RAS: Add a Corrected Errors Collector

Introduce a simple data structure for collecting correctable errors
along with accessors. More detailed description in the code itself.

The error decoding is done with the decoding chain now and
mce_first_notifier() gets to see the error first and the CEC decides
whether to log it and then the rest of the chain doesn't hear about it -
basically the main reason for the CE collector - or to continue running
the notifiers.

When the CEC hits the action threshold, it will try to soft-offine the
page containing the ECC and then the whole decoding chain gets to see
the error.

Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-edac <linux-edac@vger.kernel.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170327093304.10683-5-bp@alien8.de
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

5 files changed, 554 insertions, 2 deletions

diff --git a/drivers/ras/Makefile b/drivers/ras/Makefile
index d7f7334..7b26dd3 100644
--- a/drivers/ras/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/ras/Makefile
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
-obj-$(CONFIG_RAS) += ras.o debugfs.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_RAS)	+= ras.o debugfs.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_RAS_CEC)	+= cec.o
diff --git a/drivers/ras/cec.c b/drivers/ras/cec.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6aab46d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/ras/cec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+#include <linux/mm.h>
+#include <linux/gfp.h>
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+
+#include <asm/mce.h>
+
+#include "debugfs.h"
+
+/*
+ * RAS Correctable Errors Collector
+ *
+ * This is a simple gadget which collects correctable errors and counts their
+ * occurrence per physical page address.
+ *
+ * We've opted for possibly the simplest data structure to collect those - an
+ * array of the size of a memory page. It stores 512 u64's with the following
+ * structure:
+ *
+ * [63 ... PFN ... 12 | 11 ... generation ... 10 | 9 ... count ... 0]
+ *
+ * The generation in the two highest order bits is two bits which are set to 11b
+ * on every insertion. During the course of each entry's existence, the
+ * generation field gets decremented during spring cleaning to 10b, then 01b and
+ * then 00b.
+ *
+ * This way we're employing the natural numeric ordering to make sure that newly
+ * inserted/touched elements have higher 12-bit counts (which we've manufactured)
+ * and thus iterating over the array initially won't kick out those elements
+ * which were inserted last.
+ *
+ * Spring cleaning is what we do when we reach a certain number CLEAN_ELEMS of
+ * elements entered into the array, during which, we're decaying all elements.
+ * If, after decay, an element gets inserted again, its generation is set to 11b
+ * to make sure it has higher numerical count than other, older elements and
+ * thus emulate an an LRU-like behavior when deleting elements to free up space
+ * in the page.
+ *
+ * When an element reaches it's max count of count_threshold, we try to poison
+ * it by assuming that errors triggered count_threshold times in a single page
+ * are excessive and that page shouldn't be used anymore. count_threshold is
+ * initialized to COUNT_MASK which is the maximum.
+ *
+ * That error event entry causes cec_add_elem() to return !0 value and thus
+ * signal to its callers to log the error.
+ *
+ * To the question why we've chosen a page and moving elements around with
+ * memmove(), it is because it is a very simple structure to handle and max data
+ * movement is 4K which on highly optimized modern CPUs is almost unnoticeable.
+ * We wanted to avoid the pointer traversal of more complex structures like a
+ * linked list or some sort of a balancing search tree.
+ *
+ * Deleting an element takes O(n) but since it is only a single page, it should
+ * be fast enough and it shouldn't happen all too often depending on error
+ * patterns.
+ */
+
+#undef pr_fmt
+#define pr_fmt(fmt) "RAS: " fmt
+
+/*
+ * We use DECAY_BITS bits of PAGE_SHIFT bits for counting decay, i.e., how long
+ * elements have stayed in the array without having been accessed again.
+ */
+#define DECAY_BITS		2
+#define DECAY_MASK		((1ULL << DECAY_BITS) - 1)
+#define MAX_ELEMS		(PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(u64))
+
+/*
+ * Threshold amount of inserted elements after which we start spring
+ * cleaning.
+ */
+#define CLEAN_ELEMS		(MAX_ELEMS >> DECAY_BITS)
+
+/* Bits which count the number of errors happened in this 4K page. */
+#define COUNT_BITS		(PAGE_SHIFT - DECAY_BITS)
+#define COUNT_MASK		((1ULL << COUNT_BITS) - 1)
+#define FULL_COUNT_MASK		(PAGE_SIZE - 1)
+
+/*
+ * u64: [ 63 ... 12 | DECAY_BITS | COUNT_BITS ]
+ */
+
+#define PFN(e)			((e) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
+#define DECAY(e)		(((e) >> COUNT_BITS) & DECAY_MASK)
+#define COUNT(e)		((unsigned int)(e) & COUNT_MASK)
+#define FULL_COUNT(e)		((e) & (PAGE_SIZE - 1))
+
+static struct ce_array {
+	u64 *array;			/* container page */
+	unsigned int n;			/* number of elements in the array */
+
+	unsigned int decay_count;	/*
+					 * number of element insertions/increments
+					 * since the last spring cleaning.
+					 */
+
+	u64 pfns_poisoned;		/*
+					 * number of PFNs which got poisoned.
+					 */
+
+	u64 ces_entered;		/*
+					 * The number of correctable errors
+					 * entered into the collector.
+					 */
+
+	u64 decays_done;		/*
+					 * Times we did spring cleaning.
+					 */
+
+	union {
+		struct {
+			__u32	disabled : 1,	/* cmdline disabled */
+			__resv   : 31;
+		};
+		__u32 flags;
+	};
+} ce_arr;
+
+static DEFINE_MUTEX(ce_mutex);
+static u64 dfs_pfn;
+
+/* Amount of errors after which we offline */
+static unsigned int count_threshold = COUNT_MASK;
+
+/*
+ * The timer "decays" element count each timer_interval which is 24hrs by
+ * default.
+ */
+
+#define CEC_TIMER_DEFAULT_INTERVAL	24 * 60 * 60	/* 24 hrs */
+#define CEC_TIMER_MIN_INTERVAL		 1 * 60 * 60	/* 1h */
+#define CEC_TIMER_MAX_INTERVAL	   30 *	24 * 60 * 60	/* one month */
+static struct timer_list cec_timer;
+static u64 timer_interval = CEC_TIMER_DEFAULT_INTERVAL;
+
+/*
+ * Decrement decay value. We're using DECAY_BITS bits to denote decay of an
+ * element in the array. On insertion and any access, it gets reset to max.
+ */
+static void do_spring_cleaning(struct ce_array *ca)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ca->n; i++) {
+		u8 decay = DECAY(ca->array[i]);
+
+		if (!decay)
+			continue;
+
+		decay--;
+
+		ca->array[i] &= ~(DECAY_MASK << COUNT_BITS);
+		ca->array[i] |= (decay << COUNT_BITS);
+	}
+	ca->decay_count = 0;
+	ca->decays_done++;
+}
+
+/*
+ * @interval in seconds
+ */
+static void cec_mod_timer(struct timer_list *t, unsigned long interval)
+{
+	unsigned long iv;
+
+	iv = interval * HZ + jiffies;
+
+	mod_timer(t, round_jiffies(iv));
+}
+
+static void cec_timer_fn(unsigned long data)
+{
+	struct ce_array *ca = (struct ce_array *)data;
+
+	do_spring_cleaning(ca);
+
+	cec_mod_timer(&cec_timer, timer_interval);
+}
+
+/*
+ * @to: index of the smallest element which is >= then @pfn.
+ *
+ * Return the index of the pfn if found, otherwise negative value.
+ */
+static int __find_elem(struct ce_array *ca, u64 pfn, unsigned int *to)
+{
+	u64 this_pfn;
+	int min = 0, max = ca->n;
+
+	while (min < max) {
+		int tmp = (max + min) >> 1;
+
+		this_pfn = PFN(ca->array[tmp]);
+
+		if (this_pfn < pfn)
+			min = tmp + 1;
+		else if (this_pfn > pfn)
+			max = tmp;
+		else {
+			min = tmp;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (to)
+		*to = min;
+
+	this_pfn = PFN(ca->array[min]);
+
+	if (this_pfn == pfn)
+		return min;
+
+	return -ENOKEY;
+}
+
+static int find_elem(struct ce_array *ca, u64 pfn, unsigned int *to)
+{
+	WARN_ON(!to);
+
+	if (!ca->n) {
+		*to = 0;
+		return -ENOKEY;
+	}
+	return __find_elem(ca, pfn, to);
+}
+
+static void del_elem(struct ce_array *ca, int idx)
+{
+	/* Save us a function call when deleting the last element. */
+	if (ca->n - (idx + 1))
+		memmove((void *)&ca->array[idx],
+			(void *)&ca->array[idx + 1],
+			(ca->n - (idx + 1)) * sizeof(u64));
+
+	ca->n--;
+}
+
+static u64 del_lru_elem_unlocked(struct ce_array *ca)
+{
+	unsigned int min = FULL_COUNT_MASK;
+	int i, min_idx = 0;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ca->n; i++) {
+		unsigned int this = FULL_COUNT(ca->array[i]);
+
+		if (min > this) {
+			min = this;
+			min_idx = i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	del_elem(ca, min_idx);
+
+	return PFN(ca->array[min_idx]);
+}
+
+/*
+ * We return the 0th pfn in the error case under the assumption that it cannot
+ * be poisoned and excessive CEs in there are a serious deal anyway.
+ */
+static u64 __maybe_unused del_lru_elem(void)
+{
+	struct ce_array *ca = &ce_arr;
+	u64 pfn;
+
+	if (!ca->n)
+		return 0;
+
+	mutex_lock(&ce_mutex);
+	pfn = del_lru_elem_unlocked(ca);
+	mutex_unlock(&ce_mutex);
+
+	return pfn;
+}
+
+
+int cec_add_elem(u64 pfn)
+{
+	struct ce_array *ca = &ce_arr;
+	unsigned int to;
+	int count, ret = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can be called very early on the identify_cpu() path where we are
+	 * not initialized yet. We ignore the error for simplicity.
+	 */
+	if (!ce_arr.array || ce_arr.disabled)
+		return -ENODEV;
+
+	ca->ces_entered++;
+
+	mutex_lock(&ce_mutex);
+
+	if (ca->n == MAX_ELEMS)
+		WARN_ON(!del_lru_elem_unlocked(ca));
+
+	ret = find_elem(ca, pfn, &to);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		/*
+		 * Shift range [to-end] to make room for one more element.
+		 */
+		memmove((void *)&ca->array[to + 1],
+			(void *)&ca->array[to],
+			(ca->n - to) * sizeof(u64));
+
+		ca->array[to] = (pfn << PAGE_SHIFT) |
+				(DECAY_MASK << COUNT_BITS) | 1;
+
+		ca->n++;
+
+		ret = 0;
+
+		goto decay;
+	}
+
+	count = COUNT(ca->array[to]);
+
+	if (count < count_threshold) {
+		ca->array[to] |= (DECAY_MASK << COUNT_BITS);
+		ca->array[to]++;
+
+		ret = 0;
+	} else {
+		u64 pfn = ca->array[to] >> PAGE_SHIFT;
+
+		if (!pfn_valid(pfn)) {
+			pr_warn("CEC: Invalid pfn: 0x%llx\n", pfn);
+		} else {
+			/* We have reached max count for this page, soft-offline it. */
+			pr_err("Soft-offlining pfn: 0x%llx\n", pfn);
+			memory_failure_queue(pfn, 0, MF_SOFT_OFFLINE);
+			ca->pfns_poisoned++;
+		}
+
+		del_elem(ca, to);
+
+		/*
+		 * Return a >0 value to denote that we've reached the offlining
+		 * threshold.
+		 */
+		ret = 1;
+
+		goto unlock;
+	}
+
+decay:
+	ca->decay_count++;
+
+	if (ca->decay_count >= CLEAN_ELEMS)
+		do_spring_cleaning(ca);
+
+unlock:
+	mutex_unlock(&ce_mutex);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int u64_get(void *data, u64 *val)
+{
+	*val = *(u64 *)data;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int pfn_set(void *data, u64 val)
+{
+	*(u64 *)data = val;
+
+	return cec_add_elem(val);
+}
+
+DEFINE_DEBUGFS_ATTRIBUTE(pfn_ops, u64_get, pfn_set, "0x%llx\n");
+
+static int decay_interval_set(void *data, u64 val)
+{
+	*(u64 *)data = val;
+
+	if (val < CEC_TIMER_MIN_INTERVAL)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	if (val > CEC_TIMER_MAX_INTERVAL)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	timer_interval = val;
+
+	cec_mod_timer(&cec_timer, timer_interval);
+	return 0;
+}
+DEFINE_DEBUGFS_ATTRIBUTE(decay_interval_ops, u64_get, decay_interval_set, "%lld\n");
+
+static int count_threshold_set(void *data, u64 val)
+{
+	*(u64 *)data = val;
+
+	if (val > COUNT_MASK)
+		val = COUNT_MASK;
+
+	count_threshold = val;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+DEFINE_DEBUGFS_ATTRIBUTE(count_threshold_ops, u64_get, count_threshold_set, "%lld\n");
+
+static int array_dump(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
+{
+	struct ce_array *ca = &ce_arr;
+	u64 prev = 0;
+	int i;
+
+	mutex_lock(&ce_mutex);
+
+	seq_printf(m, "{ n: %d\n", ca->n);
+	for (i = 0; i < ca->n; i++) {
+		u64 this = PFN(ca->array[i]);
+
+		seq_printf(m, " %03d: [%016llx|%03llx]\n", i, this, FULL_COUNT(ca->array[i]));
+
+		WARN_ON(prev > this);
+
+		prev = this;
+	}
+
+	seq_printf(m, "}\n");
+
+	seq_printf(m, "Stats:\nCEs: %llu\nofflined pages: %llu\n",
+		   ca->ces_entered, ca->pfns_poisoned);
+
+	seq_printf(m, "Flags: 0x%x\n", ca->flags);
+
+	seq_printf(m, "Timer interval: %lld seconds\n", timer_interval);
+	seq_printf(m, "Decays: %lld\n", ca->decays_done);
+
+	seq_printf(m, "Action threshold: %d\n", count_threshold);
+
+	mutex_unlock(&ce_mutex);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int array_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+{
+	return single_open(filp, array_dump, NULL);
+}
+
+static const struct file_operations array_ops = {
+	.owner	 = THIS_MODULE,
+	.open	 = array_open,
+	.read	 = seq_read,
+	.llseek	 = seq_lseek,
+	.release = single_release,
+};
+
+static int __init create_debugfs_nodes(void)
+{
+	struct dentry *d, *pfn, *decay, *count, *array;
+
+	d = debugfs_create_dir("cec", ras_debugfs_dir);
+	if (!d) {
+		pr_warn("Error creating cec debugfs node!\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	pfn = debugfs_create_file("pfn", S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR, d, &dfs_pfn, &pfn_ops);
+	if (!pfn) {
+		pr_warn("Error creating pfn debugfs node!\n");
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+	array = debugfs_create_file("array", S_IRUSR, d, NULL, &array_ops);
+	if (!array) {
+		pr_warn("Error creating array debugfs node!\n");
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+	decay = debugfs_create_file("decay_interval", S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR, d,
+				    &timer_interval, &decay_interval_ops);
+	if (!decay) {
+		pr_warn("Error creating decay_interval debugfs node!\n");
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+	count = debugfs_create_file("count_threshold", S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR, d,
+				    &count_threshold, &count_threshold_ops);
+	if (!decay) {
+		pr_warn("Error creating count_threshold debugfs node!\n");
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+
+	return 0;
+
+err:
+	debugfs_remove_recursive(d);
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+void __init cec_init(void)
+{
+	if (ce_arr.disabled)
+		return;
+
+	ce_arr.array = (void *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!ce_arr.array) {
+		pr_err("Error allocating CE array page!\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (create_debugfs_nodes())
+		return;
+
+	setup_timer(&cec_timer, cec_timer_fn, (unsigned long)&ce_arr);
+	cec_mod_timer(&cec_timer, CEC_TIMER_DEFAULT_INTERVAL);
+
+	pr_info("Correctable Errors collector initialized.\n");
+}
+
+int __init parse_cec_param(char *str)
+{
+	if (!str)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (*str == '=')
+		str++;
+
+	if (!strncmp(str, "cec_disable", 7))
+		ce_arr.disabled = 1;
+	else
+		return 0;
+
+	return 1;
+}
diff --git a/drivers/ras/debugfs.c b/drivers/ras/debugfs.c
index 0322acf..5016030 100644
--- a/drivers/ras/debugfs.c
+++ b/drivers/ras/debugfs.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <linux/debugfs.h>
 
-static struct dentry *ras_debugfs_dir;
+struct dentry *ras_debugfs_dir;
 
 static atomic_t trace_count = ATOMIC_INIT(0);
 
diff --git a/drivers/ras/debugfs.h b/drivers/ras/debugfs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db72e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/ras/debugfs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef __RAS_DEBUGFS_H__
+#define __RAS_DEBUGFS_H__
+
+#include <linux/debugfs.h>
+
+extern struct dentry *ras_debugfs_dir;
+
+#endif /* __RAS_DEBUGFS_H__ */
diff --git a/drivers/ras/ras.c b/drivers/ras/ras.c
index b67dd36..94f8038 100644
--- a/drivers/ras/ras.c
+++ b/drivers/ras/ras.c
@@ -27,3 +27,14 @@ subsys_initcall(ras_init);
 EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(extlog_mem_event);
 #endif
 EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(mc_event);
+
+
+int __init parse_ras_param(char *str)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_RAS_CEC
+	parse_cec_param(str);
+#endif
+
+	return 1;
+}
+__setup("ras", parse_ras_param);