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-.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
-.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
-.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
-.\" on Information Processing Systems.
-.\"
-.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-.\" are met:
-.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
-.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
-.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
-.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
-.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.\"     @(#)printf.3	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
-.\"
-.Dd June 4, 1993
-.Dt PRINTF 3
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm printf ,
-.Nm fprintf ,
-.Nm sprintf ,
-.Nm snprintf ,
-.Nm asprintf ,
-.Nm vprintf ,
-.Nm vfprintf,
-.Nm vsprintf ,
-.Nm vsnprintf ,
-.Nm vasprintf
-.Nd formatted output conversion
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.Fd #include <stdio.h>
-.Ft int
-.Fn printf "const char *format" ...
-.Ft int
-.Fn fprintf "FILE *stream" "const char *format" ...
-.Ft int
-.Fn sprintf "char *str" "const char *format" ...
-.Ft int
-.Fn snprintf "char *str" "size_t size" "const char *format" ...
-.Ft int
-.Fn asprintf "char **ret" "const char *format" ...
-.Fd #include <stdarg.h>
-.Ft int
-.Fn vprintf "const char *format" "va_list ap"
-.Ft int
-.Fn vfprintf "FILE *stream" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
-.Ft int
-.Fn vsprintf "char *str" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
-.Ft int
-.Fn vsnprintf "char *str" "size_t size" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
-.Ft int
-.Fn vasprintf "char **ret" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The
-.Fn printf
-family of functions produces output according to a
-.Fa format
-as described below.
-.Fn Printf
-and
-.Fn vprintf
-write output to
-.Em stdout,
-the standard output stream;
-.Fn fprintf
-and
-.Fn vfprintf
-write output to the given output
-.Fa stream ;
-.Fn sprintf ,
-.Fn snprintf ,
-.Fn vsprintf ,
-and
-.Fn vsnprintf
-write to the character string
-.Fa str ;
-and
-.Fn asprintf
-and
-.Fn vasprintf
-dynamically allocate a new string with
-.Xr malloc 3
-/
-.Xr realloc 3 .
-.Pp
-These functions write the output under the control of a
-.Fa format
-string that specifies how subsequent arguments
-(or arguments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities of
-.Xr stdarg 3 )
-are converted for output.
-.Pp
-These functions return
-the number of characters printed
-(not including the trailing
-.Ql \e0
-used to end output to strings).
-.Pp
-.Fn Asprintf
-and
-.Fn vasprintf
-return a pointer to a buffer sufficiently large to hold the
-string in the
-.Fa ret
-argument;
-This pointer should be passed to
-.Xr free 3
-to release the allocated storage when it is no longer needed.
-If sufficient space cannot be allocated, 
-.Fn asprintf
-and
-.Fn vasprintf
-will return -1 and set
-.Fa ret
-to be a NULL pointer.
-.Pp
-.Fn Snprintf
-and
-.Fn vsnprintf
-will write at most
-.Fa size Ns \-1
-of the characters printed into the output string
-(the
-.Fa size Ns 'th
-character then gets the terminating
-.Ql \e0 ) ;
-if the return value is greater than or equal to the
-.Fa size
-argument, the string was too short
-and some of the printed characters were discarded.
-.Pp
-.Fn Sprintf
-and
-.Fn vsprintf
-effectively assume an infinite
-.Fa size .
-.Pp
-The format string is composed of zero or more directives:
-ordinary
-.\" multibyte
-characters (not
-.Cm % ) ,
-which are copied unchanged to the output stream;
-and conversion specifications, each of which results
-in fetching zero or more subsequent arguments.
-Each conversion specification is introduced by
-the character
-.Cm % .
-The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion)
-with the conversion specifier.
-After the
-.Cm % ,
-the following appear in sequence:
-.Bl -bullet
-.It
-An optional field, consisting of a decimal digit string followed by a
-.Cm $ ,
-specifying the next argument to access .
-If this field is not provided, the argument following the last
-argument accessed will be used.
-Arguments are numbered starting at
-.Cm 1 .
-If unaccessed arguments in the format string are interspersed with ones that
-are accessed the results will be indeterminate.
-.It
-Zero or more of the following flags:
-.Bl -hyphen
-.It
-A
-.Cm #
-character
-specifying that the value should be converted to an ``alternate form''.
-For 
-.Cm c ,
-.Cm d ,
-.Cm i ,
-.Cm n ,
-.Cm p ,
-.Cm s ,
-and
-.Cm u ,
-conversions, this option has no effect.
-For 
-.Cm o
-conversions, the precision of the number is increased to force the first
-character of the output string to a zero (except if a zero value is printed
-with an explicit precision of zero).
-For
-.Cm x
-and
-.Cm X
-conversions, a non-zero result has the string
-.Ql 0x
-(or
-.Ql 0X
-for
-.Cm X
-conversions) prepended to it.
-For
-.Cm e ,
-.Cm E ,
-.Cm f ,
-.Cm g ,
-and
-.Cm G ,
-conversions, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
-digits follow it (normally, a decimal point appears in the results of
-those conversions only if a digit follows).
-For
-.Cm g
-and
-.Cm G
-conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
-would otherwise be.
-.It
-A zero
-.Sq Cm \&0
-character specifying zero padding.
-For all conversions except
-.Cm n ,
-the converted value is padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks.
-If a precision is given with a numeric conversion
-.Pf ( Cm d ,
-.Cm i ,
-.Cm o ,
-.Cm u ,
-.Cm i ,
-.Cm x ,
-and
-.Cm X ) ,
-the
-.Sq Cm \&0
-flag is ignored.
-.It
-A negative field width flag
-.Sq Cm \-
-indicates the converted value is to be left adjusted on the field boundary.
-Except for
-.Cm n
-conversions, the converted value is padded on the right with blanks,
-rather than on the left with blanks or zeros.
-A
-.Sq Cm \-
-overrides a
-.Sq Cm \&0
-if both are given.
-.It
-A space, specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
-produced by a signed conversion
-.Pf ( Cm d ,
-.Cm e ,
-.Cm E ,
-.Cm f ,
-.Cm g ,
-.Cm G ,
-or
-.Cm i ) .
-.It
-A
-.Sq Cm +
-character specifying that a sign always be placed before a
-number produced by a signed conversion.
-A
-.Sq Cm +
-overrides a space if both are used.
-.El
-.It
-An optional decimal digit string specifying a minimum field width.
-If the converted value has fewer characters than the field width, it will
-be padded with spaces on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment
-flag has been given) to fill out
-the field width.
-.It
-An optional precision, in the form of a period
-.Sq Cm \&.
-followed by an
-optional digit string.  If the digit string is omitted, the precision
-is taken as zero.  This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for
-.Cm d ,
-.Cm i ,
-.Cm o ,
-.Cm u ,
-.Cm x ,
-and
-.Cm X
-conversions, the number of digits to appear after the decimal-point for
-.Cm e ,
-.Cm E ,
-and
-.Cm f
-conversions, the maximum number of significant digits for
-.Cm g
-and
-.Cm G
-conversions, or the maximum number of characters to be printed from a
-string for
-.Cm s
-conversions.
-.It
-The optional character
-.Cm h ,
-specifying that a following
-.Cm d ,
-.Cm i ,
-.Cm o ,
-.Cm u ,
-.Cm x ,
-or
-.Cm X
-conversion corresponds to a
-.Em short int
-or
-.Em unsigned short int
-argument, or that a following
-.Cm n
-conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
-.Em short int
-argument.
-.It
-The optional character
-.Cm l
-(ell) specifying that a following
-.Cm d ,
-.Cm i ,
-.Cm o ,
-.Cm u ,
-.Cm x ,
-or
-.Cm X
-conversion applies to a pointer to a
-.Em long int
-or
-.Em unsigned long int
-argument, or that a following
-.Cm n
-conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
-.Em long int
-argument.
-.It
-The optional character
-.Cm q ,
-specifying that a following
-.Cm d ,
-.Cm i ,
-.Cm o ,
-.Cm u ,
-.Cm x ,
-or
-.Cm X
-conversion corresponds to a
-.Em quad int
-or
-.Em unsigned quad int
-argument, or that a following
-.Cm n
-conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
-.Em quad int
-argument.
-.It
-The character
-.Cm L
-specifying that a following
-.Cm e ,
-.Cm E ,
-.Cm f ,
-.Cm g ,
-or
-.Cm G
-conversion corresponds to a
-.Em long double
-argument (but note that long double values are not currently supported
-by the
-.Tn VAX
-and
-.Tn Tahoe
-compilers).
-.It
-A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied.
-.El
-.Pp
-A field width or precision, or both, may be indicated by
-an asterisk
-.Ql *
-or an asterisk followed by one or more decimal digits and a
-.Ql $
-instead of a
-digit string.
-In this case, an
-.Em int
-argument supplies the field width or precision.
-A negative field width is treated as a left adjustment flag followed by a
-positive field width; a negative precision is treated as though it were
-missing.
-If a single format directive mixes positional (nn$)
-and non-positional arguments, the results are undefined.
-.Pp
-The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
-.Bl -tag -width "diouxX"
-.It Cm diouxX
-The
-.Em int
-(or appropriate variant) argument is converted to signed decimal
-.Pf ( Cm d
-and
-.Cm i ) ,
-unsigned octal
-.Pq Cm o ,
-unsigned decimal
-.Pq Cm u ,
-or unsigned hexadecimal
-.Pf ( Cm x
-and
-.Cm X )
-notation.  The letters
-.Cm abcdef
-are used for
-.Cm x
-conversions; the letters
-.Cm ABCDEF
-are used for
-.Cm X
-conversions.
-The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits that must
-appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits, it is padded on
-the left with zeros.
-.It Cm DOU
-The
-.Em long int
-argument is converted to signed decimal, unsigned octal, or unsigned
-decimal, as if the format had been
-.Cm ld ,
-.Cm lo ,
-or
-.Cm lu
-respectively.
-These conversion characters are deprecated, and will eventually disappear.
-.It Cm eE
-The
-.Em double
-argument is rounded and converted in the style
-.Sm off
-.Pf [\-]d Cm \&. No ddd Cm e No \\*(Pmdd
-.Sm on
-where there is one digit before the
-decimal-point character
-and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision;
-if the precision is missing,
-it is taken as 6; if the precision is
-zero, no decimal-point character appears.
-An
-.Cm E
-conversion uses the letter
-.Cm E
-(rather than
-.Cm e )
-to introduce the exponent.
-The exponent always contains at least two digits; if the value is zero,
-the exponent is 00.
-.It Cm f
-The
-.Em double
-argument is rounded and converted to decimal notation in the style
-.Sm off
-.Pf [-]ddd Cm \&. No ddd ,
-.Sm on
-where the number of digits after the decimal-point character
-is equal to the precision specification.
-If the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is
-explicitly zero, no decimal-point character appears.
-If a decimal point appears, at least one digit appears before it.
-.It Cm g
-The
-.Em double
-argument is converted in style
-.Cm f
-or
-.Cm e
-(or
-.Cm E
-for
-.Cm G
-conversions).
-The precision specifies the number of significant digits.
-If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is zero,
-it is treated as 1.
-Style
-.Cm e
-is used if the exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or greater than
-or equal to the precision.
-Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the result; a
-decimal point appears only if it is followed by at least one digit.
-.It Cm c
-The
-.Em int
-argument is converted to an
-.Em unsigned char ,
-and the resulting character is written.
-.It Cm s
-The
-.Dq Em char *
-argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of character type (pointer
-to a string).
-Characters from the array are written up to (but not including)
-a terminating
-.Dv NUL
-character;
-if a precision is specified, no more than the number specified are
-written.
-If a precision is given, no null character
-need be present; if the precision is not specified, or is greater than
-the size of the array, the array must contain a terminating
-.Dv NUL
-character.
-.It Cm p
-The
-.Dq Em void *
-pointer argument is printed in hexadecimal (as if by
-.Ql %#x
-or
-.Ql %#lx ) .
-.It Cm n
-The number of characters written so far is stored into the
-integer indicated by the
-.Dq Em int *
-(or variant) pointer argument.
-No argument is converted.
-.It Cm %
-A
-.Ql %
-is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion specification
-is
-.Ql %% .
-.El
-.Pp
-In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
-a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the
-field is expanded to contain the conversion result.
-.Pp
-.Sh EXAMPLES
-.br
-To print a date and time in the form `Sunday, July 3, 10:02',
-where
-.Em weekday
-and
-.Em month
-are pointers to strings:
-.Bd -literal -offset indent
-#include <stdio.h>
-fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\en",
-	weekday, month, day, hour, min);
-.Ed
-.Pp
-To print \*(Pi
-to five decimal places:
-.Bd -literal -offset indent
-#include <math.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\en", 4 * atan(1.0));
-.Ed
-.Pp
-To allocate a 128 byte string and print into it:
-.Bd -literal -offset indent
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-char *newfmt(const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-		char *p;
-		va_list ap;
-		if ((p = malloc(128)) == NULL)
-			return (NULL);
-		va_start(ap, fmt);
-		(void) vsnprintf(p, 128, fmt, ap);
-		va_end(ap);
-		return (p);
-}
-.Ed
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr printf 1 ,
-.Xr scanf 3
-.Sh STANDARDS
-The
-.Fn fprintf ,
-.Fn printf ,
-.Fn sprintf ,
-.Fn vprintf ,
-.Fn vfprintf ,
-and
-.Fn vsprintf
-functions
-conform to
-.St -ansiC .
-.Sh HISTORY
-The functions
-.Fn snprintf
-and
-.Fn vsnprintf
-are new to this release.
-.Pp
-The functions
-.Fn asprintf
-and
-.Fn vasprintf
-first appeared in the GNU C library.  This implementation is thought
-to be compatable but is not derived from the GNU code.  This implementation
-was written by Peter Wemm <peter@FreeBSD.org> and first appeared in
-.Fx 2.2 .
-.Sh BUGS
-The conversion formats
-.Cm \&%D ,
-.Cm \&%O ,
-and
-.Cm %U
-are not standard and
-are provided only for backward compatibility.
-The effect of padding the
-.Cm %p
-format with zeros (either by the
-.Sq Cm 0
-flag or by specifying a precision), and the benign effect (i.e., none)
-of the
-.Sq Cm #
-flag on
-.Cm %n
-and
-.Cm %p
-conversions, as well as other
-nonsensical combinations such as
-.Cm %Ld ,
-are not standard; such combinations
-should be avoided.
-.Pp
-Because
-.Fn sprintf
-and
-.Fn vsprintf
-assume an infinitely long string,
-callers must be careful not to overflow the actual space;
-this is often hard to assure.
-For safety, programmers should use the
-.Fn snprintf
-interface instead.
-Unfortunately, this interface is not portable.