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diff --git a/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt b/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72a22f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +How to use the Kernel Samepage Merging feature +---------------------------------------------- + +KSM is a memory-saving de-duplication feature, enabled by CONFIG_KSM=y, +added to the Linux kernel in 2.6.32. See mm/ksm.c for its implementation, +and http://lwn.net/Articles/306704/ and http://lwn.net/Articles/330589/ + +The KSM daemon ksmd periodically scans those areas of user memory which +have been registered with it, looking for pages of identical content which +can be replaced by a single write-protected page (which is automatically +copied if a process later wants to update its content). + +KSM was originally developed for use with KVM (where it was known as +Kernel Shared Memory), to fit more virtual machines into physical memory, +by sharing the data common between them. But it can be useful to any +application which generates many instances of the same data. + +KSM only merges anonymous (private) pages, never pagecache (file) pages. +KSM's merged pages are at present locked into kernel memory for as long +as they are shared: so cannot be swapped out like the user pages they +replace (but swapping KSM pages should follow soon in a later release). + +KSM only operates on those areas of address space which an application +has advised to be likely candidates for merging, by using the madvise(2) +system call: int madvise(addr, length, MADV_MERGEABLE). + +The app may call int madvise(addr, length, MADV_UNMERGEABLE) to cancel +that advice and restore unshared pages: whereupon KSM unmerges whatever +it merged in that range. Note: this unmerging call may suddenly require +more memory than is available - possibly failing with EAGAIN, but more +probably arousing the Out-Of-Memory killer. + +If KSM is not configured into the running kernel, madvise MADV_MERGEABLE +and MADV_UNMERGEABLE simply fail with EINVAL. If the running kernel was +built with CONFIG_KSM=y, those calls will normally succeed: even if the +the KSM daemon is not currently running, MADV_MERGEABLE still registers +the range for whenever the KSM daemon is started; even if the range +cannot contain any pages which KSM could actually merge; even if +MADV_UNMERGEABLE is applied to a range which was never MADV_MERGEABLE. + +Like other madvise calls, they are intended for use on mapped areas of +the user address space: they will report ENOMEM if the specified range +includes unmapped gaps (though working on the intervening mapped areas), +and might fail with EAGAIN if not enough memory for internal structures. + +Applications should be considerate in their use of MADV_MERGEABLE, +restricting its use to areas likely to benefit. KSM's scans may use +a lot of processing power, and its kernel-resident pages are a limited +resource. Some installations will disable KSM for these reasons. + +The KSM daemon is controlled by sysfs files in /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/, +readable by all but writable only by root: + +max_kernel_pages - set to maximum number of kernel pages that KSM may use + e.g. "echo 2000 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/max_kernel_pages" + Value 0 imposes no limit on the kernel pages KSM may use; + but note that any process using MADV_MERGEABLE can cause + KSM to allocate these pages, unswappable until it exits. + Default: 2000 (chosen for demonstration purposes) + +pages_to_scan - how many present pages to scan before ksmd goes to sleep + e.g. "echo 200 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/pages_to_scan" + Default: 200 (chosen for demonstration purposes) + +sleep_millisecs - how many milliseconds ksmd should sleep before next scan + e.g. "echo 20 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/sleep_millisecs" + Default: 20 (chosen for demonstration purposes) + +run - set 0 to stop ksmd from running but keep merged pages, + set 1 to run ksmd e.g. "echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run", + set 2 to stop ksmd and unmerge all pages currently merged, + but leave mergeable areas registered for next run + Default: 1 (for immediate use by apps which register) + +The effectiveness of KSM and MADV_MERGEABLE is shown in /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/: + +pages_shared - how many shared unswappable kernel pages KSM is using +pages_sharing - how many more sites are sharing them i.e. how much saved +pages_unshared - how many pages unique but repeatedly checked for merging +pages_volatile - how many pages changing too fast to be placed in a tree +full_scans - how many times all mergeable areas have been scanned + +A high ratio of pages_sharing to pages_shared indicates good sharing, but +a high ratio of pages_unshared to pages_sharing indicates wasted effort. +pages_volatile embraces several different kinds of activity, but a high +proportion there would also indicate poor use of madvise MADV_MERGEABLE. + +Izik Eidus, +Hugh Dickins, 30 July 2009 |
