| Commit message (Collapse) | Author | Age | Files | Lines |
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Merge first batch of patches from Andrew Morton:
"A few misc things and all the MM queue"
* emailed from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (92 commits)
memcg: avoid THP split in task migration
thp: add HPAGE_PMD_* definitions for !CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
memcg: clean up existing move charge code
mm/memcontrol.c: remove unnecessary 'break' in mem_cgroup_read()
mm/memcontrol.c: remove redundant BUG_ON() in mem_cgroup_usage_unregister_event()
mm/memcontrol.c: s/stealed/stolen/
memcg: fix performance of mem_cgroup_begin_update_page_stat()
memcg: remove PCG_FILE_MAPPED
memcg: use new logic for page stat accounting
memcg: remove PCG_MOVE_LOCK flag from page_cgroup
memcg: simplify move_account() check
memcg: remove EXPORT_SYMBOL(mem_cgroup_update_page_stat)
memcg: kill dead prev_priority stubs
memcg: remove PCG_CACHE page_cgroup flag
memcg: let css_get_next() rely upon rcu_read_lock()
cgroup: revert ss_id_lock to spinlock
idr: make idr_get_next() good for rcu_read_lock()
memcg: remove unnecessary thp check in page stat accounting
memcg: remove redundant returns
memcg: enum lru_list lru
...
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Return an errno upon failure to create inode kmem cache, and unregister
the FS upon failure to mount.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove unneeded test of `error']
Signed-off-by: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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When calling shmget() with SHM_HUGETLB, shmget aligns the request size to
PAGE_SIZE, but this is not sufficient.
Modify hugetlb_file_setup() to align requests to the huge page size, and
to accept an address argument so that all alignment checks can be
performed in hugetlb_file_setup(), rather than in its callers. Change
newseg() and mmap_pgoff() to match the new prototype and eliminate a now
redundant alignment check.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Signed-off-by: Steven Truelove <steven.truelove@utoronto.ca>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Add the thread name and pid of the application that is allocating shm
segments with MAP_HUGETLB without being a part of
/proc/sys/vm/hugetlb_shm_group or having CAP_IPC_LOCK.
This identifies the application so it may be fixed by avoiding using the
deprecated exception (see Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt).
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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sync_mm_rss() can only be used for current to avoid race conditions in
iterating and clearing its per-task counters. Remove the task argument
for it and its helper function, __sync_task_rss_stat(), to avoid thinking
it can be used safely for anything other than current.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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hugetlbfs_{get,put}_quota() are badly named. They don't interact with the
general quota handling code, and they don't much resemble its behaviour.
Rather than being about maintaining limits on on-disk block usage by
particular users, they are instead about maintaining limits on in-memory
page usage (including anonymous MAP_PRIVATE copied-on-write pages)
associated with a particular hugetlbfs filesystem instance.
Worse, they work by having callbacks to the hugetlbfs filesystem code from
the low-level page handling code, in particular from free_huge_page().
This is a layering violation of itself, but more importantly, if the
kernel does a get_user_pages() on hugepages (which can happen from KVM
amongst others), then the free_huge_page() can be delayed until after the
associated inode has already been freed. If an unmount occurs at the
wrong time, even the hugetlbfs superblock where the "quota" limits are
stored may have been freed.
Andrew Barry proposed a patch to fix this by having hugepages, instead of
storing a pointer to their address_space and reaching the superblock from
there, had the hugepages store pointers directly to the superblock,
bumping the reference count as appropriate to avoid it being freed.
Andrew Morton rejected that version, however, on the grounds that it made
the existing layering violation worse.
This is a reworked version of Andrew's patch, which removes the extra, and
some of the existing, layering violation. It works by introducing the
concept of a hugepage "subpool" at the lower hugepage mm layer - that is a
finite logical pool of hugepages to allocate from. hugetlbfs now creates
a subpool for each filesystem instance with a page limit set, and a
pointer to the subpool gets added to each allocated hugepage, instead of
the address_space pointer used now. The subpool has its own lifetime and
is only freed once all pages in it _and_ all other references to it (i.e.
superblocks) are gone.
subpools are optional - a NULL subpool pointer is taken by the code to
mean that no subpool limits are in effect.
Previous discussion of this bug found in: "Fix refcounting in hugetlbfs
quota handling.". See: https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/8/11/28 or
http://marc.info/?l=linux-mm&m=126928970510627&w=1
v2: Fixed a bug spotted by Hillf Danton, and removed the extra parameter to
alloc_huge_page() - since it already takes the vma, it is not necessary.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Barry <abarry@cray.com>
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Make a couple of small cleanups to linux/include/hugetlb.h. The
set_file_hugepages() function, which was not used anywhere is removed,
and the hugetlbfs_config and hugetlbfs_inode_info structures with its
HUGETLBFS_I helper function are moved into inode.c, the only place they
were used.
These structures are really linked to the hugetlbfs filesystem
specifically not to hugepage mm handling in general, so they belong in
the filesystem code not in a generally available header.
It would be nice to move the hugetlbfs_sb_info (superblock) structure in
there as well, but it's currently needed in a number of places via the
hstate_vma() and hstate_inode().
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Andrew Barry <abarry@cray.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Taking i_mutex in hugetlbfs_read() can result in deadlock with mmap as
explained below
Thread A:
read() on hugetlbfs
hugetlbfs_read() called
i_mutex grabbed
hugetlbfs_read_actor() called
__copy_to_user() called
page fault is triggered
Thread B, sharing address space with A:
mmap() the same file
->mmap_sem is grabbed on task_B->mm->mmap_sem
hugetlbfs_file_mmap() is called
attempt to grab ->i_mutex and block waiting for A to give it up
Thread A:
pagefault handled blocked on attempt to grab task_A->mm->mmap_sem,
which happens to be the same thing as task_B->mm->mmap_sem. Block waiting
for B to give it up.
AFAIU the i_mutex locking was added to hugetlbfs_read() as per
http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0707.2/3066.html to take
care of the race between truncate and read. This patch fixes this by
looking at page->mapping under lock_page() (find_lock_page()) to ensure
that the inode didn't get truncated in the range during a parallel read.
Ideally we can extend the patch to make sure we don't increase i_size in
mmap. But that will break userspace, because applications will now have
to use truncate(2) to increase i_size in hugetlbfs.
Based on the original patch from Hillf Danton.
Signed-off-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [everything after 2007 :)]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Stack for a new thread is mapped by userspace code and passed via
sys_clone. This memory is currently seen as anonymous in
/proc/<pid>/maps, which makes it difficult to ascertain which mappings
are being used for thread stacks. This patch uses the individual task
stack pointers to determine which vmas are actually thread stacks.
For a multithreaded program like the following:
#include <pthread.h>
void *thread_main(void *foo)
{
while(1);
}
int main()
{
pthread_t t;
pthread_create(&t, NULL, thread_main, NULL);
pthread_join(t, NULL);
}
proc/PID/maps looks like the following:
00400000-00401000 r-xp 00000000 fd:0a 3671804 /home/siddhesh/a.out
00600000-00601000 rw-p 00000000 fd:0a 3671804 /home/siddhesh/a.out
019ef000-01a10000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
7f8a44491000-7f8a44492000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a44492000-7f8a44c92000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a44c92000-7f8a44e3d000 r-xp 00000000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a44e3d000-7f8a4503d000 ---p 001ab000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a4503d000-7f8a45041000 r--p 001ab000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a45041000-7f8a45043000 rw-p 001af000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a45043000-7f8a45048000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45048000-7f8a4505f000 r-xp 00000000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a4505f000-7f8a4525e000 ---p 00017000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a4525e000-7f8a4525f000 r--p 00016000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a4525f000-7f8a45260000 rw-p 00017000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a45260000-7f8a45264000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45264000-7f8a45286000 r-xp 00000000 fd:00 2097348 /lib64/ld-2.14.90.so
7f8a45457000-7f8a4545a000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45484000-7f8a45485000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45485000-7f8a45486000 r--p 00021000 fd:00 2097348 /lib64/ld-2.14.90.so
7f8a45486000-7f8a45487000 rw-p 00022000 fd:00 2097348 /lib64/ld-2.14.90.so
7f8a45487000-7f8a45488000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7fff6273b000-7fff6275c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
7fff627ff000-7fff62800000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
ffffffffff600000-ffffffffff601000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vsyscall]
Here, one could guess that 7f8a44492000-7f8a44c92000 is a stack since
the earlier vma that has no permissions (7f8a44e3d000-7f8a4503d000) but
that is not always a reliable way to find out which vma is a thread
stack. Also, /proc/PID/maps and /proc/PID/task/TID/maps has the same
content.
With this patch in place, /proc/PID/task/TID/maps are treated as 'maps
as the task would see it' and hence, only the vma that that task uses as
stack is marked as [stack]. All other 'stack' vmas are marked as
anonymous memory. /proc/PID/maps acts as a thread group level view,
where all thread stack vmas are marked as [stack:TID] where TID is the
process ID of the task that uses that vma as stack, while the process
stack is marked as [stack].
So /proc/PID/maps will look like this:
00400000-00401000 r-xp 00000000 fd:0a 3671804 /home/siddhesh/a.out
00600000-00601000 rw-p 00000000 fd:0a 3671804 /home/siddhesh/a.out
019ef000-01a10000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
7f8a44491000-7f8a44492000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a44492000-7f8a44c92000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack:1442]
7f8a44c92000-7f8a44e3d000 r-xp 00000000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a44e3d000-7f8a4503d000 ---p 001ab000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a4503d000-7f8a45041000 r--p 001ab000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a45041000-7f8a45043000 rw-p 001af000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a45043000-7f8a45048000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45048000-7f8a4505f000 r-xp 00000000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a4505f000-7f8a4525e000 ---p 00017000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a4525e000-7f8a4525f000 r--p 00016000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a4525f000-7f8a45260000 rw-p 00017000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a45260000-7f8a45264000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45264000-7f8a45286000 r-xp 00000000 fd:00 2097348 /lib64/ld-2.14.90.so
7f8a45457000-7f8a4545a000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45484000-7f8a45485000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45485000-7f8a45486000 r--p 00021000 fd:00 2097348 /lib64/ld-2.14.90.so
7f8a45486000-7f8a45487000 rw-p 00022000 fd:00 2097348 /lib64/ld-2.14.90.so
7f8a45487000-7f8a45488000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7fff6273b000-7fff6275c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
7fff627ff000-7fff62800000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
ffffffffff600000-ffffffffff601000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vsyscall]
Thus marking all vmas that are used as stacks by the threads in the
thread group along with the process stack. The task level maps will
however like this:
00400000-00401000 r-xp 00000000 fd:0a 3671804 /home/siddhesh/a.out
00600000-00601000 rw-p 00000000 fd:0a 3671804 /home/siddhesh/a.out
019ef000-01a10000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
7f8a44491000-7f8a44492000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a44492000-7f8a44c92000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
7f8a44c92000-7f8a44e3d000 r-xp 00000000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a44e3d000-7f8a4503d000 ---p 001ab000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a4503d000-7f8a45041000 r--p 001ab000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a45041000-7f8a45043000 rw-p 001af000 fd:00 2097482 /lib64/libc-2.14.90.so
7f8a45043000-7f8a45048000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45048000-7f8a4505f000 r-xp 00000000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a4505f000-7f8a4525e000 ---p 00017000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a4525e000-7f8a4525f000 r--p 00016000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a4525f000-7f8a45260000 rw-p 00017000 fd:00 2099938 /lib64/libpthread-2.14.90.so
7f8a45260000-7f8a45264000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45264000-7f8a45286000 r-xp 00000000 fd:00 2097348 /lib64/ld-2.14.90.so
7f8a45457000-7f8a4545a000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45484000-7f8a45485000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7f8a45485000-7f8a45486000 r--p 00021000 fd:00 2097348 /lib64/ld-2.14.90.so
7f8a45486000-7f8a45487000 rw-p 00022000 fd:00 2097348 /lib64/ld-2.14.90.so
7f8a45487000-7f8a45488000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7fff6273b000-7fff6275c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
7fff627ff000-7fff62800000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
ffffffffff600000-ffffffffff601000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vsyscall]
where only the vma that is being used as a stack by *that* task is
marked as [stack].
Analogous changes have been made to /proc/PID/smaps,
/proc/PID/numa_maps, /proc/PID/task/TID/smaps and
/proc/PID/task/TID/numa_maps. Relevant snippets from smaps and
numa_maps:
[siddhesh@localhost ~ ]$ pgrep a.out
1441
[siddhesh@localhost ~ ]$ cat /proc/1441/smaps | grep "\[stack"
7f8a44492000-7f8a44c92000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack:1442]
7fff6273b000-7fff6275c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
[siddhesh@localhost ~ ]$ cat /proc/1441/task/1442/smaps | grep "\[stack"
7f8a44492000-7f8a44c92000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
[siddhesh@localhost ~ ]$ cat /proc/1441/task/1441/smaps | grep "\[stack"
7fff6273b000-7fff6275c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
[siddhesh@localhost ~ ]$ cat /proc/1441/numa_maps | grep "stack"
7f8a44492000 default stack:1442 anon=2 dirty=2 N0=2
7fff6273a000 default stack anon=3 dirty=3 N0=3
[siddhesh@localhost ~ ]$ cat /proc/1441/task/1442/numa_maps | grep "stack"
7f8a44492000 default stack anon=2 dirty=2 N0=2
[siddhesh@localhost ~ ]$ cat /proc/1441/task/1441/numa_maps | grep "stack"
7fff6273a000 default stack anon=3 dirty=3 N0=3
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Signed-off-by: Siddhesh Poyarekar <siddhesh.poyarekar@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Cc: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Currently a local variable of pagemap entry in pagemap_pte_range() is
named pfn and typed with u64, but it's not correct (pfn should be unsigned
long.)
This patch introduces special type for pagemap entries and replaces code
with it.
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This flag shows that a given page is a subpage of a transparent hugepage.
It helps us debug and test the kernel by showing physical address of thp.
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Currently when we check if we can handle thp as it is or we need to split
it into regular sized pages, we hold page table lock prior to check
whether a given pmd is mapping thp or not. Because of this, when it's not
"huge pmd" we suffer from unnecessary lock/unlock overhead. To remove it,
this patch introduces a optimized check function and replace several
similar logics with it.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Thp split is not necessary if we explicitly check whether pmds are mapping
thps or not. This patch introduces this check and adds code to generate
pagemap entries for pmds mapping thps, which results in less performance
impact of pagemap on thp.
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Reviewed-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Use/update cached_hole_size and free_area_cache properly to speedup
finding of a free region.
Signed-off-by: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The following program illustrates the problem:
char buf[8192];
int fd = open("/proc/self/maps", O_RDONLY);
n = pread(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
printf("%d\n", n);
/* lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_CUR); */ /* Uncomment to work around */
n = pread(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
printf("%d\n", n);
The second printf() prints zero, but uncommenting the lseek() corrects its
behaviour.
To fix, make seq_read() mirror seq_lseek() when processing changes in
*ppos. Restore m->version first, then if required traverse and update
read_pos on success.
Addresses https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11856
Signed-off-by: Earl Chew <echew@ixiacom.com>
Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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i386 allnoconfig:
fs/namei.c: In function 'has_zero':
fs/namei.c:1617: warning: integer constant is too large for 'unsigned long' type
fs/namei.c:1617: warning: integer constant is too large for 'unsigned long' type
fs/namei.c: In function 'hash_name':
fs/namei.c:1635: warning: integer constant is too large for 'unsigned long' type
There must be a tidier way of doing this.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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In some cases it may happen that pmd_none_or_clear_bad() is called with
the mmap_sem hold in read mode. In those cases the huge page faults can
allocate hugepmds under pmd_none_or_clear_bad() and that can trigger a
false positive from pmd_bad() that will not like to see a pmd
materializing as trans huge.
It's not khugepaged causing the problem, khugepaged holds the mmap_sem
in write mode (and all those sites must hold the mmap_sem in read mode
to prevent pagetables to go away from under them, during code review it
seems vm86 mode on 32bit kernels requires that too unless it's
restricted to 1 thread per process or UP builds). The race is only with
the huge pagefaults that can convert a pmd_none() into a
pmd_trans_huge().
Effectively all these pmd_none_or_clear_bad() sites running with
mmap_sem in read mode are somewhat speculative with the page faults, and
the result is always undefined when they run simultaneously. This is
probably why it wasn't common to run into this. For example if the
madvise(MADV_DONTNEED) runs zap_page_range() shortly before the page
fault, the hugepage will not be zapped, if the page fault runs first it
will be zapped.
Altering pmd_bad() not to error out if it finds hugepmds won't be enough
to fix this, because zap_pmd_range would then proceed to call
zap_pte_range (which would be incorrect if the pmd become a
pmd_trans_huge()).
The simplest way to fix this is to read the pmd in the local stack
(regardless of what we read, no need of actual CPU barriers, only
compiler barrier needed), and be sure it is not changing under the code
that computes its value. Even if the real pmd is changing under the
value we hold on the stack, we don't care. If we actually end up in
zap_pte_range it means the pmd was not none already and it was not huge,
and it can't become huge from under us (khugepaged locking explained
above).
All we need is to enforce that there is no way anymore that in a code
path like below, pmd_trans_huge can be false, but pmd_none_or_clear_bad
can run into a hugepmd. The overhead of a barrier() is just a compiler
tweak and should not be measurable (I only added it for THP builds). I
don't exclude different compiler versions may have prevented the race
too by caching the value of *pmd on the stack (that hasn't been
verified, but it wouldn't be impossible considering
pmd_none_or_clear_bad, pmd_bad, pmd_trans_huge, pmd_none are all inlines
and there's no external function called in between pmd_trans_huge and
pmd_none_or_clear_bad).
if (pmd_trans_huge(*pmd)) {
if (next-addr != HPAGE_PMD_SIZE) {
VM_BUG_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&tlb->mm->mmap_sem));
split_huge_page_pmd(vma->vm_mm, pmd);
} else if (zap_huge_pmd(tlb, vma, pmd, addr))
continue;
/* fall through */
}
if (pmd_none_or_clear_bad(pmd))
Because this race condition could be exercised without special
privileges this was reported in CVE-2012-1179.
The race was identified and fully explained by Ulrich who debugged it.
I'm quoting his accurate explanation below, for reference.
====== start quote =======
mapcount 0 page_mapcount 1
kernel BUG at mm/huge_memory.c:1384!
At some point prior to the panic, a "bad pmd ..." message similar to the
following is logged on the console:
mm/memory.c:145: bad pmd ffff8800376e1f98(80000000314000e7).
The "bad pmd ..." message is logged by pmd_clear_bad() before it clears
the page's PMD table entry.
143 void pmd_clear_bad(pmd_t *pmd)
144 {
-> 145 pmd_ERROR(*pmd);
146 pmd_clear(pmd);
147 }
After the PMD table entry has been cleared, there is an inconsistency
between the actual number of PMD table entries that are mapping the page
and the page's map count (_mapcount field in struct page). When the page
is subsequently reclaimed, __split_huge_page() detects this inconsistency.
1381 if (mapcount != page_mapcount(page))
1382 printk(KERN_ERR "mapcount %d page_mapcount %d\n",
1383 mapcount, page_mapcount(page));
-> 1384 BUG_ON(mapcount != page_mapcount(page));
The root cause of the problem is a race of two threads in a multithreaded
process. Thread B incurs a page fault on a virtual address that has never
been accessed (PMD entry is zero) while Thread A is executing an madvise()
system call on a virtual address within the same 2 MB (huge page) range.
virtual address space
.---------------------.
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.-|---------------------|
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| | |<-- B(fault)
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2 MB | |/////////////////////|-.
huge < |/////////////////////| > A(range)
page | |/////////////////////|-'
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'-|---------------------|
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'---------------------'
- Thread A is executing an madvise(..., MADV_DONTNEED) system call
on the virtual address range "A(range)" shown in the picture.
sys_madvise
// Acquire the semaphore in shared mode.
down_read(¤t->mm->mmap_sem)
...
madvise_vma
switch (behavior)
case MADV_DONTNEED:
madvise_dontneed
zap_page_range
unmap_vmas
unmap_page_range
zap_pud_range
zap_pmd_range
//
// Assume that this huge page has never been accessed.
// I.e. content of the PMD entry is zero (not mapped).
//
if (pmd_trans_huge(*pmd)) {
// We don't get here due to the above assumption.
}
//
// Assume that Thread B incurred a page fault and
.---------> // sneaks in here as shown below.
| //
| if (pmd_none_or_clear_bad(pmd))
| {
| if (unlikely(pmd_bad(*pmd)))
| pmd_clear_bad
| {
| pmd_ERROR
| // Log "bad pmd ..." message here.
| pmd_clear
| // Clear the page's PMD entry.
| // Thread B incremented the map count
| // in page_add_new_anon_rmap(), but
| // now the page is no longer mapped
| // by a PMD entry (-> inconsistency).
| }
| }
|
v
- Thread B is handling a page fault on virtual address "B(fault)" shown
in the picture.
...
do_page_fault
__do_page_fault
// Acquire the semaphore in shared mode.
down_read_trylock(&mm->mmap_sem)
...
handle_mm_fault
if (pmd_none(*pmd) && transparent_hugepage_enabled(vma))
// We get here due to the above assumption (PMD entry is zero).
do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page
alloc_hugepage_vma
// Allocate a new transparent huge page here.
...
__do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page
...
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock)
...
page_add_new_anon_rmap
// Here we increment the page's map count (starts at -1).
atomic_set(&page->_mapcount, 0)
set_pmd_at
// Here we set the page's PMD entry which will be cleared
// when Thread A calls pmd_clear_bad().
...
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock)
The mmap_sem does not prevent the race because both threads are acquiring
it in shared mode (down_read). Thread B holds the page_table_lock while
the page's map count and PMD table entry are updated. However, Thread A
does not synchronize on that lock.
====== end quote =======
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
Reported-by: Ulrich Obergfell <uobergfe@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [2.6.38+]
Cc: Mark Salter <msalter@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/benh/powerpc
Pull powerpc merge from Benjamin Herrenschmidt:
"Here's the powerpc batch for this merge window. It is going to be a
bit more nasty than usual as in touching things outside of
arch/powerpc mostly due to the big iSeriesectomy :-) We finally got
rid of the bugger (legacy iSeries support) which was a PITA to
maintain and that nobody really used anymore.
Here are some of the highlights:
- Legacy iSeries is gone. Thanks Stephen ! There's still some bits
and pieces remaining if you do a grep -ir series arch/powerpc but
they are harmless and will be removed in the next few weeks
hopefully.
- The 'fadump' functionality (Firmware Assisted Dump) replaces the
previous (equivalent) "pHyp assisted dump"... it's a rewrite of a
mechanism to get the hypervisor to do crash dumps on pSeries, the
new implementation hopefully being much more reliable. Thanks
Mahesh Salgaonkar.
- The "EEH" code (pSeries PCI error handling & recovery) got a big
spring cleaning, motivated by the need to be able to implement a
new backend for it on top of some new different type of firwmare.
The work isn't complete yet, but a good chunk of the cleanups is
there. Note that this adds a field to struct device_node which is
not very nice and which Grant objects to. I will have a patch soon
that moves that to a powerpc private data structure (hopefully
before rc1) and we'll improve things further later on (hopefully
getting rid of the need for that pointer completely). Thanks Gavin
Shan.
- I dug into our exception & interrupt handling code to improve the
way we do lazy interrupt handling (and make it work properly with
"edge" triggered interrupt sources), and while at it found & fixed
a wagon of issues in those areas, including adding support for page
fault retry & fatal signals on page faults.
- Your usual random batch of small fixes & updates, including a bunch
of new embedded boards, both Freescale and APM based ones, etc..."
I fixed up some conflicts with the generalized irq-domain changes from
Grant Likely, hopefully correctly.
* 'next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/benh/powerpc: (141 commits)
powerpc/ps3: Do not adjust the wrapper load address
powerpc: Remove the rest of the legacy iSeries include files
powerpc: Remove the remaining CONFIG_PPC_ISERIES pieces
init: Remove CONFIG_PPC_ISERIES
powerpc: Remove FW_FEATURE ISERIES from arch code
tty/hvc_vio: FW_FEATURE_ISERIES is no longer selectable
powerpc/spufs: Fix double unlocks
powerpc/5200: convert mpc5200 to use of_platform_populate()
powerpc/mpc5200: add options to mpc5200_defconfig
powerpc/mpc52xx: add a4m072 board support
powerpc/mpc5200: update mpc5200_defconfig to fit for charon board
Documentation/powerpc/mpc52xx.txt: Checkpatch cleanup
powerpc/44x: Add additional device support for APM821xx SoC and Bluestone board
powerpc/44x: Add support PCI-E for APM821xx SoC and Bluestone board
MAINTAINERS: Update PowerPC 4xx tree
powerpc/44x: The bug fixed support for APM821xx SoC and Bluestone board
powerpc: document the FSL MPIC message register binding
powerpc: add support for MPIC message register API
powerpc/fsl: Added aliased MSIIR register address to MSI node in dts
powerpc/85xx: mpc8548cds - add 36-bit dts
...
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With the firmware-assisted dump support we don't require a reboot when we
are in second kernel after crash. The second kernel after crash is a normal
kernel boot and has knowledge about entire system RAM with the page tables
initialized for entire system RAM. Hence once the dump is saved to disk, we
can just release the reserved memory area for general use and continue
with second kernel as production kernel.
Hence when we release the reserved memory that contains dump data, the
'/proc/vmcore' will not be valid anymore. Hence this patch introduces
a cleanup routine that invalidates and removes the /proc/vmcore file. This
routine will be invoked before we release the reserved dump memory area.
Signed-off-by: Mahesh Salgaonkar <mahesh@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
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Pull gfs2 changes from Steven Whitehouse.
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/steve/gfs2-3.0-nmw:
GFS2: Change truncate page allocation to be GFP_NOFS
GFS2: call gfs2_write_alloc_required for each chunk
GFS2: Clean up log flush header writing
GFS2: Remove a __GFP_NOFAIL allocation
GFS2: Flush pending glock work when evicting an inode
GFS2: make sure rgrps are up to date in func gfs2_blk2rgrpd
GFS2: Eliminate sd_rindex_mutex
GFS2: Unlock rindex mutex on glock error
GFS2: Make bd_cmp() static
GFS2: Sort the ordered write list
GFS2: FITRIM ioctl support
GFS2: Move two functions from log.c to lops.c
GFS2: glock statistics gathering
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This patch changes the page allocation in gfs2_block_truncate_page
and two others to GFP_NOFS to avoid deadlock in low-memory conditions.
Signed-off-by: Bob Peterson <rpeterso@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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gfs2_fallocate was calling gfs2_write_alloc_required() once at the start of
the function. This caused problems since gfs2_write_alloc_required used a
long unsigned int for the len, but gfs2_fallocate could allocate a much
larger amount. This patch will move the call into the loop where the
chunks are actually allocated and zeroed out. This will keep the allocation
size under the limit, and also allow gfs2_fallocate to quickly skip over
sections of the file that are already completely allocated.
fallcate_chunk was also not correctly setting the file size. It was using the
len veriable to find the last block written to, but by the time it was setting
the size, the len variable had already been decremented to 0.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Marzinski <bmarzins@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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We already send both a pre and post flush to the block device
when writing a journal header. There is no need to wait for
the previous I/O specifically when we do this, unless we've
turned "barriers" off.
As a side effect, this also cleans up the code path for flushing
the journal and makes it more readable.
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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In order to ensure that we've got enough buffer heads for flushing
the journal, the orignal code used __GFP_NOFAIL when performing
this allocation. Here we dispense with that in favour of using a
mempool. This should improve efficiency in low memory conditions
since flushing the journal is a good way to get memory back, we
don't want to be spinning, waiting on memory allocations. The
buffers which are allocated via this mempool are fairly short lived,
so that we'll recycle them pretty quickly.
Although there are other memory allocations which occur during the
journal flush process, this is the one which can potentially require
the most memory, so the most important one to fix.
The amount of memory reserved is a fixed amount, and we should not need
to scale it when there are a greater number of filesystems in use.
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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This ensures that we will not try to access the inode thats
being flushed via the glock after it has been freed.
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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This patch adds a call to gfs2_rindex_update from function gfs2_blk2rgrpd
and removes calls to it that are made redundant by it. The problem is
that a gfs2_grow can add rgrps to the rindex, then put those rgrps into
use, thus rendering the rindex we read in at mount time incomplete.
Signed-off-by: Bob Peterson <rpeterso@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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Over time, we've slowly eliminated the use of sd_rindex_mutex.
Up to this point, it was only used in two places: function
gfs2_ri_total (which totals the file system size by reading
and parsing the rindex file) and function gfs2_rindex_update
which updates the rgrps in memory. Both of these functions have
the rindex glock to protect them, so the rindex is unnecessary.
Since gfs2_grow writes to the rindex via the meta_fs, the mutex
is in the wrong order according to the normal rules. This patch
eliminates the mutex entirely to avoid the problem.
Signed-off-by: Bob Peterson <rpeterso@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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This patch fixes an error path in function gfs2_rindex_update
that leaves the rindex mutex held.
Signed-off-by: Bob Peterson <rpeterso@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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Add missing static to bd_cmp()
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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This patch sorts the ordered write list for GFS2 writes.
This increases the throughput for simultaneous writes.
For example, if you have ten processes, all doing:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/gfs2/fileX
on different files, the throughput will be much better.
Signed-off-by: Bob Peterson <rpeterso@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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The FITRIM ioctl provides an alternative way to send discard requests to
the underlying device. Using the discard mount option results in every
freed block generating a discard request to the block device. This can
be slow, since many block devices can only process discard requests of
larger sizes, and also such operations can be time consuming.
Rather than using the discard mount option, FITRIM allows a sweep of the
filesystem on an occasional basis, and also to optionally avoid sending
down discard requests for smaller regions.
In GFS2 FITRIM will work at resource group granularity. There is a flag
for each resource group which keeps track of which resource groups have
been trimmed. This flag is reset whenever a deallocation occurs in the
resource group, and set whenever a successful FITRIM of that resource
group has taken place. This helps to reduce repeated discard requests
for the same block ranges, again improving performance.
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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gfs2_log_get_buf() and gfs2_log_fake_buf() are both used
only in lops.c, so move them next to their callers and they
can then become static.
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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The stats are divided into two sets: those relating to the
super block and those relating to an individual glock. The
super block stats are done on a per cpu basis in order to
try and reduce the overhead of gathering them. They are also
further divided by glock type.
In the case of both the super block and glock statistics,
the same information is gathered in each case. The super
block statistics are used to provide default values for
most of the glock statistics, so that newly created glocks
should have, as far as possible, a sensible starting point.
The statistics are divided into three pairs of mean and
variance, plus two counters. The mean/variance pairs are
smoothed exponential estimates and the algorithm used is
one which will be very familiar to those used to calculation
of round trip times in network code.
The three pairs of mean/variance measure the following
things:
1. DLM lock time (non-blocking requests)
2. DLM lock time (blocking requests)
3. Inter-request time (again to the DLM)
A non-blocking request is one which will complete right
away, whatever the state of the DLM lock in question. That
currently means any requests when (a) the current state of
the lock is exclusive (b) the requested state is either null
or unlocked or (c) the "try lock" flag is set. A blocking
request covers all the other lock requests.
There are two counters. The first is there primarily to show
how many lock requests have been made, and thus how much data
has gone into the mean/variance calculations. The other counter
is counting queueing of holders at the top layer of the glock
code. Hopefully that number will be a lot larger than the number
of dlm lock requests issued.
So why gather these statistics? There are several reasons
we'd like to get a better idea of these timings:
1. To be able to better set the glock "min hold time"
2. To spot performance issues more easily
3. To improve the algorithm for selecting resource groups for
allocation (to base it on lock wait time, rather than blindly
using a "try lock")
Due to the smoothing action of the updates, a step change in
some input quantity being sampled will only fully be taken
into account after 8 samples (or 4 for the variance) and this
needs to be carefully considered when interpreting the
results.
Knowing both the time it takes a lock request to complete and
the average time between lock requests for a glock means we
can compute the total percentage of the time for which the
node is able to use a glock vs. time that the rest of the
cluster has its share. That will be very useful when setting
the lock min hold time.
The other point to remember is that all times are in
nanoseconds. Great care has been taken to ensure that we
measure exactly the quantities that we want, as accurately
as possible. There are always inaccuracies in any
measuring system, but I hope this is as accurate as we
can reasonably make it.
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/teigland/linux-dlm
Pull dlm updates for 3.4 from David Teigland:
"This set includes one trivial fix, and one simple recovery speed up.
Directory recovery can use the standard hash table to find resources
rather than always searching the linear recovery list."
* tag 'dlm-3.4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/teigland/linux-dlm:
dlm: last element of dlm_local_addr[] never used
dlm: fix slow rsb search in dir recovery
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The last element of dlm_local_addr[DLM_MAX_ADDR_COUNT]
was not used because the loop ended at COUNT - 1.
Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: David Teigland <teigland@redhat.com>
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The function used to find an rsb during directory
recovery was searching the single linear list of
rsb's. This wasted a lot of time compared to
using the standard hash table to find the rsb.
Signed-off-by: David Teigland <teigland@redhat.com>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs
Pull vfs pile 1 from Al Viro:
"This is _not_ all; in particular, Miklos' and Jan's stuff is not there
yet."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (64 commits)
ext4: initialization of ext4_li_mtx needs to be done earlier
debugfs-related mode_t whack-a-mole
hfsplus: add an ioctl to bless files
hfsplus: change finder_info to u32
hfsplus: initialise userflags
qnx4: new helper - try_extent()
qnx4: get rid of qnx4_bread/qnx4_getblk
take removal of PF_FORKNOEXEC to flush_old_exec()
trim includes in inode.c
um: uml_dup_mmap() relies on ->mmap_sem being held, but activate_mm() doesn't hold it
um: embed ->stub_pages[] into mmu_context
gadgetfs: list_for_each_safe() misuse
ocfs2: fix leaks on failure exits in module_init
ecryptfs: make register_filesystem() the last potential failure exit
ntfs: forgets to unregister sysctls on register_filesystem() failure
logfs: missing cleanup on register_filesystem() failure
jfs: mising cleanup on register_filesystem() failure
make configfs_pin_fs() return root dentry on success
configfs: configfs_create_dir() has parent dentry in dentry->d_parent
configfs: sanitize configfs_create()
...
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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all of those should be umode_t...
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Making an hfsplus partition bootable requires the ability to "bless" a
file by putting its inode number in the volume header. Doing this from
userspace on a mounted filesystem is impractical since the kernel will
write back the original values on unmount. Add an ioctl to allow userspace
to update the volume header information based on the target file.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Garrett <mjg@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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The finder_info block in the hfsplus volume header is currently defined as
an array of 8 bit values, but TN1150 defines it as being an array of 32 bit
values. Fix for convenience.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Garrett <mjg@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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The userflags field was being written to the filesystem without being
initialised. Make sure it's clear, since otherwise files end up with
garbage attributes.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Garrett <mjg@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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checking if an extent is the one we are looking for is done twice
in qnx4_block_map(); gather that code into a helper function.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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pointless, since the only caller will want the physical block
number anyway; might as well call qnx4_block_map() and use
sb_bread()
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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