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
-# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
-# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
-# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
-# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
-Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 6:00	-	NOVT	1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
+#
+# Novosibirskaya oblast'.
+Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
+			 6:00	-	NOVT	1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
 			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	1:00	NOVST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 6:00	-	NOVT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1994 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 6:00	1:00	NOVST	1994 Sep 25 2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1993 May 23 # says Shanks
 			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT
-Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 6:00	-	KRAT	1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
+# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
+# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
+			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	1:00	KRAST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 6:00	-	KRAT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
+# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
 Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1924 May  2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
-			 7:00	-	IRKT	1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
+			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+			 7:00	-	IRKT	1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
 			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 7:00	1:00	IRKST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	IRKT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT
-Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 8:00	-	YAKT	1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
+# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
+# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
+# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
+# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
+# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
+# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
+# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
+# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
+Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
 			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 8:00	1:00	YAKST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 8:00	-	YAKT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT
-Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1880
-			 8:47:44 -	VMT	1924 May  2 # Vladivostok MT
-			 9:00	-	VLAT	1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
+# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
+# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
+# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
+# Ust'-Yanskij.
+Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
+			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
 			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 9:00	1:00	VLAST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 9:00	-	VLAT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT
+#
+# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
+# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
+Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
+			 9:00	-	CJT	1938
+			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 25
+			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
+			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
+# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
+# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
+# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
+# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
 Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			10:00	-	MAGT	1957 Mar # Magadan Time
+			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
 			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			10:00	1:00	MAGST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			10:00	-	MAGT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT
-# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
-Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			11:00	-	PETT	1957 Mar # P-K Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+#
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
+Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
+			11:00	-	PETT	1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
 			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			11:00	1:00	PETST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			11:00	-	PETT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			12:00	Russia	PET%sT
+#
+# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
 Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			12:00	-	ANAT	1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
-			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			12:00	1:00	ANAST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			12:00	-	ANAT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT
+			12:00	-	ANAT	1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
+			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1 0:00s
+			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT
+
+# Serbia and Montenegro
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
+# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
+# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
 
 # Slovakia
 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 
 # Slovenia
-# see Yugoslavia
+# see Serbia and Montenegro
 
 # Spain
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
@@ -2177,43 +2118,60 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 
 # Sweden
 
-# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader)
-# <a href="news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com">
-# Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale?
-# </a>
-# Date: 1996-07-06
-#
-# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
-# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
-# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
-# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
-# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
-#
-# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
-# they did, after all, have a leap year that year.  And one in 1708.  In 1712
-# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
-# year!...
-#
-# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
-# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
-#
-# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
-# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
-# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
-# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
+# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
+#
+# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
+# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
+# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
+# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
+# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
+#
+# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
+# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
+# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
+#
+# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
+# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
+# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
+# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
+# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
+# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
+# 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
+# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
+#
+# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
+# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
+# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
+# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
+#
+# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
+# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
+# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
+# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
+# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
+# the Sok-button).
+#
+# (2001-05-13):
+#
+# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
+# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
+# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
+# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
+# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
+# hour before the event took place.
+#
+# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1878 May 31
-			1:12:12	-	SMT	1900 Jan  1  1:00 # Stockholm MT
-			1:00	-	CET	1916 Apr 14 23:00s
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Sep 30 23:00s
+Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
+			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1	# Swedish Time
+			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1 01:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Switzerland
-# The Gregorian calendar was introduced gradually in Switzerland,
-# by omitting leap years during 1583-1812.
-# From Howse (1988), p 82:
+# From Howse:
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
@@ -2221,7 +2179,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1878 May 31
 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
 Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks:
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -2244,7 +2202,6 @@ Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2295,71 +2252,73 @@ Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
 Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 
 # Ukraine
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Ukraine	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	UST	# Ukrainian Summer Time
-Rule	Ukraine	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	KMT	# Kiev Mean Time
-Rule	Ukraine	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	UDST	# Ukrainian Double Summer Time
-Rule	Ukraine	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	UST
-Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	UDST
-Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	UST
-Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	KMT
-Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	UST
-Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	UDST
-Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	UST
-Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	KMT
-Rule	Crimea	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	CST	# Crimean Summer Time
-Rule	Crimea	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	NMT	# Nikolayev Mean Time
-Rule	Crimea	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	CDST	# Crimean Double Summer Time
-Rule	Crimea	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	CST
-Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	CDST
-Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	CST
-Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	NMT
-Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	CST
-Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	CDST
-Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	CST
-Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	NMT
-Rule	Crimea	1996	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00u	1:00	-
-Rule	Crimea	1996	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00u	0	-
+#
+# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
+# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
+# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
+# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
+# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
+# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
+# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
 Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
-			2:02:04	Ukraine	%s	1924 May  2
+			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul 17
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1996
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1992
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
+Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
+			1:00	-	CET	1940
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31 3:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1992
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
+# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
+Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
+			2:20	-	CUT	1924 May  2 # Central Ukraine T
+			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
 Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
-			2:08:00	Crimea	%s	1924 May  2
+			2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
-# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1992
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
-# For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
-			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1994 Feb
+# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
+# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  For now, guess it changed in May.
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
-			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996
+			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31 3:00s
+			3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27 3:00s
 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
-			3:00	Crimea	MSK/MSD	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
+			3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
-# Yugoslavia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
-			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
-# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
-# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
-			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
-
 ###############################################################################
 
 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab b/share/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
index a3b2bee..b17843a 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-# ISO 3166 2-letter country codes
+# ISO 3166 alpha-2 country codes
 #
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-09-03):
+# @(#)iso3166.tab	1.15
+#
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (2004-06-14):
 #
 # This file contains a table with the following columns:
-# 1.  ISO 3166-1:1997 2-character country code.  See: 
+# 1.  ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, current as of
+#     ISO 3166-1 Newsletter No. V-10 (2004-04-26).  See:
+#     <a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/index.html">
+#     ISO 3166 Maintenance agency (ISO 3166/MA)
+#     </a>.
 # 2.  The usual English name for the country,
-#	chosen so that alphabetic sorting of subsets produces helpful lists.
-#	This is not the same as the English name in the ISO 3166 tables.
-#
-# The PS code below has been reserved for Palestine by the ISO;
-# however, the code is not yet officially assigned to Palestine.  Please see
-# <a href="ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/pub/doc/ISO/ISO-3166-background">
-# Cord Wischhoefer, Country Code Elements for Palestine (1996-07-24)
-# </a>.
+#     chosen so that alphabetic sorting of subsets produces helpful lists.
+#     This is not the same as the English name in the ISO 3166 tables.
 #
 # Columns are separated by a single tab.
 # The table is sorted by country code.
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ AS	Samoa (American)
 AT	Austria
 AU	Australia
 AW	Aruba
+AX	Aaland Islands
 AZ	Azerbaijan
 BA	Bosnia & Herzegovina
 BB	Barbados
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ CM	Cameroon
 CN	China
 CO	Colombia
 CR	Costa Rica
+CS	Serbia and Montenegro
 CU	Cuba
 CV	Cape Verde
 CX	Christmas Island
@@ -93,7 +95,6 @@ FK	Falkland Islands
 FM	Micronesia
 FO	Faeroe Islands
 FR	France
-FX	France, Metropolitan
 GA	Gabon
 GB	Britain (UK)
 GD	Grenada
@@ -112,6 +113,7 @@ GT	Guatemala
 GU	Guam
 GW	Guinea-Bissau
 GY	Guyana
+HK	Hong Kong
 HM	Heard Island & McDonald Islands
 HN	Honduras
 HR	Croatia
@@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ JM	Jamaica
 JO	Jordan
 JP	Japan
 KE	Kenya
-KG	Kirgizstan
+KG	Kyrgyzstan
 KH	Cambodia
 KI	Kiribati
 KM	Comoros
@@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ MK	Macedonia
 ML	Mali
 MM	Myanmar (Burma)
 MN	Mongolia
-MO	Macao
+MO	Macau
 MP	Northern Mariana Islands
 MQ	Martinique
 MR	Mauritania
@@ -230,10 +232,10 @@ TG	Togo
 TH	Thailand
 TJ	Tajikistan
 TK	Tokelau
+TL	East Timor
 TM	Turkmenistan
 TN	Tunisia
 TO	Tonga
-TP	East Timor
 TR	Turkey
 TT	Trinidad & Tobago
 TV	Tuvalu
@@ -256,7 +258,6 @@ WF	Wallis & Futuna
 WS	Samoa (Western)
 YE	Yemen
 YT	Mayotte
-YU	Yugoslavia
 ZA	South Africa
 ZM	Zambia
 ZW	Zimbabwe
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/leapseconds b/share/zoneinfo/leapseconds
index 1cd114b..7add330 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/leapseconds
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/leapseconds
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-# @(#)leapseconds	7.11
+# @(#)leapseconds	7.17
 
 # Allowance for leapseconds added to each timezone file.
 
 # The International Earth Rotation Service periodically uses leap seconds
-# to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of TAI (atomic time); see
+# to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
+# (which measures the true angular orientation of the earth in space); see
 # Terry J Quinn, The BIPM and the accurate measure of time,
 # Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905.
 # There were no leap seconds before 1972, because the official mechanism
@@ -42,3 +43,39 @@ Leap	1994	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1995	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1997	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1998	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+
+# 	INTERNATIONAL EARTH ROTATION AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS SERVICE (IERS)
+# 
+# SERVICE INTERNATIONAL DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE ET DES SYSTEMES DE REFERENCE
+# 
+# SERVICE DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE
+# OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS
+# 61, Av. de l'Observatoire 75014 PARIS (France)
+# Tel.      : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 26
+# FAX       : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 91
+# Internet  : services.iers@obspm.fr
+# 
+# 						Paris, 15 January 2004
+# 
+# 						Bulletin C 27
+# 
+# 						To authorities responsible
+# 						for the measurement and
+# 						distribution of time
+# 
+# 			INFORMATION ON UTC - TAI
+# 
+# NO positive leap second will be introduced at the end of June 2004.
+# The difference between UTC and the International Atomic Time TAI is:
+# 
+# 	from 1999 January 1, 0h UTC, until further notice : UTC-TAI = -32 s
+# 
+# Leap seconds can be introduced in UTC at the end of the months of December
+# or June, depending on the evolution of UT1-TAI. Bulletin C is mailed every
+# six months, either to announce a time step in UTC, or to confirm that there
+# will be no time step at the next possible date.
+# 
+# 					Daniel GAMBIS
+# 					Director
+# 					Earth Orientation Center of IERS
+# 					Observatoire de Paris, France
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/northamerica b/share/zoneinfo/northamerica
index 150ba3d..6e755b0 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/northamerica
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/northamerica
@@ -1,19 +1,29 @@
-# @(#)northamerica	7.41
+# @(#)northamerica	7.69
 # also includes Central America and the Caribbean
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1994-08-17):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-03-22):
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
-# Oxford University Press (1980).
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # United States
 
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-31):
+# Howse writes (pp 121-125) that time zones were invented by
+# Professor Charles Ferdinand Dowd (1825-1904),
+# Principal of Temple Grove Ladies' Seminary (Saratoga Springs, NY).
+# His pamphlet ``A System of National Time for Railroads'' (1870)
+# was the result of his proposals at the Convention of Railroad Trunk Lines
+# in New York City (1869-10).  His 1870 proposal was based on Washington, DC,
+# but in 1872-05 he moved the proposed origin to Greenwich.
+# His proposal was adopted by the railroads on 1883-11-18 at 12:00,
+# and the most of the country soon followed suit.
+
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1995-12-19):
 # A good source for time zone historical data in the US is
 # Thomas G. Shanks, The American Atlas (5th edition),
@@ -21,9 +31,10 @@
 # Make sure you have the errata sheet; the book is somewhat useless without it.
 # It is the source for the US and Puerto Rico entries below.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
 # Daylight Saving Time was first suggested as a joke by Benjamin Franklin
-# in his whimsical essay ``Turkey vs Eagle, McCauley is my Beagle'' (1784).
+# in his whimsical essay ``An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
+# of Light'' published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
 # Not everyone is happy with the results:
 #
 #	I don't really care how time is reckoned so long as there is some
@@ -38,6 +49,16 @@
 #	them healthy, wealthy and wise in spite of themselves.
 #
 #	-- Robertson Davies, The Diary of Samuel Marchbanks (1947), XIX, Sunday
+#
+# For more about the first ten years of DST in the United States, see
+# Robert Garland's <a href="http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/dst.html">
+# Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
+# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927)</a>.
+#
+# Shanks says that DST was called "War Time" in the US in 1918 and 1919.
+# However, DST was imposed by the Standard Time Act of 1918, which
+# was the first nationwide legal time standard, and apparently
+# time was just called "Standard Time" or "Daylight Saving Time".
 
 # From Arthur David Olson:
 # US Daylight Saving Time ended on the last Sunday of *October* in 1974.
@@ -48,10 +69,47 @@
 # Before the Uniform Time Act of 1966 took effect in 1967, observance of
 # Daylight Saving Time in the US was by local option, except during wartime.
 
+# From Arthur David Olson (2000-09-25):
+# Last night I heard part of a rebroadcast of a 1945 Arch Oboler radio drama.
+# In the introduction, Oboler spoke of "Eastern Peace Time."
+# An AltaVista search turned up
+# <a href="http://rowayton.org/rhs/hstaug45.html">:
+# "When the time is announced over the radio now, it is 'Eastern Peace
+# Time' instead of the old familiar 'Eastern War Time.'  Peace is wonderful."
+# </a> (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
+
+# From Joseph Gallant <notquite@hotmail.com>, citing
+# George H. Douglas, _The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting_ (1987):
+# At 7 P.M. (Eastern War Time) [on 1945-08-14], the networks were set
+# to switch to London for Attlee's address, but the American people
+# never got to hear his speech live. According to one press account,
+# CBS' Bob Trout was first to announce the word of Japan's surrender,
+# but a few seconds later, NBC, ABC and Mutual also flashed the word
+# of surrender, all of whom interrupting the bells of Big Ben in
+# London which were to precede Mr. Attlee's speech.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09): It was Robert St John, not Bob Trout.  From
+# Myrna Oliver's obituary of St John on page B16 of today's Los Angeles Times:
+#
+# ... a war-weary U.S. clung to radios, awaiting word of Japan's surrender.
+# Any announcement from Asia would reach St. John's New York newsroom on a
+# wire service teletype machine, which had prescribed signals for major news.
+# Associated Press, for example, would ring five bells before spewing out
+# typed copy of an important story, and 10 bells for news "of transcendental
+# importance."
+#
+# On Aug. 14, stalling while talking steadily into the NBC networks' open
+# microphone, St. John heard five bells and waited only to hear a sixth bell,
+# before announcing confidently: "Ladies and gentlemen, World War II is over.
+# The Japanese have agreed to our surrender terms."
+#
+# He had scored a 20-second scoop on other broadcasters.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1942	only	-	Feb	9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	US	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
 Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1967	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1967	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -59,6 +117,9 @@ Rule	US	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1976	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+# <a href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:h.r.00177:">
+# H.R.177
+# </a> (introduced 1999-01-06) would change April to March in the above rule.
 
 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 # ...Alaska (and Hawaii) had the timezone names changed in 1967.
@@ -132,11 +193,21 @@ Rule	US	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 #	Samoa standard time
 # The law doesn't give abbreviations.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# Shanks uses 1983-10-30, not 1983-11-30, for the 1983 transitions.
-# Go with Shanks.
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08), following a heads-up from Rives McDow:
+# Public law 106-564 (2000-12-23) introduced the abbreviation
+# "Chamorro Standard Time" for time in Guam and the Northern Marianas.
+# See the file "australasia".
+
+
+# US eastern time, represented by New York
+
+# Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, most of Florida,
+# Georgia, southeast Indiana (Clark, Dearborn, Floyd, Harrison, and
+# Ohio counties), eastern Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
+# New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
+# Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, eastern Tennessee,
+# Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
 
-# US Eastern time, represented by New York
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -151,7 +222,17 @@ Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 			-5:00	NYC	E%sT	1967
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
-# US Central time, represented by Chicago
+# US central time, represented by Chicago
+
+# Alabama, Arkansas, Florida panhandle (Bay, Calhoun, Escambia,
+# Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Walton, and
+# Washington counties), Illinois, western Indiana
+# (Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
+# Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties), Iowa, most of Kansas, western
+# Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, eastern
+# Nebraska, eastern North Dakota, Oklahoma, eastern South Dakota,
+# western Tennessee, most of Texas, Wisconsin
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Chicago	1920	only	-	Jun	13	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Chicago	1920	1921	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -168,8 +249,19 @@ Zone America/Chicago	-5:50:36 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
 			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1967
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
+# Oliver County, ND switched from mountain to central time on 1992-10-25.
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25 02:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
-# US Mountain time, represented by Denver
+# US mountain time, represented by Denver
+#
+# Colorado, far western Kansas, Montana, western
+# Nebraska, Nevada border (Jackpot, Owyhee, and Mountain City),
+# New Mexico, southwestern North Dakota, far eastern Oregon,
+# western South Dakota, far western Texas (El Paso County, Hudspeth County,
+# and Pine Springs and Nickel Creek in Culberson County), Utah, Wyoming
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Denver	1920	1921	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Denver	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -185,6 +277,11 @@ Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 			-7:00	US	M%sT
 
 # US Pacific time, represented by Los Angeles
+#
+# California, northern Idaho (Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater,
+# Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties),
+# most of Nevada, most of Oregon, and Washington
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	CA	1949	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	S
@@ -200,45 +297,63 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 # Alaska
 # AK%sT is the modern abbreviation for -9:00 per USNO.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
 # Howse writes that Alaska switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar,
 # and from east-of-GMT to west-of-GMT days, when the US bought it from Russia.
-# This was on 1867-10-18.  We omit this transition, since we can't represent
-# changes from Julian to Gregorian.
+# This was on 1867-10-18, a Friday; the previous day was 1867-10-06 Julian,
+# also a Friday.  Include only the time zone part of this transition,
+# ignoring the switch from Julian to Gregorian, since we can't represent
+# the Julian calendar.
+#
+# As far as we know, none of the exact locations mentioned below were
+# permanently inhabited in 1867 by anyone using either calendar.
+# (Yakutat was colonized by the Russians in 1799, but the settlement
+# was destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  However, there
+# were nearby inhabitants in some cases and for our purposes perhaps
+# it's best to simply use the official transition.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Juneau	 -8:57:41 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			 -8:57:41 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Yakutat	 -9:18:55 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			 -9:18:55 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -9:00	-	YST	1942
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1946
 			 -9:00	-	YST	1969
-			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Anchorage	 -9:59:36 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			 -9:59:36 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			-10:00	-	CAT	1942
 			-10:00	US	CAT/CAWT 1946
 			-10:00	-	CAT	1967 Apr
 			-10:00	-	AHST	1969
 			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Nome	-11:01:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+Zone America/Nome	 12:58:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			-11:01:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			-11:00	-	NST	1942
 			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
 			-11:00	-	BST	1969
 			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Adak	-11:46:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			-11:46:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			-11:00	-	NST	1942
 			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
 			-11:00	-	BST	1969
 			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			-10:00	US	HA%sT
 # Shanks writes that part of southwest Alaska (e.g. Aniak)
 # switched from -11:00 to -10:00 on 1968-09-22 at 02:00,
@@ -265,23 +380,49 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1900 Jan  1 12:00
 # Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.
 
 # Arizona mostly uses MST.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-20):
+#
+# The information in the rest of this paragraph is derived from the
+# <a href="http://www.dlapr.lib.az.us/links/daylight.htm">
+# Daylight Saving Time web page (2002-01-23)</a> maintained by the
+# Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
+# Between 1944-01-01 and 1944-04-01 the State of Arizona used standard
+# time, but by federal law railroads, airlines, bus lines, military
+# personnel, and some engaged in interstate commerce continued to
+# observe war (i.e., daylight saving) time.  The 1944-03-17 Phoenix
+# Gazette says that was the date the law changed, and that 04-01 was
+# the date the state's clocks would change.  In 1945 the State of
+# Arizona used standard time all year, again with exceptions only as
+# mandated by federal law.  Arizona observed DST in 1967, but Arizona
+# Laws 1968, ch. 183 (effective 1968-03-21) repealed DST.
+#
+# Shanks says the 1944 experiment came to an end on 1944-03-17.
+# Go with the Arizona State Library instead.
+
 Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Jan  1 00:01
-			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Mar 17 00:01
+			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Apr  1 00:01
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Oct  1 00:01
 			-7:00	-	MST	1967
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	1968
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1968 Mar 21
 			-7:00	-	MST
 # From Arthur David Olson (1988-02-13):
 # A writer from the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.,
-# notes in private correspondence dated 12/28/87 that "Presently, only the
+# notes in private correspondence dated 1987-12-28 that "Presently, only the
 # Navajo Nation participates in the Daylight Saving Time policy, due to its
 # large size and location in three states."  (The "only" means that other
 # tribal nations don't use DST.)
 
 Link America/Denver America/Shiprock
 
-# Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon switched four weeks late in 1974.
+# Southern Idaho (Ada, Adams, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, Blaine,
+# Boise, Bonneville, Butte, Camas, Canyon, Caribou, Cassia, Clark,
+# Custer, Elmore, Franklin, Fremont, Gem, Gooding, Jefferson, Jerome,
+# Lemhi, Lincoln, Madison, Minidoka, Oneida, Owyhee, Payette, Power,
+# Teton, Twin Falls, Valley, Washington counties) and eastern Oregon
+# switched four weeks late in 1974.
+# 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 			-8:00	US	P%sT	1923 May 13 2:00
@@ -291,6 +432,11 @@ Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 
 # Indiana
 #
+# For a map of Indiana's time zone regions, see:
+# <a href="http://www.mccsc.edu/time.html">
+# What time is it in Indiana?
+# </a> (1999-04-06)
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
 # Indiana generally observes either EST all year, or CST/CDT,
 # but areas near Cincinnati and Louisville use those cities' timekeeping
@@ -310,6 +456,13 @@ Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 # So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory `America/Indiana'.
 #
 # Most of EST-only Indiana last observed DST in 1970.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06), following a tip by Markus Kuhn:
+# Pam Belluck reported in the New York Times (2001-01-31) that the
+# Indiana Legislature is considering a bill to adopt DST statewide.
+# Her article mentioned Vevay, whose post office observes a different
+# time zone from Danner's Hardware across the street.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule Indianapolis 1941	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule Indianapolis 1941	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -372,6 +525,7 @@ Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Part of Kentucky left its clocks alone in 1974.
+# This also includes a part of Indiana immediately adjacent to Louisville.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule Louisville	1921	only	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule Louisville	1921	only	-	Sep	1	2:00	0	S
@@ -390,15 +544,73 @@ Zone America/Louisville	-5:43:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6 2:00
 			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27 2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
+Link America/Louisville America/Kentucky/Louisville
+#
+# Wayne, Clinton, and Russell Counties, Kentucky
+#
+# From
+# <a href="http://www.lake-cumberland.com/life/archive/news990129time.shtml">
+# Lake Cumberland LIFE
+# </a> (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
+# Clinton County has joined Wayne County in asking the DoT to change from
+# the Central to the Eastern time zone....  The Wayne County government made
+# the same request in December.  And while Russell County officials have not
+# taken action, the majority of respondents to a poll conducted there in
+# August indicated they would like to change to "fast time" also.
+# The three Lake Cumberland counties are the farthest east of any U.S.
+# location in the Central time zone.
+#
+# From Rich Wales (2000-08-29):
+# After prolonged debate, and despite continuing deep differences of opinion,
+# Wayne County (central Kentucky) is switching from Central (-0600) to Eastern
+# (-0500) time.  They won't "fall back" this year.  See Sara Shipley,
+# The difference an hour makes, Nando Times (2000-08-29 15:33 -0400).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-16):
+# The final rule was published in the
+# <a href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2000_register&docid=fr17au00-22">
+# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), page 50154-50158.
+# </a>
+#
+Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00	-	CST	1968
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-08-30):
+# Here ... are all the changes in the US since 1985.
+# Kearny County, KS (put all of county on central;
+#	previously split between MST and CST) ... 1990-10
+# Starke County, IN (from CST to EST) ... 1991-10
+# Oliver County, ND (from MST to CST) ... 1992-10
+# West Wendover, NV (from PST TO MST) ... 1999-10
+# Wayne County, KY (from CST to EST) ... 2000-10
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-17):
+# We don't know where the line used to be within Kearny County, KS,
+# so omit that change for now.
+# See America/Indiana/Knox for the Starke County, IN change.
+# See America/North_Dakota/Center for the Oliver County, ND change.
+# West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
+# 1999-10-31.  See the
+# <a href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=fr21oc99-15">
+# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), page 56705-56707.
+# </a>
+# However, the Federal Register says that West Wendover already operated
+# on mountain time, and the rule merely made this official;
+# hence a separate tz entry is not needed.
 
 # Michigan
 #
 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 # Michigan didn't observe DST from 1968 to 1973.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# Shanks writes that Michigan started using standard time on 1885 Sep 18,
-# but Howse (p 126) writes that Detroit kept
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-31):
+# Shanks writes that Michigan started using standard time on 1885-09-18,
+# but Howse writes (pp 124-125, referring to Popular Astronomy, 1901-01)
+# that Detroit kept
 #
 #	local time until 1900 when the City Council decreed that clocks should
 #	be put back twenty-eight minutes to Central Standard Time.  Half the
@@ -410,6 +622,11 @@ Zone America/Louisville	-5:43:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 #
 # This story is too entertaining to be false, so go with Howse over Shanks.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
+# Garland (1927) writes ``Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
+# one hour in 1914.''  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
+# info, so omit this for now.
+#
 # Most of Michigan observed DST from 1973 on, but was a bit late in 1975.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -440,8 +657,15 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
 # Navassa
-# uninhabited
-
+# administered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service
+# claimed by US under the provisions of the 1856 Guano Islands Act
+# also claimed by Haiti
+# occupied 1857/1900 by the Navassa Phosphate Co
+# US lighthouse 1917/1996-09
+# currently uninhabited
+# see Mark Fineman, ``An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord'',
+# _Los Angeles Times_ (1998-11-10), A1, A10; it cites
+# Jimmy Skaggs, _The Great Guano Rush_ (1994).
 
 # Old names, for S5 users
 
@@ -457,12 +681,12 @@ Link	Pacific/Honolulu	HST
 ################################################################################
 
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the US is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -471,9 +695,15 @@ Link	Pacific/Honolulu	HST
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
-# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
-# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
-# I found in the UCLA library.
+# Other sources occasionally used include:
+#
+#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
+#	which I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+#	<a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
+#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
+#	</a> (1914-03)
 #
 # See the `europe' file for Greenland.
 
@@ -511,68 +741,90 @@ Link	Pacific/Honolulu	HST
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1994-11-22):
 # Alas, this sort of thing must be handled by localization software.
 
-# The data for Canada are all from Shanks (1991).
+# Unless otherwise specified, the data for Canada are all from Shanks.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
+# <a href="http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/SO98/geomap.htm">
+# "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
+# </a> contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
+# time and daylight saving time arrangements in Canada circa 1998.
+#
+# INMS, the Institute for National Measurement Standards in Ottawa, has
+# <a href="http://www.nrc.ca/inms/time/tze.html">
+# information about standard and daylight saving time zones in Canada.
+# </a> (updated periodically).
+# Its unofficial information is often taken from Matthews and Vincent.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Canada	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Canada	1918	only	-	Oct	31	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Canada	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Canada	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Canada	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
 Rule	Canada	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Canada	1974	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Canada	1974	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Canada	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 
 
-# Newfoundland (except Labrador)
+# Newfoundland (and far southeast Labrador)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Labrador should use NST/NDT,
+# but the only part of Labrador that follows the rules is the
+# southeast corner, including Port Hope Simpson and Mary's Harbour,
+# but excluding, say, Black Tickle.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	StJohns	1917	1918	-	Apr	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00	0	S
-Rule	StJohns	1918	only	-	Oct	31	2:00	0	S
 # Whitman gives 1919 Apr 5 and 1920 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
 Rule	StJohns	1919	only	-	May	 5	23:00	1:00	D
 Rule	StJohns	1919	only	-	Aug	12	23:00	0	S
 # For 1931-1935 Whitman gives Apr same date; go with Shanks.
 Rule	StJohns	1920	1935	-	May	Sun>=1	23:00	1:00	D
 Rule	StJohns	1920	1935	-	Oct	lastSun	23:00	0	S
-# For 1936-1941 Shanks gives May Mon>=9 and Oct Mon>=2; go with Whitman.
-Rule	StJohns	1936	1941	-	May	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	StJohns	1936	1941	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
-# Shanks gives 1942 May 11 - 1945 Sep 30; go with Whitman.
-Rule	StJohns	1942	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	StJohns	1942	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	S
-Rule	StJohns	1943	only	-	May	30	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	StJohns	1943	only	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S
-Rule	StJohns	1944	only	-	Jul	10	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	StJohns	1944	only	-	Sep	 2	0:00	0	S
-Rule	StJohns	1945	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	StJohns	1945	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00	0	S
+# For 1936-1941 Whitman gives May Sun>=8 and Oct Sun>=1; go with Shanks.
+Rule	StJohns	1936	1941	-	May	Mon>=9	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1936	1941	-	Oct	Mon>=2	0:00	0	S
+# Whitman gives the following transitions:
+# 1942 03-01/12-31, 1943 05-30/09-05, 1944 07-10/09-02, 1945 01-01/10-07
+# but go with Shanks and assume they used Canadian rules.
 # For 1946-9 Whitman gives May 5,4,9,1 - Oct 1,5,3,2, and for 1950 he gives
 # Apr 30 - Sep 24; go with Shanks.
 Rule	StJohns	1946	1950	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	StJohns	1946	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
 Rule	StJohns	1951	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	StJohns	1951	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	StJohns	1960	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	StJohns	1987	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	StJohns	1988	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	2:00	DD
-Rule	StJohns	1989	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1960	1986	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# INMS (2000-09-12) says that, since 1988 at least, Newfoundland switches
+# at 00:01 local time.  For now, assume it started in 1987.
+Rule	StJohns	1987	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1987	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:01	0	S
+Rule	StJohns	1988	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	2:00	DD
+Rule	StJohns	1989	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
 # St John's has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/St_Johns	-3:30:52 -	LMT	1884
+			-3:30:52 StJohns N%sT	1918
+			-3:30:52 Canada	N%sT	1919
 			-3:30:52 StJohns N%sT	1935 Mar 30
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
+			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
 			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT
 
-
-# east Labrador
+# most of east Labrador
 
 # The name `Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use `Goose Bay'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
-			-3:30:52 StJohns NST	1919
+			-3:30:52 -	NST	1918
+			-3:30:52 Canada N%sT	1919
 			-3:30:52 -	NST	1935 Mar 30
 			-3:30	-	NST	1936
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
+			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
 			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1966 Mar 15 2:00
 			-4:00	StJohns	A%sT
 
@@ -586,11 +838,14 @@ Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
 # Shanks also writes that Liverpool, NS was the only town in Canada to observe
 # DST in 1971 but not 1970; for now we'll assume this is a typo.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# INMS (2000-09-12) says that, since 1988 at least, New Brunswick switches
+# at 00:01 local time.  FIXME: verify and create a new Zone for this.
+
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule Halifax	1916	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule Halifax	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
-Rule Halifax	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule Halifax	1918	only	-	Oct	31	2:00	0	S
 Rule Halifax	1920	only	-	May	 9	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule Halifax	1920	only	-	Aug	29	0:00	0	S
 Rule Halifax	1921	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -609,6 +864,7 @@ Rule Halifax	1928	only	-	Sep	 9	0:00	0	S
 Rule Halifax	1929	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
 Rule Halifax	1930	only	-	Sep	15	0:00	0	S
 Rule Halifax	1931	1932	-	Sep	Mon>=24	0:00	0	S
+Rule Halifax	1932	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule Halifax	1933	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule Halifax	1933	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	S
 Rule Halifax	1934	only	-	May	20	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -621,33 +877,55 @@ Rule Halifax	1937	1938	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule Halifax	1937	1941	-	Sep	Mon>=24	0:00	0	S
 Rule Halifax	1939	only	-	May	28	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule Halifax	1940	1941	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule Halifax	1942	only	-	Feb	9	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule Halifax	1945	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule Halifax	1946	1959	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule Halifax	1962	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule Halifax	1962	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule Halifax	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Halifax	1946	1949	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Halifax	1946	1949	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Halifax	1951	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Halifax	1951	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Halifax	1956	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Halifax	1956	1959	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Halifax	1962	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Halifax	1962	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Halifax	-4:14:24 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
-			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1918
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1919
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1946
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
 Zone America/Glace_Bay	-3:59:48 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1953
 			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1954
 			-4:00	-	AST	1972
-			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
 
 
 # Ontario, Quebec
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
-# Shanks writes that since 1970 most of this region has been like Montreal.
+# Shanks writes that since 1970 most of Ontario has been like Toronto,
+# and most of Quebec has been like Montreal.
 # Thunder Bay skipped DST in 1973.
 # Many smaller locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1974;
 # Nipigon (EST) and Rainy River (CST) are the largest that we know of.
 # Far west Ontario is like Winnipeg; far east Quebec is like Halifax.
 
+# From Mark Brader (2003-07-26):
+# [According to the Toronto Star] Orillia, Ontario, adopted DST
+# effective Saturday, 1912-06-22, 22:00; the article mentions that
+# Port Arthur (now part of Thunder Bay, Ontario) as well as Moose Jaw
+# have already done so.  In Orillia DST was to run until Saturday,
+# 1912-08-31 (no time mentioned), but it was met with considerable
+# hostility from certain segments of the public, and was revoked after
+# only two weeks -- I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
+# presumably that should be -07-06.  (1912-06-19, -07-12; also letters
+# earlier in June).
+#
+# Kenora, Ontario, was to abandon DST on 1914-06-01 (-05-21).
+
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-10-17):
-# msb@sq.com writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
+# Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
 # says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
 # but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
 # He also writes that the
@@ -657,49 +935,132 @@ Zone America/Glace_Bay	-3:59:48 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
 # says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
 # Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
 # concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
-# For what it's worth, Shanks (1995) says that Atikokan has agreed with
+# For what it's worth, Shanks says that Atikokan has agreed with
 # Rainy River ever since standard time was introduced.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Atikokan, Pickle Lake, and
+# New Osnaburgh observe CST all year, that Big Trout Lake observes
+# CST/CDT, and that Upsala and Shebandowan observe EST/EDT, all in
+# violation of the official Ontario rules.
+# They also write that Quebec east of the -63 meridian is supposed to
+# observe AST, but residents as far east as Natashquan use EST/EDT,
+# and residents east of Natashquan use AST.
+# We probably need Zones for far east Quebec and for Atikokan,
+# but we don't know when their practices started.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1918	only	-	Oct	31	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Mar	31	2:30	1:00	D
 Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Oct	25	2:30	0	S
 Rule	Mont	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1920	only	-	Oct	 3	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1920	1922	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:30	0	S
 Rule	Mont	1921	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1921	only	-	Oct	 2	2:30	0	S
 Rule	Mont	1922	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1922	only	-	Oct	 1	2:30	0	S
 Rule	Mont	1924	only	-	May	17	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mont	1924	1926	-	Sep	lastSun	2:30	0	S
 Rule	Mont	1925	1926	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1927	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1927	1932	-	Sep	Sun>=25	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1928	1931	-	Apr	Sun>=25	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1932	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1933	1940	-	Apr	Sun>=24	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1933	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1934	1939	-	Sep	Sun>=24	0:00	0	S
+# The 1927-to-1937 rules can be expressed more simply as
+# Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Apr	lastSat	24:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Sep	lastSat	24:00	0	S
+# The rules below avoid use of 24:00
+# (which pre-1998 versions of zic cannot handle).
+Rule	Mont	1927	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1932	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1928	1931	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1932	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1933	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1933	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1934	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1946	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mont	1945	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1946	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mont	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Mont	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1957	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+
+Rule	Toronto	1919	only	-	Mar	30	23:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1919	only	-	Oct	26	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1920	only	-	Sep	26	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1921	only	-	May	15	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1921	only	-	Sep	15	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1922	1923	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+# Shanks says 1923-09-19; assume it's a typo and that "-16" was meant.
+Rule	Toronto	1922	1926	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1924	1927	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+# The 1927-to-1939 rules can be expressed more simply as
+# Rule	Toronto	1927	1937	-	Sep	Sun>=25	2:00	0	S
+# Rule	Toronto	1928	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=25	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	Toronto	1938	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	Toronto	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# The rules below avoid use of Sun>=25
+# (which pre-2004 versions of zic cannot handle).
+Rule	Toronto	1927	1932	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1928	1931	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1932	only	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1933	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1933	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1934	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1945	1946	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1947	1949	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1947	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1949	only	-	Nov	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1950	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1950	only	-	Nov	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Shanks says Toronto ended DST a week early in 1971, namely on 1971-10-24,
+# but Mark Brader wrote (2003-05-31) that he checked the 1971-10-30 issue
+# of the Toronto Star, and it said that DST ended 1971-10-31 as usual.
+Rule	Toronto	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-07-27):
+# Willett (1914-03) writes (p. 17) "In the Cities of Fort William, and
+# Port Arthur, Ontario, the principle of the Bill has been in
+# operation for the past three years, and in the City of Moose Jaw,
+# Saskatchewan, for one year."
+
+# From David Bryan via Tory Tronrud, Director/Curator,
+# Thunder Bay Museum (2003-11-12):
+# There is some suggestion, however, that, by-law or not, daylight
+# savings time was being practiced in Fort William and Port Arthur
+# before 1909.... [I]n 1910, the line between the Eastern and Central
+# Time Zones was permanently moved about two hundred miles west to
+# include the Thunder Bay area....  When Canada adopted daylight
+# savings time in 1916, Fort William and Port Arthur, having done so
+# already, did not change their clocks....  During the Second World
+# War,... [t]he cities agreed to implement DST during the summer
+# months for the remainder of the war years.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1918
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+Zone America/Toronto	-5:17:32 -	LMT	1895
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Thunder_Bay -5:57:00 -	LMT	1895
+			-6:00	-	CST	1910
+			-5:00	-	EST	1942
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1970
 			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	-	EST	1974
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Nipigon	-5:53:04 -	LMT	1895
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1940 Sep 29
+			-5:00	1:00	EDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Rainy_River -6:17:56 -	LMT	1895
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
 
 
@@ -712,7 +1073,8 @@ Rule	Winn	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Winn	1918	only	-	Oct	31	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Winn	1937	only	-	May	16	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Winn	1937	only	-	Sep	26	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Winn	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Winn	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
 Rule	Winn	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Winn	1946	only	-	May	12	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Winn	1946	only	-	Oct	13	2:00	0	S
@@ -727,8 +1089,12 @@ Rule	Winn	1960	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Winn	1963	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Winn	1963	only	-	Sep	22	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Winn	1966	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Winn	1966	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1966	1986	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Winn	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# INMS (2000-09-12) says that, since 1988 at least, Manitoba switches from
+# DST at 03:00 local time.  For now, assume it started in 1987.
+Rule	Winn	1987	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Winnipeg	-6:28:36 -	LMT	1887 Jul 16
 			-6:00	Winn	C%sT
@@ -736,10 +1102,26 @@ Zone America/Winnipeg	-6:28:36 -	LMT	1887 Jul 16
 
 # Saskatchewan
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
+# From Mark Brader (2003-07-26):
+# The first actual adoption of DST in Canada was at the municipal
+# level.  As the [Toronto] Star put it (1912-06-07), "While people
+# elsewhere have long been talking of legislation to save daylight,
+# the city of Moose Jaw [Saskatchewan] has acted on its own hook."
+# DST in Moose Jaw began on Saturday, 1912-06-01 (no time mentioned:
+# presumably late evening, as below), and would run until "the end of
+# the summer".  The discrepancy between municipal time and railroad
+# time was noted.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-07-27):
+# Willett (1914-03) notes that DST "has been in operation ... in the
+# City of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, for one year."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
 # Shanks writes that since 1970 most of this region has been like Regina.
 # Some western towns (e.g. Swift Current) switched from MST/MDT to CST in 1972.
 # Other western towns (e.g. Lloydminster) are like Edmonton.
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Denare Beach and Creighton
+# are like Winnipeg, in violation of Saskatchewan law.
 
 # From W. Jones <jones@skdad.usask.ca> (1992-11-06):
 # The. . .below is based on information I got from our law library, the
@@ -776,12 +1158,14 @@ Rule	Regina	1937	1941	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Regina	1937	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Regina	1938	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Regina	1939	1941	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Regina	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Regina	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
 Rule	Regina	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Regina	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Regina	1946	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Regina	1947	1959	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Regina	1947	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1947	1957	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1947	1957	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1959	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Regina	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 #
 Rule	Swift	1957	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -809,7 +1193,8 @@ Rule	Edm	1919	only	-	May	27	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Edm	1920	1923	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Edm	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Edm	1921	1923	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Edm	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Edm	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
 Rule	Edm	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Edm	1947	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Edm	1947	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -827,14 +1212,16 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 
 # British Columbia
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
 # Shanks writes that since 1970 most of this region has been like Vancouver.
-# Dawswon Creek uses MST.  Much of east BC is like Edmonton.
+# Dawson Creek uses MST.  Much of east BC is like Edmonton.
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Creston is like Dawson Creek.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Oct	31	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Vanc	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Vanc	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Vanc	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
 Rule	Vanc	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Vanc	1946	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Vanc	1946	only	-	Oct	13	2:00	0	S
@@ -850,11 +1237,10 @@ Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 -	LMT	1884
 			-7:00	-	MST
 
 
-# Northwest Territories, Yukon
+# Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-10-07):
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
 # Dawson switched to PST in 1973.  Inuvik switched to MST in 1979.
-# Shanks's table for Watson Lake is corrupted, so we have no data there.
 # Mathew Englander <mathew@io.org> (1996-10-07) gives the following refs:
 #	* 1967. Paragraph 28(34)(g) of the Interpretation Act, S.C. 1967-68,
 #	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9.  This is still valid;
@@ -864,12 +1250,105 @@ Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 -	LMT	1884
 #	* O.I.C. 1987/056 changed DST to Apr firstSun 2:00 to Oct lastSun 2:00.
 # Shanks says Yukon's 1973-10-28 switch was at 2:00; go with Englander.
 
+# From Rives McDow (1999-09-04):
+# Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone.
+# <a href="http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt90903_13.html">
+# Nunavut moves to single time zone Oct. 31
+# </a>
+#
+# From Antoine Leca (1999-09-06):
+# We then need to create a new timezone for the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut
+# to differentiate it from the Yellowknife region.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
+# <a href="http://www.nunavut.com/basicfacts/english/basicfacts_1territory.html">
+# Basic Facts: The New Territory
+# </a> (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
+# and that Coral Harbour does not observe DST.  We don't know when
+# Pangnirtung switched to eastern time; we'll guess 1995.
+# We'll ignore the claim about Coral Harbour for now,
+# since we have no further info.
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
+# On October 31, when the rest of Nunavut went to Central time,
+# Pangnirtung wobbled.  Here is the result of their wobble:
+#
+# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Central Time:
+#
+#	First Air, Power Corp, Nunavut Construction, Health Center, RCMP,
+#	Eastern Arctic National Parks, A & D Specialist
+#
+# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Eastern Time:
+#
+#	Hamlet office, All other businesses, Both schools, Airport operator
+#
+# This has made for an interesting situation there, which warranted the news.
+# No one there that I spoke with seems concerned, or has plans to
+# change the local methods of keeping time, as it evidently does not
+# really interfere with any activities or make things difficult locally.
+# They plan to celebrate New Year's turn-over twice, one hour apart,
+# so it appears that the situation will last at least that long.
+# The Nunavut Intergovernmental Affairs hopes that they will "come to
+# their senses", but the locals evidently don't see any problem with
+# the current state of affairs.
+
+# From Michaela Rodrigue, writing in the
+# <a href="http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut991130/nvt91119_17.html">
+# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19)</a>:
+# Clyde River, Pangnirtung and Sanikiluaq now operate with two time zones,
+# central - or Nunavut time - for government offices, and eastern time
+# for municipal offices and schools....  Igloolik [was similar but then]
+# made the switch to central time on Saturday, Nov. 6.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) say the following, but we lack histories
+# for these potential new Zones.
+#
+# The Canadian Forces station at Alert uses Eastern Time while the
+# handful of residents at the Eureka weather station [in the Central
+# zone] skip daylight savings.  Baffin Island, which is crossed by the
+# Central, Eastern and Atlantic Time zones only uses Eastern Time.
+# Gjoa Haven, Taloyoak and Pelly Bay all use Mountain instead of
+# Central Time and Southampton Island [in the Central zone] is not
+# required to use daylight savings.
+
+# From
+# <a href="http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut001130/nvt21110_02.html">
+# Nunavut now has two time zones
+# </a> (2000-11-10):
+# The Nunavut government would allow its employees in Kugluktuk and
+# Cambridge Bay to operate on central time year-round, putting them
+# one hour behind the rest of Nunavut for six months during the winter.
+# At the end of October the two communities had rebelled against
+# Nunavut's unified time zone, refusing to shift to eastern time with
+# the rest of the territory for the winter.  Cambridge Bay remained on
+# central time, while Kugluktuk, even farther west, reverted to
+# mountain time, which they had used before the advent of Nunavut's
+# unified time zone in 1999.
+#
+# From Rives McDow (2001-01-20), quoting the Nunavut government:
+# The preceding decision came into effect at midnight, Saturday Nov 4, 2000.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# Let's just keep track of the official times for now.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-03-07):
+# The premier of Nunavut has issued a ministerial statement advising
+# that effective 2001-04-01, the territory of Nunavut will revert
+# back to three time zones (mountain, central, and eastern).  Of the
+# cities in Nunavut, Coral Harbor is the only one that I know of that
+# has said it will not observe dst, staying on EST year round.  I'm
+# checking for more info, and will get back to you if I come up with
+# more.
+# [Also see <http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt10309_06.html> (2001-03-09).]
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NT_YK	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	NT_YK	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
 Rule	NT_YK	1919	only	-	May	25	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	NT_YK	1919	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	NT_YK	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NT_YK	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	NT_YK	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
 Rule	NT_YK	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	NT_YK	1965	only	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	2:00	DD
 Rule	NT_YK	1965	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -878,11 +1357,24 @@ Rule	NT_YK	1980	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	NT_YK	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Pangnirtung -4:22:56 -	LMT	1884
-			-4:00	NT_YK	A%sT
-Zone America/Iqaluit	-4:33:52 -	LMT	1884	# Frobisher Bay
-			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT
+			-4:00	NT_YK	A%sT	1995 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+Zone America/Iqaluit	-4:33:52 -	LMT	1884 # Frobisher Bay before 1987
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Rankin_Inlet -6:08:40 -	LMT	1884
-			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
+Zone America/Cambridge_Bay -7:00:20 -	LMT	1884
+			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2000 Nov  5 0:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
 Zone America/Yellowknife -7:37:24 -	LMT	1884
 			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT
 Zone America/Inuvik	-8:54:00 -	LMT	1884
@@ -900,84 +1392,61 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 
 # Mexico
 
-# From Guy Harris:
-# Rules are from the Official Airline Guide, Worldwide Edition, for 1987.
-# Rules [before] 1987 are unknown.
-# The comments in the OAG say "Only Ensenada, Mexicale, San Felipe and Tijuana
-# observe DST."  This is presumably Baja California Norte, above 28th parallel,
-# as listed there; [there is also] "Baja California Sur and N. Pacific
-# Coast (States of Sinaloa and Sonora)."
-
-# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
-# The Federal District (where Mexico City is) has observed [DST] several
-# times but not recently.
-#
-# I don't where to drawn the line in the North Baja area.  28th latitude
-# sounds good -- but it may be higher (how far [d]o radio stations from
-# San Diego affect culture?).
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
+# The Investigation and Analysis Service of the
+# Mexican Library of Congress (MLoC) has published a
+# <a href="http://www.cddhcu.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/">
+# history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)
+# </a>.
 #
-# The dates of DST probably go back to 1981.  The rules are the same as
-# US's.  This is going to be a headache for US presidential electi[o]n years!
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (1988-02-13)
-# Since the 1981 starting date is only "probable," we'll keep the 1987
-# starting date below.
-
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
-# MEXICO BAJA CAL N   7 H  BEHIND UTC    BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR AND
-# MEXICO BAJA CAL N                      N. PACIFIC COAST (STATES
-# MEXICO BAJA CAL N                      OF SINALOA AND SONORA)
-# MEXICO BAJA CAL N   8 H  BEHIND UTC    ABOVE 28TH PARALLEL APR 3
-# MEXICO BAJA CAL N                      - OCT 29
-# MEXICO BAJA CAL N   7 H  BEHIND UTC    ABOVE 28TH PARALLEL APR 3
-# MEXICO BAJA CAL N                      - 0CT 29
-# MEXICO              6 H  BEHIND UTC    STATES OF DURANGO,
-# MEXICO                                 COAHUILA, NUEVO LEON,
-# MEXICO                                 TAMAULIPAS
-# MEXICO              5 H  BEHIND UTC    STATES OF DURANGO,
-# MEXICO                                 COAHUILA, NUEVO LEON,
-# MEXICO                                 TAMAULIPAS  APR 3 - OCT 29
-# MEXICO              6 H  BEHIND UTC    GENERAL MEXICO, STATES OF
-# MEXICO                                 CAMPECHE, QUINTANA ROO AND
-# MEXICO                                 YUCATAN
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-21):
-# April 3 fell on a Sunday in 1988; October 29 fell on a Sunday in 1989.  Ahem.
-# USNO claims there should be four Mexican zones rather than three:
-# a zone that's GMT-8 with DST; a zone that's always GMT-7;
-# a zone that's GMT-6 with DST; and a zone that's always GMT-6.
-
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
-# Shanks also says there are four zones, but disagrees about the fourth.
-# Instead of GMT-6 with DST, he says there's GMT-8 without DST.
+# Here are the discrepancies between Shanks and the MLoC.
+# (In all cases we go with the MLoC.)
+# Shanks reports that Baja was at -8:00 in 1922/1923.
+# Shanks says the 1930 transition in Baja was 1930-11-16.
+# Shanks reports no DST during summer 1931.
+# Shanks reports a transition at 1032-03-30 23:00, not 1932-04-01.
+# Shanks does not report transitions for Baja in 1945 or 1948.
+# Shanks reports southern Mexico transitions on 1981-12-01, not 12-23.
+# Shanks says Quintana Roo switched to -6:00 on 1982-12-02, and to -5:00
+# on 1997-10-26 at 02:00.
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-02-20):
+# There are some other discrepancies between the Decrees page and the
+# tz database.  I think they can best be explained by supposing that
+# the researchers who prepared the Decrees page failed to find some of
+# the relevant documents.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-07-26):
+# Shanks gives 1942-04-01 instead of 1942-04-24, and omits the 1981
+# and 1988 DST experiments.  Go with spin.com.mx.
 
 # From Alan Perry <alan.perry@eng.sun.com> (1996-02-15):
 # A guy from our Mexico subsidiary finally found the Presidential Decree
 # outlining the timezone changes in Mexico.
-# 
+#
 # ------------- Begin Forwarded Message -------------
-# 
+#
 # I finally got my hands on the Official Presidential Decree that sets up the
 # rules for the DST changes. The rules are:
-# 
+#
 # 1. The country is divided in 3 timezones:
 #    - Baja California Norte (the Mexico/BajaNorte TZ)
 #    - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora (the Mexico/BajaSur TZ)
 #    - The rest of the country (the Mexico/General TZ)
-#    
+#
 # 2. From the first Sunday in April at 2:00 AM to the last Sunday in October
 #    at 2:00 AM, the times in each zone are as follows:
 #    BajaNorte: GMT+7
 #    BajaSur:   GMT+6
 #    General:   GMT+5
-#    
+#
 # 3. The rest of the year, the times are as follows:
 #    BajaNorte: GMT+8
 #    BajaSur:   GMT+7
 #    General:   GMT+6
-#    
+#
 # The Decree was published in Mexico's Official Newspaper on January 4th.
-# 
+#
 # -------------- End Forwarded Message --------------
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
 # For an English translation of the decree, see
@@ -985,75 +1454,191 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # ``Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover'' (1996-01-04).
 # </a>
 
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
+# The State of Quintana Roo has reverted back to central STD and DST times
+# (i.e. UTC -0600 and -0500 as of 1998-08-02).
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-01-10):
+# Effective April 4, 1999 at 2:00 AM local time, Sonora changed to the time
+# zone 5 hours from the International Date Line, and will not observe daylight
+# savings time so as to stay on the same time zone as the southern part of
+# Arizona year round.
+
+# From Jesper Norgaard, translating
+# <http://www.reforma.com/nacional/articulo/064327/> (2001-01-17):
+# In Oaxaca, the 55.000 teachers from the Section 22 of the National
+# Syndicate of Education Workers, refuse to apply daylight saving each
+# year, so that the more than 10,000 schools work at normal hour the
+# whole year.
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-01-19):
+# <http://www.reforma.com/negocios_y_dinero/articulo/064481/> ... says
+# (translated):...
+# January 17, 2000 - The Energy Secretary, Ernesto Martens, announced
+# that Summer Time will be reduced from seven to five months, starting
+# this year....
+# <http://www.publico.com.mx/scripts/texto3.asp?action=pagina&pag=21&pos=p&secc=naci&date=01/17/2001>
+# [translated], says "summer time will ... take effect on the first Sunday
+# in May, and end on the last Sunday of September.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2001-01-25):
+# The 2001-01-24 traditional Washington Post contained the page one
+# story "Timely Issue Divides Mexicans."...
+# http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37383-2001Jan23.html
+# ... Mexico City Mayor Lopez Obrador "...is threatening to keep
+# Mexico City and its 20 million residents on a different time than
+# the rest of the country..." In particular, Lopez Obrador would abolish
+# observation of Daylight Saving Time.
+
+# <a href="http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/decretohorver2001.html#decre">
+# Official statute published by the Energy Department
+# </a> (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
+# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Norgaard (2001-02-03).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-03):
+#
+# <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/20010303/t000018766.html">
+# James F. Smith writes in today's LA Times
+# </a>
+# * Sonora will continue to observe standard time.
+# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador decreed that
+#   the Federal District will not adopt DST.
+# * 4 of 16 district leaders announced they'll ignore the decree.
+# * The decree does not affect federal-controlled facilities including
+#   the airport, banks, hospitals, and schools.
+#
+# For now we'll assume that the Federal District will bow to federal rules.
+
+# From Jesper Norgaard (2001-04-01):
+# I found some references to the Mexican application of daylight
+# saving, which modifies what I had already sent you, stating earlier
+# that a number of northern Mexican states would go on daylight
+# saving. The modification reverts this to only cover Baja California
+# (Norte), while all other states (except Sonora, who has no daylight
+# saving all year) will follow the original decree of president
+# Vicente Fox, starting daylight saving May 6, 2001 and ending
+# September 30, 2001.
+# References: "Diario de Monterrey" <www.diariodemonterrey.com/index.asp>
+# Palabra <http://palabra.infosel.com/010331/primera/ppri3101.pdf> (2001-03-31)
+
+# From Reuters (2001-09-04):
+# Mexico's Supreme Court on Tuesday declared that daylight savings was
+# unconstitutional in Mexico City, creating the possibility the
+# capital will be in a different time zone from the rest of the nation
+# next year....  The Supreme Court's ruling takes effect at 2:00
+# a.m. (0800 GMT) on Sept. 30, when Mexico is scheduled to revert to
+# standard time. "This is so residents of the Federal District are not
+# subject to unexpected time changes," a statement from the court said.
+
+# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
+# ... consulting my local grocery store(!) and my coworkers, they all insisted
+# that a new decision had been made to reinstate US style DST in Mexico....
+# http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/horaver2001_m1_2002.html (2002-02-20)
+# confirms this.  Sonora as usual is the only state where DST is not applied.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Feb	5	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Jun	25	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Mexico	1940	only	-	Dec	9	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	1941	only	-	Apr	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mexico	1943	only	-	Dec	16	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1943	only	-	Dec	16	0:00	1:00	W # War
 Rule	Mexico	1944	only	-	May	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Mexico	1950	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	1950	only	-	Jul	30	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mexico	1996	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mexico	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-#
-Rule	BajaN	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	BajaN	1950	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	BajaN	1961	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	1996	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1996	2000	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Quintana Roo
-Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  1:12:42
-			-6:00	-	CST	1996
-			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1997 Oct lastSun 2:00
-			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT
+Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:12:56
+			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
+			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT	1998 Aug  2  2:00
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+# Campeche, Yucatan
+Zone America/Merida	-5:58:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:01:32
+			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
+			-5:00	-	EST	1982 Dec  2
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas
+Zone America/Monterrey	-6:41:16 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:18:44
+			-6:00	-	CST	1988
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 # Central Mexico
 Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:23:24
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
 			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
-			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Mar 30 23:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30 02:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2002 Feb 20
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 # Chihuahua
-Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:55:44
+Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:55:40
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
 			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
-			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Mar 30 23:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
 			-6:00	-	CST	1996
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
 			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
-# S Baja California, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora
+# Sonora
+Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:36:08
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1970
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1999
+			-7:00	-	MST
+# Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
 Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
 			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
-			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Mar 30 23:00
-			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
 			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
 			-8:00	-	PST	1970
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
-# N Baja California
+# Baja California
 Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56
+			-7:00	-	MST	1924
 			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
-			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
-			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr
-			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
-			-8:00	BajaN	P%sT	1967 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 15
+			-8:00	-	PST	1931 Apr  1
+			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1931 Sep 30
+			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr 24
+			-8:00	1:00	PWT	1945 Nov 12
+			-8:00	-	PST	1948 Apr  5
+			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1954
+			-8:00	CA	P%sT	1961
+			-8:00	-	PST	1976
 			-8:00	US	P%sT	1996
+			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2001
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	2002 Feb 20
 			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
-# Baja California
-Zone America/Ensenada	-7:46:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:13:32
-			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
-			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
-			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr
-			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
-			-8:00	-	PST	1996
-			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
+# Formerly there was an America/Ensenada zone, which differed from
+# America/Tijuana only in that it did not observe DST from 1976
+# through 1995.  This was as per Shanks.  However, Guy Harris reports
+# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicale, San Felipe and
+# Tijuana observe DST," which contradicts Shanks but does imply that
+# DST-observance was a town-by-town matter back then.  This concerns
+# data after 1970 so most likely there should be at least one Zone
+# other than America/Tijuana for Baja, but it's not clear yet what its
+# name or contents should be.
 #
 # Revillagigedo Is
 # no information
@@ -1118,8 +1703,6 @@ Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890		# Georgetown
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Costa Rica
-# Shanks gives some very odd dates for 1991, and stops there.
-# For now, we won't guess further.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
@@ -1130,23 +1713,24 @@ Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
 # There are too many San Joses elsewhere, so we'll use `Costa Rica'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:20 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
-			-5:36	-	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San Jose Mean Time
+			-5:36:20 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San Jose Mean Time
 			-6:00	CR	C%sT
 # Coco
 # no information; probably like America/Costa_Rica
 
 # Cuba
 
-# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
-# . . .DST is from 2nd Sunday in May to 2nd Sunday in October since 1981.
-# Change at midnight.  In 1979 & 1980, started at 3rd Sunday in March
-# (I think).
-
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
-# CUBA                5 H  BEHIND UTC
-# CUBA                4 H  BEHIND UTC    MAR 20 - OCT 8
+# From Arthur David Olson (1999-03-29):
+# The 1999-03-28 exhibition baseball game held in Havana, Cuba, between
+# the Cuban National Team and the Baltimore Orioles was carried live on
+# the Orioles Radio Network, including affiliate WTOP in Washington, DC.
+# During the game, play-by-play announcer Jim Hunter noted that
+# "We'll be losing two hours of sleep...Cuba switched to Daylight Saving
+# Time today."  (The "two hour" remark referred to losing one hour of
+# sleep on 1999-03-28--when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
+# to DST--and one more hour on 1999-04-04--when the announcers will have
+# returned to Baltimore, which switches on that date.)
 
-# From Shanks (1991):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Jun	10	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	0	S
@@ -1174,13 +1758,13 @@ Rule	Cuba	1990	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1991	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1997	only	-	Oct	12	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	1998	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1998	1999	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1998	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	1999	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2000	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:30	-	HMT	1925 Jul 19 12:00 # Havana MT
+			-5:29:36 -	HMT	1925 Jul 19 12:00 # Havana MT
 			-5:00	Cuba	C%sT
 
 # Dominica
@@ -1189,6 +1773,25 @@ Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01		# Roseau
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # Dominican Republic
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-30):
+# Enrique Morales reported to me that the Dominican Republic has changed the
+# time zone to Eastern Standard Time as of Sunday 29 at 2 am....
+# http://www.listin.com.do/antes/261000/republica/princi.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# That URL (2000-10-26, in Spanish) says they planned to use US-style DST.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
+# Dominican Republic changed its mind and presidential decree on Tuesday,
+# November 28, 2000, with a new decree.  On Sunday, December 3 at 1:00 AM the
+# Dominican Republic will be reverting to 8 hours from the International Date
+# Line, and will not be using DST in the foreseeable future.  The reason they
+# decided to use DST was to be in synch with Puerto Rico, who was also going
+# to implement DST.  When Puerto Rico didn't implement DST, the president
+# decided to revert.
+
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	DR	1966	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	DR	1967	only	-	Feb	28	0:00	0	S
@@ -1200,13 +1803,16 @@ Rule	DR	1972	1974	-	Jan	21	0:00	0	S
 Zone America/Santo_Domingo -4:39:36 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:40	-	SDMT	1933 Apr  1 12:00 # S. Dom. MT
 			-5:00	DR	E%sT	1974 Oct 27
+			-4:00	-	AST	2000 Oct 29 02:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2000 Dec  3 01:00
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # El Salvador
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-# There are too many San Salvadors elsewhere, so we'll use `El Salvador'.
+# There are too many San Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/El_Salvador
+# instead of America/San_Salvador.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921		# San Salvador
 			-6:00	Salv	C%sT
@@ -1238,7 +1844,7 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1984	1987	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1983	1987	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-# Shanks says AT is 2:00, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says 1:00s.  Go with IATA.
+# Shanks says AT is 2:00, but IATA SSIM (1991/1997) says 1:00s.  Go with IATA.
 Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1251,6 +1857,8 @@ Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
 			-6:00	Salv	C%sT
+#
+# Great Swan I ceded by US to Honduras in 1972
 
 # Jamaica
 
@@ -1260,18 +1868,18 @@ Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
 # JAMAICA             5 H  BEHIND UTC
 
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks:
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:12 -	LMT	1890		# Kingston
 			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	EST	1974 Jan 6 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1974 Apr 28 2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Martinique
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890		# Fort-de-France
-			-4:04	-	FFMT	1911 May     # Fort-de-France MT
+			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May     # Fort-de-France MT
 			-4:00	-	AST	1980 Apr  6
 			-4:00	1:00	ADT	1980 Sep 28
 			-4:00	-	AST
@@ -1285,6 +1893,11 @@ Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01   # Olveston
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # Nicaragua
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (1998-12-29):
+# Nicaragua seems to be back at -6:00 but I have not been able to find when
+# they changed from -5:00.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Nic	1979	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Nic	1979	1980	-	Jun	Mon>=23	0:00	0	S
@@ -1292,16 +1905,17 @@ Rule	Nic	1992	only	-	Jan	1	4:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Nic	1992	only	-	Sep	24	0:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:45	-	MMT	1934 Jun 23  # Managua Mean Time
+			-5:45:12 -	MMT	1934 Jun 23 # Managua Mean Time?
 			-6:00	-	CST	1973 May
 			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Feb 16
 			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1993 Jan 1 4:00
-			-5:00	-	EST
+			-5:00	-	EST	1998 Dec
+			-6:00	-	CST
 
 # Panama
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Panama	-5:18:08 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:20	-	PMT	1908 Apr 22   # Panama Mean Time
+			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22   # Colon Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Puerto Rico
@@ -1320,7 +1934,7 @@ Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2	# Basseterre
 # St Lucia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890		# Castries
-			-4:04	-	CMT	1912	    # Castries Mean Time
+			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912	    # Castries Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # St Pierre and Miquelon
@@ -1328,7 +1942,8 @@ Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890		# Castries
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15	# St Pierre
 			-4:00	-	AST	1980 May
-			-3:00	Mont	PM%sT	# Pierre & Miquelon Time
+			-3:00	-	PMST	1987 # Pierre & Miquelon Time
+			-3:00	Canada	PM%sT
 
 # St Vincent and the Grenadines
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/southamerica b/share/zoneinfo/southamerica
index 3f0cf8c..9124910 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/southamerica
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/southamerica
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-# @(#)southamerica	7.25
+# @(#)southamerica	7.54
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-07-07):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -18,16 +18,6 @@
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
-# The following abbreviations are used in this file.
-# Corrections are welcome!
-#		std	dst
-#		LMT		Local Mean Time
-#	-2:00	FST	FDT	Fernando de Noronha
-#	-3:00	EST	EDT	Eastern Brazil
-#	-4:00	WST	WDT	Western Brazil
-#	-4:00	AST	ADT	Atlantic
-#	-5:00	AST	ADT	Acre
-#
 # Earlier editions of these tables used the North American style (e.g. ARST and
 # ARDT for Argentine Standard and Daylight Time), but the following quote
 # suggests that it's better to use European style (e.g. ART and ARST).
@@ -36,15 +26,24 @@
 #	in Europe and South America.
 #	-- E O Cutler, _New York Times_ (1937-02-14), quoted in
 #	H L Mencken, _The American Language: Supplement I_ (1960), p 466
-
-
-# From Guy Harris:
-# From Official Airline Guide - Worldwide Edition (1987).  Countries not
-# listed here do not observe DST, according to the OAG.  Time zone names
-# are pure inventions, and none are supplied for countries not observing
-# DST; updates from natives would be appreciated.  The times that DST
-# starts and ends are based on the assumption that they switch a 2AM just
-# as everybody else does.
+#
+# Earlier editions of these tables also used the North American style
+# for time zones in Brazil, but this was incorrect, as Brazilians say
+# "summer time".  Reinaldo Goulart, a Sao Paulo businessman active in
+# the railroad sector, writes (1999-07-06):
+#	The subject of time zones is currently a matter of discussion/debate in
+#	Brazil.  Let's say that "the Brasilia time" is considered the
+#	"official time" because Brasilia is the capital city.
+#	The other three time zones are called "Brasilia time "minus one" or
+#	"plus one" or "plus two".  As far as I know there is no such
+#	name/designation as "Eastern Time" or "Central Time".
+# So I invented the following (English-language) abbreviations for now.
+# Corrections are welcome!
+#		std	dst
+#	-2:00	FNT	FNST	Fernando de Noronha
+#	-3:00	BRT	BRST	Brasilia
+#	-4:00	AMT	AMST	Amazon
+#	-5:00	ACT	ACST	Acre
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -80,18 +79,11 @@ Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Arg	1967	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun<=7	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Arg	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun<=7	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1974	1976	-	Oct	Sun<=7	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Arg	1975	1977	-	Apr	Sun<=7	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Arg	1986	only	-	Mar	14	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1986	1987	-	Oct	25	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Arg	1987	only	-	Feb	13	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 #
 # From Hernan G. Otero <hernan@isoft.com.ar> (1995-06-26):
@@ -100,7 +92,7 @@ Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Talleres de Hidrografia Naval Argentina
 # (Argentine Naval Hydrography Institute)
 #
-# Shanks gives 1989 Mar 16 and stops after 1990 Mar 4; go with Otero.
+# Shanks stops after 1992-03-01; go with Otero.
 Rule	Arg	1989	1993	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 #
@@ -109,64 +101,262 @@ Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # time corrections was derogated and no more modifications
 # to the time zones (for daylight saving) are now made.
 #
+# From Rives McDow (2000-01-10):
+# On October 3, 1999, 0:00 local, Argentina implemented daylight savings time,
+# which did not result in the switch of a time zone, as they stayed 9 hours
+# from the International Date Line.
+Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+#
+# From Peter Gradelski via Steffen Thorsen (2000-03-01):
+# We just checked with our Sao Paulo office and they say the government of
+# Argentina decided not to become one of the countries that go on or off DST.
+# So Buenos Aires should be -3 hours from GMT at all times.
+#
+# From Fabian L. Arce Jofre <farcejofre@bigfoot.com> (2000-04-04):
+# The law that claimed DST for Argentina was derogated by President Fernando
+# de la Rua on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
+# in the winter time, rather than less.  The change took effect on March 3.
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2001-06-06):
+# one of the major newspapers here in Argentina said that the 1999
+# Timezone Law (which never was effectively applied) will (would?) be
+# in effect.... The article is at
+# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-06/e-01701.htm
+# ... The Law itself is "Ley No 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
+# 1999-09-17, and published 1999-09-21.  The official publication is at:
+# http://www.boletin.jus.gov.ar/BON/Primera/1999/09-Septiembre/21/PDF/BO21-09-99LEG.PDF
+# Regretfully, you have to subscribe (and pay) for the on-line version....
+#
+# (2001-06-12):
+# the timezone for Argentina will not change next Sunday.
+# Apparently it will do so on Sunday 24th....
+# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-12/s-03501.htm
+#
+# (2001-06-25):
+# Last Friday (yes, the last working day before the date of the change), the
+# Senate annulled the 1999 law that introduced the changes later postponed.
+# http://www.clarin.com.ar/diario/2001-06-22/s-03601.htm
+# It remains the vote of the Deputies..., but it will be the same....
+# This kind of things had always been done this way in Argentina.
+# We are still -03:00 all year round in all of the country.
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-05-21):
+# Today it was officially published that the Province of Mendoza is changing
+# its timezone this winter... starting tomorrow night....
+# http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/20040521-27158-normas.pdf
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-05-24):
+# It's Law No. 7,210.  This change is due to a public power emergency, so for
+# now we'll assume it's for this year only.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-01-22):
+# <a href="http://www.spicasc.net/horvera.html">
+# Hora de verano para la Republica Argentina (2000-10-01)
+# </a> says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
+# to 1920-05-01 was -4:16:48.25.  Go with this more-precise value
+# over Shanks.
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-05):
+# These media articles from a major newspaper mostly cover the current state:
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/05/27/de_604825.asp
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/05/28/de_605203.asp
+#
+# The following eight (8) provinces pulled clocks back to UTC-04:00 at
+# midnight Monday May 31st. (that is, the night between 05/31 and 06/01).
+# Apparently, all nine provinces would go back to UTC-03:00 at the same
+# time in October 17th.
+#
+# Catamarca, Chubut, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,
+# Tierra del Fuego, Tucuman.
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-14):
+# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucuman decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
+# yesterday midnight (that is, at 24:00 Saturday 12th), since the people's
+# annoyance with the change is much higher than the power savings obtained....
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2004-06-14):
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/06/10/de_609078.asp ...
+#     "The time change in Tierra del Fuego was a conflicted decision from
+#   the start.  The government had decreed that the measure would take
+#   effect on June 1, but a normative error forced the new time to begin
+#   three days earlier, from a Saturday to a Sunday....
+# Our understanding was that the change was originally scheduled to take place
+# on June 1 at 00:00 in Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego (and some other
+# provinces).  Sunday was May 30, only two days earlier.  So the article
+# contains a contradiction.  I would give more credence to the Saturday/Sunday
+# date than the "three days earlier" phrase, and conclude that Tierra del
+# Fuego set its clocks back at 2004-05-30 00:00.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-05):
+# The previous law 7210 which changed the province of Mendoza's time zone
+# back in May have been modified slightly in a new law 7277, which set the
+# new end date to 2004-09-26 (original date was 2004-10-17).
+# http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/20040924-27244-normas.pdf
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-10-05):
+# San Juan changed from UTC-03:00 to UTC-04:00 at midnight between
+# Sunday, May 30th and Monday, May 31st.  It changed back to UTC-03:00
+# at midnight between Saturday, July 24th and Sunday, July 25th....
+# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000329.html
+# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000426.html
+# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000441.html
+
+# Unless otherwise specified, data are from Shanks through 1992, from
+# the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks says that
+# America/Cordoba split into 6 subregions during 1991/1992, but we
+# haven't verified this yet so for now we'll keep it a single region.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
-# Buenos Aires (BA), Distrito Federal (DF), Santa Cruz (SC),
-# Tierra del Fuego (TF) & Antartida e Islas
-Zone America/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 -	LMT	1894 Nov
-			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May    # Cordoba Mean Time
+# Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF),
+Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct 5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART
 #
 # Santa Fe (SF), Entre Rios (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN), Chaco (CC),
-# Formosa (FM), La Pampa (LP), Chubut (CH)
-Zone America/Rosario	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1894 Nov
-			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May
+# Formosa (FM), Salta (SA), Santiago del Estero (SE), Cordoba (CB),
+# San Luis (SL), La Pampa (LP), Neuquen (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
+#
+# Shanks also makes the following claims, which we haven't verified:
+# - Formosa switched to -3:00 on 1991-01-07.
+# - Misiones switched to -3:00 on 1990-12-29.
+# - Chaco switched to -3:00 on 1991-01-04.
+# - San Luis switched to -4:00 on 1990-03-14, then to -3:00 on 1990-10-15,
+#   then to -4:00 on 1991-03-01, then to -3:00 on 1991-06-01.
+# - Santiago del Estero switched to -4:00 on 1991-04-01,
+#   then to -3:00 on 1991-04-26.
+#
+Zone America/Argentina/Cordoba -4:16:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# Tucuman (TM)
+Zone America/Argentina/Tucuman -4:20:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 13
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# La Rioja (LR)
+Zone America/Argentina/La_Rioja -4:27:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct 5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Jul
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 May  7
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
 			-3:00	-	ART
 #
-# Cordoba (CB), Santiago del Estero (SE), Salta (SA), Tucuman (TM), La Rioja (LR), San Juan (SJ), San Luis (SL),
-# Neuquen (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
-Zone America/Cordoba	-4:16:44 -	LMT	1894 Nov
-			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May
+# San Juan (SJ)
+Zone America/Argentina/San_Juan -4:34:04 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct 5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990 Jul
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 May  7
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 31
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jul 25
 			-3:00	-	ART
 #
 # Jujuy (JY)
-Zone America/Jujuy	-4:21:12 -	LMT	1894 Nov
-			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May
+Zone America/Argentina/Jujuy -4:21:12 -	LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990 Mar  4
+			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 28
+			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar 17
 			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct  6
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1992 Mar 15
-			-4:00	-	WART	1992 Oct 18
+			-3:00	1:00	ARST	1992
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
 			-3:00	-	ART
 #
 # Catamarca (CT)
-Zone America/Catamarca	-4:23:08 -	LMT	1894 Nov
-			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May
+Zone America/Argentina/Catamarca -4:23:08 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct 5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990 Jul
-			-3:00	-	ART	1991 Jul
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1992 Jul
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
 			-3:00	-	ART
 #
 # Mendoza (MZ)
-Zone America/Mendoza	-4:35:16 -	LMT	1894 Nov
-			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May
+Zone America/Argentina/Mendoza -4:35:16 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990 Mar  4
+			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar  1
 			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 15
 			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1992 Mar  1
 			-4:00	-	WART	1992 Oct 18
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 23
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Sep 26
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# Chubut (CH)
+# The name "Comodoro Rivadavia" exceeds the 14-byte POSIX limit.
+Zone America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia -4:30:00 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# Santa Cruz (SC)
+Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur (TF)
+Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 30
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
 			-3:00	-	ART
 
 # Aruba
@@ -178,7 +368,7 @@ Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Oranjestad
 # Bolivia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
-			-4:32:36 -	LPMT	1931 Oct 15 # La Paz Mean Time
+			-4:32:36 -	CMT	1931 Oct 15 # Calamarca MT
 			-4:32:36 1:00	BOST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
 			-4:00	-	BOT	# Bolivia Time
 
@@ -217,102 +407,131 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # Maranhao (MA), Paraiba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piaui (PI), and Rio Grande do
 # Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Para (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Let's make the following assumptions:
-#
-# * All data in Shanks are correct through 1990.  In particular,
-#   Shanks was right when he said Acre stopped observing DST in mid-1988.
-# * Areas where Shanks reports DST up to 1990, but the IATA reports no DST
-#   in 1995, stopped observing DST in mid-1990.
-#
-# Under these assumptions Brazil needs 7 entries to cover all the distinct
-# time zone histories since 1970:
-#
-# Noronha (UTC-2), Fortaleza (UTC-3), and Manaus (UTC-4) stopped observing DST
-#	in mid-1990.
-# Maceio (UTC-3) stopped observing DST in mid-1990, but started again mid-1995.
-# Sao Paulo (UTC-3) and Cuiaba (UTC-4) always observed DST.
-# Porto Acre (UTC-5) stopped observing DST in mid-1988.
-
-# From Rodrigo Feher <feher@pobox.com> (1998-01-17):
-# Reading "southamerica" file in timezone 7.55 I've found an
-# error. Line 193 say "Territory of Acre". It is not a territory anymore
-# but a state.
-
 # From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/verao1.html">
 # Brazilian official page
 # </a>
+
+# From Jesper Norgaard (2000-11-03):
+# [For an official list of which regions in Brazil use which time zones, see:]
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbrhv.htm
+
+# From Celso Doria via David Madeo (2002-10-09):
+# The reason for the delay this year has to do with elections in Brazil.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (1998-09-28):
-# The official decrees referenced below are taken from
+# Unlike in the United States, elections in Brazil are 100% computerized and
+# the results are known almost immediately.  Yesterday, it was the first
+# round of the elections when 115 million Brazilians voted for President,
+# Governor, Senators, Federal Deputies, and State Deputies.  Nobody is
+# counting (or re-counting) votes anymore and we know there will be a second
+# round for the Presidency and also for some Governors.  The 2nd round will
+# take place on October 27th.
+#
+# The reason why the DST will only begin November 3rd is that the thousands
+# of electoral machines used cannot have their time changed, and since the
+# Constitution says the elections must begin at 8:00 AM and end at 5:00 PM,
+# the Government decided to postpone DST, instead of changing the Constitution
+# (maybe, for the next elections, it will be possible to change the clock)...
+
+# From Rodrigo Severo (2004-10-04):
+# It's just the biannual change made necessary by the much hyped, supposedly
+# modern Brazilian eletronic voting machines which, apparently, can't deal
+# with a time change between the first and the second rounds of the elections.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-10):
+# The official decrees referenced below are mostly taken from
 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html">
 # Decretos sobre o Horario de Verao no Brasil
-# </a> (1998-09-25, in Portuguese).
-# I don't read Portuguese, and haven't been able to verify them against
-# the Shanks and IATA data; there do seem to be minor discrepancies.
+# </a> (2001-09-20, in Portuguese).
+# The official site for all decrees, including those not related to time, is
+# <a href="http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/principal_ano.htm">
+# Presidencia da Republica, Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos, Decretos
+# </a> (in Portuguese).
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm">20.466</a> (1931-01-10)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm">21.896</a> (1932-01-10)
-Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	D
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm">23.195</a> (1933-10-10)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm">20,466</a> (1931-10-01)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm">21,896</a> (1932-01-10)
+Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm">23,195</a> (1933-10-10)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm">27.496</a> (1949-11-24)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm">27.998</a> (1950-04-13)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm">32.308</a> (1953-02-24)
-Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1951	1953	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	S
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV34724.htm">34.724</a> (1953-11-30)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm">27,496</a> (1949-11-24)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm">27,998</a> (1950-04-13)
+Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1951	1952	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm">32,308</a> (1953-02-24)
+Rule	Brazil	1953	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV34724.htm">34,724</a> (1953-11-30)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV52700.htm">52.700</a> (1963-10-18)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm">53.071</a> (1963-12-03)
-Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	D
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm">53.604</a> (1964-02-25)
-Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	S
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm">55.639</a> (1965-01-27)
-Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	S
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm">57.303</a> (1965-11-22)
-Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm">57.843</a> (1966-02-18)
-Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm">63.429</a> (1968-10-15)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm">91.698</a> (1985-09-27)
-Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	D
-# Decree 92.310 (1986-01-21)
-# Decree 92.463 (1986-03-13)
-Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	S
-# Decree 93.316 (1986-10-01)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm">94.922</a> (1987-09-22)
-Rule	Brazil	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sat<=28	 0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	S
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm">96.676</a> (1988-09-12)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm">98.077</a> (1989-08-21)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm">99.530</a> (1990-09-17)
-# Decree 99.629 (1990-10-19)
-# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1991-09-25):
-# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1992-10-16):
-Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	22	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=10	 0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Brazil	1990	1991	-	Feb	Sun>=11	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1990	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=20	 0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV52700.htm">52,700</a> (1963-10-18)
+# established DST from 1963-10-23 00:00 to 1964-02-29 00:00
+# in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm">53,071</a> (1963-12-03)
+# extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09.
+Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm">53,604</a> (1964-02-25)
+# extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school).
+Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm">55,639</a> (1965-01-27)
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Mar	31	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm">57,303</a> (1965-11-22)
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm">57,843</a> (1966-02-18)
+Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm">63,429</a> (1968-10-15)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm">91,698</a> (1985-09-27)
+Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21)
+# Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13)
+Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01)
+Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm">94,922</a> (1987-09-22)
+Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm">96,676</a> (1988-09-12)
+# except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory)
+Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	29	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm">98,077</a> (1989-08-21)
+# with the same exceptions
+Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm">99,530</a> (1990-09-17)
+# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF.
+# Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT.
+Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Feb	17	 0:00	0	-
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1991-09-25)
+# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF.
+Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	-
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1992-10-16)
+# adopted by same states.
+Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV942.htm">942</a> (1993-09-28)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1252.htm">1.252</a> (1994-09-22)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1636.htm">1.636</a> (1995-09-14)
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm">1.674</a> (1995-10-13)
-Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	S
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm">2.000</a> (1996-09-04)
-Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	Sun>=11	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
+# adopted by same states, plus AM.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1252.htm">1,252</a> (1994-09-22;
+# web page corrected 2004-01-07) adopted by same states, minus AM.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1636.htm">1,636</a> (1995-09-14)
+# adopted by same states, plus MT and TO.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm">1,674</a> (1995-10-13)
+# adds AL, SE.
+Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm">2,000</a> (1996-09-04)
+# adopted by same states, minus AL, SE.
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
 # From Daniel C. Sobral <dcs@gns.com.br> (1998-02-12):
 # In 1997, the DS began on October 6. The stated reason was that
 # because international television networks ignored Brazil's policy on DS,
@@ -326,67 +545,169 @@ Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
 # </a>,
 # Church Net UK (1997-10-02).
 #
-# Decree 2.317 (1997-09-04)
-Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	D
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG">2.495</a>
+# Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states.
+Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG">2,495</a>
 # (1998-02-10)
-Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	S
-# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg">2.780</a> (1998-09-11)
-# specifies only the 1998-10-11 and 1999-02-21 transitions;
-# after that, these rules are guesses and are quite possibly wrong,
-# but they are more likely than no DST at all.
-Rule	Brazil	1998	max	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Brazil	1999	max	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	S
+Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg">2,780</a> (1998-09-11)
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Feb	21	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3150.gif">3,150</a>
+# (1999-08-23) adopted by same states.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV99.gif">3,188</a> (1999-09-30)
+# adds SE, AL, PB, PE, RN, CE, PI, MA and RR.
+Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DEC3592.htm">3,592</a> (2000-09-06)
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3630.jpg">3,630</a> (2000-10-13)
+# repeals DST in PE and RR, effective 2000-10-15 00:00.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3632.jpg">3,632</a> (2000-10-17)
+# repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3916.gif">3,916</a>
+# (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
+Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2001	max	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 4,399 (2002-10-01) repeals DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
+# <a href="http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2002/D4399.htm"></a>
+Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 4,844 (2003-09-24; corrected 2003-09-26) repeals DST in BA, MT, TO.
+# <a href="http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2003/D4844.htm"></a>
+Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 5,223 (2004-10-01) reestablishes DST in MT.
+# <a href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Decreto/D5223.htm"></a>
+Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+# The latest ruleset listed above says that the following states observe DST:
+# DF, ES, GO, MG, MS, MT, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP.
+#
+Rule	Brazil	2005	max	-	Oct	Sun>=15	 0:00	1:00	S
+# For dates after mid-2005, the above rules with TO="max" are guesses
+# and are quite possibly wrong, but are more likely than no DST at all.
 
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
-# Fernando de Noronha
+# Fernando de Noronha (administratively part of PE)
 Zone America/Noronha	-2:09:40 -	LMT	1914
-			-2:00	-	FST	1963 Dec 9
-			-2:00	Brazil	F%sT	1990 Jul
-			-2:00	-	FST
+			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	1990 Sep 17
+			-2:00	-	FNT	1999 Sep 30
+			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	2000 Oct 15
+			-2:00	-	FNT	2001 Sep 13
+			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	2002 Oct  1
+			-2:00	-	FNT
+# Other Atlantic islands have no permanent settlement.
+# These include Trindade and Martin Vaz (administratively part of ES),
+# Atol das Rocas (RN), and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo (PE).
+# Fernando de Noronha was a separate territory from 1942-09-02 to 1989-01-01;
+# it also included the Penedos.
 #
-# Amapa, east Para, Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba,
-# Pernambuco (except Fernando de Noronha)
+# Amapa (AP), east Para (PA)
+# East Para includes Belem, Maraba, Serra Norte, and Sao Felix do Xingu.
+# The division between east and west Para is the river Xingu.
+# In the north a very small part from the river Javary (now Jari I guess,
+# the border with Amapa) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
+Zone America/Belem	-3:13:56 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# Maranhao (MA), Piaui (PI), Ceara (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
+# Paraiba (PB)
 Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	-	EST	1963 Dec 9
-			-3:00	Brazil	E%sT	1990 Jul
-			-3:00	-	EST
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 22
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# Pernambuco (PE) (except Atlantic islands)
+Zone America/Recife	-2:19:36 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 15
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	BRT
 #
-# Alagoas, Sergipe, Tocantins
-# IATA SSIM (1996/1998) keeps bouncing back and forth as to whether
-# Alagoas and Sergipe observe DST.  For now, continue to assume that they do.
+# Tocantins (TO)
+Zone America/Araguaina	-3:12:48 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	BRT	1995 Sep 14
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# Alagoas (AL), Sergipe (SE)
 Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	-	EST	1963 Dec 9
-			-3:00	Brazil	E%sT	1990 Jul
-			-3:00	-	EST	1995 Jul
-			-3:00	Brazil	E%sT
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	BRT	1995 Oct 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1996 Sep  4
+			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 22
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# Bahia (BA)
+# There are too many Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/Bahia instead
+# of America/Salvador.
+Zone America/Bahia	-2:34:04 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	BRT
 #
-# Bahia, Goias, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro,
-# Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul
+# Goias (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
+# Espirito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Sao Paulo (SP), Parana (PR),
+# Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
 Zone America/Sao_Paulo	-3:06:28 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	E%sT
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1963 Oct 23 00:00
+			-3:00	1:00	BRST	1964
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
+#
+# Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
+Zone America/Campo_Grande -3:38:28 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
 #
-# Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul
+# Mato Grosso (MT)
 Zone America/Cuiaba	-3:44:20 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	-	WST	1963 Dec 9
-			-4:00	Brazil	W%sT
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	2003 Sep 24
+			-4:00	-	AMT	2004 Oct  4
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
 #
-# Roraima, west Para, Amazonas, Rondonia
+# west Para (PA), Rondonia (RO)
+# West Para includes Altamira, Oribidos, Prainha, Oriximina, and Santarem.
+Zone America/Porto_Velho -4:15:36 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	AMT
+#
+# Roraima (RR)
+Zone America/Boa_Vista	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	AMT	1999 Sep 30
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	2000 Oct 15
+			-4:00	-	AMT
+#
+# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutai, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
+# The great circle line from Tabatinga to Porto Acre divides
+# east from west Amazonas.
 Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	-	WST	1963 Dec 9
-			-4:00	Brazil	W%sT	1990 Jul
-			-4:00	-	WST
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	AMT	1993 Sep 28
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1994 Sep 22
+			-4:00	-	AMT
 #
-# Acre
-# Rio_Branco is too ambiguous, since there's a Rio Branco in Uruguay too.
-Zone America/Porto_Acre	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
-			-5:00	-	AST	1963 Dec 9
-			-5:00	Brazil	A%sT	1988 Jul
-			-5:00	-	AST
+# west Amazonas (AM): Atalaia do Norte, Boca do Maoco, Benjamin Constant,
+#	Eirunepe, Envira, Ipixuna
+Zone America/Eirunepe	-4:39:28 -	LMT	1914
+			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-5:00	-	ACT	1993 Sep 28
+			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1994 Sep 22
+			-5:00	-	ACT
 #
-# Martin Vaz and Trinidade are like America/Noronha.
+# Acre (AC)
+Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
+			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-5:00	-	ACT
 
 
 # Chile
@@ -399,17 +720,49 @@ Zone America/Porto_Acre	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # DST earlier (saturday 9/26 at 24:00). This is a one-time change only ...
 # (unless there's another dry season next year, I guess).
 
+# From Julio I. Pacheco Troncoso (1999-03-18):
+# Because of the same drought, the government decided to end DST later,
+# on April 3, (one-time change).
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-04):
+# I came across another article in "La Tercera" about Chilean DST.
+# <http://www.tercera.cl/diario/2000/10/13/t-extras.html>
+# It clearly confirms my earlier suggestion, that DST begins at 22:00
+# on Easter Island....  But it also seems to be saying that the
+# observance of DST in Chile began in 1966, rather than 1969 as
+# ... [Shanks] has it....
+#
+# My translation:
+#
+# "The Chilean Army has announced that summer time will begin tomorrow,
+# Saturday, October 14 in continental Chile, insular Chile, and
+# Antarctica, as provided by Supreme Decree 25 of January 11, 1966.
+# By the preceding, official time in continental Chile and Chilean
+# Antarctic, and official time in Western Insular Chile, which applies
+# to Easter Island and Sala y Gomez Island, will be set forward at
+# midnight and at 22:00, respectively, by 20 minutes."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
+# Go with this article in preference to Shanks's 1969 date for modern DST.
+# Assume this rule has been used since DST was introduced in the islands.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-24):
+# <http://www.shoa.cl/shoa/faqhoraoficial.htm> gives many details that
+# disagree with the following table, but we haven't had time to compare them.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Chile	1918	only	-	Sep	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1919	only	-	Jul	2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1969	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1970	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1999	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1918	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1919	only	-	Jul	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1966	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1967	1998	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1999	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	2000	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 # IATA SSIM anomalies: (1990-09) says 1990-09-16; (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
-# (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these for now.
+# (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Santiago	-4:42:40 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:42:40 -	SMT	1910	    # Santiago Mean Time
@@ -420,15 +773,15 @@ Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:28 -	LMT	1890	    # Mataveri
 			-7:00	Chile	EAS%sT	1982 Mar 14 # Easter I Time
 			-6:00	Chile	EAS%sT
 #
-# Whitman says Juan Fernandez Is are like America/Santiago.
-# San Ambrosio, San Felix
-# no information; probably like America/Santiago
-
+# Sala y Gomez Island is like Pacific/Easter.
+# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernandez Is, San Ambrosio,
+# San Felix, and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
 
 # Colombia
+# Shanks specifies 24:00 for 1992 transition times; go with IATA,
+# as it seems implausible to change clocks at midnight New Year's Eve.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
-# Shanks (1995) estimates 1993-04-03 24:00 for this; go with IATA.
 Rule	CO	1992	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:20 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
@@ -438,7 +791,7 @@ Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:20 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
 # no information; probably like America/Bogota
 
 # Curacao
-# Shanks (1995) says that Bottom and Oranjestad have been at -4:00 since
+# Shanks says that Bottom and Oranjestad have been at -4:00 since
 # standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that Kralendijk and Rincon
 # used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.
 # This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
@@ -457,6 +810,56 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 			-6:00	-	GALT	     # Galapagos Time
 
 # Falklands
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
+# Between 1990 and 2000 inclusive, Shanks and the IATA agree except
+# the IATA gives 1996-09-08.  Go with Shanks.
+
+# From Falkland Islands Government Office, London (2001-01-22)
+# via Jesper Norgaard:
+# ... the clocks revert back to Local Mean Time at 2 am on Sunday 15
+# April 2001 and advance one hour to summer time at 2 am on Sunday 2
+# September.  It is anticipated that the clocks will revert back at 2
+# am on Sunday 21 April 2002 and advance to summer time at 2 am on
+# Sunday 1 September.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-02-13):
+#
+# I have communicated several times with people there, and the last
+# time I had communications that was helpful was in 1998.  Here is
+# what was said then:
+#
+# "The general rule was that Stanley used daylight saving and the Camp
+# did not. However for various reasons many people in the Camp have
+# started to use daylight saving (known locally as 'Stanley Time')
+# There is no rule as to who uses daylight saving - it is a matter of
+# personal choice and so it is impossible to draw a map showing who
+# uses it and who does not. Any list would be out of date as soon as
+# it was produced. This year daylight saving ended on April 18/19th
+# and started again on September 12/13th.  I do not know what the rule
+# is, but can find out if you like.  We do not change at the same time
+# as UK or Chile."
+#
+# I did have in my notes that the rule was "Second Saturday in Sep at
+# 0:00 until third Saturday in Apr at 0:00".  I think that this does
+# not agree in some cases with Shanks; is this true?
+#
+# Also, there is no mention in the list that some areas in the
+# Falklands do not use DST.  I have found in my communications there
+# that these areas are on the western half of East Falkland and all of
+# West Falkland.  Stanley is the only place that consistently observes
+# DST.  Again, as in other places in the world, the farmers don't like
+# it.  West Falkland is almost entirely sheep farmers.
+#
+# I know one lady there that keeps a list of which farm keeps DST and
+# which doesn't each year.  She runs a shop in Stanley, and says that
+# the list changes each year.  She uses it to communicate to her
+# customers, catching them when they are home for lunch or dinner.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
+# For now, we'll just record the time in Stanley, since we have no
+# better info.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Falk	1938	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=19	0:00	0	-
@@ -466,9 +869,10 @@ Rule	Falk	1943	only	-	Jan	1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Falk	1983	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Falk	1984	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Falk	1984	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Falk	1985	1995	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Falk	1986	max	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	1996	max	-	Sep	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1985	2000	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1986	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	2001	max	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	2001	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Stanley	-3:51:24 -	LMT	1890
 			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12  # Stanley Mean Time
@@ -492,22 +896,14 @@ Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar	# Georgetown
 			-4:00	-	GYT
 
 # Paraguay
-
-# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
-# Paraguay: First day in October to last in March.  Midnight switch??
-# Since 1980.
-
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
-# PARAGUAY            4 H  BEHIND UTC
-# PARAGUAY            3 H  BEHIND UTC    OCT 1, '88-MAR 31, '89
-
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
+# Shanks (1999) says that spring transitions are from 01:00 -> 02:00,
+# and autumn transitions are from 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with earlier
+# editions of Shanks, and with the IATA, who say transitions occur at 00:00.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-# Shanks says 1979 was all DST.
-Rule	Para	1980	1991	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1980	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1979	1991	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1989	only	-	Oct	22	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1990	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1991	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -516,11 +912,40 @@ Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1993	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1994	1995	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1996	1998	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1996	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
-# IATA SSIM (1998-02) claims that the 1999 switch will be on 02-27.
-# Assume this is a typo, and that 02-28 was meant.
-Rule	Para	1999	max	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+# IATA SSIM (2000-02) says 1999-10-10; ignore this for now.
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-02):
+# I have three independent reports that Paraguay changed to DST this Sunday
+# (10-01).
+#
+# Translated by Gwillim Law (2001-02-27) from
+# <a href="http://www.diarionoticias.com.py/011000/nacional/naciona1.htm">
+# Noticias, a daily paper in Asuncion, Paraguay (2000-10-01)
+# </a>:
+# Starting at 0:00 today, the clock will be set forward 60 minutes, in
+# fulfillment of Decree No. 7,273 of the Executive Power....  The time change
+# system has been operating for several years.  Formerly there was a separate
+# decree each year; the new law has the same effect, but permanently.  Every
+# year, the time will change on the first Sunday of October; likewise, the
+# clock will be set back on the first Sunday of March.
+#
+# From Jesper Norgaard (2001-03-06) [an official URL saying similar things]:
+# http://gateway.abc.com.py:8000/pub/pag04.mbr/artic?FHA=2001-03-03-02.24.52.900592
+#
+Rule	Para	1996	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Mar 1; go with Shanks.
+Rule	Para	1997	only	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+# Shanks says 1999-02-28; IATA SSIM (1999-02) says 1999-02-27, but
+# (1999-09) reports no date; go with above sources and Gerd Knops (2001-02-27).
+Rule	Para	1998	2001	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+# From Rives McDow (2002-02-28):
+# A decree was issued in Paraguay (no. 16350) on 2002-02-26 that changed the
+# dst method to be from the first Sunday in September to the first Sunday in
+# April.
+Rule	Para	2002	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	2002	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
 			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asuncion Mean Time
@@ -529,20 +954,30 @@ Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:00	Para	PY%sT
 
 # Peru
+#
+# <a href="news:xrGmb.39935$gA1.13896113@news4.srv.hcvlny.cv.net">
+# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26):</a>
+# When we were in Peru in 1985-1986, they apparently switched over 
+# sometime between December 29 and January 3 while we were on the Amazon.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-11-02):
+# Shanks doesn't have this transition.  Assume 1986 was like 1987.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Peru	1939	1940	-	Mar	Sun>=24	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1987	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Peru	1987	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1993	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Peru	1993	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+# IATA is ambiguous for 1993/1995; go with Shanks.
+Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Lima	-5:08:12 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:09	-	LMT	1908 Jul 28 # Lima Mean Time
+			-5:08:36 -	LMT	1908 Jul 28 # Lima Mean Time?
 			-5:00	Peru	PE%sT	# Peru Time
 
 # South Georgia
@@ -551,7 +986,7 @@ Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890		# Grytviken
 			-2:00	-	GST	# South Georgia Time
 
 # South Sandwich Is
-# uninhabited
+# uninhabited; scientific personnel have wintered
 
 # Suriname
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -570,7 +1005,7 @@ Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 # Uruguay
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
 # Uruguay wins the prize for the strangest peacetime manipulation of the rules.
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Whitman gives 1923 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Uruguay	1923	only	-	Oct	 2	 0:00	0:30	HS
@@ -612,12 +1047,17 @@ Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Dec	11	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Mar	12	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Shanks says no DST was observed in 1990/1 and 1991/2,
+# and that 1992/3's DST was from 10-25 to 03-01.  Go with IATA.
 Rule	Uruguay	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Shanks's 4th edition (1995) says no DST was observed in 1990/1 and 1991/2,
-# and that 1992/3's DST was from 10-25 to 03-01.  Go with IATA.
 Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Uruguay	1993	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
+# From Eduardo Cota (2004-09-20):
+# The uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
+# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/decretos/2004091502.htm
+Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	Sun>=15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:44 -	LMT	1898 Jun 28
 			-3:44:44 -	MMT	1920 May  1	# Montevideo MT
@@ -627,6 +1067,6 @@ Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:44 -	LMT	1898 Jun 28
 # Venezuela
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Caracas	-4:27:44 -	LMT	1890
-			-4:27:44 -	CMT	1912 Feb 12  # Caracas Mean Time
+			-4:27:40 -	CMT	1912 Feb 12 # Caracas Mean Time?
 			-4:30	-	VET	1965	     # Venezuela Time
 			-4:00	-	VET
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/systemv b/share/zoneinfo/systemv
index a6f79d2..c6a6b64 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/systemv
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/systemv
@@ -1,35 +1,50 @@
-# @(#)systemv	7.2
+# @(#)systemv	7.3
 
 # Old rules, should the need arise.
 # No attempt is made to handle Newfoundland, since it cannot be expressed
 # using the System V "TZ" scheme (half-hour offset), or anything outside
 # North America (no support for non-standard DST start/end dates), nor
-# the change in the DST rules in the US in 1987 (can't split between
-# Canada, with no changes, and the US)
+# the change in the DST rules in the US in 1987 (which occurred before
+# the old rules were written).
 #
-# Be sure to compile this *without* leap second correction for true conformance.
+# If you need the old rules, uncomment ## lines and comment-out Link lines.
+# Compile this *without* leap second correction for true conformance.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	SystemV	min	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	SystemV	min	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	SystemV	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	SystemV	1974	only	-	Nov	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	SystemV	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	SystemV	1975	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	SystemV	1976	max	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	SystemV	1976	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+## Rule	SystemV	min	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+## Rule	SystemV	min	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+## Rule	SystemV	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
+## Rule	SystemV	1974	only	-	Nov	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+## Rule	SystemV	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00	1:00	D
+## Rule	SystemV	1975	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+## Rule	SystemV	1976	max	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+## Rule	SystemV	1976	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	SystemV/AST4ADT	-4:00	SystemV		A%sT
-Zone	SystemV/EST5EDT	-5:00	SystemV		E%sT
-Zone	SystemV/CST6CDT	-6:00	SystemV		C%sT
-Zone	SystemV/MST7MDT	-7:00	SystemV		M%sT
-Zone	SystemV/PST8PDT	-8:00	SystemV		P%sT
-Zone	SystemV/YST9YDT	-9:00	SystemV		Y%sT
-Zone	SystemV/AST4	-4:00	-		AST
-Zone	SystemV/EST5	-5:00	-		EST
-Zone	SystemV/CST6	-6:00	-		CST
-Zone	SystemV/MST7	-7:00	-		MST
-Zone	SystemV/PST8	-8:00	-		PST
-Zone	SystemV/YST9	-9:00	-		YST
-Zone	SystemV/HST10	-10:00	-		HST
+## Zone	SystemV/AST4ADT	-4:00	SystemV		A%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/EST5EDT	-5:00	SystemV		E%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/CST6CDT	-6:00	SystemV		C%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/MST7MDT	-7:00	SystemV		M%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/PST8PDT	-8:00	SystemV		P%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/YST9YDT	-9:00	SystemV		Y%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/AST4	-4:00	-		AST
+## Zone	SystemV/EST5	-5:00	-		EST
+## Zone	SystemV/CST6	-6:00	-		CST
+## Zone	SystemV/MST7	-7:00	-		MST
+## Zone	SystemV/PST8	-8:00	-		PST
+## Zone	SystemV/YST9	-9:00	-		YST
+## Zone	SystemV/HST10	-10:00	-		HST
+# For now...
+Link	America/Halifax		SystemV/AST4ADT
+Link	America/New_York	SystemV/EST5EDT
+Link	America/Chicago		SystemV/CST6CDT
+Link	America/Denver		SystemV/MST7MDT
+Link	America/Los_Angeles	SystemV/PST8PDT
+Link	America/Anchorage	SystemV/YST9YDT
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	SystemV/AST4
+Link	America/Indianapolis	SystemV/EST5
+Link	America/Regina		SystemV/CST6
+Link	America/Phoenix		SystemV/MST7
+Link	Pacific/Pitcairn	SystemV/PST8
+Link	Pacific/Gambier		SystemV/YST9
+Link	Pacific/Honolulu	SystemV/HST10
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/yearistype.sh b/share/zoneinfo/yearistype.sh
index 809f549..8d796f1 100755
--- a/share/zoneinfo/yearistype.sh
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/yearistype.sh
@@ -1,26 +1,37 @@
 #! /bin/sh
 
-: '@(#)yearistype.sh	7.4'
+: '@(#)yearistype.sh	7.7'
+
+case $#-$1 in
+	2-|2-0*|2-*[!0-9]*)
+		echo "$0: wild year - $1" >&2
+		exit 1 ;;
+esac
 
 case $#-$2 in
-	2-even)		case $1 in
-				*[24680])			exit 0 ;;
-				*)				exit 1 ;;
-			esac ;;
-	2-nonpres)	case $1 in
-				*[02468][048]|*[13579][26])	exit 1 ;;
-				*)				exit 0 ;;
-			esac ;;
-	2-odd)		case $1 in
-				*[13579])			exit 0 ;;
-				*)				exit 1 ;;
-			esac ;;
-	2-uspres)	case $1 in
-				*[02468][048]|*[13579][26])	exit 0 ;;
-				*)				exit 1 ;;
-			esac ;;
-	2-*)		echo "$0: wild type - $2" >&2
-			exit 1 ;;
-	*)		echo "$0: usage is $0 year type" >&2
-			exit 1 ;;
+	2-even)	
+		case $1 in
+			*[24680])			exit 0 ;;
+			*)				exit 1 ;;
+		esac ;;
+	2-nonpres|2-nonuspres)
+		case $1 in
+			*[02468][048]|*[13579][26])	exit 1 ;;
+			*)				exit 0 ;;
+		esac ;;
+	2-odd)	
+		case $1 in
+			*[13579])			exit 0 ;;
+			*)				exit 1 ;;
+		esac ;;
+	2-uspres)
+		case $1 in
+			*[02468][048]|*[13579][26])	exit 0 ;;
+			*)				exit 1 ;;
+		esac ;;
+	2-*)	
+		echo "$0: wild type - $2" >&2 ;;
 esac
+
+echo "$0: usage is $0 year even|odd|uspres|nonpres|nonuspres" >&2
+exit 1
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab b/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab
index 78a0ed4..e3c8e39 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# @(#)zone.tab	1.30
+#
 # TZ zone descriptions
 #
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-08-05):
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@
 #     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
 # 3.  Zone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
 # 4.  Comments; present if and only if the country has multiple rows.
-#     
+#
 # Columns are separated by a single tab.
 # The table is sorted first by country, then an order within the country that
 # (1) makes some geographical sense, and
@@ -31,34 +33,43 @@ AN	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
 AO	-0848+01314	Africa/Luanda
 AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	McMurdo Station, Ross Island
 AQ	-9000+00000	Antarctica/South_Pole	Amundsen-Scott Station, South Pole
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera Station, Adelaide Island
 AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer Station, Anvers Island
 AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson Station, Holme Bay
 AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis Station, Vestfold Hills
 AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey Station, Bailey Peninsula
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok Station, S Magnetic Pole
 AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville Base, Terre Adelie
-AR	-3436-05827	America/Buenos_Aires	E Argentina (BA, DF, SC, TF)
-AR	-3257-06040	America/Rosario	NE Argentina (SF, ER, CN, MN, CC, FM, LP, CH)
-AR	-3124-06411	America/Cordoba	W Argentina (CB, SA, TM, LR, SJ, SL, NQ, RN)
-AR	-2411-06518	America/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
-AR	-2828-06547	America/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT)
-AR	-3253-06849	America/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa Station, E Ongul I
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most locations (CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, LP, MN, NQ, RN, SA, SE, SF, SL)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucuman (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-4552-06730	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia	Chubut (CH)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
 AS	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago
 AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
 AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
 AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania
 AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
 AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales - most locations
-AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales - Broken Hill
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales - Yancowinna
 AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland - most locations
 AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland - Holiday Islands
 AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
 AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
 AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia
 AW	+1230-06858	America/Aruba
+AX	+6006+01957	Europe/Mariehamn
 AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
 BA	+4352+01825	Europe/Sarajevo
 BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
-BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dacca
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
 BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
 BF	+1222-00131	Africa/Ouagadougou
 BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
@@ -68,15 +79,23 @@ BJ	+0629+00237	Africa/Porto-Novo
 BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
 BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
 BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
-BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Fernando de Noronha
-BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	NE Brazil (AP, east PA, MA, PI, CE, RN, PR, PE)
-BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	ENE Brazil (AL, SE, TO)
-BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	S & SE Brazil (BA, GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
-BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	SW Brazil (MT, MS)
-BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	NW Brazil (RR, west PA, AM, RO)
-BR	-0934-06731	America/Porto_Acre	Acre
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Amapa, E Para
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	NE Brazil (MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	S & SE Brazil (GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	W Para, Rondonia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	E Amazonas
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	W Amazonas
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
 BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
-BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimbu
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
 BW	-2545+02555	Africa/Gaborone
 BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
 BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
@@ -84,14 +103,16 @@ CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland Island
 CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia (most places), NB, W Labrador, E Quebec & PEI
 CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia - places that did not observe DST 1966-1971
 CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic Time - E Labrador
-CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Atlantic Time - Northwest Territories
-CA	+4531-07334	America/Montreal	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - most locations
+CA	+4531-07334	America/Montreal	Eastern Time - Quebec - most locations
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern Time - Ontario - most locations
 CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - places that did not observe DST 1967-1973
 CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern Time - Thunder Bay, Ontario
-CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern Time - Northwest Territories
+CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern Standard Time - Pangnirtung, Nunavut
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern Standard Time - east Nunavut
+CA	+6245-09210	America/Rankin_Inlet	Eastern Standard Time - central Nunavut
 CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central Time - Manitoba & west Ontario
 CA	+4843-09429	America/Rainy_River	Central Time - Rainy River & Fort Frances, Ontario
-CA	+6245-09210	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central Time - Northwest Territories
+CA	+6903-10505	America/Cambridge_Bay	Central Time - west Nunavut
 CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - most locations
 CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - midwest
 CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain Time - Alberta, east British Columbia & west Saskatchewan
@@ -109,17 +130,17 @@ CG	-0416+01517	Africa/Brazzaville
 CH	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich
 CI	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
 CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
-CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	mainland
-CL	-2710-10927	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most locations
+CL	-2710-10927	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island & Sala y Gomez
 CM	+0403+00942	Africa/Douala
-CN	+4545+12641	Asia/Harbin	north Manchuria
-CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	China coast
-CN	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong	Hong Kong
-CN	+2934+10635	Asia/Chungking	China mountains
-CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Tibet & Xinjiang
-CN	+3929+07559	Asia/Kashgar	Eastern Turkestan
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	east China - Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, etc.
+CN	+4545+12641	Asia/Harbin	Heilongjiang
+CN	+2934+10635	Asia/Chongqing	central China - Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, etc.
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Tibet & most of Xinjiang Uyghur
+CN	+3929+07559	Asia/Kashgar	southwest Xinjiang Uyghur
 CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
 CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CS	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
 CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
 CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
 CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
@@ -158,9 +179,10 @@ GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
 GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
 GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
 GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
-GL	+7030-02215	America/Scoresbysund	east Greenland
-GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	southwest Greenland
-GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	northwest Greenland
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	most locations
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	east coast, north of Scoresbysund
+GL	+7030-02215	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund / Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule / Pituffik
 GM	+1328-01639	Africa/Banjul
 GN	+0931-01343	Africa/Conakry
 GP	+1614-06132	America/Guadeloupe
@@ -171,12 +193,14 @@ GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
 GU	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
 GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
 GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
 HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
 HR	+4548+01558	Europe/Zagreb
 HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
 HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
 ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java & Sumatra
-ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Ujung_Pandang	Borneo & Celebes
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	west & central Borneo
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	east & south Borneo, Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra, west Timor
 ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	Irian Jaya & the Moluccas
 IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
 IL	+3146+03514	Asia/Jerusalem
@@ -188,8 +212,7 @@ IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
 IT	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
 JM	+1800-07648	America/Jamaica
 JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
-JP	+3542+13946	Asia/Tokyo	most locations
-JP	+2420+12409	Asia/Ishigaki	south Ryukyu Islands
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
 KE	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
 KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
 KH	+1133+10455	Asia/Phnom_Penh
@@ -202,9 +225,11 @@ KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
 KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
 KW	+2920+04759	Asia/Kuwait
 KY	+1918-08123	America/Cayman
-KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	east Kazakhstan
-KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	central Kazakhstan
-KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	west Kazakhstan
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most locations
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda (Kyzylorda, Kzyl-Orda)
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe (Aktobe)
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Atyrau (Atirau, Gur'yev), Mangghystau (Mankistau)
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
 LA	+1758+10236	Asia/Vientiane
 LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
 LC	+1401-06100	America/St_Lucia
@@ -226,8 +251,10 @@ MK	+4159+02126	Europe/Skopje
 ML	+1239-00800	Africa/Bamako	southwest Mali
 ML	+1446-00301	Africa/Timbuktu	northeast Mali
 MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Rangoon
-MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulan_Bator
-MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macao
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most locations
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Olgiy, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sukhbaatar
+MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macau
 MP	+1512+14545	Pacific/Saipan
 MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
 MR	+1806-01557	Africa/Nouakchott
@@ -236,12 +263,14 @@ MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
 MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
 MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
 MW	-1547+03500	Africa/Blantyre
-MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Time
-MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time
-MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - most locations
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time - most locations
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Central Time - Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatan
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - S Baja, Nayarit, Sinaloa
 MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mountain Time - Chihuahua
-MX	+3152-11637	America/Ensenada	Pacific Time - most locations
-MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Pacific Time - north Baja California
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Pacific Time
 MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	peninsular Malaysia
 MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah & Sarawak
 MZ	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo
@@ -257,7 +286,7 @@ NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Katmandu
 NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
 NU	-1901+16955	Pacific/Niue
 NZ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	most locations
-NZ	-4355-17630	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
 OM	+2336+05835	Asia/Muscat
 PA	+0858-07932	America/Panama
 PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
@@ -290,7 +319,8 @@ RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	Moscow+04 - Yenisei River
 RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	Moscow+05 - Lake Baikal
 RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	Moscow+06 - Lena River
 RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Moscow+07 - Amur River
-RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 - Magadan & Sakhalin
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	Moscow+07 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 - Magadan
 RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+09 - Kamchatka
 RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+10 - Bering Sea
 RW	-0157+03004	Africa/Kigali
@@ -321,7 +351,8 @@ TG	+0608+00113	Africa/Lome
 TH	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok
 TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
 TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
-TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashkhabad
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
 TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
 TO	-2110+17510	Pacific/Tongatapu
 TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
@@ -330,20 +361,24 @@ TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
 TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
 TZ	-0648+03917	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
 UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	most locations
-UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Crimea
+UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
+UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye, E Lugansk
+UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	central Crimea
 UG	+0019+03225	Africa/Kampala
 UM	+1700-16830	Pacific/Johnston	Johnston Atoll
 UM	+2813-17722	Pacific/Midway	Midway Islands
 UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
 US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern Time
 US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern Time - Michigan - most locations
-US	+381515-0854534	America/Louisville	Eastern Time - Louisville, Kentucky
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Louisville	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Louisville area
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Wayne County
 US	+394606-0860929	America/Indianapolis	Eastern Standard Time - Indiana - most locations
 US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern Standard Time - Indiana - Crawford County
 US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Eastern Standard Time - Indiana - Starke County
 US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern Standard Time - Indiana - Switzerland County
 US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central Time
 US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central Time - Michigan - Wisconsin border
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central Time - North Dakota - Oliver County
 US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain Time
 US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain Time - south Idaho & east Oregon
 US	+364708-1084111	America/Shiprock	Mountain Time - Navajo
@@ -369,7 +404,6 @@ WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
 WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
 YE	+1245+04512	Asia/Aden
 YT	-1247+04514	Indian/Mayotte
-YU	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
 ZA	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
 ZM	-1525+02817	Africa/Lusaka
 ZW	-1750+03103	Africa/Harare
author	wollman <wollman@FreeBSD.org>	2004-10-17 23:55:07 +0000
committer	wollman <wollman@FreeBSD.org>	2004-10-17 23:55:07 +0000
commit	3f66df6e5fa745b89d1be3e137767d3c81c70e24 (patch)
tree	3d978a5d4b3865f2f1bf66d92c2024beb2a45cd7 /share/zoneinfo
parent	da04da706740eebf6b5fb0d3cbf78dbb857cdad4 (diff)
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