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+The CIFS VFS support for Linux supports many advanced network filesystem
+features such as heirarchical dfs like namespace, hardlinks, locking and more.
+It was designed to comply with the SNIA CIFS Technical Reference (which
+supersedes the 1992 X/Open SMB Standard) as well as to perform best practice
+practical interoperability with Windows 2000, Windows XP, Samba and equivalent
+servers.
+
+For questions or bug reports please contact:
+ sfrench@samba.org (sfrench@us.ibm.com)
+
+Build instructions:
+==================
+For Linux 2.4:
+1) Get the kernel source (e.g.from http://www.kernel.org)
+and download the cifs vfs source (see the project page
+at http://us1.samba.org/samba/Linux_CIFS_client.html)
+and change directory into the top of the kernel directory
+then patch the kernel (e.g. "patch -p1 < cifs_24.patch")
+to add the cifs vfs to your kernel configure options if
+it has not already been added (e.g. current SuSE and UL
+users do not need to apply the cifs_24.patch since the cifs vfs is
+already in the kernel configure menu) and then
+mkdir linux/fs/cifs and then copy the current cifs vfs files from
+the cifs download to your kernel build directory e.g.
+
+ cp <cifs_download_dir>/fs/cifs/* to <kernel_download_dir>/fs/cifs
+
+2) make menuconfig (or make xconfig)
+3) select cifs from within the network filesystem choices
+4) save and exit
+5) make dep
+6) make modules (or "make" if CIFS VFS not to be built as a module)
+
+For Linux 2.6:
+1) Download the kernel (e.g. from http://www.kernel.org or from bitkeeper
+at bk://linux.bkbits.net/linux-2.5) and change directory into the top
+of the kernel directory tree (e.g. /usr/src/linux-2.5.73)
+2) make menuconfig (or make xconfig)
+3) select cifs from within the network filesystem choices
+4) save and exit
+5) make
+
+
+Installation instructions:
+=========================
+If you have built the CIFS vfs as module (successfully) simply
+type "make modules_install" (or if you prefer, manually copy the file to
+the modules directory e.g. /lib/modules/2.4.10-4GB/kernel/fs/cifs/cifs.o).
+
+If you have built the CIFS vfs into the kernel itself, follow the instructions
+for your distribution on how to install a new kernel (usually you
+would simply type "make install").
+
+If you do not have the utility mount.cifs (in the Samba 3.0 source tree and on
+the CIFS VFS web site) copy it to the same directory in which mount.smbfs and
+similar files reside (usually /sbin). Although the helper software is not
+required, mount.cifs is recommended. Eventually the Samba 3.0 utility program
+"net" may also be helpful since it may someday provide easier mount syntax for
+users who are used to Windows e.g. net use <mount point> <UNC name or cifs URL>
+Note that running the Winbind pam/nss module (logon service) on all of your
+Linux clients is useful in mapping Uids and Gids consistently across the
+domain to the proper network user. The mount.cifs mount helper can be
+trivially built from Samba 3.0 or later source e.g. by executing:
+
+ gcc samba/source/client/mount.cifs.c -o mount.cifs
+
+If cifs is built as a module, then the size and number of network buffers
+and maximum number of simultaneous requests to one server can be configured.
+Changing these from their defaults is not recommended. By executing modinfo
+ modinfo kernel/fs/cifs/cifs.ko
+on kernel/fs/cifs/cifs.ko the list of configuration changes that can be made
+at module initialization time (by running insmod cifs.ko) can be seen.
+
+Allowing User Mounts
+====================
+To permit users to mount and unmount over directories they own is possible
+with the cifs vfs. A way to enable such mounting is to mark the mount.cifs
+utility as suid (e.g. "chmod +s /sbin/mount/cifs). To enable users to
+umount shares they mount requires
+1) mount.cifs version 1.4 or later
+2) an entry for the share in /etc/fstab indicating that a user may
+unmount it e.g.
+//server/usersharename /mnt/username cifs user 0 0
+
+Note that when the mount.cifs utility is run suid (allowing user mounts),
+in order to reduce risks, the "nosuid" mount flag is passed in on mount to
+disallow execution of an suid program mounted on the remote target.
+When mount is executed as root, nosuid is not passed in by default,
+and execution of suid programs on the remote target would be enabled
+by default. This can be changed, as with nfs and other filesystems,
+by simply specifying "nosuid" among the mount options. For user mounts
+though to be able to pass the suid flag to mount requires rebuilding
+mount.cifs with the following flag:
+
+ gcc samba/source/client/mount.cifs.c -DCIFS_ALLOW_USR_SUID -o mount.cifs
+
+There is a corresponding manual page for cifs mounting in the Samba 3.0 and
+later source tree in docs/manpages/mount.cifs.8
+
+Samba Considerations
+====================
+To get the maximum benefit from the CIFS VFS, we recommend using a server that
+supports the SNIA CIFS Unix Extensions standard (e.g. Samba 2.2.5 or later or
+Samba 3.0) but the CIFS vfs works fine with a wide variety of CIFS servers.
+Note that uid, gid and file permissions will display default values if you do
+not have a server that supports the Unix extensions for CIFS (such as Samba
+2.2.5 or later). To enable the Unix CIFS Extensions in the Samba server, add
+the line:
+
+ unix extensions = yes
+
+to your smb.conf file on the server. Note that the following smb.conf settings
+are also useful (on the Samba server) when the majority of clients are Unix or
+Linux:
+
+ case sensitive = yes
+ delete readonly = yes
+ ea support = yes
+
+Note that server ea support is required for supporting xattrs from the Linux
+cifs client, and that EA support is present in later versions of Samba (e.g.
+3.0.6 and later (also EA support works in all versions of Windows, at least to
+shares on NTFS filesystems). Extended Attribute (xattr) support is an optional
+feature of most Linux filesystems which may require enabling via
+make menuconfig. Client support for extended attributes (user xattr) can be
+disabled on a per-mount basis by specifying "nouser_xattr" on mount.
+
+The CIFS client can get and set POSIX ACLs (getfacl, setfacl) to Samba servers
+version 3.10 and later. Setting POSIX ACLs requires enabling both XATTR and
+then POSIX support in the CIFS configuration options when building the cifs
+module. POSIX ACL support can be disabled on a per mount basic by specifying
+"noacl" on mount.
+
+Some administrators may want to change Samba's smb.conf "map archive" and
+"create mask" parameters from the default. Unless the create mask is changed
+newly created files can end up with an unnecessarily restrictive default mode,
+which may not be what you want, although if the CIFS Unix extensions are
+enabled on the server and client, subsequent setattr calls (e.g. chmod) can
+fix the mode. Note that creating special devices (mknod) remotely
+may require specifying a mkdev function to Samba if you are not using
+Samba 3.0.6 or later. For more information on these see the manual pages
+("man smb.conf") on the Samba server system. Note that the cifs vfs,
+unlike the smbfs vfs, does not read the smb.conf on the client system
+(the few optional settings are passed in on mount via -o parameters instead).
+Note that Samba 2.2.7 or later includes a fix that allows the CIFS VFS to delete
+open files (required for strict POSIX compliance). Windows Servers already
+supported this feature. Samba server does not allow symlinks that refer to files
+outside of the share, so in Samba versions prior to 3.0.6, most symlinks to
+files with absolute paths (ie beginning with slash) such as:
+ ln -s /mnt/foo bar
+would be forbidden. Samba 3.0.6 server or later includes the ability to create
+such symlinks safely by converting unsafe symlinks (ie symlinks to server
+files that are outside of the share) to a samba specific format on the server
+that is ignored by local server applications and non-cifs clients and that will
+not be traversed by the Samba server). This is opaque to the Linux client
+application using the cifs vfs. Absolute symlinks will work to Samba 3.0.5 or
+later, but only for remote clients using the CIFS Unix extensions, and will
+be invisbile to Windows clients and typically will not affect local
+applications running on the same server as Samba.
+
+Use instructions:
+================
+Once the CIFS VFS support is built into the kernel or installed as a module
+(cifs.o), you can use mount syntax like the following to access Samba or Windows
+servers:
+
+ mount -t cifs //9.53.216.11/e$ /mnt -o user=myname,pass=mypassword
+
+Before -o the option -v may be specified to make the mount.cifs
+mount helper display the mount steps more verbosely.
+After -o the following commonly used cifs vfs specific options
+are supported:
+
+ user=<username>
+ pass=<password>
+ domain=<domain name>
+
+Other cifs mount options are described below. Use of TCP names (in addition to
+ip addresses) is available if the mount helper (mount.cifs) is installed. If
+you do not trust the server to which are mounted, or if you do not have
+cifs signing enabled (and the physical network is insecure), consider use
+of the standard mount options "noexec" and "nosuid" to reduce the risk of
+running an altered binary on your local system (downloaded from a hostile server
+or altered by a hostile router).
+
+Although mounting using format corresponding to the CIFS URL specification is
+not possible in mount.cifs yet, it is possible to use an alternate format
+for the server and sharename (which is somewhat similar to NFS style mount
+syntax) instead of the more widely used UNC format (i.e. \\server\share):
+ mount -t cifs tcp_name_of_server:share_name /mnt -o user=myname,pass=mypasswd
+
+When using the mount helper mount.cifs, passwords may be specified via alternate
+mechanisms, instead of specifying it after -o using the normal "pass=" syntax
+on the command line:
+1) By including it in a credential file. Specify credentials=filename as one
+of the mount options. Credential files contain two lines
+ username=someuser
+ password=your_password
+2) By specifying the password in the PASSWD environment variable (similarly
+the user name can be taken from the USER environment variable).
+3) By specifying the password in a file by name via PASSWD_FILE
+4) By specifying the password in a file by file descriptor via PASSWD_FD
+
+If no password is provided, mount.cifs will prompt for password entry
+
+Restrictions
+============
+Servers must support the NTLM SMB dialect (which is the most recent, supported
+by Samba and Windows NT version 4, 2000 and XP and many other SMB/CIFS servers)
+Servers must support either "pure-TCP" (port 445 TCP/IP CIFS connections) or RFC
+1001/1002 support for "Netbios-Over-TCP/IP." Neither of these is likely to be a
+problem as most servers support this. IPv6 support is planned for the future,
+and is almost complete.
+
+Valid filenames differ between Windows and Linux. Windows typically restricts
+filenames which contain certain reserved characters (e.g.the character :
+which is used to delimit the beginning of a stream name by Windows), while
+Linux allows a slightly wider set of valid characters in filenames. Windows
+servers can remap such characters when an explicit mapping is specified in
+the Server's registry. Samba starting with version 3.10 will allow such
+filenames (ie those which contain valid Linux characters, which normally
+would be forbidden for Windows/CIFS semantics) as long as the server is
+configured for Unix Extensions (and the client has not disabled
+/proc/fs/cifs/LinuxExtensionsEnabled).
+
+
+CIFS VFS Mount Options
+======================
+A partial list of the supported mount options follows:
+ user The user name to use when trying to establish
+ the CIFS session.
+ password The user password. If the mount helper is
+ installed, the user will be prompted for password
+ if it is not supplied.
+ ip The ip address of the target server
+ unc The target server Universal Network Name (export) to
+ mount.
+ domain Set the SMB/CIFS workgroup name prepended to the
+ username during CIFS session establishment
+ uid If CIFS Unix extensions are not supported by the server
+ this overrides the default uid for inodes. For mounts to
+ servers which do support the CIFS Unix extensions, such
+ as a properly configured Samba server, the server provides
+ the uid, gid and mode. For servers which do not support
+ the Unix extensions, the default uid (and gid) returned on
+ lookup of existing files is the uid (gid) of the person
+ who executed the mount (root, except when mount.cifs
+ is configured setuid for user mounts) unless the "uid="
+ (gid) mount option is specified. For the uid (gid) of newly
+ created files and directories, ie files created since
+ the last mount of the server share, the expected uid
+ (gid) is cached as as long as the inode remains in
+ memory on the client. Also note that permission
+ checks (authorization checks) on accesses to a file occur
+ at the server, but there are cases in which an administrator
+ may want to restrict at the client as well. For those
+ servers which do not report a uid/gid owner
+ (such as Windows), permissions can also be checked at the
+ client, and a crude form of client side permission checking
+ can be enabled by specifying file_mode and dir_mode on
+ the client
+ gid If CIFS Unix extensions are not supported by the server
+ this overrides the default gid for inodes.
+ file_mode If CIFS Unix extensions are not supported by the server
+ this overrides the default mode for file inodes.
+ dir_mode If CIFS Unix extensions are not supported by the server
+ this overrides the default mode for directory inodes.
+ port attempt to contact the server on this tcp port, before
+ trying the usual ports (port 445, then 139).
+ iocharset Codepage used to convert local path names to and from
+ Unicode. Unicode is used by default for network path
+ names if the server supports it. If iocharset is
+ not specified then the nls_default specified
+ during the local client kernel build will be used.
+ If server does not support Unicode, this parameter is
+ unused.
+ rsize default read size
+ wsize default write size
+ rw mount the network share read-write (note that the
+ server may still consider the share read-only)
+ ro mount network share read-only
+ version used to distinguish different versions of the
+ mount helper utility (not typically needed)
+ sep if first mount option (after the -o), overrides
+ the comma as the separator between the mount
+ parms. e.g.
+ -o user=myname,password=mypassword,domain=mydom
+ could be passed instead with period as the separator by
+ -o sep=.user=myname.password=mypassword.domain=mydom
+ this might be useful when comma is contained within username
+ or password or domain. This option is less important
+ when the cifs mount helper cifs.mount (version 1.1 or later)
+ is used.
+ nosuid Do not allow remote executables with the suid bit
+ program to be executed. This is only meaningful for mounts
+ to servers such as Samba which support the CIFS Unix Extensions.
+ If you do not trust the servers in your network (your mount
+ targets) it is recommended that you specify this option for
+ greater security.
+ exec Permit execution of binaries on the mount.
+ noexec Do not permit execution of binaries on the mount.
+ dev Recognize block devices on the remote mount.
+ nodev Do not recognize devices on the remote mount.
+ suid Allow remote files on this mountpoint with suid enabled to
+ be executed (default for mounts when executed as root,
+ nosuid is default for user mounts).
+ credentials Although ignored by the cifs kernel component, it is used by
+ the mount helper, mount.cifs. When mount.cifs is installed it
+ opens and reads the credential file specified in order
+ to obtain the userid and password arguments which are passed to
+ the cifs vfs.
+ guest Although ignored by the kernel component, the mount.cifs
+ mount helper will not prompt the user for a password
+ if guest is specified on the mount options. If no
+ password is specified a null password will be used.
+ perm Client does permission checks (vfs_permission check of uid
+ and gid of the file against the mode and desired operation),
+ Note that this is in addition to the normal ACL check on the
+ target machine done by the server software.
+ Client permission checking is enabled by default.
+ noperm Client does not do permission checks. This can expose
+ files on this mount to access by other users on the local
+ client system. It is typically only needed when the server
+ supports the CIFS Unix Extensions but the UIDs/GIDs on the
+ client and server system do not match closely enough to allow
+ access by the user doing the mount.
+ Note that this does not affect the normal ACL check on the
+ target machine done by the server software (of the server
+ ACL against the user name provided at mount time).
+ serverino Use servers inode numbers instead of generating automatically
+ incrementing inode numbers on the client. Although this will
+ make it easier to spot hardlinked files (as they will have
+ the same inode numbers) and inode numbers may be persistent,
+ note that the server does not guarantee that the inode numbers
+ are unique if multiple server side mounts are exported under a
+ single share (since inode numbers on the servers might not
+ be unique if multiple filesystems are mounted under the same
+ shared higher level directory). Note that this requires that
+ the server support the CIFS Unix Extensions as other servers
+ do not return a unique IndexNumber on SMB FindFirst (most
+ servers return zero as the IndexNumber). Parameter has no
+ effect to Windows servers and others which do not support the
+ CIFS Unix Extensions.
+ noserverino Client generates inode numbers (rather than using the actual one
+ from the server) by default.
+ setuids If the CIFS Unix extensions are negotiated with the server
+ the client will attempt to set the effective uid and gid of
+ the local process on newly created files, directories, and
+ devices (create, mkdir, mknod).
+ nosetuids The client will not attempt to set the uid and gid on
+ on newly created files, directories, and devices (create,
+ mkdir, mknod) which will result in the server setting the
+ uid and gid to the default (usually the server uid of the
+ usern who mounted the share). Letting the server (rather than
+ the client) set the uid and gid is the default. This
+ parameter has no effect if the CIFS Unix Extensions are not
+ negotiated.
+ netbiosname When mounting to servers via port 139, specifies the RFC1001
+ source name to use to represent the client netbios machine
+ name when doing the RFC1001 netbios session initialize.
+ direct Do not do inode data caching on files opened on this mount.
+ This precludes mmaping files on this mount. In some cases
+ with fast networks and little or no caching benefits on the
+ client (e.g. when the application is doing large sequential
+ reads bigger than page size without rereading the same data)
+ this can provide better performance than the default
+ behavior which caches reads (reaadahead) and writes
+ (writebehind) through the local Linux client pagecache
+ if oplock (caching token) is granted and held. Note that
+ direct allows write operations larger than page size
+ to be sent to the server.
+ acl Allow setfacl and getfacl to manage posix ACLs if server
+ supports them. (default)
+ noacl Do not allow setfacl and getfacl calls on this mount
+ user_xattr Allow getting and setting user xattrs as OS/2 EAs (extended
+ attributes) to the server (default) e.g. via setfattr
+ and getfattr utilities.
+ nouser_xattr Do not allow getfattr/setfattr to get/set xattrs
+
+The mount.cifs mount helper also accepts a few mount options before -o
+including:
+
+ -S take password from stdin (equivalent to setting the environment
+ variable "PASSWD_FD=0"
+ -V print mount.cifs version
+ -? display simple usage information
+
+With recent 2.6 kernel versions of modutils, the version of the cifs kernel
+module can be displayed via modinfo.
+
+Misc /proc/fs/cifs Flags and Debug Info
+=======================================
+Informational pseudo-files:
+DebugData Displays information about active CIFS sessions
+ and shares.
+Stats Lists summary resource usage information as well as per
+ share statistics, if CONFIG_CIFS_STATS in enabled
+ in the kernel configuration.
+
+Configuration pseudo-files:
+MultiuserMount If set to one, more than one CIFS session to
+ the same server ip address can be established
+ if more than one uid accesses the same mount
+ point and if the uids user/password mapping
+ information is available. (default is 0)
+PacketSigningEnabled If set to one, cifs packet signing is enabled
+ and will be used if the server requires
+ it. If set to two, cifs packet signing is
+ required even if the server considers packet
+ signing optional. (default 1)
+cifsFYI If set to one, additional debug information is
+ logged to the system error log. (default 0)
+ExtendedSecurity If set to one, SPNEGO session establishment
+ is allowed which enables more advanced
+ secure CIFS session establishment (default 0)
+NTLMV2Enabled If set to one, more secure password hashes
+ are used when the server supports them and
+ when kerberos is not negotiated (default 0)
+traceSMB If set to one, debug information is logged to the
+ system error log with the start of smb requests
+ and responses (default 0)
+LookupCacheEnable If set to one, inode information is kept cached
+ for one second improving performance of lookups
+ (default 1)
+OplockEnabled If set to one, safe distributed caching enabled.
+ (default 1)
+LinuxExtensionsEnabled If set to one then the client will attempt to
+ use the CIFS "UNIX" extensions which are optional
+ protocol enhancements that allow CIFS servers
+ to return accurate UID/GID information as well
+ as support symbolic links. If you use servers
+ such as Samba that support the CIFS Unix
+ extensions but do not want to use symbolic link
+ support and want to map the uid and gid fields
+ to values supplied at mount (rather than the
+ actual values, then set this to zero. (default 1)
+
+These experimental features and tracing can be enabled by changing flags in
+/proc/fs/cifs (after the cifs module has been installed or built into the
+kernel, e.g. insmod cifs). To enable a feature set it to 1 e.g. to enable
+tracing to the kernel message log type:
+
+ echo 1 > /proc/fs/cifs/cifsFYI
+
+and for more extensive tracing including the start of smb requests and responses
+
+ echo 1 > /proc/fs/cifs/traceSMB
+
+Two other experimental features are under development and to test
+require enabling CONFIG_CIFS_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+ More efficient write operations and SMB buffer handling
+
+ DNOTIFY fcntl: needed for support of directory change
+ notification and perhaps later for file leases)
+
+Per share (per client mount) statistics are available in /proc/fs/cifs/Stats
+if the kernel was configured with cifs statistics enabled. The statistics
+represent the number of successful (ie non-zero return code from the server)
+SMB responses to some of the more common commands (open, delete, mkdir etc.).
+Also recorded is the total bytes read and bytes written to the server for
+that share. Note that due to client caching effects this can be less than the
+number of bytes read and written by the application running on the client.
+The statistics for the number of total SMBs and oplock breaks are different in
+that they represent all for that share, not just those for which the server
+returned success.
+
+Also note that "cat /proc/fs/cifs/DebugData" will display information about
+the active sessions and the shares that are mounted. Note: NTLMv2 enablement
+will not work since they its implementation is not quite complete yet.
+Do not alter these configuration values unless you are doing specific testing.
+Enabling extended security works to Windows 2000 Workstations and XP but not to
+Windows 2000 server or Samba since it does not usually send "raw NTLMSSP"
+(instead it sends NTLMSSP encapsulated in SPNEGO/GSSAPI, which support is not
+complete in the CIFS VFS yet).
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