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authorLi Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>2009-04-09 11:40:27 +0800
committerIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>2009-04-09 07:28:10 +0200
commit66bb74888eb4bef4ba7c87c931ecb7ecca3a240c (patch)
tree567e333523e16ba7285deac89efb645f72a97529 /Documentation/ftrace.txt
parent9eb85125ce218a8b8d9a7c982510388e227adbec (diff)
downloadop-kernel-dev-66bb74888eb4bef4ba7c87c931ecb7ecca3a240c.zip
op-kernel-dev-66bb74888eb4bef4ba7c87c931ecb7ecca3a240c.tar.gz
tracing: consolidate documents
Move kmemtrace.txt, tracepoints.txt, ftrace.txt and mmiotrace.txt to the new trace/ directory. I didnt find any references to those documents in both source files and documents, so no extra work needs to be done. Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> Acked-by: Pekka Paalanen <pq@iki.fi> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca> LKML-Reference: <49DD6E2B.6090200@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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- ftrace - Function Tracer
- ========================
-
-Copyright 2008 Red Hat Inc.
- Author: Steven Rostedt <srostedt@redhat.com>
- License: The GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
- (dual licensed under the GPL v2)
-Reviewers: Elias Oltmanns, Randy Dunlap, Andrew Morton,
- John Kacur, and David Teigland.
-
-Written for: 2.6.28-rc2
-
-Introduction
-------------
-
-Ftrace is an internal tracer designed to help out developers and
-designers of systems to find what is going on inside the kernel.
-It can be used for debugging or analyzing latencies and
-performance issues that take place outside of user-space.
-
-Although ftrace is the function tracer, it also includes an
-infrastructure that allows for other types of tracing. Some of
-the tracers that are currently in ftrace include a tracer to
-trace context switches, the time it takes for a high priority
-task to run after it was woken up, the time interrupts are
-disabled, and more (ftrace allows for tracer plugins, which
-means that the list of tracers can always grow).
-
-
-The File System
----------------
-
-Ftrace uses the debugfs file system to hold the control files as
-well as the files to display output.
-
-To mount the debugfs system:
-
- # mkdir /debug
- # mount -t debugfs nodev /debug
-
-( Note: it is more common to mount at /sys/kernel/debug, but for
- simplicity this document will use /debug)
-
-That's it! (assuming that you have ftrace configured into your kernel)
-
-After mounting the debugfs, you can see a directory called
-"tracing". This directory contains the control and output files
-of ftrace. Here is a list of some of the key files:
-
-
- Note: all time values are in microseconds.
-
- current_tracer:
-
- This is used to set or display the current tracer
- that is configured.
-
- available_tracers:
-
- This holds the different types of tracers that
- have been compiled into the kernel. The
- tracers listed here can be configured by
- echoing their name into current_tracer.
-
- tracing_enabled:
-
- This sets or displays whether the current_tracer
- is activated and tracing or not. Echo 0 into this
- file to disable the tracer or 1 to enable it.
-
- trace:
-
- This file holds the output of the trace in a human
- readable format (described below).
-
- latency_trace:
-
- This file shows the same trace but the information
- is organized more to display possible latencies
- in the system (described below).
-
- trace_pipe:
-
- The output is the same as the "trace" file but this
- file is meant to be streamed with live tracing.
- Reads from this file will block until new data
- is retrieved. Unlike the "trace" and "latency_trace"
- files, this file is a consumer. This means reading
- from this file causes sequential reads to display
- more current data. Once data is read from this
- file, it is consumed, and will not be read
- again with a sequential read. The "trace" and
- "latency_trace" files are static, and if the
- tracer is not adding more data, they will display
- the same information every time they are read.
-
- trace_options:
-
- This file lets the user control the amount of data
- that is displayed in one of the above output
- files.
-
- tracing_max_latency:
-
- Some of the tracers record the max latency.
- For example, the time interrupts are disabled.
- This time is saved in this file. The max trace
- will also be stored, and displayed by either
- "trace" or "latency_trace". A new max trace will
- only be recorded if the latency is greater than
- the value in this file. (in microseconds)
-
- buffer_size_kb:
-
- This sets or displays the number of kilobytes each CPU
- buffer can hold. The tracer buffers are the same size
- for each CPU. The displayed number is the size of the
- CPU buffer and not total size of all buffers. The
- trace buffers are allocated in pages (blocks of memory
- that the kernel uses for allocation, usually 4 KB in size).
- If the last page allocated has room for more bytes
- than requested, the rest of the page will be used,
- making the actual allocation bigger than requested.
- ( Note, the size may not be a multiple of the page size
- due to buffer managment overhead. )
-
- This can only be updated when the current_tracer
- is set to "nop".
-
- tracing_cpumask:
-
- This is a mask that lets the user only trace
- on specified CPUS. The format is a hex string
- representing the CPUS.
-
- set_ftrace_filter:
-
- When dynamic ftrace is configured in (see the
- section below "dynamic ftrace"), the code is dynamically
- modified (code text rewrite) to disable calling of the
- function profiler (mcount). This lets tracing be configured
- in with practically no overhead in performance. This also
- has a side effect of enabling or disabling specific functions
- to be traced. Echoing names of functions into this file
- will limit the trace to only those functions.
-
- set_ftrace_notrace:
-
- This has an effect opposite to that of
- set_ftrace_filter. Any function that is added here will not
- be traced. If a function exists in both set_ftrace_filter
- and set_ftrace_notrace, the function will _not_ be traced.
-
- set_ftrace_pid:
-
- Have the function tracer only trace a single thread.
-
- set_graph_function:
-
- Set a "trigger" function where tracing should start
- with the function graph tracer (See the section
- "dynamic ftrace" for more details).
-
- available_filter_functions:
-
- This lists the functions that ftrace
- has processed and can trace. These are the function
- names that you can pass to "set_ftrace_filter" or
- "set_ftrace_notrace". (See the section "dynamic ftrace"
- below for more details.)
-
-
-The Tracers
------------
-
-Here is the list of current tracers that may be configured.
-
- "function"
-
- Function call tracer to trace all kernel functions.
-
- "function_graph_tracer"
-
- Similar to the function tracer except that the
- function tracer probes the functions on their entry
- whereas the function graph tracer traces on both entry
- and exit of the functions. It then provides the ability
- to draw a graph of function calls similar to C code
- source.
-
- "sched_switch"
-
- Traces the context switches and wakeups between tasks.
-
- "irqsoff"
-
- Traces the areas that disable interrupts and saves
- the trace with the longest max latency.
- See tracing_max_latency. When a new max is recorded,
- it replaces the old trace. It is best to view this
- trace via the latency_trace file.
-
- "preemptoff"
-
- Similar to irqsoff but traces and records the amount of
- time for which preemption is disabled.
-
- "preemptirqsoff"
-
- Similar to irqsoff and preemptoff, but traces and
- records the largest time for which irqs and/or preemption
- is disabled.
-
- "wakeup"
-
- Traces and records the max latency that it takes for
- the highest priority task to get scheduled after
- it has been woken up.
-
- "hw-branch-tracer"
-
- Uses the BTS CPU feature on x86 CPUs to traces all
- branches executed.
-
- "nop"
-
- This is the "trace nothing" tracer. To remove all
- tracers from tracing simply echo "nop" into
- current_tracer.
-
-
-Examples of using the tracer
-----------------------------
-
-Here are typical examples of using the tracers when controlling
-them only with the debugfs interface (without using any
-user-land utilities).
-
-Output format:
---------------
-
-Here is an example of the output format of the file "trace"
-
- --------
-# tracer: function
-#
-# TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
-# | | | | |
- bash-4251 [01] 10152.583854: path_put <-path_walk
- bash-4251 [01] 10152.583855: dput <-path_put
- bash-4251 [01] 10152.583855: _atomic_dec_and_lock <-dput
- --------
-
-A header is printed with the tracer name that is represented by
-the trace. In this case the tracer is "function". Then a header
-showing the format. Task name "bash", the task PID "4251", the
-CPU that it was running on "01", the timestamp in <secs>.<usecs>
-format, the function name that was traced "path_put" and the
-parent function that called this function "path_walk". The
-timestamp is the time at which the function was entered.
-
-The sched_switch tracer also includes tracing of task wakeups
-and context switches.
-
- ksoftirqd/1-7 [01] 1453.070013: 7:115:R + 2916:115:S
- ksoftirqd/1-7 [01] 1453.070013: 7:115:R + 10:115:S
- ksoftirqd/1-7 [01] 1453.070013: 7:115:R ==> 10:115:R
- events/1-10 [01] 1453.070013: 10:115:S ==> 2916:115:R
- kondemand/1-2916 [01] 1453.070013: 2916:115:S ==> 7:115:R
- ksoftirqd/1-7 [01] 1453.070013: 7:115:S ==> 0:140:R
-
-Wake ups are represented by a "+" and the context switches are
-shown as "==>". The format is:
-
- Context switches:
-
- Previous task Next Task
-
- <pid>:<prio>:<state> ==> <pid>:<prio>:<state>
-
- Wake ups:
-
- Current task Task waking up
-
- <pid>:<prio>:<state> + <pid>:<prio>:<state>
-
-The prio is the internal kernel priority, which is the inverse
-of the priority that is usually displayed by user-space tools.
-Zero represents the highest priority (99). Prio 100 starts the
-"nice" priorities with 100 being equal to nice -20 and 139 being
-nice 19. The prio "140" is reserved for the idle task which is
-the lowest priority thread (pid 0).
-
-
-Latency trace format
---------------------
-
-For traces that display latency times, the latency_trace file
-gives somewhat more information to see why a latency happened.
-Here is a typical trace.
-
-# tracer: irqsoff
-#
-irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
---------------------------------------------------------------------
- latency: 97 us, #3/3, CPU#0 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2)
- -----------------
- | task: swapper-0 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
- -----------------
- => started at: apic_timer_interrupt
- => ended at: do_softirq
-
-# _------=> CPU#
-# / _-----=> irqs-off
-# | / _----=> need-resched
-# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
-# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
-# |||| /
-# ||||| delay
-# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
-# \ / ||||| \ | /
- <idle>-0 0d..1 0us+: trace_hardirqs_off_thunk (apic_timer_interrupt)
- <idle>-0 0d.s. 97us : __do_softirq (do_softirq)
- <idle>-0 0d.s1 98us : trace_hardirqs_on (do_softirq)
-
-
-This shows that the current tracer is "irqsoff" tracing the time
-for which interrupts were disabled. It gives the trace version
-and the version of the kernel upon which this was executed on
-(2.6.26-rc8). Then it displays the max latency in microsecs (97
-us). The number of trace entries displayed and the total number
-recorded (both are three: #3/3). The type of preemption that was
-used (PREEMPT). VP, KP, SP, and HP are always zero and are
-reserved for later use. #P is the number of online CPUS (#P:2).
-
-The task is the process that was running when the latency
-occurred. (swapper pid: 0).
-
-The start and stop (the functions in which the interrupts were
-disabled and enabled respectively) that caused the latencies:
-
- apic_timer_interrupt is where the interrupts were disabled.
- do_softirq is where they were enabled again.
-
-The next lines after the header are the trace itself. The header
-explains which is which.
-
- cmd: The name of the process in the trace.
-
- pid: The PID of that process.
-
- CPU#: The CPU which the process was running on.
-
- irqs-off: 'd' interrupts are disabled. '.' otherwise.
- Note: If the architecture does not support a way to
- read the irq flags variable, an 'X' will always
- be printed here.
-
- need-resched: 'N' task need_resched is set, '.' otherwise.
-
- hardirq/softirq:
- 'H' - hard irq occurred inside a softirq.
- 'h' - hard irq is running
- 's' - soft irq is running
- '.' - normal context.
-
- preempt-depth: The level of preempt_disabled
-
-The above is mostly meaningful for kernel developers.
-
- time: This differs from the trace file output. The trace file output
- includes an absolute timestamp. The timestamp used by the
- latency_trace file is relative to the start of the trace.
-
- delay: This is just to help catch your eye a bit better. And
- needs to be fixed to be only relative to the same CPU.
- The marks are determined by the difference between this
- current trace and the next trace.
- '!' - greater than preempt_mark_thresh (default 100)
- '+' - greater than 1 microsecond
- ' ' - less than or equal to 1 microsecond.
-
- The rest is the same as the 'trace' file.
-
-
-trace_options
--------------
-
-The trace_options file is used to control what gets printed in
-the trace output. To see what is available, simply cat the file:
-
- cat /debug/tracing/trace_options
- print-parent nosym-offset nosym-addr noverbose noraw nohex nobin \
- noblock nostacktrace nosched-tree nouserstacktrace nosym-userobj
-
-To disable one of the options, echo in the option prepended with
-"no".
-
- echo noprint-parent > /debug/tracing/trace_options
-
-To enable an option, leave off the "no".
-
- echo sym-offset > /debug/tracing/trace_options
-
-Here are the available options:
-
- print-parent - On function traces, display the calling (parent)
- function as well as the function being traced.
-
- print-parent:
- bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul <-strict_strtoul
-
- noprint-parent:
- bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul
-
-
- sym-offset - Display not only the function name, but also the
- offset in the function. For example, instead of
- seeing just "ktime_get", you will see
- "ktime_get+0xb/0x20".
-
- sym-offset:
- bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul+0x6/0xa0
-
- sym-addr - this will also display the function address as well
- as the function name.
-
- sym-addr:
- bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul <c0339346>
-
- verbose - This deals with the latency_trace file.
-
- bash 4000 1 0 00000000 00010a95 [58127d26] 1720.415ms \
- (+0.000ms): simple_strtoul (strict_strtoul)
-
- raw - This will display raw numbers. This option is best for
- use with user applications that can translate the raw
- numbers better than having it done in the kernel.
-
- hex - Similar to raw, but the numbers will be in a hexadecimal
- format.
-
- bin - This will print out the formats in raw binary.
-
- block - TBD (needs update)
-
- stacktrace - This is one of the options that changes the trace
- itself. When a trace is recorded, so is the stack
- of functions. This allows for back traces of
- trace sites.
-
- userstacktrace - This option changes the trace. It records a
- stacktrace of the current userspace thread.
-
- sym-userobj - when user stacktrace are enabled, look up which
- object the address belongs to, and print a
- relative address. This is especially useful when
- ASLR is on, otherwise you don't get a chance to
- resolve the address to object/file/line after
- the app is no longer running
-
- The lookup is performed when you read
- trace,trace_pipe,latency_trace. Example:
-
- a.out-1623 [000] 40874.465068: /root/a.out[+0x480] <-/root/a.out[+0
-x494] <- /root/a.out[+0x4a8] <- /lib/libc-2.7.so[+0x1e1a6]
-
- sched-tree - trace all tasks that are on the runqueue, at
- every scheduling event. Will add overhead if
- there's a lot of tasks running at once.
-
-
-sched_switch
-------------
-
-This tracer simply records schedule switches. Here is an example
-of how to use it.
-
- # echo sched_switch > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
- # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # sleep 1
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # cat /debug/tracing/trace
-
-# tracer: sched_switch
-#
-# TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
-# | | | | |
- bash-3997 [01] 240.132281: 3997:120:R + 4055:120:R
- bash-3997 [01] 240.132284: 3997:120:R ==> 4055:120:R
- sleep-4055 [01] 240.132371: 4055:120:S ==> 3997:120:R
- bash-3997 [01] 240.132454: 3997:120:R + 4055:120:S
- bash-3997 [01] 240.132457: 3997:120:R ==> 4055:120:R
- sleep-4055 [01] 240.132460: 4055:120:D ==> 3997:120:R
- bash-3997 [01] 240.132463: 3997:120:R + 4055:120:D
- bash-3997 [01] 240.132465: 3997:120:R ==> 4055:120:R
- <idle>-0 [00] 240.132589: 0:140:R + 4:115:S
- <idle>-0 [00] 240.132591: 0:140:R ==> 4:115:R
- ksoftirqd/0-4 [00] 240.132595: 4:115:S ==> 0:140:R
- <idle>-0 [00] 240.132598: 0:140:R + 4:115:S
- <idle>-0 [00] 240.132599: 0:140:R ==> 4:115:R
- ksoftirqd/0-4 [00] 240.132603: 4:115:S ==> 0:140:R
- sleep-4055 [01] 240.133058: 4055:120:S ==> 3997:120:R
- [...]
-
-
-As we have discussed previously about this format, the header
-shows the name of the trace and points to the options. The
-"FUNCTION" is a misnomer since here it represents the wake ups
-and context switches.
-
-The sched_switch file only lists the wake ups (represented with
-'+') and context switches ('==>') with the previous task or
-current task first followed by the next task or task waking up.
-The format for both of these is PID:KERNEL-PRIO:TASK-STATE.
-Remember that the KERNEL-PRIO is the inverse of the actual
-priority with zero (0) being the highest priority and the nice
-values starting at 100 (nice -20). Below is a quick chart to map
-the kernel priority to user land priorities.
-
- Kernel priority: 0 to 99 ==> user RT priority 99 to 0
- Kernel priority: 100 to 139 ==> user nice -20 to 19
- Kernel priority: 140 ==> idle task priority
-
-The task states are:
-
- R - running : wants to run, may not actually be running
- S - sleep : process is waiting to be woken up (handles signals)
- D - disk sleep (uninterruptible sleep) : process must be woken up
- (ignores signals)
- T - stopped : process suspended
- t - traced : process is being traced (with something like gdb)
- Z - zombie : process waiting to be cleaned up
- X - unknown
-
-
-ftrace_enabled
---------------
-
-The following tracers (listed below) give different output
-depending on whether or not the sysctl ftrace_enabled is set. To
-set ftrace_enabled, one can either use the sysctl function or
-set it via the proc file system interface.
-
- sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1
-
- or
-
- echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_enabled
-
-To disable ftrace_enabled simply replace the '1' with '0' in the
-above commands.
-
-When ftrace_enabled is set the tracers will also record the
-functions that are within the trace. The descriptions of the
-tracers will also show an example with ftrace enabled.
-
-
-irqsoff
--------
-
-When interrupts are disabled, the CPU can not react to any other
-external event (besides NMIs and SMIs). This prevents the timer
-interrupt from triggering or the mouse interrupt from letting
-the kernel know of a new mouse event. The result is a latency
-with the reaction time.
-
-The irqsoff tracer tracks the time for which interrupts are
-disabled. When a new maximum latency is hit, the tracer saves
-the trace leading up to that latency point so that every time a
-new maximum is reached, the old saved trace is discarded and the
-new trace is saved.
-
-To reset the maximum, echo 0 into tracing_max_latency. Here is
-an example:
-
- # echo irqsoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency
- # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # ls -ltr
- [...]
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # cat /debug/tracing/latency_trace
-# tracer: irqsoff
-#
-irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26
---------------------------------------------------------------------
- latency: 12 us, #3/3, CPU#1 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2)
- -----------------
- | task: bash-3730 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
- -----------------
- => started at: sys_setpgid
- => ended at: sys_setpgid
-
-# _------=> CPU#
-# / _-----=> irqs-off
-# | / _----=> need-resched
-# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
-# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
-# |||| /
-# ||||| delay
-# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
-# \ / ||||| \ | /
- bash-3730 1d... 0us : _write_lock_irq (sys_setpgid)
- bash-3730 1d..1 1us+: _write_unlock_irq (sys_setpgid)
- bash-3730 1d..2 14us : trace_hardirqs_on (sys_setpgid)
-
-
-Here we see that that we had a latency of 12 microsecs (which is
-very good). The _write_lock_irq in sys_setpgid disabled
-interrupts. The difference between the 12 and the displayed
-timestamp 14us occurred because the clock was incremented
-between the time of recording the max latency and the time of
-recording the function that had that latency.
-
-Note the above example had ftrace_enabled not set. If we set the
-ftrace_enabled, we get a much larger output:
-
-# tracer: irqsoff
-#
-irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
---------------------------------------------------------------------
- latency: 50 us, #101/101, CPU#0 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2)
- -----------------
- | task: ls-4339 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
- -----------------
- => started at: __alloc_pages_internal
- => ended at: __alloc_pages_internal
-
-# _------=> CPU#
-# / _-----=> irqs-off
-# | / _----=> need-resched
-# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
-# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
-# |||| /
-# ||||| delay
-# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
-# \ / ||||| \ | /
- ls-4339 0...1 0us+: get_page_from_freelist (__alloc_pages_internal)
- ls-4339 0d..1 3us : rmqueue_bulk (get_page_from_freelist)
- ls-4339 0d..1 3us : _spin_lock (rmqueue_bulk)
- ls-4339 0d..1 4us : add_preempt_count (_spin_lock)
- ls-4339 0d..2 4us : __rmqueue (rmqueue_bulk)
- ls-4339 0d..2 5us : __rmqueue_smallest (__rmqueue)
- ls-4339 0d..2 5us : __mod_zone_page_state (__rmqueue_smallest)
- ls-4339 0d..2 6us : __rmqueue (rmqueue_bulk)
- ls-4339 0d..2 6us : __rmqueue_smallest (__rmqueue)
- ls-4339 0d..2 7us : __mod_zone_page_state (__rmqueue_smallest)
- ls-4339 0d..2 7us : __rmqueue (rmqueue_bulk)
- ls-4339 0d..2 8us : __rmqueue_smallest (__rmqueue)
-[...]
- ls-4339 0d..2 46us : __rmqueue_smallest (__rmqueue)
- ls-4339 0d..2 47us : __mod_zone_page_state (__rmqueue_smallest)
- ls-4339 0d..2 47us : __rmqueue (rmqueue_bulk)
- ls-4339 0d..2 48us : __rmqueue_smallest (__rmqueue)
- ls-4339 0d..2 48us : __mod_zone_page_state (__rmqueue_smallest)
- ls-4339 0d..2 49us : _spin_unlock (rmqueue_bulk)
- ls-4339 0d..2 49us : sub_preempt_count (_spin_unlock)
- ls-4339 0d..1 50us : get_page_from_freelist (__alloc_pages_internal)
- ls-4339 0d..2 51us : trace_hardirqs_on (__alloc_pages_internal)
-
-
-
-Here we traced a 50 microsecond latency. But we also see all the
-functions that were called during that time. Note that by
-enabling function tracing, we incur an added overhead. This
-overhead may extend the latency times. But nevertheless, this
-trace has provided some very helpful debugging information.
-
-
-preemptoff
-----------
-
-When preemption is disabled, we may be able to receive
-interrupts but the task cannot be preempted and a higher
-priority task must wait for preemption to be enabled again
-before it can preempt a lower priority task.
-
-The preemptoff tracer traces the places that disable preemption.
-Like the irqsoff tracer, it records the maximum latency for
-which preemption was disabled. The control of preemptoff tracer
-is much like the irqsoff tracer.
-
- # echo preemptoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency
- # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # ls -ltr
- [...]
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # cat /debug/tracing/latency_trace
-# tracer: preemptoff
-#
-preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
---------------------------------------------------------------------
- latency: 29 us, #3/3, CPU#0 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2)
- -----------------
- | task: sshd-4261 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
- -----------------
- => started at: do_IRQ
- => ended at: __do_softirq
-
-# _------=> CPU#
-# / _-----=> irqs-off
-# | / _----=> need-resched
-# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
-# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
-# |||| /
-# ||||| delay
-# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
-# \ / ||||| \ | /
- sshd-4261 0d.h. 0us+: irq_enter (do_IRQ)
- sshd-4261 0d.s. 29us : _local_bh_enable (__do_softirq)
- sshd-4261 0d.s1 30us : trace_preempt_on (__do_softirq)
-
-
-This has some more changes. Preemption was disabled when an
-interrupt came in (notice the 'h'), and was enabled while doing
-a softirq. (notice the 's'). But we also see that interrupts
-have been disabled when entering the preempt off section and
-leaving it (the 'd'). We do not know if interrupts were enabled
-in the mean time.
-
-# tracer: preemptoff
-#
-preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
---------------------------------------------------------------------
- latency: 63 us, #87/87, CPU#0 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2)
- -----------------
- | task: sshd-4261 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
- -----------------
- => started at: remove_wait_queue
- => ended at: __do_softirq
-
-# _------=> CPU#
-# / _-----=> irqs-off
-# | / _----=> need-resched
-# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
-# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
-# |||| /
-# ||||| delay
-# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
-# \ / ||||| \ | /
- sshd-4261 0d..1 0us : _spin_lock_irqsave (remove_wait_queue)
- sshd-4261 0d..1 1us : _spin_unlock_irqrestore (remove_wait_queue)
- sshd-4261 0d..1 2us : do_IRQ (common_interrupt)
- sshd-4261 0d..1 2us : irq_enter (do_IRQ)
- sshd-4261 0d..1 2us : idle_cpu (irq_enter)
- sshd-4261 0d..1 3us : add_preempt_count (irq_enter)
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 3us : idle_cpu (irq_enter)
- sshd-4261 0d.h. 4us : handle_fasteoi_irq (do_IRQ)
-[...]
- sshd-4261 0d.h. 12us : add_preempt_count (_spin_lock)
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 12us : ack_ioapic_quirk_irq (handle_fasteoi_irq)
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 13us : move_native_irq (ack_ioapic_quirk_irq)
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 13us : _spin_unlock (handle_fasteoi_irq)
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 14us : sub_preempt_count (_spin_unlock)
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 14us : irq_exit (do_IRQ)
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 15us : sub_preempt_count (irq_exit)
- sshd-4261 0d..2 15us : do_softirq (irq_exit)
- sshd-4261 0d... 15us : __do_softirq (do_softirq)
- sshd-4261 0d... 16us : __local_bh_disable (__do_softirq)
- sshd-4261 0d... 16us+: add_preempt_count (__local_bh_disable)
- sshd-4261 0d.s4 20us : add_preempt_count (__local_bh_disable)
- sshd-4261 0d.s4 21us : sub_preempt_count (local_bh_enable)
- sshd-4261 0d.s5 21us : sub_preempt_count (local_bh_enable)
-[...]
- sshd-4261 0d.s6 41us : add_preempt_count (__local_bh_disable)
- sshd-4261 0d.s6 42us : sub_preempt_count (local_bh_enable)
- sshd-4261 0d.s7 42us : sub_preempt_count (local_bh_enable)
- sshd-4261 0d.s5 43us : add_preempt_count (__local_bh_disable)
- sshd-4261 0d.s5 43us : sub_preempt_count (local_bh_enable_ip)
- sshd-4261 0d.s6 44us : sub_preempt_count (local_bh_enable_ip)
- sshd-4261 0d.s5 44us : add_preempt_count (__local_bh_disable)
- sshd-4261 0d.s5 45us : sub_preempt_count (local_bh_enable)
-[...]
- sshd-4261 0d.s. 63us : _local_bh_enable (__do_softirq)
- sshd-4261 0d.s1 64us : trace_preempt_on (__do_softirq)
-
-
-The above is an example of the preemptoff trace with
-ftrace_enabled set. Here we see that interrupts were disabled
-the entire time. The irq_enter code lets us know that we entered
-an interrupt 'h'. Before that, the functions being traced still
-show that it is not in an interrupt, but we can see from the
-functions themselves that this is not the case.
-
-Notice that __do_softirq when called does not have a
-preempt_count. It may seem that we missed a preempt enabling.
-What really happened is that the preempt count is held on the
-thread's stack and we switched to the softirq stack (4K stacks
-in effect). The code does not copy the preempt count, but
-because interrupts are disabled, we do not need to worry about
-it. Having a tracer like this is good for letting people know
-what really happens inside the kernel.
-
-
-preemptirqsoff
---------------
-
-Knowing the locations that have interrupts disabled or
-preemption disabled for the longest times is helpful. But
-sometimes we would like to know when either preemption and/or
-interrupts are disabled.
-
-Consider the following code:
-
- local_irq_disable();
- call_function_with_irqs_off();
- preempt_disable();
- call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off();
- local_irq_enable();
- call_function_with_preemption_off();
- preempt_enable();
-
-The irqsoff tracer will record the total length of
-call_function_with_irqs_off() and
-call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off().
-
-The preemptoff tracer will record the total length of
-call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off() and
-call_function_with_preemption_off().
-
-But neither will trace the time that interrupts and/or
-preemption is disabled. This total time is the time that we can
-not schedule. To record this time, use the preemptirqsoff
-tracer.
-
-Again, using this trace is much like the irqsoff and preemptoff
-tracers.
-
- # echo preemptirqsoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency
- # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # ls -ltr
- [...]
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # cat /debug/tracing/latency_trace
-# tracer: preemptirqsoff
-#
-preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
---------------------------------------------------------------------
- latency: 293 us, #3/3, CPU#0 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2)
- -----------------
- | task: ls-4860 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
- -----------------
- => started at: apic_timer_interrupt
- => ended at: __do_softirq
-
-# _------=> CPU#
-# / _-----=> irqs-off
-# | / _----=> need-resched
-# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
-# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
-# |||| /
-# ||||| delay
-# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
-# \ / ||||| \ | /
- ls-4860 0d... 0us!: trace_hardirqs_off_thunk (apic_timer_interrupt)
- ls-4860 0d.s. 294us : _local_bh_enable (__do_softirq)
- ls-4860 0d.s1 294us : trace_preempt_on (__do_softirq)
-
-
-
-The trace_hardirqs_off_thunk is called from assembly on x86 when
-interrupts are disabled in the assembly code. Without the
-function tracing, we do not know if interrupts were enabled
-within the preemption points. We do see that it started with
-preemption enabled.
-
-Here is a trace with ftrace_enabled set:
-
-
-# tracer: preemptirqsoff
-#
-preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
---------------------------------------------------------------------
- latency: 105 us, #183/183, CPU#0 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2)
- -----------------
- | task: sshd-4261 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
- -----------------
- => started at: write_chan
- => ended at: __do_softirq
-
-# _------=> CPU#
-# / _-----=> irqs-off
-# | / _----=> need-resched
-# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
-# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
-# |||| /
-# ||||| delay
-# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
-# \ / ||||| \ | /
- ls-4473 0.N.. 0us : preempt_schedule (write_chan)
- ls-4473 0dN.1 1us : _spin_lock (schedule)
- ls-4473 0dN.1 2us : add_preempt_count (_spin_lock)
- ls-4473 0d..2 2us : put_prev_task_fair (schedule)
-[...]
- ls-4473 0d..2 13us : set_normalized_timespec (ktime_get_ts)
- ls-4473 0d..2 13us : __switch_to (schedule)
- sshd-4261 0d..2 14us : finish_task_switch (schedule)
- sshd-4261 0d..2 14us : _spin_unlock_irq (finish_task_switch)
- sshd-4261 0d..1 15us : add_preempt_count (_spin_lock_irqsave)
- sshd-4261 0d..2 16us : _spin_unlock_irqrestore (hrtick_set)
- sshd-4261 0d..2 16us : do_IRQ (common_interrupt)
- sshd-4261 0d..2 17us : irq_enter (do_IRQ)
- sshd-4261 0d..2 17us : idle_cpu (irq_enter)
- sshd-4261 0d..2 18us : add_preempt_count (irq_enter)
- sshd-4261 0d.h2 18us : idle_cpu (irq_enter)
- sshd-4261 0d.h. 18us : handle_fasteoi_irq (do_IRQ)
- sshd-4261 0d.h. 19us : _spin_lock (handle_fasteoi_irq)
- sshd-4261 0d.h. 19us : add_preempt_count (_spin_lock)
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 20us : _spin_unlock (handle_fasteoi_irq)
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 20us : sub_preempt_count (_spin_unlock)
-[...]
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 28us : _spin_unlock (handle_fasteoi_irq)
- sshd-4261 0d.h1 29us : sub_preempt_count (_spin_unlock)
- sshd-4261 0d.h2 29us : irq_exit (do_IRQ)
- sshd-4261 0d.h2 29us : sub_preempt_count (irq_exit)
- sshd-4261 0d..3 30us : do_softirq (irq_exit)
- sshd-4261 0d... 30us : __do_softirq (do_softirq)
- sshd-4261 0d... 31us : __local_bh_disable (__do_softirq)
- sshd-4261 0d... 31us+: add_preempt_count (__local_bh_disable)
- sshd-4261 0d.s4 34us : add_preempt_count (__local_bh_disable)
-[...]
- sshd-4261 0d.s3 43us : sub_preempt_count (local_bh_enable_ip)
- sshd-4261 0d.s4 44us : sub_preempt_count (local_bh_enable_ip)
- sshd-4261 0d.s3 44us : smp_apic_timer_interrupt (apic_timer_interrupt)
- sshd-4261 0d.s3 45us : irq_enter (smp_apic_timer_interrupt)
- sshd-4261 0d.s3 45us : idle_cpu (irq_enter)
- sshd-4261 0d.s3 46us : add_preempt_count (irq_enter)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 46us : idle_cpu (irq_enter)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 47us : hrtimer_interrupt (smp_apic_timer_interrupt)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 47us : ktime_get (hrtimer_interrupt)
-[...]
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 81us : tick_program_event (hrtimer_interrupt)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 82us : ktime_get (tick_program_event)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 82us : ktime_get_ts (ktime_get)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 83us : getnstimeofday (ktime_get_ts)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 83us : set_normalized_timespec (ktime_get_ts)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 84us : clockevents_program_event (tick_program_event)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 84us : lapic_next_event (clockevents_program_event)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 85us : irq_exit (smp_apic_timer_interrupt)
- sshd-4261 0d.H3 85us : sub_preempt_count (irq_exit)
- sshd-4261 0d.s4 86us : sub_preempt_count (irq_exit)
- sshd-4261 0d.s3 86us : add_preempt_count (__local_bh_disable)
-[...]
- sshd-4261 0d.s1 98us : sub_preempt_count (net_rx_action)
- sshd-4261 0d.s. 99us : add_preempt_count (_spin_lock_irq)
- sshd-4261 0d.s1 99us+: _spin_unlock_irq (run_timer_softirq)
- sshd-4261 0d.s. 104us : _local_bh_enable (__do_softirq)
- sshd-4261 0d.s. 104us : sub_preempt_count (_local_bh_enable)
- sshd-4261 0d.s. 105us : _local_bh_enable (__do_softirq)
- sshd-4261 0d.s1 105us : trace_preempt_on (__do_softirq)
-
-
-This is a very interesting trace. It started with the preemption
-of the ls task. We see that the task had the "need_resched" bit
-set via the 'N' in the trace. Interrupts were disabled before
-the spin_lock at the beginning of the trace. We see that a
-schedule took place to run sshd. When the interrupts were
-enabled, we took an interrupt. On return from the interrupt
-handler, the softirq ran. We took another interrupt while
-running the softirq as we see from the capital 'H'.
-
-
-wakeup
-------
-
-In a Real-Time environment it is very important to know the
-wakeup time it takes for the highest priority task that is woken
-up to the time that it executes. This is also known as "schedule
-latency". I stress the point that this is about RT tasks. It is
-also important to know the scheduling latency of non-RT tasks,
-but the average schedule latency is better for non-RT tasks.
-Tools like LatencyTop are more appropriate for such
-measurements.
-
-Real-Time environments are interested in the worst case latency.
-That is the longest latency it takes for something to happen,
-and not the average. We can have a very fast scheduler that may
-only have a large latency once in a while, but that would not
-work well with Real-Time tasks. The wakeup tracer was designed
-to record the worst case wakeups of RT tasks. Non-RT tasks are
-not recorded because the tracer only records one worst case and
-tracing non-RT tasks that are unpredictable will overwrite the
-worst case latency of RT tasks.
-
-Since this tracer only deals with RT tasks, we will run this
-slightly differently than we did with the previous tracers.
-Instead of performing an 'ls', we will run 'sleep 1' under
-'chrt' which changes the priority of the task.
-
- # echo wakeup > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency
- # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # chrt -f 5 sleep 1
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # cat /debug/tracing/latency_trace
-# tracer: wakeup
-#
-wakeup latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
---------------------------------------------------------------------
- latency: 4 us, #2/2, CPU#1 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2)
- -----------------
- | task: sleep-4901 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:1 rt_prio:5)
- -----------------
-
-# _------=> CPU#
-# / _-----=> irqs-off
-# | / _----=> need-resched
-# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
-# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
-# |||| /
-# ||||| delay
-# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
-# \ / ||||| \ | /
- <idle>-0 1d.h4 0us+: try_to_wake_up (wake_up_process)
- <idle>-0 1d..4 4us : schedule (cpu_idle)
-
-
-Running this on an idle system, we see that it only took 4
-microseconds to perform the task switch. Note, since the trace
-marker in the schedule is before the actual "switch", we stop
-the tracing when the recorded task is about to schedule in. This
-may change if we add a new marker at the end of the scheduler.
-
-Notice that the recorded task is 'sleep' with the PID of 4901
-and it has an rt_prio of 5. This priority is user-space priority
-and not the internal kernel priority. The policy is 1 for
-SCHED_FIFO and 2 for SCHED_RR.
-
-Doing the same with chrt -r 5 and ftrace_enabled set.
-
-# tracer: wakeup
-#
-wakeup latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
---------------------------------------------------------------------
- latency: 50 us, #60/60, CPU#1 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2)
- -----------------
- | task: sleep-4068 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:2 rt_prio:5)
- -----------------
-
-# _------=> CPU#
-# / _-----=> irqs-off
-# | / _----=> need-resched
-# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
-# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
-# |||| /
-# ||||| delay
-# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
-# \ / ||||| \ | /
-ksoftirq-7 1d.H3 0us : try_to_wake_up (wake_up_process)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.H4 1us : sub_preempt_count (marker_probe_cb)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.H3 2us : check_preempt_wakeup (try_to_wake_up)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.H3 3us : update_curr (check_preempt_wakeup)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.H3 4us : calc_delta_mine (update_curr)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.H3 5us : __resched_task (check_preempt_wakeup)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.H3 6us : task_wake_up_rt (try_to_wake_up)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.H3 7us : _spin_unlock_irqrestore (try_to_wake_up)
-[...]
-ksoftirq-7 1d.H2 17us : irq_exit (smp_apic_timer_interrupt)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.H2 18us : sub_preempt_count (irq_exit)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.s3 19us : sub_preempt_count (irq_exit)
-ksoftirq-7 1..s2 20us : rcu_process_callbacks (__do_softirq)
-[...]
-ksoftirq-7 1..s2 26us : __rcu_process_callbacks (rcu_process_callbacks)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.s2 27us : _local_bh_enable (__do_softirq)
-ksoftirq-7 1d.s2 28us : sub_preempt_count (_local_bh_enable)
-ksoftirq-7 1.N.3 29us : sub_preempt_count (ksoftirqd)
-ksoftirq-7 1.N.2 30us : _cond_resched (ksoftirqd)
-ksoftirq-7 1.N.2 31us : __cond_resched (_cond_resched)
-ksoftirq-7 1.N.2 32us : add_preempt_count (__cond_resched)
-ksoftirq-7 1.N.2 33us : schedule (__cond_resched)
-ksoftirq-7 1.N.2 33us : add_preempt_count (schedule)
-ksoftirq-7 1.N.3 34us : hrtick_clear (schedule)
-ksoftirq-7 1dN.3 35us : _spin_lock (schedule)
-ksoftirq-7 1dN.3 36us : add_preempt_count (_spin_lock)
-ksoftirq-7 1d..4 37us : put_prev_task_fair (schedule)
-ksoftirq-7 1d..4 38us : update_curr (put_prev_task_fair)
-[...]
-ksoftirq-7 1d..5 47us : _spin_trylock (tracing_record_cmdline)
-ksoftirq-7 1d..5 48us : add_preempt_count (_spin_trylock)
-ksoftirq-7 1d..6 49us : _spin_unlock (tracing_record_cmdline)
-ksoftirq-7 1d..6 49us : sub_preempt_count (_spin_unlock)
-ksoftirq-7 1d..4 50us : schedule (__cond_resched)
-
-The interrupt went off while running ksoftirqd. This task runs
-at SCHED_OTHER. Why did not we see the 'N' set early? This may
-be a harmless bug with x86_32 and 4K stacks. On x86_32 with 4K
-stacks configured, the interrupt and softirq run with their own
-stack. Some information is held on the top of the task's stack
-(need_resched and preempt_count are both stored there). The
-setting of the NEED_RESCHED bit is done directly to the task's
-stack, but the reading of the NEED_RESCHED is done by looking at
-the current stack, which in this case is the stack for the hard
-interrupt. This hides the fact that NEED_RESCHED has been set.
-We do not see the 'N' until we switch back to the task's
-assigned stack.
-
-function
---------
-
-This tracer is the function tracer. Enabling the function tracer
-can be done from the debug file system. Make sure the
-ftrace_enabled is set; otherwise this tracer is a nop.
-
- # sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1
- # echo function > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
- # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # usleep 1
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # cat /debug/tracing/trace
-# tracer: function
-#
-# TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
-# | | | | |
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638713: finish_task_switch <-schedule
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638714: _spin_unlock_irq <-finish_task_switch
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638714: sub_preempt_count <-_spin_unlock_irq
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638715: hrtick_set <-schedule
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638715: _spin_lock_irqsave <-hrtick_set
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638716: add_preempt_count <-_spin_lock_irqsave
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638716: _spin_unlock_irqrestore <-hrtick_set
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638717: sub_preempt_count <-_spin_unlock_irqrestore
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638717: hrtick_clear <-hrtick_set
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638718: sub_preempt_count <-schedule
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638718: sub_preempt_count <-preempt_schedule
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638719: wait_for_completion <-__stop_machine_run
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638719: wait_for_common <-wait_for_completion
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638720: _spin_lock_irq <-wait_for_common
- bash-4003 [00] 123.638720: add_preempt_count <-_spin_lock_irq
-[...]
-
-
-Note: function tracer uses ring buffers to store the above
-entries. The newest data may overwrite the oldest data.
-Sometimes using echo to stop the trace is not sufficient because
-the tracing could have overwritten the data that you wanted to
-record. For this reason, it is sometimes better to disable
-tracing directly from a program. This allows you to stop the
-tracing at the point that you hit the part that you are
-interested in. To disable the tracing directly from a C program,
-something like following code snippet can be used:
-
-int trace_fd;
-[...]
-int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
- [...]
- trace_fd = open("/debug/tracing/tracing_enabled", O_WRONLY);
- [...]
- if (condition_hit()) {
- write(trace_fd, "0", 1);
- }
- [...]
-}
-
-Note: Here we hard coded the path name. The debugfs mount is not
-guaranteed to be at /debug (and is more commonly at
-/sys/kernel/debug). For simple one time traces, the above is
-sufficent. For anything else, a search through /proc/mounts may
-be needed to find where the debugfs file-system is mounted.
-
-
-Single thread tracing
----------------------
-
-By writing into /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid you can trace a
-single thread. For example:
-
-# cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid
-no pid
-# echo 3111 > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid
-# cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid
-3111
-# echo function > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
-# cat /debug/tracing/trace | head
- # tracer: function
- #
- # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
- # | | | | |
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254676: finish_task_switch <-thread_return
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254681: hrtimer_cancel <-schedule_hrtimeout_range
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254682: hrtimer_try_to_cancel <-hrtimer_cancel
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254683: lock_hrtimer_base <-hrtimer_try_to_cancel
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254685: fget_light <-do_sys_poll
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254686: pipe_poll <-do_sys_poll
-# echo -1 > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid
-# cat /debug/tracing/trace |head
- # tracer: function
- #
- # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
- # | | | | |
- ##### CPU 3 buffer started ####
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957688: free_poll_entry <-poll_freewait
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957689: remove_wait_queue <-free_poll_entry
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957691: fput <-free_poll_entry
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957692: audit_syscall_exit <-sysret_audit
- yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957693: path_put <-audit_syscall_exit
-
-If you want to trace a function when executing, you could use
-something like this simple program:
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-int main (int argc, char **argv)
-{
- if (argc < 1)
- exit(-1);
-
- if (fork() > 0) {
- int fd, ffd;
- char line[64];
- int s;
-
- ffd = open("/debug/tracing/current_tracer", O_WRONLY);
- if (ffd < 0)
- exit(-1);
- write(ffd, "nop", 3);
-
- fd = open("/debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid", O_WRONLY);
- s = sprintf(line, "%d\n", getpid());
- write(fd, line, s);
-
- write(ffd, "function", 8);
-
- close(fd);
- close(ffd);
-
- execvp(argv[1], argv+1);
- }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-
-hw-branch-tracer (x86 only)
----------------------------
-
-This tracer uses the x86 last branch tracing hardware feature to
-collect a branch trace on all cpus with relatively low overhead.
-
-The tracer uses a fixed-size circular buffer per cpu and only
-traces ring 0 branches. The trace file dumps that buffer in the
-following format:
-
-# tracer: hw-branch-tracer
-#
-# CPU# TO <- FROM
- 0 scheduler_tick+0xb5/0x1bf <- task_tick_idle+0x5/0x6
- 2 run_posix_cpu_timers+0x2b/0x72a <- run_posix_cpu_timers+0x25/0x72a
- 0 scheduler_tick+0x139/0x1bf <- scheduler_tick+0xed/0x1bf
- 0 scheduler_tick+0x17c/0x1bf <- scheduler_tick+0x148/0x1bf
- 2 run_posix_cpu_timers+0x9e/0x72a <- run_posix_cpu_timers+0x5e/0x72a
- 0 scheduler_tick+0x1b6/0x1bf <- scheduler_tick+0x1aa/0x1bf
-
-
-The tracer may be used to dump the trace for the oops'ing cpu on
-a kernel oops into the system log. To enable this,
-ftrace_dump_on_oops must be set. To set ftrace_dump_on_oops, one
-can either use the sysctl function or set it via the proc system
-interface.
-
- sysctl kernel.ftrace_dump_on_oops=1
-
-or
-
- echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_dump_on_oops
-
-
-Here's an example of such a dump after a null pointer
-dereference in a kernel module:
-
-[57848.105921] BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000000
-[57848.106019] IP: [<ffffffffa0000006>] open+0x6/0x14 [oops]
-[57848.106019] PGD 2354e9067 PUD 2375e7067 PMD 0
-[57848.106019] Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP
-[57848.106019] last sysfs file: /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1e.0/0000:20:05.0/local_cpus
-[57848.106019] Dumping ftrace buffer:
-[57848.106019] ---------------------------------
-[...]
-[57848.106019] 0 chrdev_open+0xe6/0x165 <- cdev_put+0x23/0x24
-[57848.106019] 0 chrdev_open+0x117/0x165 <- chrdev_open+0xfa/0x165
-[57848.106019] 0 chrdev_open+0x120/0x165 <- chrdev_open+0x11c/0x165
-[57848.106019] 0 chrdev_open+0x134/0x165 <- chrdev_open+0x12b/0x165
-[57848.106019] 0 open+0x0/0x14 [oops] <- chrdev_open+0x144/0x165
-[57848.106019] 0 page_fault+0x0/0x30 <- open+0x6/0x14 [oops]
-[57848.106019] 0 error_entry+0x0/0x5b <- page_fault+0x4/0x30
-[57848.106019] 0 error_kernelspace+0x0/0x31 <- error_entry+0x59/0x5b
-[57848.106019] 0 error_sti+0x0/0x1 <- error_kernelspace+0x2d/0x31
-[57848.106019] 0 page_fault+0x9/0x30 <- error_sti+0x0/0x1
-[57848.106019] 0 do_page_fault+0x0/0x881 <- page_fault+0x1a/0x30
-[...]
-[57848.106019] 0 do_page_fault+0x66b/0x881 <- is_prefetch+0x1ee/0x1f2
-[57848.106019] 0 do_page_fault+0x6e0/0x881 <- do_page_fault+0x67a/0x881
-[57848.106019] 0 oops_begin+0x0/0x96 <- do_page_fault+0x6e0/0x881
-[57848.106019] 0 trace_hw_branch_oops+0x0/0x2d <- oops_begin+0x9/0x96
-[...]
-[57848.106019] 0 ds_suspend_bts+0x2a/0xe3 <- ds_suspend_bts+0x1a/0xe3
-[57848.106019] ---------------------------------
-[57848.106019] CPU 0
-[57848.106019] Modules linked in: oops
-[57848.106019] Pid: 5542, comm: cat Tainted: G W 2.6.28 #23
-[57848.106019] RIP: 0010:[<ffffffffa0000006>] [<ffffffffa0000006>] open+0x6/0x14 [oops]
-[57848.106019] RSP: 0018:ffff880235457d48 EFLAGS: 00010246
-[...]
-
-
-function graph tracer
----------------------------
-
-This tracer is similar to the function tracer except that it
-probes a function on its entry and its exit. This is done by
-using a dynamically allocated stack of return addresses in each
-task_struct. On function entry the tracer overwrites the return
-address of each function traced to set a custom probe. Thus the
-original return address is stored on the stack of return address
-in the task_struct.
-
-Probing on both ends of a function leads to special features
-such as:
-
-- measure of a function's time execution
-- having a reliable call stack to draw function calls graph
-
-This tracer is useful in several situations:
-
-- you want to find the reason of a strange kernel behavior and
- need to see what happens in detail on any areas (or specific
- ones).
-
-- you are experiencing weird latencies but it's difficult to
- find its origin.
-
-- you want to find quickly which path is taken by a specific
- function
-
-- you just want to peek inside a working kernel and want to see
- what happens there.
-
-# tracer: function_graph
-#
-# CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
-# | | | | | | |
-
- 0) | sys_open() {
- 0) | do_sys_open() {
- 0) | getname() {
- 0) | kmem_cache_alloc() {
- 0) 1.382 us | __might_sleep();
- 0) 2.478 us | }
- 0) | strncpy_from_user() {
- 0) | might_fault() {
- 0) 1.389 us | __might_sleep();
- 0) 2.553 us | }
- 0) 3.807 us | }
- 0) 7.876 us | }
- 0) | alloc_fd() {
- 0) 0.668 us | _spin_lock();
- 0) 0.570 us | expand_files();
- 0) 0.586 us | _spin_unlock();
-
-
-There are several columns that can be dynamically
-enabled/disabled. You can use every combination of options you
-want, depending on your needs.
-
-- The cpu number on which the function executed is default
- enabled. It is sometimes better to only trace one cpu (see
- tracing_cpu_mask file) or you might sometimes see unordered
- function calls while cpu tracing switch.
-
- hide: echo nofuncgraph-cpu > /debug/tracing/trace_options
- show: echo funcgraph-cpu > /debug/tracing/trace_options
-
-- The duration (function's time of execution) is displayed on
- the closing bracket line of a function or on the same line
- than the current function in case of a leaf one. It is default
- enabled.
-
- hide: echo nofuncgraph-duration > /debug/tracing/trace_options
- show: echo funcgraph-duration > /debug/tracing/trace_options
-
-- The overhead field precedes the duration field in case of
- reached duration thresholds.
-
- hide: echo nofuncgraph-overhead > /debug/tracing/trace_options
- show: echo funcgraph-overhead > /debug/tracing/trace_options
- depends on: funcgraph-duration
-
- ie:
-
- 0) | up_write() {
- 0) 0.646 us | _spin_lock_irqsave();
- 0) 0.684 us | _spin_unlock_irqrestore();
- 0) 3.123 us | }
- 0) 0.548 us | fput();
- 0) + 58.628 us | }
-
- [...]
-
- 0) | putname() {
- 0) | kmem_cache_free() {
- 0) 0.518 us | __phys_addr();
- 0) 1.757 us | }
- 0) 2.861 us | }
- 0) ! 115.305 us | }
- 0) ! 116.402 us | }
-
- + means that the function exceeded 10 usecs.
- ! means that the function exceeded 100 usecs.
-
-
-- The task/pid field displays the thread cmdline and pid which
- executed the function. It is default disabled.
-
- hide: echo nofuncgraph-proc > /debug/tracing/trace_options
- show: echo funcgraph-proc > /debug/tracing/trace_options
-
- ie:
-
- # tracer: function_graph
- #
- # CPU TASK/PID DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
- # | | | | | | | | |
- 0) sh-4802 | | d_free() {
- 0) sh-4802 | | call_rcu() {
- 0) sh-4802 | | __call_rcu() {
- 0) sh-4802 | 0.616 us | rcu_process_gp_end();
- 0) sh-4802 | 0.586 us | check_for_new_grace_period();
- 0) sh-4802 | 2.899 us | }
- 0) sh-4802 | 4.040 us | }
- 0) sh-4802 | 5.151 us | }
- 0) sh-4802 | + 49.370 us | }
-
-
-- The absolute time field is an absolute timestamp given by the
- system clock since it started. A snapshot of this time is
- given on each entry/exit of functions
-
- hide: echo nofuncgraph-abstime > /debug/tracing/trace_options
- show: echo funcgraph-abstime > /debug/tracing/trace_options
-
- ie:
-
- #
- # TIME CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
- # | | | | | | | |
- 360.774522 | 1) 0.541 us | }
- 360.774522 | 1) 4.663 us | }
- 360.774523 | 1) 0.541 us | __wake_up_bit();
- 360.774524 | 1) 6.796 us | }
- 360.774524 | 1) 7.952 us | }
- 360.774525 | 1) 9.063 us | }
- 360.774525 | 1) 0.615 us | journal_mark_dirty();
- 360.774527 | 1) 0.578 us | __brelse();
- 360.774528 | 1) | reiserfs_prepare_for_journal() {
- 360.774528 | 1) | unlock_buffer() {
- 360.774529 | 1) | wake_up_bit() {
- 360.774529 | 1) | bit_waitqueue() {
- 360.774530 | 1) 0.594 us | __phys_addr();
-
-
-You can put some comments on specific functions by using
-trace_printk() For example, if you want to put a comment inside
-the __might_sleep() function, you just have to include
-<linux/ftrace.h> and call trace_printk() inside __might_sleep()
-
-trace_printk("I'm a comment!\n")
-
-will produce:
-
- 1) | __might_sleep() {
- 1) | /* I'm a comment! */
- 1) 1.449 us | }
-
-
-You might find other useful features for this tracer in the
-following "dynamic ftrace" section such as tracing only specific
-functions or tasks.
-
-dynamic ftrace
---------------
-
-If CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE is set, the system will run with
-virtually no overhead when function tracing is disabled. The way
-this works is the mcount function call (placed at the start of
-every kernel function, produced by the -pg switch in gcc),
-starts of pointing to a simple return. (Enabling FTRACE will
-include the -pg switch in the compiling of the kernel.)
-
-At compile time every C file object is run through the
-recordmcount.pl script (located in the scripts directory). This
-script will process the C object using objdump to find all the
-locations in the .text section that call mcount. (Note, only the
-.text section is processed, since processing other sections like
-.init.text may cause races due to those sections being freed).
-
-A new section called "__mcount_loc" is created that holds
-references to all the mcount call sites in the .text section.
-This section is compiled back into the original object. The
-final linker will add all these references into a single table.
-
-On boot up, before SMP is initialized, the dynamic ftrace code
-scans this table and updates all the locations into nops. It
-also records the locations, which are added to the
-available_filter_functions list. Modules are processed as they
-are loaded and before they are executed. When a module is
-unloaded, it also removes its functions from the ftrace function
-list. This is automatic in the module unload code, and the
-module author does not need to worry about it.
-
-When tracing is enabled, kstop_machine is called to prevent
-races with the CPUS executing code being modified (which can
-cause the CPU to do undesireable things), and the nops are
-patched back to calls. But this time, they do not call mcount
-(which is just a function stub). They now call into the ftrace
-infrastructure.
-
-One special side-effect to the recording of the functions being
-traced is that we can now selectively choose which functions we
-wish to trace and which ones we want the mcount calls to remain
-as nops.
-
-Two files are used, one for enabling and one for disabling the
-tracing of specified functions. They are:
-
- set_ftrace_filter
-
-and
-
- set_ftrace_notrace
-
-A list of available functions that you can add to these files is
-listed in:
-
- available_filter_functions
-
- # cat /debug/tracing/available_filter_functions
-put_prev_task_idle
-kmem_cache_create
-pick_next_task_rt
-get_online_cpus
-pick_next_task_fair
-mutex_lock
-[...]
-
-If I am only interested in sys_nanosleep and hrtimer_interrupt:
-
- # echo sys_nanosleep hrtimer_interrupt \
- > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
- # echo ftrace > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
- # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # usleep 1
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # cat /debug/tracing/trace
-# tracer: ftrace
-#
-# TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
-# | | | | |
- usleep-4134 [00] 1317.070017: hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
- usleep-4134 [00] 1317.070111: sys_nanosleep <-syscall_call
- <idle>-0 [00] 1317.070115: hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
-
-To see which functions are being traced, you can cat the file:
-
- # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
-hrtimer_interrupt
-sys_nanosleep
-
-
-Perhaps this is not enough. The filters also allow simple wild
-cards. Only the following are currently available
-
- <match>* - will match functions that begin with <match>
- *<match> - will match functions that end with <match>
- *<match>* - will match functions that have <match> in it
-
-These are the only wild cards which are supported.
-
- <match>*<match> will not work.
-
-Note: It is better to use quotes to enclose the wild cards,
- otherwise the shell may expand the parameters into names
- of files in the local directory.
-
- # echo 'hrtimer_*' > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
-
-Produces:
-
-# tracer: ftrace
-#
-# TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
-# | | | | |
- bash-4003 [00] 1480.611794: hrtimer_init <-copy_process
- bash-4003 [00] 1480.611941: hrtimer_start <-hrtick_set
- bash-4003 [00] 1480.611956: hrtimer_cancel <-hrtick_clear
- bash-4003 [00] 1480.611956: hrtimer_try_to_cancel <-hrtimer_cancel
- <idle>-0 [00] 1480.612019: hrtimer_get_next_event <-get_next_timer_interrupt
- <idle>-0 [00] 1480.612025: hrtimer_get_next_event <-get_next_timer_interrupt
- <idle>-0 [00] 1480.612032: hrtimer_get_next_event <-get_next_timer_interrupt
- <idle>-0 [00] 1480.612037: hrtimer_get_next_event <-get_next_timer_interrupt
- <idle>-0 [00] 1480.612382: hrtimer_get_next_event <-get_next_timer_interrupt
-
-
-Notice that we lost the sys_nanosleep.
-
- # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
-hrtimer_run_queues
-hrtimer_run_pending
-hrtimer_init
-hrtimer_cancel
-hrtimer_try_to_cancel
-hrtimer_forward
-hrtimer_start
-hrtimer_reprogram
-hrtimer_force_reprogram
-hrtimer_get_next_event
-hrtimer_interrupt
-hrtimer_nanosleep
-hrtimer_wakeup
-hrtimer_get_remaining
-hrtimer_get_res
-hrtimer_init_sleeper
-
-
-This is because the '>' and '>>' act just like they do in bash.
-To rewrite the filters, use '>'
-To append to the filters, use '>>'
-
-To clear out a filter so that all functions will be recorded
-again:
-
- # echo > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
- # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
- #
-
-Again, now we want to append.
-
- # echo sys_nanosleep > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
- # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
-sys_nanosleep
- # echo 'hrtimer_*' >> /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
- # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
-hrtimer_run_queues
-hrtimer_run_pending
-hrtimer_init
-hrtimer_cancel
-hrtimer_try_to_cancel
-hrtimer_forward
-hrtimer_start
-hrtimer_reprogram
-hrtimer_force_reprogram
-hrtimer_get_next_event
-hrtimer_interrupt
-sys_nanosleep
-hrtimer_nanosleep
-hrtimer_wakeup
-hrtimer_get_remaining
-hrtimer_get_res
-hrtimer_init_sleeper
-
-
-The set_ftrace_notrace prevents those functions from being
-traced.
-
- # echo '*preempt*' '*lock*' > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_notrace
-
-Produces:
-
-# tracer: ftrace
-#
-# TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
-# | | | | |
- bash-4043 [01] 115.281644: finish_task_switch <-schedule
- bash-4043 [01] 115.281645: hrtick_set <-schedule
- bash-4043 [01] 115.281645: hrtick_clear <-hrtick_set
- bash-4043 [01] 115.281646: wait_for_completion <-__stop_machine_run
- bash-4043 [01] 115.281647: wait_for_common <-wait_for_completion
- bash-4043 [01] 115.281647: kthread_stop <-stop_machine_run
- bash-4043 [01] 115.281648: init_waitqueue_head <-kthread_stop
- bash-4043 [01] 115.281648: wake_up_process <-kthread_stop
- bash-4043 [01] 115.281649: try_to_wake_up <-wake_up_process
-
-We can see that there's no more lock or preempt tracing.
-
-
-Dynamic ftrace with the function graph tracer
----------------------------------------------
-
-Although what has been explained above concerns both the
-function tracer and the function-graph-tracer, there are some
-special features only available in the function-graph tracer.
-
-If you want to trace only one function and all of its children,
-you just have to echo its name into set_graph_function:
-
- echo __do_fault > set_graph_function
-
-will produce the following "expanded" trace of the __do_fault()
-function:
-
- 0) | __do_fault() {
- 0) | filemap_fault() {
- 0) | find_lock_page() {
- 0) 0.804 us | find_get_page();
- 0) | __might_sleep() {
- 0) 1.329 us | }
- 0) 3.904 us | }
- 0) 4.979 us | }
- 0) 0.653 us | _spin_lock();
- 0) 0.578 us | page_add_file_rmap();
- 0) 0.525 us | native_set_pte_at();
- 0) 0.585 us | _spin_unlock();
- 0) | unlock_page() {
- 0) 0.541 us | page_waitqueue();
- 0) 0.639 us | __wake_up_bit();
- 0) 2.786 us | }
- 0) + 14.237 us | }
- 0) | __do_fault() {
- 0) | filemap_fault() {
- 0) | find_lock_page() {
- 0) 0.698 us | find_get_page();
- 0) | __might_sleep() {
- 0) 1.412 us | }
- 0) 3.950 us | }
- 0) 5.098 us | }
- 0) 0.631 us | _spin_lock();
- 0) 0.571 us | page_add_file_rmap();
- 0) 0.526 us | native_set_pte_at();
- 0) 0.586 us | _spin_unlock();
- 0) | unlock_page() {
- 0) 0.533 us | page_waitqueue();
- 0) 0.638 us | __wake_up_bit();
- 0) 2.793 us | }
- 0) + 14.012 us | }
-
-You can also expand several functions at once:
-
- echo sys_open > set_graph_function
- echo sys_close >> set_graph_function
-
-Now if you want to go back to trace all functions you can clear
-this special filter via:
-
- echo > set_graph_function
-
-
-trace_pipe
-----------
-
-The trace_pipe outputs the same content as the trace file, but
-the effect on the tracing is different. Every read from
-trace_pipe is consumed. This means that subsequent reads will be
-different. The trace is live.
-
- # echo function > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
- # cat /debug/tracing/trace_pipe > /tmp/trace.out &
-[1] 4153
- # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # usleep 1
- # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
- # cat /debug/tracing/trace
-# tracer: function
-#
-# TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
-# | | | | |
-
- #
- # cat /tmp/trace.out
- bash-4043 [00] 41.267106: finish_task_switch <-schedule
- bash-4043 [00] 41.267106: hrtick_set <-schedule
- bash-4043 [00] 41.267107: hrtick_clear <-hrtick_set
- bash-4043 [00] 41.267108: wait_for_completion <-__stop_machine_run
- bash-4043 [00] 41.267108: wait_for_common <-wait_for_completion
- bash-4043 [00] 41.267109: kthread_stop <-stop_machine_run
- bash-4043 [00] 41.267109: init_waitqueue_head <-kthread_stop
- bash-4043 [00] 41.267110: wake_up_process <-kthread_stop
- bash-4043 [00] 41.267110: try_to_wake_up <-wake_up_process
- bash-4043 [00] 41.267111: select_task_rq_rt <-try_to_wake_up
-
-
-Note, reading the trace_pipe file will block until more input is
-added. By changing the tracer, trace_pipe will issue an EOF. We
-needed to set the function tracer _before_ we "cat" the
-trace_pipe file.
-
-
-trace entries
--------------
-
-Having too much or not enough data can be troublesome in
-diagnosing an issue in the kernel. The file buffer_size_kb is
-used to modify the size of the internal trace buffers. The
-number listed is the number of entries that can be recorded per
-CPU. To know the full size, multiply the number of possible CPUS
-with the number of entries.
-
- # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb
-1408 (units kilobytes)
-
-Note, to modify this, you must have tracing completely disabled.
-To do that, echo "nop" into the current_tracer. If the
-current_tracer is not set to "nop", an EINVAL error will be
-returned.
-
- # echo nop > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
- # echo 10000 > /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb
- # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb
-10000 (units kilobytes)
-
-The number of pages which will be allocated is limited to a
-percentage of available memory. Allocating too much will produce
-an error.
-
- # echo 1000000000000 > /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb
--bash: echo: write error: Cannot allocate memory
- # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb
-85
-
------------
-
-More details can be found in the source code, in the
-kernel/tracing/*.c files.
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