Bus-Independent Device Accesses
Matthew
Wilcox
matthew@wil.cx
Alan
Cox
alan@redhat.com
2001
Matthew Wilcox
This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
MA 02111-1307 USA
For more details see the file COPYING in the source
distribution of Linux.
Introduction
Linux provides an API which abstracts performing IO across all busses
and devices, allowing device drivers to be written independently of
bus type.
Known Bugs And Assumptions
None.
Memory Mapped IO
Getting Access to the Device
The most widely supported form of IO is memory mapped IO.
That is, a part of the CPU's address space is interpreted
not as accesses to memory, but as accesses to a device. Some
architectures define devices to be at a fixed address, but most
have some method of discovering devices. The PCI bus walk is a
good example of such a scheme. This document does not cover how
to receive such an address, but assumes you are starting with one.
Physical addresses are of type unsigned long.
This address should not be used directly. Instead, to get an
address suitable for passing to the accessor functions described
below, you should call ioremap.
An address suitable for accessing the device will be returned to you.
After you've finished using the device (say, in your module's
exit routine), call iounmap in order to return
the address space to the kernel. Most architectures allocate new
address space each time you call ioremap, and
they can run out unless you call iounmap.
Accessing the device
The part of the interface most used by drivers is reading and
writing memory-mapped registers on the device. Linux provides
interfaces to read and write 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit
quantities. Due to a historical accident, these are named byte,
word, long and quad accesses. Both read and write accesses are
supported; there is no prefetch support at this time.
The functions are named readb,
readw, readl,
readq, readb_relaxed,
readw_relaxed, readl_relaxed,
readq_relaxed, writeb,
writew, writel and
writeq.
Some devices (such as framebuffers) would like to use larger
transfers than 8 bytes at a time. For these devices, the
memcpy_toio, memcpy_fromio
and memset_io functions are provided.
Do not use memset or memcpy on IO addresses; they
are not guaranteed to copy data in order.
The read and write functions are defined to be ordered. That is the
compiler is not permitted to reorder the I/O sequence. When the
ordering can be compiler optimised, you can use
__readb and friends to indicate the relaxed ordering. Use
this with care.
While the basic functions are defined to be synchronous with respect
to each other and ordered with respect to each other the busses the
devices sit on may themselves have asynchronicity. In particular many
authors are burned by the fact that PCI bus writes are posted
asynchronously. A driver author must issue a read from the same
device to ensure that writes have occurred in the specific cases the
author cares. This kind of property cannot be hidden from driver
writers in the API. In some cases, the read used to flush the device
may be expected to fail (if the card is resetting, for example). In
that case, the read should be done from config space, which is
guaranteed to soft-fail if the card doesn't respond.
The following is an example of flushing a write to a device when
the driver would like to ensure the write's effects are visible prior
to continuing execution.
static inline void
qla1280_disable_intrs(struct scsi_qla_host *ha)
{
struct device_reg *reg;
reg = ha->iobase;
/* disable risc and host interrupts */
WRT_REG_WORD(®->ictrl, 0);
/*
* The following read will ensure that the above write
* has been received by the device before we return from this
* function.
*/
RD_REG_WORD(®->ictrl);
ha->flags.ints_enabled = 0;
}
In addition to write posting, on some large multiprocessing systems
(e.g. SGI Challenge, Origin and Altix machines) posted writes won't
be strongly ordered coming from different CPUs. Thus it's important
to properly protect parts of your driver that do memory-mapped writes
with locks and use the mmiowb to make sure they
arrive in the order intended. Issuing a regular readX
will also ensure write ordering, but should only be used
when the driver has to be sure that the write has actually arrived
at the device (not that it's simply ordered with respect to other
writes), since a full readX is a relatively
expensive operation.
Generally, one should use mmiowb prior to
releasing a spinlock that protects regions using writeb
or similar functions that aren't surrounded by
readb calls, which will ensure ordering and flushing. The
following pseudocode illustrates what might occur if write ordering
isn't guaranteed via mmiowb or one of the
readX functions.
CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
CPU A: ...
CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr);
CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
...
CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
CPU B: ...
CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
In the case above, newval2 could be written to ring_ptr before
newval. Fixing it is easy though:
CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
CPU A: ...
CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr);
CPU A: mmiowb(); /* ensure no other writes beat us to the device */
CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
...
CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
CPU B: ...
CPU B: mmiowb();
CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
See tg3.c for a real world example of how to use mmiowb
PCI ordering rules also guarantee that PIO read responses arrive
after any outstanding DMA writes from that bus, since for some devices
the result of a readb call may signal to the
driver that a DMA transaction is complete. In many cases, however,
the driver may want to indicate that the next
readb call has no relation to any previous DMA
writes performed by the device. The driver can use
readb_relaxed for these cases, although only
some platforms will honor the relaxed semantics. Using the relaxed
read functions will provide significant performance benefits on
platforms that support it. The qla2xxx driver provides examples
of how to use readX_relaxed. In many cases,
a majority of the driver's readX calls can
safely be converted to readX_relaxed calls, since
only a few will indicate or depend on DMA completion.
ISA legacy functions
On older kernels (2.2 and earlier) the ISA bus could be read or
written with these functions and without ioremap being used. This is
no longer true in Linux 2.4. A set of equivalent functions exist for
easy legacy driver porting. The functions available are prefixed
with 'isa_' and are isa_readb,
isa_writeb, isa_readw,
isa_writew, isa_readl,
isa_writel, isa_memcpy_fromio
and isa_memcpy_toio
These functions should not be used in new drivers, and will
eventually be going away.
Port Space Accesses
Port Space Explained
Another form of IO commonly supported is Port Space. This is a
range of addresses separate to the normal memory address space.
Access to these addresses is generally not as fast as accesses
to the memory mapped addresses, and it also has a potentially
smaller address space.
Unlike memory mapped IO, no preparation is required
to access port space.
Accessing Port Space
Accesses to this space are provided through a set of functions
which allow 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit accesses; also
known as byte, word and long. These functions are
inb, inw,
inl, outb,
outw and outl.
Some variants are provided for these functions. Some devices
require that accesses to their ports are slowed down. This
functionality is provided by appending a _p
to the end of the function. There are also equivalents to memcpy.
The ins and outs
functions copy bytes, words or longs to the given port.
Public Functions Provided
!Einclude/asm-i386/io.h