path: root/usr.bin/ftp/ftp.1

.\" 	$Id: ftp.1,v 1.10 1999/07/01 14:32:07 ru Exp $
.\" 	$NetBSD: ftp.1,v 1.21 1997/06/10 21:59:58 lukem Exp $
.\"
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.\"	@(#)ftp.1	8.3 (Berkeley) 10/9/94
.\"
.Dd August 18, 1997
.Dt FTP 1
.Os BSD 4.2
.Sh NAME
.Nm ftp , pftp , gate-ftp
.Nd
.Tn ARPANET
file transfer program
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl adeginptUvV
.Op Fl P Ar port
.Op Fl s Ar src_addr
.Op Ar host Op Ar port
.Nm ftp
ftp://[\fIuser\fR:\fIpassword\fR@]\fIhost\fR[:\fIport\fR]/\fIfile\fR[/]
.Nm ftp
http://\fIhost\fR[:\fIport\fR]/\fIfile\fR
.Nm ftp
\fIhost\fR:[/\fIpath\fR/]\fIfile\fR[/]
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Nm
is the user interface to the
.Tn ARPANET
standard File Transfer Protocol.
The program allows a user to transfer files to and from a
remote network site.
.Pp
The latter three usage formats will fetch a file using either the
HTTP or FTP protocols into the current directory.
This is ideal for scripts.
Refer to
.Sx AUTO-FETCHING FILES
below for more information.
.Pp
Options may be specified at the command line, or to the
command interpreter.
.Bl -tag -width Fl
.It Fl a
Causes
.Nm
to bypass normal login procedure, and use an anonymous login instead.
.It Fl d
Enables debugging.
.It Fl e
Disables command line editing.
.It Fl g
Disables file name globbing.
.It Fl i
Turns off interactive prompting during
multiple file transfers.
.It Fl n
Restrains
.Nm
from attempting
.Dq auto-login
upon initial connection.
If auto-login is enabled,
.Nm
will check the
.Pa .netrc
(see below) file in the user's home directory for an entry describing
an account on the remote machine.
If no entry exists,
.Nm
will prompt for the remote machine login name (default is the user
identity on the local machine), and, if necessary, prompt for a password
and an account with which to login.
.It Fl p
Enables passive mode operation for use behind connection filtering firewalls.
Using the
.Nm pftp
command has the same effect.
.It Fl P Ar port
Sets the port number to
.Ar port .
.It Fl s Ar src_addr
Sets the local IP address for all connections to
.Ar src_addr ,
which can be an IP address or a host name.
.It Fl t
Enables packet tracing.
.It Fl U
Disable data port range restrictions.
.It Fl v
Enable verbose mode.
This is the default if input is from a terminal.
Forces
.Nm
to show all responses from the remote server, as well
as report on data transfer statistics.
.It Fl V
Disable verbose mode, overriding the default of enabled when input
is from a terminal.
.El
.Pp
The client host with which
.Nm
is to communicate may be specified on the command line.
If this is done,
.Nm
will immediately attempt to establish a connection to an
.Tn FTP
server on that host; otherwise,
.Nm
will enter its command interpreter and await instructions
from the user.
When
.Nm
is awaiting commands from the user the prompt
.Ql ftp>
is provided to the user.
The following commands are recognized
by
.Nm ftp  :
.Bl -tag -width Fl
.It Ic \&! Op Ar command Op Ar args
Invoke an interactive shell on the local machine.
If there are arguments, the first is taken to be a command to execute
directly, with the rest of the arguments as its arguments.
.It Ic \&$ Ar macro-name Op Ar args
Execute the macro
.Ar macro-name
that was defined with the
.Ic macdef
command.
Arguments are passed to the macro unglobbed.
.It Ic account Op Ar passwd
Supply a supplemental password required by a remote system for access
to resources once a login has been successfully completed.
If no argument is included, the user will be prompted for an account
password in a non-echoing input mode.
.It Ic append Ar local-file Op Ar remote-file
Append a local file to a file on the remote machine.
If
.Ar remote-file
is left unspecified, the local file name is used in naming the
remote file after being altered by any
.Ic ntrans
or
.Ic nmap
setting.
File transfer uses the current settings for
.Ic type  ,
.Ic format ,
.Ic mode
and
.Ic structure .
.It Ic ascii
Set the file transfer
.Ic type
to network
.Tn ASCII .
This is the default type.
.It Ic bell
Arrange that a bell be sounded after each file transfer
command is completed.
.It Ic binary
Set the file transfer
.Ic type
to support binary image transfer.
.It Ic bye
Terminate the
.Tn FTP
session with the remote server
and exit
.Nm ftp .
An end of file will also terminate the session and exit.
.It Ic case
Toggle remote computer file name case mapping during
.Ic mget
commands.
When
.Ic case
is on (default is off), remote computer file names with all letters in
upper case are written in the local directory with the letters mapped
to lower case.
.It Ic \&cd Ar remote-directory
Change the working directory on the remote machine
to
.Ar remote-directory .
.It Ic cdup
Change the remote machine working directory to the parent of the
current remote machine working directory.
.It Ic chmod Ar mode file-name
Change the permission modes of the file
.Ar file-name
on the remote
system to
.Ar mode .
.It Ic close
Terminate the
.Tn FTP
session with the remote server, and
return to the command interpreter.
Any defined macros are erased.
.It Ic \&cr
Toggle carriage return stripping during
ascii type file retrieval.
Records are denoted by a carriage return/linefeed sequence
during ascii type file transfer.
When
.Ic \&cr
is on (the default), carriage returns are stripped from this
sequence to conform with the
.Ux
single linefeed record
delimiter.
Records on
.Pf non\- Ns Ux
remote systems may contain single linefeeds;
when an ascii type transfer is made, these linefeeds may be
distinguished from a record delimiter only when
.Ic \&cr
is off.
.It Ic delete Ar remote-file
Delete the file
.Ar remote-file
on the remote machine.
.It Ic debug Op Ar debug-value
Toggle debugging mode.
If an optional
.Ar debug-value
is specified, it is used to set the debugging level.
When debugging is on,
.Nm
prints each command sent to the remote machine, preceded
by the string
.Ql \-\->
.It Ic dir Op Ar remote-directory Op Ar local-file
Print a listing of the contents of a
directory on the remote machine.
The listing includes any system-dependent information that the server
chooses to include; for example, most
.Ux
systems will produce
output from the command
.Ql ls \-l .
(See also
.Ic ls . )
If
.Ar remote-directory
is left unspecified, the current working directory is used.
If interactive prompting is on,
.Nm
will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the
target local file for receiving
.Ic dir
output.
If no local file is specified, or if
.Ar local-file
is
.Sq Fl ,
the output is sent to the terminal.
.It Ic disconnect
A synonym for
.Ic close .
.It Ic edit
Toggle command line editing, and context sensitive command and file
completion.
This is automatically enabled if input is from a terminal, and
disabled otherwise.
.It Ic exit
A synonym for
.Ic bye .
.It Ic ftp Ar host Op Ar port
A synonym for
.Ic open .
.It Ic form Ar format
Set the file transfer
.Ic form
to
.Ar format .
The default format is \*(Lqfile\*(Rq.
.It Ic get Ar remote-file Op Ar local-file
Retrieve the
.Ar remote-file
and store it on the local machine.
If the local
file name is not specified, it is given the same
name it has on the remote machine, subject to
alteration by the current
.Ic case  ,
.Ic ntrans
and
.Ic nmap
settings.
The current settings for
.Ic type  ,
.Ic form ,
.Ic mode
and
.Ic structure
are used while transferring the file.
.It Ic gate Op Ar host Op Ar port 
Toggle gate-ftp mode.
This will not be permitted if the gate-ftp server hasn't been set
(either explicitly by the user, or from the
.Ev FTPSERVER 
environment variable).
If
.Ar host
is given,
then gate-ftp mode will be enabled, and the gate-ftp server will be set to
.Ar host .
If
.Ar port
is also given, that will be used as the port to connect to on the
gate-ftp server.
.It Ic glob
Toggle filename expansion for
.Ic mdelete  ,
.Ic mget
and
.Ic mput .
If globbing is turned off with
.Ic glob  ,
the file name arguments
are taken literally and not expanded.
Globbing for
.Ic mput
is done as in
.Xr csh 1 .
For
.Ic mdelete
and
.Ic mget  ,
each remote file name is expanded
separately on the remote machine and the lists are not merged.
Expansion of a directory name is likely to be
different from expansion of the name of an ordinary file:
the exact result depends on the foreign operating system and ftp server,
and can be previewed by doing
.Ql mls remote-files \-
Note:
.Ic mget
and
.Ic mput
are not meant to transfer
entire directory subtrees of files.
That can be done by
transferring a
.Xr tar 1
archive of the subtree (in binary mode).
.It Ic hash Op Ar size
Toggle hash-sign (``#'') printing for each data block
transferred.
The size of a data block defaults to 1024 bytes.
This can be changed by specifying
.Ar size
in bytes.
.It Ic help Op Ar command
Print an informative message about the meaning of
.Ar command .
If no argument is given,
.Nm
prints a list of the known commands.
.It Ic idle Op Ar seconds
Set the inactivity timer on the remote server to
.Ar seconds
seconds.
If
.Ar seconds
is omitted, the current inactivity timer is printed.
.It Ic lcd Op Ar directory
Change the working directory on the local machine.
If
no
.Ar directory
is specified, the user's home directory is used.
.It Ic less Ar file
A synonym for
.Ic page .
.It Ic lpwd
Print the working directory on the local machine.
.It Ic \&ls Op Ar remote-directory Op Ar local-file
Print a list of the files in a
directory on the remote machine.
If
.Ar remote-directory
is left unspecified, the current working directory is used.
If interactive prompting is on,
.Nm
will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the
target local file for receiving
.Ic ls
output.
If no local file is specified, or if
.Ar local-file
is
.Fl  ,
the output is sent to the terminal.
.It Ic macdef Ar macro-name
Define a macro.
Subsequent lines are stored as the macro
.Ar macro-name  ;
a null line (consecutive newline characters
in a file or
carriage returns from the terminal) terminates macro input mode.
There is a limit of 16 macros and 4096 total characters in all
defined macros.
Macros remain defined until a
.Ic close
command is executed.
The macro processor interprets `$' and `\e' as special characters.
A `$' followed by a number (or numbers) is replaced by the
corresponding argument on the macro invocation command line.
A `$' followed by an `i' signals that macro processor that the
executing macro is to be looped.
On the first pass `$i' is
replaced by the first argument on the macro invocation command line,
on the second pass it is replaced by the second argument, and so on.
A `\e' followed by any character is replaced by that character.
Use the `\e' to prevent special treatment of the `$'.
.It Ic mdelete Op Ar remote-files
Delete the
.Ar remote-files
on the remote machine.
.It Ic mdir Ar remote-files local-file
Like
.Ic dir  ,
except multiple remote files may be specified.
If interactive prompting is on,
.Nm
will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the
target local file for receiving
.Ic mdir
output.
.It Ic mget Ar remote-files
Expand the
.Ar remote-files
on the remote machine
and do a
.Ic get
for each file name thus produced.
See
.Ic glob
for details on the filename expansion.
Resulting file names will then be processed according to
.Ic case  ,
.Ic ntrans
and
.Ic nmap
settings.
Files are transferred into the local working directory,
which can be changed with
.Ql lcd directory ;
new local directories can be created with
.Ql "\&! mkdir directory" .
.It Ic mkdir Ar directory-name
Make a directory on the remote machine.
.It Ic mls Ar remote-files local-file
Like
.Ic ls  ,
except multiple remote files may be specified,
and the
.Ar local-file
must be specified.
If interactive prompting is on,
.Nm
will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the
target local file for receiving
.Ic mls
output.
.It Ic mode Op Ar mode-name
Set the file transfer
.Ic mode
to
.Ar mode-name .
The default mode is \*(Lqstream\*(Rq mode.
.It Ic modtime Ar file-name
Show the last modification time of the file on the remote machine.
.It Ic more Ar file
A synonym for
.Ic page .
.It Ic mput Ar local-files
Expand wild cards in the list of local files given as arguments
and do a
.Ic put
for each file in the resulting list.
See
.Ic glob
for details of filename expansion.
Resulting file names will then be processed according to
.Ic ntrans
and
.Ic nmap
settings.
.It Ic msend Ar local-files
A synonym for
.Ic mput .
.It Ic newer Ar file-name
Get the file only if the modification time of the remote file is more
recent that the file on the current system.
If the file does not
exist on the current system, the remote file is considered
.Ic newer .
Otherwise, this command is identical to
.Ar get .
.It Ic nlist Op Ar remote-directory Op Ar local-file
A synonym for
.Ic ls .
.It Ic nmap Op Ar inpattern outpattern
Set or unset the filename mapping mechanism.
If no arguments are specified, the filename mapping mechanism is unset.
If arguments are specified, remote filenames are mapped during
.Ic mput
commands and
.Ic put
commands issued without a specified remote target filename.
If arguments are specified, local filenames are mapped during
.Ic mget
commands and
.Ic get
commands issued without a specified local target filename.
This command is useful when connecting to a
.No non\- Ns Ux
remote computer
with different file naming conventions or practices.
The mapping follows the pattern set by
.Ar inpattern
and
.Ar outpattern .
.Op Ar Inpattern
is a template for incoming filenames (which may have already been
processed according to the
.Ic ntrans
and
.Ic case
settings).
Variable templating is accomplished by including the
sequences `$1', `$2', ..., `$9' in
.Ar inpattern .
Use `\\' to prevent this special treatment of the `$' character.
All other characters are treated literally, and are used to determine the
.Ic nmap
.Op Ar inpattern
variable values.
For example, given
.Ar inpattern
$1.$2 and the remote file name "mydata.data", $1 would have the value
"mydata", and $2 would have the value "data".
The
.Ar outpattern
determines the resulting mapped filename.
The sequences `$1', `$2', ...., `$9' are replaced by any value resulting
from the
.Ar inpattern
template.
The sequence `$0' is replace by the original filename.
Additionally, the sequence
.Ql Op Ar seq1 , Ar seq2
is replaced by
.Op Ar seq1
if
.Ar seq1
is not a null string; otherwise it is replaced by
.Ar seq2 .
For example, the command
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
nmap $1.$2.$3 [$1,$2].[$2,file]
.Ed
.Pp
would yield
the output filename "myfile.data" for input filenames "myfile.data" and
"myfile.data.old", "myfile.file" for the input filename "myfile", and
"myfile.myfile" for the input filename ".myfile".
Spaces may be included in
.Ar outpattern  ,
as in the example: `nmap $1 sed "s/  *$//" > $1' .
Use the `\e' character to prevent special treatment
of the `$','[',']' and `,' characters.
.It Ic ntrans Op Ar inchars Op Ar outchars
Set or unset the filename character translation mechanism.
If no arguments are specified, the filename character
translation mechanism is unset.
If arguments are specified, characters in
remote filenames are translated during
.Ic mput
commands and
.Ic put
commands issued without a specified remote target filename.
If arguments are specified, characters in
local filenames are translated during
.Ic mget
commands and
.Ic get
commands issued without a specified local target filename.
This command is useful when connecting to a
.No non\- Ns Ux
remote computer
with different file naming conventions or practices.
Characters in a filename matching a character in
.Ar inchars
are replaced with the corresponding character in
.Ar outchars .
If the character's position in
.Ar inchars
is longer than the length of
.Ar outchars  ,
the character is deleted from the file name.
.It Ic open Ar host Op Ar port
Establish a connection to the specified
.Ar host
.Tn FTP
server.
An optional port number may be supplied,
in which case,
.Nm
will attempt to contact an
.Tn FTP
server at that port.
If the
.Ic auto-login
option is on (default),
.Nm
will also attempt to automatically log the user in to
the
.Tn FTP
server (see below).
.It Ic page Ar file
Retrieve
.Ic file
and display with the program defined in
.Ev PAGER 
(which defaults to
.Xr less 1 ).
.It Ic passive
Toggle passive mode.  If passive mode is turned on
(default is off), the ftp client will
send a
.Dv PASV
command for all data connections instead of the usual
.Dv PORT
command.  The
.Dv PASV
command requests that the remote server open a port for the data connection
and return the address of that port.  The remote server listens on that
port and the client connects to it.  When using the more traditional
.Dv PORT
command, the client listens on a port and sends that address to the remote
server, who connects back to it.  Passive mode is useful when using
.Nm
through a gateway router or host that controls the directionality of
traffic.
(Note that though ftp servers are required to support the
.Dv PASV
command by RFC 1123, some do not.)
.It Ic preserve
Toggle preservation of modification times on retrieved files.
.It Ic progress
Toggle display of transfer progress bar.
The progress bar will be disabled for a transfer that has
.Ar local-file
as
.Sq Fl
or a command that starts with
.Sq \&| .
Refer to
.Sx FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS
for more information.
.It Ic prompt
Toggle interactive prompting.
Interactive prompting
occurs during multiple file transfers to allow the
user to selectively retrieve or store files.
If prompting is turned off (default is on), any
.Ic mget
or
.Ic mput
will transfer all files, and any
.Ic mdelete
will delete all files.
.Pp
When prompting is on, the following commands are available at a prompt:
.Bl -tag -width 2n -offset indent
.It Ic n
Do not transfer the file.
.It Ic a
Answer
.Sq yes
to the current file, and automatically answer
.Sq yes
to any remaining files for the current command.
.It Ic p
Answer
.Sq yes
to the current file, and turn off prompt mode
(as if
.Dq prompt off
had been given).
.El
.Pp
Any other reponse will answer
.Sq yes
to the current file.
.It Ic proxy Ar ftp-command
Execute an ftp command on a secondary control connection.
This command allows simultaneous connection to two remote ftp
servers for transferring files between the two servers.
The first
.Ic proxy
command should be an
.Ic open  ,
to establish the secondary control connection.
Enter the command "proxy ?" to see other ftp commands executable on the
secondary connection.
The following commands behave differently when prefaced by
.Ic proxy  :
.Ic open
will not define new macros during the auto-login process,
.Ic close
will not erase existing macro definitions,
.Ic get
and
.Ic mget
transfer files from the host on the primary control connection
to the host on the secondary control connection, and
.Ic put  ,
.Ic mput
and
.Ic append
transfer files from the host on the secondary control connection
to the host on the primary control connection.
Third party file transfers depend upon support of the ftp protocol
.Dv PASV
command by the server on the secondary control connection.
.It Ic put Ar local-file Op Ar remote-file
Store a local file on the remote machine.
If
.Ar remote-file
is left unspecified, the local file name is used
after processing according to any
.Ic ntrans
or
.Ic nmap
settings
in naming the remote file.
File transfer uses the
current settings for
.Ic type  ,
.Ic format ,
.Ic mode
and
.Ic structure .
.It Ic pwd
Print the name of the current working directory on the remote
machine.
.It Ic quit
A synonym for
.Ic bye .
.It Ic quote Ar arg1 arg2 ...
The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote
.Tn FTP
server.
.It Ic recv Ar remote-file Op Ar local-file
A synonym for
.Ic get .
.It Ic reget Ar remote-file Op Ar local-file
Reget acts like get, except that if
.Ar local-file
exists and is
smaller than
.Ar remote-file  ,
.Ar local-file
is presumed to be
a partially transferred copy of
.Ar remote-file
and the transfer
is continued from the apparent point of failure.
This command
is useful when transferring very large files over networks that
are prone to dropping connections.
.It Ic remotehelp Op Ar command-name
Request help from the remote
.Tn FTP
server.
If a
.Ar command-name
is specified it is supplied to the server as well.
.It Ic rstatus Op Ar file-name
With no arguments, show status of remote machine.
If
.Ar file-name
is specified, show status of
.Ar file-name
on remote machine.
.It Ic rename Op Ar from Op Ar to
Rename the file
.Ar from
on the remote machine, to the file
.Ar to .
.It Ic reset
Clear reply queue.
This command re-synchronizes command/reply sequencing with the remote
ftp server.
Resynchronization may be necessary following a violation of the ftp protocol
by the remote server.
.It Ic restart Ar marker
Restart the immediately following
.Ic get
or
.Ic put
at the
indicated
.Ar marker .
On
.Ux
systems, marker is usually a byte
offset into the file.
.It Ic restrict
Toggle data port range restrictions.
When not operating in passive mode,  the
.Nm
client program requests that the remote server open a connection back
to the client host on a separate data port.  In previous versions, that
remote port fell in the range 1024..4999.  However, most firewall setups
filter that range of TCP ports because other services reside there.
The default behavior now is for the client to request that the server
connect back to the client using the port range 49152..65535.  Firewall
administrators can chose to allow TCP connections in that range, if they
deem it to not be a security risk.
.It Ic rmdir Ar directory-name
Delete a directory on the remote machine.
.It Ic runique
Toggle storing of files on the local system with unique filenames.
If a file already exists with a name equal to the target
local filename for a
.Ic get
or
.Ic mget
command, a ".1" is appended to the name.
If the resulting name matches another existing file,
a ".2" is appended to the original name.
If this process continues up to ".99", an error
message is printed, and the transfer does not take place.
The generated unique filename will be reported.
Note that
.Ic runique
will not affect local files generated from a shell command
(see below).
The default value is off.
.It Ic send Ar local-file Op Ar remote-file
A synonym for
.Ic put .
.It Ic sendport
Toggle the use of
.Dv PORT
commands.
By default,
.Nm
will attempt to use a
.Dv PORT
command when establishing
a connection for each data transfer.
The use of
.Dv PORT
commands can prevent delays
when performing multiple file transfers.
If the
.Dv PORT
command fails,
.Nm
will use the default data port.
When the use of
.Dv PORT
commands is disabled, no attempt will be made to use
.Dv PORT
commands for each data transfer.
This is useful
for certain
.Tn FTP
implementations which do ignore
.Dv PORT
commands but, incorrectly, indicate they've been accepted.
.It Ic site Ar arg1 arg2 ...
The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote
.Tn FTP
server as a
.Dv SITE
command.
.It Ic size Ar file-name
Return size of
.Ar file-name
on remote machine.
.It Ic status
Show the current status of
.Nm ftp .
.It Ic struct Op Ar struct-name
Set the file transfer
.Ar structure
to
.Ar struct-name .
By default \*(Lqstream\*(Rq structure is used.
.It Ic sunique
Toggle storing of files on remote machine under unique file names.
Remote ftp server must support ftp protocol
.Dv STOU
command for
successful completion.
The remote server will report unique name.
Default value is off.
.It Ic system
Show the type of operating system running on the remote machine.
.It Ic tenex
Set the file transfer type to that needed to
talk to
.Tn TENEX
machines.
.It Ic trace
Toggle packet tracing.
.It Ic type Op Ar type-name
Set the file transfer
.Ic type
to
.Ar type-name .
If no type is specified, the current type
is printed.
The default type is network
.Tn ASCII .
.It Ic umask Op Ar newmask
Set the default umask on the remote server to
.Ar newmask .
If
.Ar newmask
is omitted, the current umask is printed.
.It Xo
.Ic user Ar user-name
.Op Ar password Op Ar account
.Xc
Identify yourself to the remote
.Tn FTP
server.
If the
.Ar password
is not specified and the server requires it,
.Nm
will prompt the user for it (after disabling local echo).
If an
.Ar account
field is not specified, and the
.Tn FTP
server
requires it, the user will be prompted for it.
If an
.Ar account
field is specified, an account command will
be relayed to the remote server after the login sequence
is completed if the remote server did not require it
for logging in.
Unless
.Nm
is invoked with \*(Lqauto-login\*(Rq disabled, this
process is done automatically on initial connection to
the
.Tn FTP
server.
.It Ic verbose
Toggle verbose mode.
In verbose mode, all responses from
the
.Tn FTP
server are displayed to the user.
In addition,
if verbose is on, when a file transfer completes, statistics
regarding the efficiency of the transfer are reported.
By default,
verbose is on.
.It Ic ? Op Ar command
A synonym for
.Ic help .
.El
.Pp
Command arguments which have embedded spaces may be quoted with
quote `"' marks.
.Pp
Commands which toggle settings can take an explicit
.Ic on
or
.Ic off
argument to force the setting appropriately.
.Pp
If
.Nm
receives a
.Dv SIGINFO
(see the
.Dq status
argument of
.Xr stty 1 )
signal whilst a transfer is in progress, the current transfer rate
statistics will be written to the standard error output, in the
same format as the standard completion message.
.Sh AUTO-FETCHING FILES
In addition to standard commands, this version of
.Nm
supports an auto-fetch feature.
To enable auto-fetch, simply pass the list of hostnames/files
on the command line.
.Pp
The following formats are valid syntax for an auto-fetch element:
.Bl -tag -width "host:/file"
.It host:/file 
.Dq Classic
ftp format
.It ftp://[user:password@]host[:port]/file
An ftp URL, retrieved using the ftp protocol if
.Ev ftp_proxy
isn't defined.
Otherwise, transfer using http via the proxy defined in
.Ev ftp_proxy .
If
.Ar user:password@
is given and
.Ev ftp_proxy
isn't defined, login as
.Ar user
with a password of
.Ar password .
.It http://host[:port]/file
An HTTP URL, retrieved using the http protocol.
If
.Ev http_proxy
is defined, it is used as a URL to an HTTP proxy server.
.El
.Pp
If a classic format or a ftp URL format has a trailing
.Sq / ,
then
.Nm
will connect to the site and
.Ic cd
to the directory given as the path, and leave the user in interactive
mode ready for further input.
.Pp
If successive auto-fetch ftp elements refer to the same host, then
the connection is maintained between transfers, reducing overhead on
connection creation and deletion.
.Pp
If
.Ic file
contains a glob character and globbing is enabled, 
(see
.Ic glob ) ,
then the equivalent of
.Ic "mget file"
is performed.
.Pp
If the directory component of
.Ic file
contains no globbing characters,
it is stored in the current directory as the
.Xr basename 1
of
.Ic file .
Otherwise, the remote name is used as the local name.
.Sh ABORTING A FILE TRANSFER
To abort a file transfer, use the terminal interrupt key
(usually Ctrl-C).
Sending transfers will be immediately halted.
Receiving transfers will be halted by sending a ftp protocol
.Dv ABOR
command to the remote server, and discarding any further data received.
The speed at which this is accomplished depends upon the remote
server's support for
.Dv ABOR
processing.
If the remote server does not support the
.Dv ABOR
command, an
.Ql ftp>
prompt will not appear until the remote server has completed
sending the requested file.
.Pp
The terminal interrupt key sequence will be ignored when
.Nm
has completed any local processing and is awaiting a reply
from the remote server.
A long delay in this mode may result from the ABOR processing described
above, or from unexpected behavior by the remote server, including
violations of the ftp protocol.
If the delay results from unexpected remote server behavior, the local
.Nm
program must be killed by hand.
.Sh FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS
Files specified as arguments to
.Nm
commands are processed according to the following rules.
.Bl -enum
.It
If the file name
.Sq Fl
is specified, the
.Ar stdin
(for reading) or
.Ar stdout
(for writing) is used.
.It
If the first character of the file name is
.Sq \&| ,
the
remainder of the argument is interpreted as a shell command.
.Nm
then forks a shell, using
.Xr popen 3
with the argument supplied, and reads (writes) from the stdin
(stdout).
If the shell command includes spaces, the argument
must be quoted; e.g.
\*(Lq" ls -lt"\*(Rq.
A particularly
useful example of this mechanism is: \*(Lqdir \&|more\*(Rq.
.It
Failing the above checks, if
.Dq globbing
is enabled,
local file names are expanded
according to the rules used in the
.Xr csh  1  ;
c.f. the
.Ic glob
command.
If the
.Nm
command expects a single local file (e.g.
.Ic put  ) ,
only the first filename generated by the "globbing" operation is used.
.It
For
.Ic mget
commands and
.Ic get
commands with unspecified local file names, the local filename is
the remote filename, which may be altered by a
.Ic case  ,
.Ic ntrans ,
or
.Ic nmap
setting.
The resulting filename may then be altered if
.Ic runique
is on.
.It
For
.Ic mput
commands and
.Ic put
commands with unspecified remote file names, the remote filename is
the local filename, which may be altered by a
.Ic ntrans
or
.Ic nmap
setting.
The resulting filename may then be altered by the remote server if
.Ic sunique
is on.
.El
.Sh FILE TRANSFER PARAMETERS
The FTP specification specifies many parameters which may
affect a file transfer.
The
.Ic type
may be one of \*(Lqascii\*(Rq, \*(Lqimage\*(Rq (binary),
\*(Lqebcdic\*(Rq and \*(Lqlocal byte size\*(Rq (for
.Tn PDP Ns -10's
and
.Tn PDP Ns -20's
mostly).
.Nm
supports the ascii and image types of file transfer,
plus local byte size 8 for
.Ic tenex
mode transfers.
.Pp
.Nm
supports only the default values for the remaining
file transfer parameters:
.Ic mode  ,
.Ic form
and
.Ic struct .
.Sh THE .netrc FILE
The
.Pa .netrc
file contains login and initialization information
used by the auto-login process.
It resides in the user's home directory.
The following tokens are recognized; they may be separated by spaces,
tabs, or new-lines:
.Bl -tag -width password
.It Ic machine Ar name
Identify a remote machine
.Ar name .
The auto-login process searches the
.Pa .netrc
file for a
.Ic machine
token that matches the remote machine specified on the
.Nm
command line or as an
.Ic open
command argument.
Once a match is made, the subsequent
.Pa .netrc
tokens are processed,
stopping when the end of file is reached or another
.Ic machine
or a
.Ic default
token is encountered.
.It Ic default
This is the same as
.Ic machine
.Ar name
except that
.Ic default
matches any name.
There can be only one
.Ic default
token, and it must be after all
.Ic machine
tokens.
This is normally used as:
.Pp
.Dl default login anonymous password user@site
.Pp
thereby giving the user
.Ar automatic
anonymous ftp login to
machines not specified in
.Pa .netrc .
This can be overridden
by using the
.Fl n
flag to disable auto-login.
.It Ic login Ar name
Identify a user on the remote machine.
If this token is present, the auto-login process will initiate
a login using the specified
.Ar name .
.It Ic password Ar string
Supply a password.
If this token is present, the auto-login process will supply the
specified string if the remote server requires a password as part
of the login process.
Note that if this token is present in the
.Pa .netrc
file for any user other
than
.Ar anonymous  ,
.Nm
will abort the auto-login process if the
.Pa .netrc
is readable by
anyone besides the user.
.It Ic account Ar string
Supply an additional account password.
If this token is present, the auto-login process will supply the
specified string if the remote server requires an additional
account password, or the auto-login process will initiate an
.Dv ACCT
command if it does not.
.It Ic macdef Ar name
Define a macro.
This token functions like the
.Nm
.Ic macdef
command functions.
A macro is defined with the specified name; its contents begin with the
next
.Pa .netrc
line and continue until a null line (consecutive new-line
characters) is encountered.
If a macro named
.Ic init
is defined, it is automatically executed as the last step in the
auto-login process.
.El
.Sh COMMAND LINE EDITING
.Nm
supports interactive command line editing, via the 
.Xr editline 3
library.
It is enabled with the
.Ic edit
command, and is enabled by default if input is from a tty.
Previous lines can be recalled and edited with the arrow keys,
and other GNU Emacs-style editing keys may be used as well.
.Pp
The
.Xr editline 3
library is configured with a
.Pa .editrc
file - refer to
.Xr editrc 5
for more information.
.Pp
An extra key binding is available to
.Nm
to provide context sensitive command and filename completion
(including remote file completion).
To use this, bind a key to the
.Xr editline 3
command
.Ic ftp-complete .
By default, this is bound to the TAB key.
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
.Nm
utilizes the following environment variables.
.Bl -tag -width "FTP_PASSIVE_MODE"
.It Ev FTP_PASSIVE_MODE
If this variable is set to something else than
.Sq NO ,
.Nm
will use passive mode by default.
.It Ev FTPSERVER
Host to use as gate-ftp server when
.Ic gate
is enabled.
.It Ev FTPSERVERPORT
Port to use when connecting to gate-ftp server when
.Ic gate
is enabled.
Default is port returned by a
.Fn getservbyname
lookup of 
.Dq ftpgate/tcp .
.It Ev HOME
For default location of a
.Pa .netrc
file, if one exists.
.It Ev PAGER
Used by
.Ic page
to display files.
.It Ev SHELL
For default shell.
.It Ev ftp_proxy
URL of FTP proxy to use when making FTP URL requests
(if not defined, use the standard ftp protocol).
.It Ev http_proxy
URL of HTTP proxy to use when making HTTP URL requests.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr getservbyname 3 ,
.Xr editrc 5 ,
.Xr services 5 ,
.Xr ftpd 8
.Sh NOTES
The
.Xr pftp 1
and
.Xr gate-ftp 1
commands are links to
.Nm ftp .
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
command appeared in
.Bx 4.2 .
.Pp
Various features such as command line editing, context sensitive 
command and file completion, dynamic progress bar, automatic
fetching of files, ftp and http URLs, and modification time
preservation were implemented in
.Nx 1.3
by Luke Mewburn, with assistance from Jason Thorpe.
.Sh BUGS
Correct execution of many commands depends upon proper behavior
by the remote server.
.Pp
An error in the treatment of carriage returns
in the
.Bx 4.2
ascii-mode transfer code
has been corrected.
This correction may result in incorrect transfers of binary files
to and from
.Bx 4.2
servers using the ascii type.
Avoid this problem by using the binary image type.