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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs
* 'for-linus2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (165 commits)
reiserfs: Properly display mount options in /proc/mounts
vfs: prevent remount read-only if pending removes
vfs: count unlinked inodes
vfs: protect remounting superblock read-only
vfs: keep list of mounts for each superblock
vfs: switch ->show_options() to struct dentry *
vfs: switch ->show_path() to struct dentry *
vfs: switch ->show_devname() to struct dentry *
vfs: switch ->show_stats to struct dentry *
switch security_path_chmod() to struct path *
vfs: prefer ->dentry->d_sb to ->mnt->mnt_sb
vfs: trim includes a bit
switch mnt_namespace ->root to struct mount
vfs: take /proc/*/mounts and friends to fs/proc_namespace.c
vfs: opencode mntget() mnt_set_mountpoint()
vfs: spread struct mount - remaining argument of next_mnt()
vfs: move fsnotify junk to struct mount
vfs: move mnt_devname
vfs: move mnt_list to struct mount
vfs: switch pnode.h macros to struct mount *
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-next: (1958 commits)
net: pack skb_shared_info more efficiently
net_sched: red: split red_parms into parms and vars
net_sched: sfq: extend limits
cnic: Improve error recovery on bnx2x devices
cnic: Re-init dev->stats_addr after chip reset
net_sched: Bug in netem reordering
bna: fix sparse warnings/errors
bna: make ethtool_ops and strings const
xgmac: cleanups
net: make ethtool_ops const
vmxnet3" make ethtool ops const
xen-netback: make ops structs const
virtio_net: Pass gfp flags when allocating rx buffers.
ixgbe: FCoE: Add support for ndo_get_fcoe_hbainfo() call
netdev: FCoE: Add new ndo_get_fcoe_hbainfo() call
igb: reset PHY after recovering from PHY power down
igb: add basic runtime PM support
igb: Add support for byte queue limits.
e1000: cleanup CE4100 MDIO registers access
e1000: unmap ce4100_gbe_mdio_base_virt in e1000_remove
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This patch lays down the foundation for the kernel memory component
of the Memory Controller.
As of today, I am only laying down the following files:
* memory.independent_kmem_limit
* memory.kmem.limit_in_bytes (currently ignored)
* memory.kmem.usage_in_bytes (always zero)
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
CC: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
CC: Paul Menage <paul@paulmenage.org>
CC: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
CC: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
CC: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
* 'core-rcu-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (64 commits)
cpu: Export cpu_up()
rcu: Apply ACCESS_ONCE() to rcu_boost() return value
Revert "rcu: Permit rt_mutex_unlock() with irqs disabled"
docs: Additional LWN links to RCU API
rcu: Augment rcu_batch_end tracing for idle and callback state
rcu: Add rcutorture tests for srcu_read_lock_raw()
rcu: Make rcutorture test for hotpluggability before offlining CPUs
driver-core/cpu: Expose hotpluggability to the rest of the kernel
rcu: Remove redundant rcu_cpu_stall_suppress declaration
rcu: Adaptive dyntick-idle preparation
rcu: Keep invoking callbacks if CPU otherwise idle
rcu: Irq nesting is always 0 on rcu_enter_idle_common
rcu: Don't check irq nesting from rcu idle entry/exit
rcu: Permit dyntick-idle with callbacks pending
rcu: Document same-context read-side constraints
rcu: Identify dyntick-idle CPUs on first force_quiescent_state() pass
rcu: Remove dynticks false positives and RCU failures
rcu: Reduce latency of rcu_prepare_for_idle()
rcu: Eliminate RCU_FAST_NO_HZ grace-period hang
rcu: Avoid needlessly IPIing CPUs at GP end
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The new implementation of RCU_FAST_NO_HZ is compatible with preemptible
RCU, so this commit removes the Kconfig restriction that previously
prohibited this.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
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This patch fixes a lockdep warning on ARM platforms:
[ 0.000000] WARNING: lockdep init error! Arch code didn't call lockdep_init() early enough?
[ 0.000000] Call stack leading to lockdep invocation was:
[ 0.000000] [<c00164bc>] save_stack_trace_tsk+0x0/0x90
[ 0.000000] [<ffffffff>] 0xffffffff
The warning is caused by printk inside smp_setup_processor_id().
It is safe to do this because lockdep_init() doesn't depend on
smp_setup_processor_id(), so improve things that printk can be
called as early as possible without lockdep complaint.
Signed-off-by: Ming Lei <tom.leiming@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Yong Zhang <yong.zhang0@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1321508072-23853-1-git-send-email-tom.leiming@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeremy/xen
* 'upstream/jump-label-noearly' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeremy/xen:
jump-label: initialize jump-label subsystem much earlier
x86/jump_label: add arch_jump_label_transform_static()
s390/jump-label: add arch_jump_label_transform_static()
jump_label: add arch_jump_label_transform_static() to optimise non-live code updates
sparc/jump_label: drop arch_jump_label_text_poke_early()
x86/jump_label: drop arch_jump_label_text_poke_early()
jump_label: if a key has already been initialized, don't nop it out
stop_machine: make stop_machine safe and efficient to call early
jump_label: use proper atomic_t initializer
Conflicts:
- arch/x86/kernel/jump_label.c
Added __init_or_module to arch_jump_label_text_poke_early vs
removal of that function entirely
- kernel/stop_machine.c
same patch ("stop_machine: make stop_machine safe and efficient
to call early") merged twice, with whitespace fix in one version
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Initialize jump_labels much, much earlier, so they're available for use
during system setup.
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy.fitzhardinge@citrix.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
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When I tried to send a patch to remove it, Andi told me we still need to
keep compabitlies for old libc, so we can't remove this completely. Then
just make it default to n and remove the doc from
feature-removal-schedule.txt.
Signed-off-by: WANG Cong <amwang@redhat.com>
Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Expand root=PARTUUID=UUID syntax to support selecting a root partition by
integer offset from a known, unique partition. This approach provides
similar properties to specifying a device and partition number, but using
the UUID as the unique path prior to evaluating the offset.
For example,
root=PARTUUID=99DE9194-FC15-4223-9192-FC243948F88B/PARTNROFF=1
selects the partition with UUID 99DE.. then select the next
partition.
This change is motivated by a particular usecase in Chromium OS where the
bootloader can easily determine what partition it is on (by UUID) but
doesn't perform general partition table walking.
That said, support for this model provides a direct mechanism for the user
to modify the root partition to boot without specifically needing to
extract each UUID or update the bootloader explicitly when the root
partition UUID is changed (if it is recreated to be larger, for instance).
Pinning to a /boot-style partition UUID allows the arbitrary root
partition reconfiguration/modifications with slightly less ambiguity than
just [dev][partition] and less stringency than the specific root partition
UUID.
[sfr@canb.auug.org.au: fix init sections warning]
Signed-off-by: Will Drewry <wad@chromium.org>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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When a cramfs ramdisk padded with 512 bytes is given to the kernel, the
current identify_ramdisk_image function fails to identify it.
Tested with a padded cramfs image on an ARM based board.
Signed-off-by: Neil Armstrong <narmstrong@neotion.com>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@gnu.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
* 'sched-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (46 commits)
llist: Add back llist_add_batch() and llist_del_first() prototypes
sched: Don't use tasklist_lock for debug prints
sched: Warn on rt throttling
sched: Unify the ->cpus_allowed mask copy
sched: Wrap scheduler p->cpus_allowed access
sched: Request for idle balance during nohz idle load balance
sched: Use resched IPI to kick off the nohz idle balance
sched: Fix idle_cpu()
llist: Remove cpu_relax() usage in cmpxchg loops
sched: Convert to struct llist
llist: Add llist_next()
irq_work: Use llist in the struct irq_work logic
llist: Return whether list is empty before adding in llist_add()
llist: Move cpu_relax() to after the cmpxchg()
llist: Remove the platform-dependent NMI checks
llist: Make some llist functions inline
sched, tracing: Show PREEMPT_ACTIVE state in trace_sched_switch
sched: Remove redundant test in check_preempt_tick()
sched: Add documentation for bandwidth control
sched: Return unused runtime on group dequeue
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Merge reason: pick up the latest fixes.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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In this patch we introduce the notion of CFS bandwidth, partitioned into
globally unassigned bandwidth, and locally claimed bandwidth.
- The global bandwidth is per task_group, it represents a pool of unclaimed
bandwidth that cfs_rqs can allocate from.
- The local bandwidth is tracked per-cfs_rq, this represents allotments from
the global pool bandwidth assigned to a specific cpu.
Bandwidth is managed via cgroupfs, adding two new interfaces to the cpu subsystem:
- cpu.cfs_period_us : the bandwidth period in usecs
- cpu.cfs_quota_us : the cpu bandwidth (in usecs) that this tg will be allowed
to consume over period above.
Signed-off-by: Paul Turner <pjt@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Nikhil Rao <ncrao@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Bharata B Rao <bharata@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Hidetoshi Seto <seto.hidetoshi@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110721184756.972636699@google.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
* 'core-rcu-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (45 commits)
rcu: Move propagation of ->completed from rcu_start_gp() to rcu_report_qs_rsp()
rcu: Remove rcu_needs_cpu_flush() to avoid false quiescent states
rcu: Wire up RCU_BOOST_PRIO for rcutree
rcu: Make rcu_torture_boost() exit loops at end of test
rcu: Make rcu_torture_fqs() exit loops at end of test
rcu: Permit rt_mutex_unlock() with irqs disabled
rcu: Avoid having just-onlined CPU resched itself when RCU is idle
rcu: Suppress NMI backtraces when stall ends before dump
rcu: Prohibit grace periods during early boot
rcu: Simplify unboosting checks
rcu: Prevent early boot set_need_resched() from __rcu_pending()
rcu: Dump local stack if cannot dump all CPUs' stacks
rcu: Move __rcu_read_unlock()'s barrier() within if-statement
rcu: Improve rcu_assign_pointer() and RCU_INIT_POINTER() documentation
rcu: Make rcu_assign_pointer() unconditionally insert a memory barrier
rcu: Make rcu_implicit_dynticks_qs() locals be correct size
rcu: Eliminate in_irq() checks in rcu_enter_nohz()
nohz: Remove nohz_cpu_mask
rcu: Document interpretation of RCU-lockdep splats
rcu: Allow rcutorture's stat_interval parameter to be changed at runtime
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This commit eliminates the possibility of running TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
when SMP=n and of running TINY_RCU when PREEMPT=y. People who really
want these combinations can hand-edit init/Kconfig, but eliminating
them as choices for production systems reduces the amount of testing
required. It will also allow cutting out a few #ifdefs.
Note that running TREE_RCU and TINY_RCU on single-CPU systems using
SMP-built kernels is still supported.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
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The user may use "foo-bar" for a kernel parameter defined as "foo_bar".
Make sure it works the other way around too.
Apply the equality of dashes and underscores on early_params and __setup
params as well.
The example given in Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt indicates that
this is the intended behaviour.
With the patch the kernel accepts "log-buf-len=1M" as expected.
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=744545
Signed-off-by: Michal Schmidt <mschmidt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> (neatened implementations)
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Commit d5767c53535a ("bootup: move 'usermodehelper_enable()' to the end
of do_basic_setup()") moved 'usermodehelper_enable()' to end of
do_basic_setup() to after the initcalls. But then I get failed to let
uvesafb work on my computer, and lose the splash boot.
So maybe we could start usermodehelper_enable a little early to make
some task work that need eary init with the help of user mode.
[ I would *really* prefer that initcalls not call into user space - even
the real 'init' hasn't been execve'd yet, after all! But for uvesafb
it really does look like we don't have much choice.
I considered doing this when we mount the root filesystem, but
depending on config options that is in multiple places. We could do
the usermode helper enable as a rootfs_initcall()..
So I'm just using wang yanqing's trivial patch. It's not wonderful,
but it's simple and should work. We should revisit this some day,
though. - Linus ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Doing it just before starting to call into cpu_idle() made a sick kind
of sense only because the original bug we fixed (see commit
288d5abec831: "Boot up with usermodehelper disabled") was about problems
with some scheduler data structures not being initialized, and they had
better be initialized at that point.
But it really didn't make any other conceptual sense, and doing it after
the initial "schedule()" call for the idle thread actually opened up a
race: what if the main initialization thread did everything without
needing to sleep, and got all the way into user land too? Without
actually having scheduled back to the idle thread?
Now, in normal circumstances that doesn't ever happen, but it looks like
Richard Cochran triggered exactly that on his ARM IXP4xx machines:
"I have some ARM IXP4xx based machines that use the two on chip MAC
ports (aka NPEs). The NPE needs a firmware in order to function.
Ever since the following commit [that 288d5abec831 one], it is no
longer possible to bring up the interfaces during the init scripts."
with a call trace showing an ioctl coming from user space. Richard says:
"The init is busybox, and the startup script does mount, syslogd, and
then ifup, so that all can go by quickly."
The fix is to move the usermodehelper_enable() into the main 'init'
thread, and just put it after we've done all our initcalls. By then,
everything really should be up, but we've obviously not actually started
the user-mode portion of init yet.
Reported-and-tested-by: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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When a malformed loglevel value (for example "${abc}") is passed on the
kernel cmdline, the loglevel itself is being set to 0.
That then suppresses all following messages, including all the errors
and crashes caused by other malformed cmdline options. This could make
debugging process quite tricky.
This patch leaves the previous value of loglevel if the new value is
incorrect and reports an error code in this case.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Sverdlin <alexander.sverdlin@sysgo.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The core device layer sends tons of uevent notifications for each device
it finds, and if the kernel has been built with a non-empty
CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH that will make us try to execute the usermode
helper binary for all these events very early in the boot.
Not only won't the root filesystem even be mounted at that point, we
literally won't have necessarily even initialized all the process
handling data structures at that point, which causes no end of silly
problems even when the usermode helper doesn't actually succeed in
executing.
So just use our existing infrastructure to disable the usermodehelpers
to make the kernel start out with them disabled. We enable them when
we've at least initialized stuff a bit.
Problems related to an uninitialized
init_ipc_ns.ids[IPC_SHM_IDS].rw_mutex
reported by various people.
Reported-by: Manuel Lauss <manuel.lauss@googlemail.com>
Reported-by: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Reported-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@misterjones.org>
Acked-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Vasiliy Kulikov <segoon@openwall.com>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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While it's at its least, make a number of boring nitpicky cleanups to
shmem.c, mostly for consistency of variable naming. Things like "swap"
instead of "entry", "pgoff_t index" instead of "unsigned long idx".
And since everything else here is prefixed "shmem_", better change
init_tmpfs() to shmem_init().
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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For each CPU, do the calibration delay only once. For subsequent calls,
use the cached per-CPU value of loops_per_jiffy.
This saves about 200ms of resume time on dual core Intel Atom N5xx based
systems. This helps bring down the kernel resume time on such systems
from about 500ms to about 300ms.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: make cpu_loops_per_jiffy static]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: clean up message text]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix things up after upstream rmk changes]
Signed-off-by: Sameer Nanda <snanda@chromium.org>
Cc: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Cc: Andrew Worsley <amworsley@gmail.com>
Cc: David Daney <ddaney@caviumnetworks.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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In commit a2c8990aed5ab ("memsw: remove noswapaccount kernel parameter"),
Michal forgot to remove some left pieces of noswapaccount in the tree,
this patch removes them all.
Signed-off-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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'irq-core-for-linus' and 'perf-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip
* 'x86-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
um: Make rwsem.S depend on CONFIG_RWSEM_XCHGADD_ALGORITHM
* 'core-debug-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
debug: Make CONFIG_EXPERT select CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL to unhide debug options
* 'irq-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
genirq: Remove unused CHECK_IRQ_PER_CPU()
* 'perf-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
perf tools, x86: Fix 32-bit compile on 64-bit system
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Several debugging options currently default to y, such as
CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE and CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA. Embedded users
might want to turn those options off to save space; however,
turning them off requires turning on CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL to
unhide them. Since CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL exists specifically to
unhide debugging options, and CONFIG_EXPERT exists specifically
to unhide options potentially needed by experts and/or embedded
users, make CONFIG_EXPERT automatically imply
CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL.
Signed-off-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110606012358.GA1909@leaf
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip
* 'timers-cleanup-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
mips: Fix i8253 clockevent fallout
i8253: Cleanup outb/inb magic
arm: Footbridge: Use common i8253 clockevent
mips: Use common i8253 clockevent
x86: Use common i8253 clockevent
i8253: Create common clockevent implementation
i8253: Export i8253_lock unconditionally
pcpskr: MIPS: Make config dependencies finer grained
pcspkr: Cleanup Kconfig dependencies
i8253: Move remaining content and delete asm/i8253.h
i8253: Consolidate definitions of PIT_LATCH
x86: i8253: Consolidate definitions of global_clock_event
i8253: Alpha, PowerPC: Remove unused asm/8253pit.h
alpha: i8253: Cleanup remaining users of i8253pit.h
i8253: Remove I8253_LOCK config
i8253: Make pcsp sound driver use the shared i8253_lock
i8253: Make pcspkr input driver use the shared i8253_lock
i8253: Consolidate all kernel definitions of i8253_lock
i8253: Unify all kernel declarations of i8253_lock
i8253: Create linux/i8253.h and use it in all 8253 related files
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Lenghty lists of the kind "depends on ARCH1 || ARCH2 ... || ARCH123" are
usually either wrong or too coarse grained. Or plain an ugly sin.
[ tglx: Fixed up amigaone ]
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: linux-alpha@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Cc: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org
Cc: Gerhard Pircher <gerhard_pircher@gmx.net>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110601180610.984881988@duck.linux-mips.net
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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Move them to drivers/clocksource/i8253.c and remove the
implementations in arch/
[ tglx: Avoid the extra file in lib - folded arch patches in. The
export will become conditional in a later step ]
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110601180610.221426078@duck.linux-mips.net
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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Secondary CPU bringup typically calls calibrate_delay() during its
initialization. However, calibrate_delay() modifies a global variable
(loops_per_jiffy) used for udelay() and __delay().
A side effect of 71c696b1 ("calibrate: extract fall-back calculation
into own helper") introduced in the 2.6.39 merge window means that we
end up with a substantial period where loops_per_jiffy is zero. This
causes the spinlock debugging code to malfunction:
u64 loops = loops_per_jiffy * HZ;
for (;;) {
for (i = 0; i < loops; i++) {
if (arch_spin_trylock(&lock->raw_lock))
return;
__delay(1);
}
...
}
by never calling arch_spin_trylock() - resulting in the CPU locking
up in an infinite loop inside __spin_lock_debug().
Work around this by only writing to loops_per_jiffy only once we have
completed all the calibration decisions.
Tested-by: Santosh Shilimkar <santosh.shilimkar@ti.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> (2.6.39-stable)
--
Better solutions (such as omitting the calibration for secondary CPUs,
or arranging for calibrate_delay() to return the LPJ value and leave
it to the caller to decide where to store it) are a possibility, but
would be much more invasive into each architecture.
I think this is the best solution for -rc and stable, but it should be
revisited for the next merge window.
init/calibrate.c | 14 ++++++++------
1 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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enabling interrupts
There is a problem that kdump(2nd kernel) sometimes hangs up due
to a pending IPI from 1st kernel. Kernel panic occurs because IPI
comes before call_single_queue is initialized.
To fix the crash, rename init_call_single_data() to call_function_init()
and call it in start_kernel() so that call_single_queue can be
initialized before enabling interrupts.
The details of the crash are:
(1) 2nd kernel boots up
(2) A pending IPI from 1st kernel comes when irqs are first enabled
in start_kernel().
(3) Kernel tries to handle the interrupt, but call_single_queue
is not initialized yet at this point. As a result, in the
generic_smp_call_function_single_interrupt(), NULL pointer
dereference occurs when list_replace_init() tries to access
&q->list.next.
Therefore this patch changes the name of init_call_single_data()
to call_function_init() and calls it before local_irq_enable()
in start_kernel().
Signed-off-by: Takao Indoh <indou.takao@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Milton Miller <miltonm@bga.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: kexec@lists.infradead.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/D6CBEE2F420741indou.takao@jp.fujitsu.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS controls support for running constructor functions at
kernel init time. According to commit b99b87f70c7785ab ("kernel:
constructor support"), gcov (CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL) needs this. However,
CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS currently defaults to y, with no option to disable it,
and CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL depends on it. Instead, default it to n and have
CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL select it, so that the normal case of
CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL=n will result in CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS=n.
Observed in the short list of =y values in a minimal kernel configuration.
Signed-off-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Peter Oberparleiter <peter.oberparleiter@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Remove calibrate_delay_direct()'s KERN_DEBUG printk related to bogomips
calculation as it appears when booting every core on setups with
'ignore_loglevel' which dmesg people scan for possible issues. As the
message doesn't show very useful information to the widest audience of
kernel boot message gazers, it should be removed.
Introduced by commit d2b463135f84 ("init/calibrate.c: fix for critical
bogoMIPS intermittent calculation failure").
Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <borislav.petkov@amd.com>
Cc: Andrew Worsley <amworsley@gmail.com>
Cc: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The "hostname" tool falls back to setting the hostname to "localhost" if
/etc/hostname does not exist. Distribution init scripts have the same
fallback. However, if userspace never calls sethostname, such as when
booting with init=/bin/sh, or otherwise booting a minimal system without
the usual init scripts, the default hostname of "(none)" remains,
unhelpfully appearing in various places such as prompts ("root@(none):~#")
and logs. Furthermore, "(none)" doesn't typically resolve to anything
useful.
Make the default hostname configurable. This removes the need for the
standard fallback, provides a useful default for systems that never call
sethostname, and makes minimal systems that much more useful with less
configuration. Distributions could choose to use "localhost" here to
avoid the fallback, while embedded systems may wish to use a specific
target hostname.
Signed-off-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Kel Modderman <kel@otaku42.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Thomas Gleixner reports that we now have a boot crash triggered by
CONFIG_CPUMASK_OFFSTACK=y:
BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at (null)
IP: [<c11ae035>] find_next_bit+0x55/0xb0
Call Trace:
[<c11addda>] cpumask_any_but+0x2a/0x70
[<c102396b>] flush_tlb_mm+0x2b/0x80
[<c1022705>] pud_populate+0x35/0x50
[<c10227ba>] pgd_alloc+0x9a/0xf0
[<c103a3fc>] mm_init+0xec/0x120
[<c103a7a3>] mm_alloc+0x53/0xd0
which was introduced by commit de03c72cfce5 ("mm: convert
mm->cpu_vm_cpumask into cpumask_var_t"), and is due to wrong ordering of
mm_init() vs mm_init_cpumask
Thomas wrote a patch to just fix the ordering of initialization, but I
hate the new double allocation in the fork path, so I ended up instead
doing some more radical surgery to clean it all up.
Reported-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reported-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The ns_cgroup is an annoying cgroup at the namespace / cgroup frontier and
leads to some problems:
* cgroup creation is out-of-control
* cgroup name can conflict when pids are looping
* it is not possible to have a single process handling a lot of
namespaces without falling in a exponential creation time
* we may want to create a namespace without creating a cgroup
The ns_cgroup was replaced by a compatibility flag 'clone_children',
where a newly created cgroup will copy the parent cgroup values.
The userspace has to manually create a cgroup and add a task to
the 'tasks' file.
This patch removes the ns_cgroup as suggested in the following thread:
https://lists.linux-foundation.org/pipermail/containers/2009-June/018616.html
The 'cgroup_clone' function is removed because it is no longer used.
This is a userspace-visible change. Commit 45531757b45c ("cgroup: notify
ns_cgroup deprecated") (merged into 2.6.27) caused the kernel to emit a
printk warning users that the feature is planned for removal. Since that
time we have heard from XXX users who were affected by this.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>
Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <hadi@cyberus.ca>
Reviewed-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Acked-by: Matt Helsley <matthltc@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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On larger systems, because of the numerous ACPI, Bootmem and EFI messages,
the static log buffer overflows before the larger one specified by the
log_buf_len param is allocated. Minimize the overflow by allocating the
new log buffer as soon as possible.
On kernels without memblock, a later call to setup_log_buf from
kernel/init.c is the fallback.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_PRINTK=n build]
Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yhlu.kernel@gmail.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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A fix to the TSC (Time Stamp Counter) based bogoMIPS calculation used on
secondary CPUs which has two faults:
1: Not handling wrapping of the lower 32 bits of the TSC counter on
32bit kernel - perhaps TSC is not reset by a warm reset?
2: TSC and Jiffies are no incrementing together properly. Either
jiffies increment too quickly or Time Stamp Counter isn't incremented
in during an SMI but the real time clock is and jiffies are
incremented.
Case 1 can result in a factor of 16 too large a value which makes udelay()
values too small and can cause mysterious driver errors. Case 2 appears
to give smaller 10-15% errors after averaging but enough to cause
occasional failures on my own board
I have tested this code on my own branch and attach patch suitable for
current kernel code. See below for examples of the failures and how the
fix handles these situations now.
I reported this issue earlier here:
Intermittent problem with BogoMIPs calculation on Intel AP CPUs -
http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=129947246316875&w=4
I suspect this issue has been seen by others but as it is intermittent and
bogoMIPS for secondary CPUs are no longer printed out it might have been
difficult to identify this as the cause. Perhaps these unresolved issues,
although quite old, might be relevant as possibly this fault has been
around for a while. In particular Case 1 may only be relevant to 32bit
kernels on newer HW (most people run 64bit kernels?). Case 2 is less
dramatic since the earlier fix in this area and also intermittent.
Re: bogomips discrepancy on Intel Core2 Quad CPU -
http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=118929277524298&w=4
slow system and bogus bogomips -
http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=116791286716107&w=4
Re: Re: [RFC-PATCH] clocksource: update lpj if clocksource has -
http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=128952775819467&w=4
This issue is masked a little by commit feae3203d711db0a ("timers, init:
Limit the number of per cpu calibration bootup messages") which only
prints out the first bogoMIPS value making it much harder to notice other
values differing. Perhaps it should be changed to only suppress them when
they are similar values?
Here are some outputs showing faults occurring and the new code handling
them properly. See my earlier message for examples of the original
failure.
Case 1: A Time Stamp Counter wrap:
...
Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer
frequency.. 6332.70 BogoMIPS (lpj=31663540)
....
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666493
timer_rate_min=31666151 pre_start=4170369255 pre_end=4202035539
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=2425955274
timer_rate_min=2425954941 pre_start=4265368533 pre_end=2396356387
calibrate_delay_direct() ignoring timer_rate as we had a TSC wrap
around start=4265368581 >=post_end=2396356511
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666274
timer_rate_min=31665942 pre_start=2440373374 pre_end=2472039515
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666492
timer_rate_min=31666160 pre_start=2535372139 pre_end=2567038422
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666455
timer_rate_min=31666207 pre_start=2630371084 pre_end=2662037415
Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 6333.28 BogoMIPS (lpj=31666428)
Total of 2 processors activated (12665.99 BogoMIPS).
....
Case 2: Some thing (presumably the SMM interrupt?) causing the
very low increase in TSC counter for the DELAY_CALIBRATION_TICKS
increase in jiffies
...
Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer
frequency.. 6333.25 BogoMIPS (lpj=31666270)
...
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666483
timer_rate_min=31666074 pre_start=4199536526 pre_end=4231202809
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=864348 timer_rate_min=864016
pre_start=2405343672 pre_end=2406207897
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666483
timer_rate_min=31666179 pre_start=2469540464 pre_end=2501206823
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666511
timer_rate_min=31666122 pre_start=2564539400 pre_end=2596205712
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666084
timer_rate_min=31665685 pre_start=2659538782 pre_end=2691204657
calibrate_delay_direct() dropping min bogoMips estimate 1 = 864348
Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 6333.27 BogoMIPS (lpj=31666390)
Total of 2 processors activated (12666.53 BogoMIPS).
...
After 70 boots I saw 2 variations <1% slip through
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix straggly printk mess]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Worsley <amworsley@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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cpumask_t is very big struct and cpu_vm_mask is placed wrong position.
It might lead to reduce cache hit ratio.
This patch has two change.
1) Move the place of cpumask into last of mm_struct. Because usually cpumask
is accessed only front bits when the system has cpu-hotplug capability
2) Convert cpu_vm_mask into cpumask_var_t. It may help to reduce memory
footprint if cpumask_size() will use nr_cpumask_bits properly in future.
In addition, this patch change the name of cpu_vm_mask with cpu_vm_mask_var.
It may help to detect out of tree cpu_vm_mask users.
This patch has no functional change.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Koichi Yasutake <yasutake.koichi@jp.panasonic.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mmarek/kbuild-2.6
* 'kbuild' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mmarek/kbuild-2.6:
kbuild: make KBUILD_NOCMDDEP=1 handle empty built-in.o
scripts/kallsyms.c: fix potential segfault
scripts/gen_initramfs_list.sh: Convert to a /bin/sh script
kbuild: Fix GNU make v3.80 compatibility
kbuild: Fix passing -Wno-* options to gcc 4.4+
kbuild: move scripts/basic/docproc.c to scripts/docproc.c
kbuild: Fix Makefile.asm-generic for um
kbuild: Allow to combine multiple W= levels
kbuild: Disable -Wunused-but-set-variable for gcc 4.6.0
Fix handling of backlash character in LINUX_COMPILE_BY name
kbuild: asm-generic support
kbuild: implement several W= levels
kbuild: Fix build with binutils <= 2.19
initramfs: Use KBUILD_BUILD_TIMESTAMP for generated entries
kbuild: Allow to override LINUX_COMPILE_BY and LINUX_COMPILE_HOST macros
kbuild: Drop unused LINUX_COMPILE_TIME and LINUX_COMPILE_DOMAIN macros
kbuild: Use the deterministic mode of ar
kbuild: Call gzip with -n
kbuild: move KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS from Kconfig to Makefile
Kconfig: improve KALLSYMS_ALL documentation
Fix up trivial conflict in Makefile
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At the moment we have the CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS Kconfig switch,
which users can enable or disable while configuring the kernel. This
option is then used by 'make' to determine whether an extra kallsyms
pass is needed or not.
However, this approach is not nice and confusing, and this patch moves
CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS from Kconfig to Makefile instead. The
rationale is below.
1. CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS is really about the build time, not
run-time. There is no real need for it to be in Kconfig. It is
just an additional work-around which should be used only in rare
cases, when someone breaks kallsyms, so Kbuild/Makefile is much
better place for this option.
2. Grepping CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS shows that many defconfigs have
it enabled, probably not because they try to work-around a kallsyms
bug, but just because the Kconfig help text is confusing and does
not really make it clear that this option should not be used unless
except when kallsyms is broken.
3. And since many people have CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS enabled in
their Kconfig, we do might fail to notice kallsyms bugs in time. E.g.,
many testers use "make allyesconfig" to test builds, which will enable
CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS and kallsyms breakage will not be noticed.
To address that, this patch:
1. Kills CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS
2. Changes Makefile so that people can use "make KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS=1"
to enable the extra pass if needed. Additionally, they may define
KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS as an environment variable.
3. By default KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS is disabled and if kallsyms has issues,
"make" should print a warning and suggest using KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
[mmarek: Removed make help text, is not necessary]
Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
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Dumb users like myself are not able to grasp from the existing KALLSYMS_ALL
documentation that this option is not what they need. Improve the help
message and make it clearer that KALLSYMS is enough in the majority of
use cases, and KALLSYMS_ALL should really be used very rarely.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
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* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/sparc-next-2.6: (28 commits)
sparc32: fix build, fix missing cpu_relax declaration
SCHED_TTWU_QUEUE is not longer needed since sparc32 now implements IPI
sparc32,leon: Remove unnecessary page_address calls in LEON DMA API.
sparc: convert old cpumask API into new one
sparc32, sun4d: Implemented SMP IPIs support for SUN4D machines
sparc32, sun4m: Implemented SMP IPIs support for SUN4M machines
sparc32,leon: Implemented SMP IPIs for LEON CPU
sparc32: implement SMP IPIs using the generic functions
sparc32,leon: SMP power down implementation
sparc32,leon: added some SMP comments
sparc: add {read,write}*_be routines
sparc32,leon: don't rely on bootloader to mask IRQs
sparc32,leon: operate on boot-cpu IRQ controller registers
sparc32: always define boot_cpu_id
sparc32: removed unused code, implemented by generic code
sparc32: avoid build warning at mm/percpu.c:1647
sparc32: always register a PROM based early console
sparc32: probe for cpu info only during startup
sparc: consolidate show_cpuinfo in cpu.c
sparc32,leon: implement genirq CPU affinity
...
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Signed-off-by: Daniel Hellstrom <daniel@gaisler.com>
Reported-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
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I still happen to believe that I$ miss costs are a major thing, but
sadly, -Os doesn't seem to be the solution. With or without it, gcc
will miss some obvious code size improvements, and with it enabled gcc
will sometimes make choices that aren't good even with high I$ miss
ratios.
For example, with -Os, gcc on x86 will turn a 20-byte constant memcpy
into a "rep movsl". While I sincerely hope that x86 CPU's will some day
do a good job at that, they certainly don't do it yet, and the cost is
higher than a L1 I$ miss would be.
Some day I hope we can re-enable this.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip
* 'core-rcu-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (78 commits)
Revert "rcu: Decrease memory-barrier usage based on semi-formal proof"
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(prl_entry_destroy_rcu) to kfree
batman,rcu: convert call_rcu(softif_neigh_free_rcu) to kfree_rcu
batman,rcu: convert call_rcu(neigh_node_free_rcu) to kfree()
batman,rcu: convert call_rcu(gw_node_free_rcu) to kfree_rcu
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(kfree_tid_tx) to kfree_rcu()
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(xt_osf_finger_free_rcu) to kfree_rcu()
net/mac80211,rcu: convert call_rcu(work_free_rcu) to kfree_rcu()
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(wq_free_rcu) to kfree_rcu()
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(phonet_device_rcu_free) to kfree_rcu()
perf,rcu: convert call_rcu(swevent_hlist_release_rcu) to kfree_rcu()
perf,rcu: convert call_rcu(free_ctx) to kfree_rcu()
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(__nf_ct_ext_free_rcu) to kfree_rcu()
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(net_generic_release) to kfree_rcu()
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(netlbl_unlhsh_free_addr6) to kfree_rcu()
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(netlbl_unlhsh_free_addr4) to kfree_rcu()
security,rcu: convert call_rcu(sel_netif_free) to kfree_rcu()
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(xps_dev_maps_release) to kfree_rcu()
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(xps_map_release) to kfree_rcu()
net,rcu: convert call_rcu(rps_map_release) to kfree_rcu()
...
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Add priority boosting for TREE_PREEMPT_RCU, similar to that for
TINY_PREEMPT_RCU. This is enabled by the default-off RCU_BOOST
kernel parameter. The priority to which to boost preempted
RCU readers is controlled by the RCU_BOOST_PRIO kernel parameter
(defaulting to real-time priority 1) and the time to wait before
boosting the readers who are blocking a given grace period is
controlled by the RCU_BOOST_DELAY kernel parameter (defaulting to
500 milliseconds).
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
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