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		blue indx get 28 mul
		add add 256 idiv put} for
	currenttransfer
	{255 mul cvi tran exch get 255.0 div}
	exch Fmcc settransfer
} bind def
/BITMAPCOLOR { 
	/d 8 def
	gsave
	translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def
	/bitmapsave save def 
	colorsetup
	/is w d wbytes string def
	/cf currentfile def 
	w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] 
	{cf is readhexstring pop} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage 
	bitmapsave restore 
	grestore
	} bind def
/BITMAPCOLORc { 
	/d 8 def
	gsave
	translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def
	/lb w d wbytes def 
	sl lb lt {lb ms} if 
	/bitmapsave save def 
	colorsetup
	/is im 0 lb getinterval def 
	ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop 
	/cf currentfile def 
	w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] 
	{ip} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage
	bitmapsave restore 
	grestore
	} bind def
/BITMAPGRAY { 
	8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAP
	} bind def
/BITMAPGRAYc { 
	8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAPc
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/ENDBITMAP {
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end 
%%EndProlog
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1.2 (IMPLEMENT) 178.34 388 S
1.2 (A) 258.88 388 S
1.2 (TION NOTES ON ) 267.85 388 S
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1.2 (bdes) 382.61 388 S
0 F
1.2 (\0501\051) 415.4 388 S
1.2 (Matt Bishop) 265.09 338 S
1.2 (T) 197.74 288 S
1.2 (echnical Report PCS-TR91-158) 205.38 288 S
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(Page 1 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T
72 72 540 720 R
7 X
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1 F
0 X
(Implementation Notes on ) 179.84 708 T
2 F
(bdes) 378.21 708 T
1 F
(\0501\051) 411.19 708 T
0 F
( ) 432.17 708 T
3 F
(Matt Bishop) 276.51 676 T
0 F
(Department of Mathematics and Computer Science) 182.92 656 T
(Dartmouth College) 259.86 642 T
(Hanover) 257.45 628 T
(, NH 03755) 298.26 628 T
3 F
(ABSTRACT) 277.68 602 T
0 F
0.27 (This note describes the implementation of ) 108 582 P
3 F
0.27 (bdes) 314.13 582 P
0 F
0.27 (, the \336le encryption program being) 336.12 582 P
0.36 (distributed in the 4.4 release of the Berkeley Software Distribution. It implements) 108 568 P
(all modes of the Data Encryption Standard program.) 108 554 T
4 F
(1. Intr) 72 528 T
(oduction) 104.43 528 T
0 F
-0.09 (The Data Encryption Standard is a standard endorsed by the federal government. It is con-) 108 504 P
-0.56 (siderably stronger than the algorithm used by the ) 72 484 P
5 F
-0.47 (UNIX) 305.36 484 P
0 F
-0.56 (\252 ) 330.34 484 P
3 F
-0.56 (crypt) 344.53 484 P
0 F
-0.56 (\0501\051 program, and therefore is a more) 369.18 484 P
0.11 (suitable candidate for protecting information, especially information contained in ) 72 464 P
5 F
0.09 (ASCII) 466.05 464 P
0 F
0.11 ( \336les. The) 492.14 464 P
-0.65 (program ) 72 444 P
3 F
-0.65 (bdes) 114.99 444 P
0 F
-0.65 (\0501\051 implements the DES and all of its modes, including the two authentication modes.) 136.97 444 P
-0.59 (Because others may wish to write software compatible with this program, this note presents) 108 420 P
-0.04 (the layout of the encrypted \336les produced by ) 72 400 P
3 F
-0.04 (bdes) 288.86 400 P
0 F
-0.04 ( as well as internal details relevant to the imple-) 310.85 400 P
-0.15 (mentation. Whereever possible and appropriate, the description of the ) 72 380 P
3 F
-0.15 (des) 408.04 380 P
0 F
-0.15 (\0501\051 program given in [4]) 424.03 380 P
-0.2 (has been followed; thus, ) 72 360 P
3 F
-0.2 (bdes) 190.77 360 P
0 F
-0.2 ( is completely compatible with that program. However) 212.75 360 P
-0.2 (, ) 473.33 360 P
3 F
-0.2 (bdes) 479.12 360 P
0 F
-0.2 ( also of-) 501.11 360 P
(fers several extensions to ) 72 340 T
3 F
(des) 195.9 340 T
0 F
( that are not compatible, and these will be explicitly pointed out.) 211.89 340 T
-0.14 (In this note, strings typed as shown will be in ) 108 316 P
6 F
-0.34 (Courier Roman font) 326.78 316 P
0 F
-0.14 (, and strings to be) 455.62 316 P
-0.42 (chosen by the user will be in ) 72 296 P
7 F
-1 (Courier Oblique font) 209.32 296 P
0 F
-0.42 (. The space character \050) 351.24 296 P
5 F
-0.35 (ASCII) 457.79 296 P
0 F
-0.42 ( <) 483.88 296 P
5 F
-0.35 (SP) 493.23 296 P
0 F
-0.42 (>, octal) 504.34 296 P
-0.43 (40, decimal 32, hex 20\051 will be represented as \322) 72 276 P
8 F
-0.47 (z) 296.98 276 P
0 F
-0.43 (\323 and the newline character \050) 301.96 276 P
5 F
-0.35 (ASCII) 438.03 276 P
0 F
-0.43 ( <) 464.13 276 P
5 F
-0.35 (NL) 473.46 276 P
0 F
-0.43 (>, octal 12,) 486.79 276 P
-0.05 (decimal 10, hex a\051 as \322) 72 256 P
9 F
-0.05 (\277) 181.65 256 P
0 F
-0.05 (\323. Because it is often more convenient to represent arbitrary characters as) 189.54 256 P
1.13 (a sequence of hexadecimal digits, that representation will often be used; these digits will be in) 72 236 P
10 F
(Courier Bold font) 72 216 T
0 F
( with spaces often inserted for readability) 194.33 216 T
(.) 392.07 216 T
4 F
(2. Overview and Use) 72 184 T
3 F
-0.39 (Bdes) 108 160 P
0 F
-0.39 ( implements the Data Encryption Standard algorithm in software, and enables the user) 131.32 160 P
-0.61 (to encrypt data using any of the four modes of operation of the DES \050Electronic Code Book, Cipher) 72 140 P
72 72 540 720 C
72 72 540 117 C
72 72 549 108 R
7 X
0 K
V
5 F
0 X
(This work is based on work funded by grant NAG2-680 from the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration to ) 72 101.33 T
(Dartmouth College.) 72 89.33 T
(UNIX is a Registered T) 72 77.33 T
(rademark of A) 166.58 77.33 T
(T&T Bell Laboratories.) 223.75 77.33 T
72 72 540 720 C
0 0 612 792 C
72 126 225 126 2 L
7 X
0 K
V
0.5 H
2 Z
0 X
N
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0.31 (Block Chaining, ) 72 712 P
3 F
0.31 (k) 154.25 712 P
0 F
0.31 (-bit Cipher Feed Back, and ) 159.58 712 P
3 F
0.31 (k) 293.71 712 P
0 F
0.31 (-bit Output Feed Back\051 as well as the Alternate ) 299.04 712 P
3 F
0.31 (k) 530.68 712 P
0 F
0.31 (-) 536.01 712 P
-0.04 (bit Cipher Feed Back mode. Further) 72 692 P
-0.04 (, ) 244.52 692 P
3 F
-0.04 (bdes) 250.48 692 P
0 F
-0.04 ( supports message authentication code generation based) 272.46 692 P
(on both the Cipher Block Chaining mode and the ) 72 672 T
3 F
(k) 310.86 672 T
0 F
(-bit Cipher Feed Back mode.) 316.19 672 T
0.07 (By default, ) 108 648 P
3 F
0.07 (bdes) 164.43 648 P
0 F
0.07 ( encrypts an input \336le using Cipher Block Chaining mode, and is invoked) 186.41 648 P
-0.4 (as a \336lter) 72 628 P
-0.4 (. The key may be speci\336ed either on the command line or may be typed to the prompt. So,) 114.51 628 P
(if the input \336le ) 72 608 T
7 F
(inputf) 145.96 608 T
(ile) 189.14 608 T
0 F
( contains the message) 210.73 608 T
6 F
(a) 253.9 584 T
8 F
(z) 261.1 584 T
6 F
(test) 266.07 584 T
8 F
(z) 294.86 584 T
6 F
(message) 299.83 584 T
9 F
(\277) 350.21 584 T
0 F
(then the following command encrypts it using the key ) 72 560 T
6 F
(abcdefgh) 333.5 560 T
0 F
(:) 391.07 560 T
6 F
(bdes -k abcdefgh < ) 158.48 536 T
7 F
(inputf) 295.21 536 T
(ile) 338.38 536 T
6 F
( > ) 359.97 536 T
7 F
(outputf) 381.56 536 T
(ile) 431.93 536 T
0 F
(The option ) 72 512 T
4 F
(-k) 127.3 512 T
0 F
( indicates the next ar) 137.96 512 T
(gument is the key) 237.01 512 T
(. Now ) 321.17 512 T
7 F
(outputf) 353.48 512 T
(ile) 403.86 512 T
0 F
( contains) 425.45 512 T
10 F
(16 0e eb af 68 a0 d0 19 f1 a2 9b 31 0d 8a 01 c3) 136.89 488 T
0 F
0.06 (Other modes are speci\336ed using command-line options, as is control of the way the key is) 108 464 P
(interpreted. The next sections contain several examples, and the Appendix has the manual page.) 72 444 T
4 F
(3. Keys and Parity) 72 412 T
0 F
0.58 (The key consists of 64 bits, and may be presented in any of hex, binary) 108 388 P
0.58 (, or as a string of) 456.48 388 P
5 F
0.12 (ASCII) 72 368 P
0 F
0.14 ( characters. If the key is given in hex or binary) 98.1 368 P
0.14 (, it is used as is with no changes. However) 322.21 368 P
0.14 (, if) 526.53 368 P
-0.27 (the key is given in ) 72 348 P
5 F
-0.23 (ASCII) 161.59 348 P
0 F
-0.27 (, a delicate problem arises: by convention, the parity bit is usually set to 0.) 187.69 348 P
-0.47 (This high-order bit is generally ignored by applications; but the DES
does not do so. Instead, it dis-) 72 328 P
-0.14 (cards the low-order bit, ef) 72 308 P
-0.14 (fectively reducing the size of the space of possible keys from 2) 195.44 308 P
5 F
-0.12 (56) 495.97 312.8 P
0 F
-0.14 ( to 2) 505.97 308 P
5 F
-0.12 (48) 527.01 312.8 P
0 F
-0.14 (.) 537 308 P
-0.46 ( T) 108 284 P
-0.46 (o preserve the size of the key space, the value of the parity bit must be related to the value) 117.03 284 P
-0.09 (in the low-order bit, so the program sets the high-order bit to make each character in the key be of) 72 264 P
-0.7 (odd parity) 72 244 P
-0.7 (. \050Note that the initial value of the parity bit is ) 119.49 244 P
3 F
-0.7 (not) 334.99 244 P
0 F
-0.7 ( used in this computation.\051 For example,) 350.31 244 P
(if the key is ) 72 224 T
6 F
(abcdefgh) 131.29 224 T
0 F
(, the actual key bits used are determined as follows:) 188.86 224 T
5 F
(ASCII) 99 200 T
0 F
( key) 125.1 200 T
6 F
(a) 243 200 T
(b) 279 200 T
(c) 315 200 T
(d) 351 200 T
(e) 387 200 T
(f) 423 200 T
(g) 459 200 T
(h) 495 200 T
5 F
(ASCII) 99 180 T
0 F
( key bits \050hex\051) 125.1 180 T
10 F
(61) 243 180 T
(62) 279 180 T
(63) 315 180 T
(64) 351 180 T
(65) 387 180 T
(66) 423 180 T
(67) 459 180 T
(68) 495 180 T
0 F
(parity) 99 160 T
(odd) 243 160 T
(odd) 279 160 T
(even) 315 160 T
(odd) 351 160 T
(even) 387 160 T
(even) 423 160 T
(odd) 459 160 T
(odd) 495 160 T
(key bits used \050hex\051) 99 140 T
10 F
(61) 243 140 T
(62) 279 140 T
(e3) 315 140 T
(64) 351 140 T
(e5) 387 140 T
(e6) 423 140 T
(67) 459 140 T
(68) 495 140 T
0 F
0.18 (This convention \050as opposed to requiring even parity) 108 120 P
0.18 (, or simply copying the low-order bit) 362 120 P
-0.41 (to the high-order bit\051 was chosen to provide compatibility with the encryption program ) 72 100 P
3 F
-0.41 (des) 486.77 100 P
0 F
-0.41 ( distrib-) 502.76 100 P
-0.52 (uted by Sun Microsystems, Inc. [4]. Whether the key is entered on the command line or on the key-) 72 80 P
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1.89 (board, by default it is processed into the same key schedule generated by Sun\325) 72 712 P
1.89 (s ) 471.02 712 P
3 F
1.89 (des) 480.58 712 P
0 F
1.89 (, so \336les) 496.56 712 P
(encrypted on a Sun can be decrypted using ) 72 692 T
3 F
(bdes) 280.51 692 T
0 F
( \050and vice versa\051.) 302.49 692 T
-0.3 (If the user does not wish to use the Sun convention, the option \320) 108 668 P
4 F
-0.3 (p) 411.9 668 P
0 F
-0.3 ( will disable the parity bit) 418.57 668 P
-0.62 (changing; with it, the parity bit is that of the character typed. This
is useful when the key is a known) 72 648 P
5 F
(ASCII) 72 628 T
0 F
( string and the \336le was encrypted on a system which does not alter parity bits.) 98.1 628 T
-0.24 (A key may be represented as a bit vector) 108 604 P
-0.24 (, rather than an ) 300.74 604 P
5 F
-0.2 (ASCII) 374.7 604 P
0 F
-0.24 ( string, in one of two ways. It) 400.8 604 P
0.19 (may be represented as a string of up to 16 hexadecimal digits; if fewer than 16 are given, the key) 72 584 P
0.16 (is right \336lled with 0 bits. Or) 72 564 P
0.16 (, it may be represented as a string of up to 64 binary digits, and again) 206.11 564 P
0.15 (if fewer than 64 are given, the key is right-\336lled with 0 bits. Bit
vector keys must be given on the) 72 544 P
0.51 (command line, and must begin with the characters ) 72 524 P
6 F
1.24 (0x) 320.28 524 P
0 F
0.51 ( or ) 334.67 524 P
6 F
1.24 (0X) 351.69 524 P
0 F
0.51 ( \050for hexadecimal\051 or ) 366.08 524 P
6 F
1.24 (0b) 472.71 524 P
0 F
0.51 ( or ) 487.1 524 P
6 F
1.24 (0B) 504.12 524 P
0 F
0.51 ( \050for) 518.51 524 P
(binary\051. For example, all of the following strings generate the same key schedule:) 72 504 T
5 F
(ASCII) 72 480 T
0 F
( key) 98.1 480 T
6 F
(abcdefgh) 180 480 T
0 F
(hexadecimal key) 72 460 T
6 F
(0x6162e364e5e66768) 180 460 T
0 F
(binary key) 72 440 T
6 F
(0b0110000101100010111000110110100011100101111000-) 180 440 T
(1100110011101101000) 180 420 T
0 F
-0.14 ( Note that giving the key on the command line as ) 108 396 P
6 F
-0.34 (0x6162636465666768) 345.27 396 P
0 F
-0.14 ( will ) 474.8 396 P
3 F
-0.14 (not) 499.17 396 P
0 F
-0.14 ( reset) 514.5 396 P
0.25 (the parity bits, because it is interpreted as a sequence of hex digits, not ) 72 376 P
5 F
0.21 (ASCII) 416.58 376 P
0 F
0.25 ( characters. The dif-) 442.68 376 P
0.69 (ference in interpretation is that here the user can specify all bits of the key exactly) 72 356 P
0.69 (, whereas \050on) 474.34 356 P
0.25 (most terminals\051 it is not possible to control how the parity bit of ) 72 336 P
5 F
0.21 (ASCII) 384.76 336 P
0 F
0.25 ( characters is set. On some) 410.85 336 P
0.36 (systems, it is possible to use a \322Meta\323 key to set the parity bit for an ) 72 316 P
5 F
0.3 (ASCII) 407.23 316 P
0 F
0.36 ( character; should this) 433.33 316 P
-0.3 (be the case and the user desire ) 72 296 P
3 F
-0.3 (bdes) 218.09 296 P
0 F
-0.3 ( not to reset the parity bit, the option ) 240.07 296 P
4 F
-0.3 (\320p) 415.25 296 P
0 F
-0.3 ( will force the parity bit) 427.92 296 P
(to be used as typed.) 72 276 T
4 F
(4. Encryption Output Repr) 72 244 T
(esentation) 211.05 244 T
0 F
0.01 (All modes of the DES output ciphertext in blocks; the size of the block is 64 bits \0508 bytes\051) 108 220 P
-0.25 (for ECB and CBC modes, and ) 72 200 P
3 F
-0.25 (k) 218.74 200 P
0 F
-0.25 ( bits for the ) 224.07 200 P
3 F
-0.25 (k) 281.02 200 P
0 F
-0.25 (-bit CFB and OFB modes, and there are as many out-) 286.35 200 P
-0.5 (put blocks as input blocks. However) 72 180 P
-0.5 (, as the length of the input is usually not a multiple of the block) 243.55 180 P
-0.35 (size, some padding is necessary; but as padding must be done by appending characters, these char-) 72 160 P
0.29 (acters must be distinguished from the input characters somehow) 72 140 P
0.29 (. The mechanism used is that the) 381.35 140 P
0.31 (last character of the \050decrypted\051 last block is the
\050integer\051 number of characters from the input in) 72 120 P
(the last block.) 72 100 T
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-0.59 (For example, suppose ) 108 712 P
7 F
-1.41 (inputf) 214.16 712 P
-1.41 (ile) 257.34 712 P
0 F
-0.59 ( contains \322) 278.93 712 P
6 F
-1.41 (This) 329.04 712 P
8 F
-0.65 (z) 357.83 712 P
6 F
-1.41 (is) 362.8 712 P
8 F
-0.65 (z) 377.2 712 P
6 F
-1.41 (a) 382.17 712 P
8 F
-0.65 (z) 389.37 712 P
6 F
-1.41 (test) 394.35 712 P
9 F
-0.59 (\277) 423.13 712 P
0 F
-0.59 (\323, and it is encrypted in) 431.02 712 P
(CBC mode using the key \322) 72 692 T
6 F
(abcdef#@) 200.93 692 T
0 F
(\323 and the initialization vector ) 258.5 692 T
6 F
(0x0) 401.4 692 T
0 F
(; the command is) 422.99 692 T
6 F
(bdes -k abcdef#@ < ) 158.48 668 T
7 F
(inputf) 295.21 668 T
(ile) 338.38 668 T
6 F
( > ) 359.97 668 T
7 F
(outputf) 381.56 668 T
(ile) 431.93 668 T
0 F
(as CBC is the default encryption mode and ) 72 644 T
6 F
(0x0) 281.2 644 T
0 F
( the default initialization vector:) 302.79 644 T
(text) 72 620 T
6 F
(T) 117 620 T
(h) 144 620 T
(i) 171 620 T
(s) 198 620 T
8 F
(z) 225 620 T
6 F
(i) 252 620 T
(s) 279 620 T
8 F
(z) 306 620 T
6 F
(a) 333 620 T
8 F
(z) 360 620 T
6 F
(t) 387 620 T
(e) 414 620 T
(s) 441 620 T
(t) 468 620 T
9 F
(\277) 495 620 T
0 F
(hex) 72 600 T
10 F
(54) 117 600 T
(68) 144 600 T
(69) 171 600 T
(73) 198 600 T
(20) 225 600 T
(69) 252 600 T
(73) 279 600 T
(20) 306 600 T
(61) 333 600 T
(20) 360 600 T
(74) 387 600 T
(65) 414 600 T
(73) 441 600 T
(74) 468 600 T
(0a) 495 600 T
0 F
(input) 72 580 T
10 F
(54) 117 580 T
(68) 144 580 T
(69) 171 580 T
(73) 198 580 T
(20) 225 580 T
(69) 252 580 T
(73) 279 580 T
(20) 306 580 T
(61) 333 580 T
(20) 360 580 T
(74) 387 580 T
(65) 414 580 T
(73) 441 580 T
(74) 468 580 T
(0a) 495 580 T
(07) 522 580 T
0 F
(output) 72 560 T
10 F
(a5) 117 560 T
(5f) 144 560 T
(81) 171 560 T
(53) 198 560 T
(51) 225 560 T
(98) 252 560 T
(47) 279 560 T
(02) 306 560 T
(db) 333 560 T
(5a) 360 560 T
(c5) 387 560 T
(fe) 414 560 T
(50) 441 560 T
(3d) 468 560 T
(40) 495 560 T
(ce) 522 560 T
0 F
0.04 (Notice that the text is 15 characters long, so there are 7 bytes following the last full block.) 108 540 P
3 F
0.22 (Bdes) 72 520 P
0 F
0.22 ( pads this to a full block by appending one byte containing the ) 95.32 520 P
5 F
0.19 (ASCII) 399.67 520 P
0 F
0.22 ( character with numeric) 425.77 520 P
(value 7 \050the ) 72 500 T
5 F
(ASCII) 131.62 500 T
0 F
( character <) 157.71 500 T
5 F
(BEL) 214.42 500 T
0 F
(>\051. The result is then encrypted.) 233.3 500 T
0.44 (As another example, suppose ) 108 476 P
7 F
1.07 (inputf) 253.34 476 P
1.07 (ile) 296.52 476 P
0 F
0.44 ( contains \322) 318.11 476 P
6 F
1.07 (test) 370.29 476 P
0 F
0.44 (\323, and it is encrypted in ECB) 399.08 476 P
(mode using the key \322) 72 456 T
6 F
(abcdef#@) 173.93 456 T
0 F
(\323; the command is) 231.5 456 T
6 F
(bdes -b \320k abcdef#@ < ) 147.69 432 T
7 F
(inputf) 306 432 T
(ile) 349.18 432 T
6 F
( > ) 370.76 432 T
7 F
(outputf) 392.35 432 T
(ile) 442.73 432 T
0 F
(because the option ) 72 408 T
4 F
(\320b) 164.26 408 T
0 F
( signi\336es ECB mode:) 176.93 408 T
(text) 72 384 T
6 F
(t) 144 384 T
(e) 171 384 T
(s) 198 384 T
(t) 225 384 T
0 F
(hex) 72 364 T
10 F
(74) 144 364 T
(65) 171 364 T
(73) 198 364 T
(74) 225 364 T
0 F
(input) 72 344 T
10 F
(74) 144 344 T
(65) 171 344 T
(73) 198 344 T
(74) 225 344 T
(00) 252 344 T
(00) 279 344 T
(00) 306 344 T
(04) 333 344 T
0 F
(output) 72 324 T
10 F
(0d) 144 324 T
(8a) 171 324 T
(6e) 198 324 T
(57) 225 324 T
(9c) 252 324 T
(8f) 279 324 T
(27) 306 324 T
(5d) 333 324 T
0 F
-0.31 (Finally) 108 304 P
-0.31 (, if the length of the message is indeed a multiple of the block size, an extra block of) 141.21 304 P
0.83 (all 0 bits is added. Suppose ) 72 284 P
7 F
1.99 (inputf) 210.57 284 P
1.99 (ile) 253.74 284 P
0 F
0.83 ( contains \322) 275.33 284 P
6 F
1.99 (test) 328.28 284 P
9 F
0.83 (\277) 357.07 284 P
0 F
0.83 (\323, and it is encrypted in 40-bit CFB) 364.96 284 P
1.51 (mode using the key \322) 72 264 P
6 F
3.62 (abcdef#@) 179.96 264 P
0 F
1.51 (\323 and the initialization vector ) 237.53 264 P
6 F
3.62 (0x0123456789abcdef) 387.97 264 P
0 F
1.51 (; the) 517.5 264 P
(command is) 72 244 T
6 F
-0.99 (bdes -f40 -v0x0123456789abcdef -kabcdef#@ < ) 72 220 P
7 F
-0.99 (inputf) 383.67 220 P
-0.99 (ile) 426.85 220 P
6 F
-0.99 ( > ) 448.43 220 P
7 F
-0.99 (outputf) 468.04 220 P
-0.99 (ile) 518.41 220 P
0 F
0.16 (because the option ) 72 196 P
4 F
0.16 (\320f40 ) 164.75 196 P
0 F
0.16 (signi\336es 40-bit CFB mode, and ) 189.89 196 P
4 F
0.16 (-v0x01234566789abcdef) 343.96 196 P
0 F
0.16 ( sets the initial-) 465.89 196 P
(ization vector \050note that spaces between the option and its ar) 72 176 T
(gument are optional\051:) 361.57 176 T
(text) 72 152 T
6 F
(t) 144 152 T
(e) 171 152 T
(s) 198 152 T
(t) 225 152 T
9 F
(\277) 252 152 T
0 F
(hex) 72 132 T
10 F
(74) 144 132 T
(65) 171 132 T
(73) 198 132 T
(74) 225 132 T
(0a) 252 132 T
0 F
(input) 72 112 T
10 F
(74) 144 112 T
(65) 171 112 T
(73) 198 112 T
(74) 225 112 T
(0a) 252 112 T
(00) 279 112 T
(00) 306 112 T
(00) 333 112 T
(00) 360 112 T
(00) 387 112 T
0 F
(output) 72 92 T
10 F
(e2) 144 92 T
(c2) 171 92 T
(69) 198 92 T
(a4) 225 92 T
(5b) 252 92 T
(3c) 279 92 T
(3d) 306 92 T
(b3) 333 92 T
(f5) 360 92 T
(3c) 387 92 T
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(Note here the block size is 40 bits \0505 bytes\051, not 64 bits \0508 bytes\051.) 108 712 T
-0.4 (This technique allows complete compatibility with Sun\325) 108 688 P
-0.4 (s ) 374.11 688 P
3 F
-0.4 (des) 381.37 688 P
0 F
-0.4 ( program. In Sun\325) 397.36 688 P
-0.4 (s implemen-) 480.77 688 P
0.02 (tation, padding is done with random bytes rather than bytes containing all zero bits. Cryptograph-) 72 668 P
0.85 (ically) 72 648 P
0.85 (, this makes no dif) 97.87 648 P
0.85 (ference, as the DES is a suf) 189.32 648 P
0.85 (\336ciently good random cipher to obscure the) 325.74 648 P
(input \050see for example [2], Chapter 6\051, and known plaintext attacks are very dif) 72 628 T
(\336cult [1].) 451.82 628 T
4 F
(5. Differ) 72 596 T
(ences Between the Standard CFB and OFB Modes and ) 114.41 596 T
1 F
(bdes) 397.26 596 T
0 F
-0.11 (The UNIX operating system treats all \336les as streams of 8-bit bytes. In order to implement) 108 572 P
-0.08 (the CFB and OFB modes properly) 72 552 P
-0.08 (, it would be necessary to read ) 235.74 552 P
3 F
-0.08 (k) 383.74 552 P
0 F
-0.08 ( bits from the \336le, where ) 389.07 552 P
3 F
-0.08 (k) 509.51 552 P
0 F
-0.08 ( is an) 514.84 552 P
0.98 (integer between 1 and 64 inclusive. However) 72 532 P
0.98 (, this would require considerable buf) 294.22 532 P
0.98 (fering and be) 474.77 532 P
0.23 (quite inef) 72 512 P
0.23 (\336cient and prohibitively slow) 117.65 512 P
0.23 (. For these reasons, the current implementation of ) 258.48 512 P
3 F
0.23 (bdes) 501.48 512 P
0 F
0.23 ( re-) 523.46 512 P
0.47 (quires that ) 72 492 P
3 F
0.47 (k) 126.23 492 P
0 F
0.47 ( be a multiple of 8, so that an integral number of bytes will always be read from the) 131.56 492 P
(\336le. Other than this change, this mode is implemented as described in [3].) 72 472 T
-0.58 (A similar observation holds for the alternate CFB mode described in [3]. Here, only the low) 108 448 P
0.23 (7 bits of each byte are signi\336cant, and hence the parameter ) 72 428 P
3 F
0.23 (k) 358.95 428 P
0 F
0.23 ( is an integer from 1 to 56 inclusive;) 364.28 428 P
(bdes requires k to be a multiple of 7. The high-order bit is retained for encryption and decryption,) 72 408 T
(but output \050whether from encryption or decryption\051 always has the high-order bit set to zero.) 72 388 T
4 F
(6. Message Authentication Code Modes) 72 356 T
0 F
0.57 (The Data Encryption Standard provides two modes of authentication, each providing be-) 108 332 P
1.27 (tween 1 and 64 bits of authentication data. In both cases an ) 72 312 P
3 F
1.27 (n) 373.32 312 P
0 F
1.27 (-bit message authentication code) 379.32 312 P
0.62 (\050MAC\051 is generated, where 1) 72 292 P
2 F
0.73 ( ) 214.71 292 P
9 F
0.62 (\243) 218.94 292 P
0 F
0.62 ( ) 225.52 292 P
3 F
0.62 (n) 229.15 292 P
0 F
0.62 ( ) 235.14 292 P
9 F
0.62 (\243) 238.76 292 P
0 F
0.62 ( 64. The \336rst is based on the CBC encryption mode, and the) 245.35 292 P
(second on CFB mode. Both work the same.) 72 272 T
0.13 (First, the \336le is padded to a multiple of the block size by appending enough zero bits. It is) 108 248 P
-0.16 (then encrypted using the standard CBC \050or CFB\051 algorithm, but
all encrypted text is discarded ex-) 72 228 P
-0.44 (cept for the last block. The ) 72 208 P
3 F
-0.44 (n) 200.9 208 P
0 F
-0.44 ( leading bits of the last block are used as the MAC. Note that the block) 206.9 208 P
(size constrains the number of bits available as the MAC.) 72 188 T
0.71 (The implementation allows the user to specify that the MAC is to be computed in either) 108 164 P
-0.01 (CBC or CFB mode, and the user can specify any number of bits from 1 to 64 inclusive. However) 72 144 P
-0.01 (,) 537 144 P
-0.11 (because the UNIX operating system can only output bits in multiples of 8, if the number of bits of) 72 124 P
-0.08 (MAC is not a multiple of 8, the MAC will be right-padded with the minimum number of zero bits) 72 104 P
-0.31 (necessary to make the MAC length be a multiple of 8. However) 72 84 P
-0.31 (, note that as the standard \050[3], Ap-) 374.6 84 P
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-0.14 (pendix F\051 requires an incomplete \336nal block be right-padded with
zeroes, the technique of forcing) 72 712 P
(the last octet to contain the number of bytes in the message is ) 72 692 T
3 F
(not) 369.47 692 T
0 F
( used here.) 384.8 692 T
-0.39 (For example, suppose ) 108 668 P
7 F
-0.94 (inputf) 214.76 668 P
-0.94 (ile) 257.93 668 P
0 F
-0.39 ( contains \322) 279.52 668 P
6 F
-0.94 (This) 330.04 668 P
8 F
-0.43 (z) 358.82 668 P
6 F
-0.94 (is) 363.8 668 P
8 F
-0.43 (z) 378.19 668 P
6 F
-0.94 (a) 383.17 668 P
8 F
-0.43 (z) 390.36 668 P
6 F
-0.94 (test) 395.34 668 P
9 F
-0.39 (\277) 424.13 668 P
0 F
-0.39 (\323, and a 64-bit MAC is) 432.02 668 P
-0.73 (to be generated using CBC mode, the key \322) 72 648 P
6 F
-1.74 (abcdef#@) 274.39 648 P
0 F
-0.73 (\323 and the initialization vector ) 331.96 648 P
6 F
-1.74 (0x0) 471.23 648 P
0 F
-0.73 (; the com-) 492.82 648 P
(mand is) 72 628 T
6 F
(bdes -m 64 -k abcdef#@ < ) 136.89 604 T
7 F
(inputf) 316.79 604 T
(ile) 359.97 604 T
6 F
( > ) 381.56 604 T
7 F
(outputf) 403.15 604 T
(ile) 453.52 604 T
0 F
(as CBC is the default encryption mode and ) 72 580 T
6 F
(0x0) 281.2 580 T
0 F
( the default initialization vector:) 302.79 580 T
(text) 72 556 T
6 F
(T) 117 556 T
(h) 144 556 T
(i) 171 556 T
(s) 198 556 T
8 F
(z) 225 556 T
6 F
(i) 252 556 T
(s) 279 556 T
8 F
(z) 306 556 T
6 F
(a) 333 556 T
8 F
(z) 360 556 T
6 F
(t) 387 556 T
(e) 414 556 T
(s) 441 556 T
(t) 468 556 T
9 F
(\277) 495 556 T
0 F
(hex) 72 536 T
10 F
(54) 117 536 T
(68) 144 536 T
(69) 171 536 T
(73) 198 536 T
(20) 225 536 T
(69) 252 536 T
(73) 279 536 T
(20) 306 536 T
(61) 333 536 T
(20) 360 536 T
(74) 387 536 T
(65) 414 536 T
(73) 441 536 T
(74) 468 536 T
(0a) 495 536 T
0 F
(input) 72 516 T
10 F
(54) 117 516 T
(68) 144 516 T
(69) 171 516 T
(73) 198 516 T
(20) 225 516 T
(69) 252 516 T
(73) 279 516 T
(20) 306 516 T
(61) 333 516 T
(20) 360 516 T
(74) 387 516 T
(65) 414 516 T
(73) 441 516 T
(74) 468 516 T
(0a) 495 516 T
(00) 522 516 T
0 F
(output) 72 496 T
10 F
(43) 117 496 T
(18) 144 496 T
(de) 171 496 T
(74) 198 496 T
(24) 225 496 T
(a9) 252 496 T
(65) 279 496 T
(d1) 306 496 T
0 F
0.04 (Notice that the text is 15 characters long, so there are 7 bytes following the last full block.) 108 476 P
3 F
(Bdes) 72 456 T
0 F
( pads this to a full block by appending a zero-\336lled byte. The result is then encrypted and the) 95.32 456 T
(last block of output is used as the MAC.) 72 436 T
0.06 (As another example, suppose we used the same text, and wanted a 36-bit MAC to be gen-) 108 412 P
6.91 (erated using 40-bit CFB mode, the key \322) 72 392 P
6 F
16.58 (abcdef#@) 314.9 392 P
0 F
6.91 (\323 and the initialization vector) 372.47 392 P
6 F
(0x0123456789abcdef) 72 372 T
0 F
(; the command is) 201.53 372 T
6 F
(bdes -m 36 -f 40 -v 0x0123456789abcdef < ) 79.32 348 T
7 F
(inputf) 374.36 348 T
(ile) 417.54 348 T
6 F
( > ) 439.13 348 T
7 F
(outputf) 460.71 348 T
(ile) 511.09 348 T
0 F
-0.19 (where ) 72 324 P
4 F
-0.19 (\320m 36) 104.11 324 P
0 F
-0.19 ( is the option to generate a 36-bit MAC, ) 134.91 324 P
4 F
-0.19 (\320f 40) 327.79 324 P
0 F
-0.19 ( indicates 40-bit CFB is to be used, and) 352.58 324 P
4 F
-0.31 (\320v 0x123456789abcdef) 72 304 P
0 F
-0.31 ( sets the initialization vector) 186.62 304 P
-0.31 (. Note that, as the key is not given on the com-) 319.95 304 P
(mand line, the user will be prompted for it. It gives:) 72 284 T
(text) 72 260 T
6 F
(T) 117 260 T
(h) 144 260 T
(i) 171 260 T
(s) 198 260 T
8 F
(z) 225 260 T
6 F
(i) 252 260 T
(s) 279 260 T
8 F
(z) 306 260 T
6 F
(a) 333 260 T
8 F
(z) 360 260 T
6 F
(t) 387 260 T
(e) 414 260 T
(s) 441 260 T
(t) 468 260 T
9 F
(\277) 495 260 T
0 F
(hex) 72 240 T
10 F
(54) 117 240 T
(68) 144 240 T
(69) 171 240 T
(73) 198 240 T
(20) 225 240 T
(69) 252 240 T
(73) 279 240 T
(20) 306 240 T
(61) 333 240 T
(20) 360 240 T
(74) 387 240 T
(65) 414 240 T
(73) 441 240 T
(74) 468 240 T
(0a) 495 240 T
0 F
(input) 72 220 T
10 F
(54) 117 220 T
(68) 144 220 T
(69) 171 220 T
(73) 198 220 T
(20) 225 220 T
(69) 252 220 T
(73) 279 220 T
(20) 306 220 T
(61) 333 220 T
(20) 360 220 T
(74) 387 220 T
(65) 414 220 T
(73) 441 220 T
(74) 468 220 T
(0a) 495 220 T
0 F
(output) 72 200 T
10 F
(2b) 117 200 T
(18) 144 200 T
(68) 171 200 T
(2d) 198 200 T
(60) 225 200 T
0 F
0.19 (Note that the MAC is padded on the right by four zero bits to produce \336ve characters that) 108 180 P
(can be output.) 72 160 T
4 F
(7. Differ) 72 128 T
(ences Between ) 114.41 128 T
1 F
(bdes) 191.01 128 T
4 F
( and Sun\325) 212.99 128 T
(s DES Implementation) 261.88 128 T
0 F
0.02 (The program ) 108 104 P
3 F
0.02 (bdes) 173.33 104 P
0 F
0.02 ( is designed to be completely compatible with Sun Microsystems, Inc.\325) 195.31 104 P
0.02 (s) 535.33 104 P
0.57 (implementation of the Data Encryption Standard, called ) 72 84 P
3 F
0.57 (des) 347.14 84 P
0 F
0.57 ( and described in [4]. Thus, \336les en-) 363.13 84 P
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0.44 (crypted using ) 72 712 P
3 F
0.44 (des) 140.84 712 P
0 F
0.44 ( can be decrypted using ) 156.83 712 P
3 F
0.44 (bdes) 275.29 712 P
0 F
0.44 (, and vice versa, provided modes common to both) 297.27 712 P
-0.34 (are used. However) 72 692 P
-0.34 (, ) 160.41 692 P
3 F
-0.34 (bdes) 166.06 692 P
0 F
-0.34 ( does not allow \336les to be named on the command line, nor does it support) 188.05 692 P
-0.68 (hardware devices \050and so the ) 72 672 P
4 F
-0.68 (-s) 210.83 672 P
0 F
-0.68 ( and ) 219.49 672 P
4 F
-0.68 (-f) 241.45 672 P
0 F
-0.68 ( options of Sun\325) 249.44 672 P
-0.68 (s ) 323.71 672 P
3 F
-0.68 (des) 330.7 672 P
0 F
-0.68 ( are not available\051. Further) 346.69 672 P
-0.68 (, as encryption) 471.07 672 P
-0.05 (is the default, the Sun ) 72 652 P
3 F
-0.05 (des) 179.01 652 P
0 F
-0.05 ( ) 195 652 P
4 F
-0.05 (-e) 197.95 652 P
0 F
-0.05 ( option is not recognized. As the manual page to ) 207.27 652 P
3 F
-0.05 (bdes) 441.6 652 P
0 F
-0.05 ( is in the appen-) 463.59 652 P
(dix, these dif) 72 632 T
(ferences will not be elaborated upon further) 134.08 632 T
(.) 343.24 632 T
0.44 (Sun\325) 108 608 P
0.44 (s ) 130 608 P
3 F
0.44 (des) 138.1 608 P
0 F
0.44 ( supports the use of special-purpose hardware to encrypt and decrypt. Although) 154.09 608 P
3 F
1.33 (bdes) 72 588 P
0 F
1.33 ( does not directly support the use of such hardware, it uses the library routine ) 93.98 588 P
3 F
1.33 (encrypt) 487.05 588 P
0 F
1.33 (\0503\051,) 523.02 588 P
-0.09 (which may) 72 568 P
-0.09 (. Hardware support was not included directly to support as lar) 124.1 568 P
-0.09 (ge a number of platforms) 419.11 568 P
(as possible with installers needing to know as little about the hardware as possible.) 72 548 T
-0.08 (Sun\325) 108 524 P
-0.08 (s ) 130 524 P
3 F
-0.08 (des) 137.58 524 P
0 F
-0.08 ( supports only the CBC and ECB encryption modes; ) 153.57 524 P
3 F
-0.08 (bdes) 407.07 524 P
0 F
-0.08 ( supports all modes de-) 429.05 524 P
0.26 (scribed in [3] \050although CFB and OFB are not completely supported\051 as well as both CBC-based) 72 504 P
(and CFB-based MACs.) 72 484 T
0.15 (Although input with length not a multiple of the block size is handled in the same way by) 108 460 P
-0.47 (both ) 72 440 P
3 F
-0.47 (des) 95.85 440 P
0 F
-0.47 ( and ) 111.84 440 P
3 F
-0.47 (bdes) 134.21 440 P
0 F
-0.47 (, dif) 156.19 440 P
-0.47 (ferent values of the padding bytes are used in all but the last byte of the input.) 174.82 440 P
(Where ) 72 420 T
3 F
(bdes) 106.96 420 T
0 F
( puts zero bytes, ) 128.94 420 T
3 F
(des) 209.89 420 T
0 F
( puts bytes containing random values. The reason for Sun\325) 225.87 420 T
(s doing) 505.02 420 T
0.47 (so is to prevent a known plaintext attack on the \336le should an
attacker determine that the input\325) 72 400 P
0.47 (s) 535.33 400 P
-0.29 (length were a multiple of the block size. W) 72 380 P
-0.29 (ith ) 276.05 380 P
3 F
-0.29 (bdes) 291.43 380 P
0 F
-0.29 (, the plaintext contents of the last block of input) 313.41 380 P
0.31 (for such a \336le is known \050a block with all bits zero\051. W) 72 360 P
0.31 (ith ) 333.99 360 P
3 F
0.31 (des) 349.96 360 P
0 F
0.31 (, the plaintext contents of that block) 365.95 360 P
0.73 (are not known. Cryptanalytically) 72 340 P
0.73 (, given the information about the strength of the DES currently) 231.29 340 P
0.2 (known, it is widely believed that known plaintext attacks are infeasible
\050see for example [1]\051 and) 72 320 P
1.86 (so initializing and invoking the pseudorandom number generator seems unnecessary) 72 300 P
1.86 (. But this) 492.63 300 P
(means that ciphertexts produced from a plaintext by ) 72 280 T
3 F
(bdes) 324.48 280 T
0 F
( and ) 346.47 280 T
3 F
(des) 369.78 280 T
0 F
( will dif) 385.77 280 T
(fer in the last block.) 423.54 280 T
4 F
(Refer) 72 248 T
(ences) 100.41 248 T
0 F
([1]) 72 224 T
0.37 (D. Denning, \322The Data Encryption Standard: Fifteen Y) 108 224 P
0.37 (ears of Public Scrutiny) 374.87 224 P
0.37 (,\323 ) 484.8 224 P
3 F
0.37 (Pr) 496.49 224 P
0.37 (oceed-) 508.04 224 P
-0.47 (ings of the Sixth Annual Computer Security Applications Confer) 108 204 P
-0.47 (ence) 411.65 204 P
0 F
-0.47 ( pp. x\320xv \050Dec. 1990\051.) 433.62 204 P
([2]) 72 180 T
(A. Konheim, ) 108 180 T
3 F
(Cryptography: A Primer) 173.29 180 T
0 F
(, John W) 291.4 180 T
(iley and Sons, Inc., New Y) 333.9 180 T
(ork, NY \0501981\051.) 461.94 180 T
([3]) 72 156 T
3 F
0.63 (DES Modes of Operation) 108 156 P
0 F
0.63 (, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 81, Na-) 231.47 156 P
-0.07 (tional Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 136 P
-0.07 (ashington, DC \050Dec. 1980\051.) 407.62 136 P
([4]) 72 112 T
3 F
(UNIX User) 108 112 T
(\325) 162.74 112 T
(s Manual) 165.18 112 T
0 F
(, Sun Microsystems Inc., Mountain V) 210.16 112 T
(iew) 390 112 T
(, CA \050Mar) 406.54 112 T
(. 1988\051.) 455.51 112 T
4 F
(Appendix. The UNIX System Manual Page for ) 72 80 T
1 F
(bdes) 313.2 80 T
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0 X
(NAME) 72 712.67 T
0 F
(bdes - encrypt/decrypt using the Data Encryption Standard) 108 689 T
1 F
(SYNOPSIS) 72 663.67 T
4 F
(bdes) 108 640 T
0 F
( [) 131.33 640 T
3 F
( ) 138.32 640 T
4 F
(-abdp) 141.32 640 T
0 F
( ] [ ) 171.31 640 T
4 F
(-F) 188.3 640 T
0 F
( ) 199.62 640 T
3 F
(b) 202.62 640 T
0 F
( ] [ ) 208.61 640 T
4 F
(-f) 225.6 640 T
0 F
( ) 233.58 640 T
3 F
(b) 236.58 640 T
0 F
( ] [ ) 242.58 640 T
4 F
(-k) 259.56 640 T
0 F
( ) 270.22 640 T
3 F
(key) 273.22 640 T
0 F
( ] [ ) 289.2 640 T
4 F
(-m) 306.18 640 T
0 F
( ) 320.16 640 T
3 F
(b) 323.16 640 T
0 F
( ] [ ) 329.16 640 T
4 F
(-o) 346.14 640 T
0 F
( ) 356.13 640 T
3 F
(b) 359.13 640 T
0 F
( ] [ ) 365.13 640 T
4 F
(-v) 382.11 640 T
0 F
( ) 392.1 640 T
3 F
(vector) 395.1 640 T
0 F
( ]) 425.07 640 T
1 F
(DESCRIPTION) 72 614.67 T
3 F
-0.69 (Bdes) 108 591 P
0 F
-0.69 ( reads from the standard input and writes on the standard output. It implements all DES) 131.32 591 P
-0.09 (modes of operation described in FIPS PUB 81 including alternative cipher feedback mode) 108 577 P
0.74 (and both authentication modes. All modes but the electronic code book mode require an) 108 563 P
-0.14 (initialization vector; if none is supplied, the zero vector is used. T) 108 549 P
-0.14 (o protect the key and ini-) 420.44 549 P
0.29 (tialization vector from being read by) 108 535 P
3 F
0.29 ( ps) 284.98 535 P
0 F
0.29 (\0501\051, ) 298.94 535 P
3 F
0.29 (bdes ) 319.21 535 P
0 F
0.29 (hides its ar) 344.48 535 P
0.29 (guments on entry) 396.81 535 P
0.29 (. If no ) 479.89 535 P
3 F
0.29 (key ) 512.74 535 P
0 F
0.29 (is) 532 535 P
-0.61 (given, one is requested from the controlling terminal if that can be opened, or from the stan-) 108 521 P
(dard input if not.) 108 507 T
-0.17 (The key and initialization vector are taken as sequences of ) 108 489 P
5 F
-0.14 (ASCII) 389.38 489 P
0 F
-0.17 ( characters which are then) 415.48 489 P
-0.35 (mapped into their bit representations. If either begins with
\3240x\325 or \3240X\325, that one is taken as) 108 475 P
1.02 (a sequence of hexadecimal digits indicating the bit pattern; if either begins with \3240b\325 or) 108 461 P
-0.73 (\3240B\325, that one is taken as a sequence of binary digits
indicating the bit pattern. In either case,) 108 447 P
-0.37 (only the leading 64 bits of the key or initialization vector are used, and if fewer than 64 bits) 108 433 P
0.35 (are provided, enough 0 bits are appended to pad the key to 64 bits. Note that if the key is) 108 419 P
0.03 (not entered on the command line, it is interpreted in the same way) 108 405 P
0.03 (, because with 4.4 BSD,) 424.31 405 P
-0.36 (the password reading function ) 108 391 P
3 F
-0.36 (getpass) 254.45 391 P
0 F
-0.36 (\0503\051 allows enough characters for either hex or binary) 290.43 391 P
(keys to be entered.) 108 377 T
0.04 (According to the DES standard, the low-order bit of each character in the key string is de-) 108 359 P
-0.18 (leted. Since most ) 108 345 P
5 F
-0.15 (ASCII) 192.75 345 P
0 F
-0.18 ( representations set the high-order bit to 0, simply deleting the low-) 218.84 345 P
-0.29 (order bit ef) 108 331 P
-0.29 (fectively reduces the size of the key space from 2) 160.49 331 P
5 F
-0.24 (56) 394.67 335.8 P
0 F
-0.29 ( to 2) 404.67 331 P
5 F
-0.24 (48) 425.41 335.8 P
0 F
-0.29 ( keys. T) 435.4 331 P
-0.29 (o prevent this,) 472.29 331 P
-0.46 (the high-order bit must be a function depending in part upon the low-order bit; so, the high-) 108 317 P
0.11 (order bit is set to whatever value gives odd parity) 108 303 P
0.11 (. This preserves the key space size. Note) 345.05 303 P
(this resetting of the parity bit is ) 108 289 T
3 F
(not) 260.92 289 T
0 F
( done if the key is given in binary or hex.) 276.24 289 T
-0.38 (By default, the standard input is encrypted using cipher block chaining mode and is written) 108 271 P
0.18 (to the standard output. Using the same key for encryption and decryption preserves plain-) 108 257 P
(text, so) 108 243 T
( bdes ) 225.81 225 T
3 F
(key) 253.79 225 T
0 F
( < plaintext | bdes \320i ) 269.77 225 T
3 F
(key) 370.21 225 T
0 F
( ) 386.19 225 T
(is a very expensive equivalent of ) 108 201 T
3 F
(cat) 268.54 201 T
0 F
(\0501\051.) 283.2 201 T
(Options are:) 108 183 T
( ) 108 165 T
4 F
(\320a) 111 165 T
0 F
-0.75 (The key and initialization vector strings are to be taken as ) 144 165 P
5 F
-0.62 (ASCII) 415.89 165 P
0 F
-0.75 ( suppressing the spe-) 441.98 165 P
0.3 (cial interpretation given to leading \3240x\325, \3240X\325, \3240b\325,
and \3240B\325 characters. Note this) 144 151 P
(\337ag applies to ) 144 137 T
3 F
(both) 214.29 137 T
0 F
( the key and initialization vector) 235.62 137 T
(.) 389.85 137 T
4 F
(\320b) 108 119 T
0 F
(Use electronic code book mode.) 144 119 T
4 F
(\320d) 108 101 T
0 F
(Decrypt the input.) 144 101 T
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4 F
0 X
(\320f) 108 712 T
0 F
( ) 117.99 712 T
3 F
(b) 120.99 712 T
0 F
-0.29 (Use ) 144 712 P
3 F
-0.29 (b) 165.36 712 P
0 F
-0.29 (-bit cipher feedback mode. Currently ) 171.35 712 P
3 F
-0.29 (b) 350.42 712 P
0 F
-0.29 ( must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and) 356.42 712 P
(64 inclusive \050this does not conform to the standard CFB mode speci\336cation\051.) 144 698 T
4 F
(\320F) 108 680 T
0 F
( ) 121.32 680 T
3 F
(b) 124.32 680 T
0 F
-0.29 (Use ) 144 680 P
3 F
-0.29 (b) 165.36 680 P
0 F
-0.29 (-bit alternative cipher feedback mode. Currently ) 171.36 680 P
3 F
-0.29 (b) 403.77 680 P
0 F
-0.29 ( must be a multiple of 7 be-) 409.77 680 P
-0.12 (tween 7 and 56 inclusive \050this does not conform to the alternative CFB mode spec-) 144 666 P
(i\336cation\051.) 144 652 T
4 F
(\320k) 108 634 T
0 F
( ) 120.67 634 T
3 F
(key) 123.66 634 T
0 F
0.37 (Use the string ) 144 616 P
3 F
0.37 (key) 214.74 616 P
0 F
0.37 ( as the cryptographic key) 230.72 616 P
0.37 (. If this ar) 352.01 616 P
0.37 (gument is not given, the user) 399.54 616 P
(will be prompted for the key) 144 602 T
(.) 280.12 602 T
4 F
(\320m) 108 584 T
0 F
( ) 123.99 584 T
3 F
(b) 126.99 584 T
0 F
0.71 (Compute a message authentication code \050MAC\051 of ) 144 584 P
3 F
0.71 (b) 395.78 584 P
0 F
0.71 ( bits on the input. ) 401.77 584 P
3 F
0.71 (b) 491.94 584 P
0 F
0.71 ( must be) 497.94 584 P
0.11 (between 1 and 64 inclusive; if ) 144 570 P
3 F
0.11 (b) 291.87 570 P
0 F
0.11 ( is not a multiple of 8, enough 0 bits will be added) 297.86 570 P
-0.44 (to pad the MAC length to the nearest multiple of 8. Only the MAC is output. MACs) 144 556 P
(are only available in cipher block chaining mode or in cipher feedback mode.) 144 542 T
4 F
(\320o) 108 524 T
0 F
( ) 119.99 524 T
3 F
(b) 122.99 524 T
0 F
-0.34 (Use ) 144 524 P
3 F
-0.34 (b) 165.31 524 P
0 F
-0.34 (-bit output feedback mode. Currently ) 171.31 524 P
3 F
-0.34 (b) 350.83 524 P
0 F
-0.34 ( must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and) 356.83 524 P
(64 inclusive \050this does not conform to the OFB mode speci\336cation\051.) 144 510 T
4 F
(\320p) 108 492 T
0 F
-0.14 (Disable the resetting of the parity bit. This \337ag forces the parity bit of the key to be) 144 492 P
0.03 (used as typed, rather than making each character be of odd parity) 144 478 P
0.03 (. It is used only if) 455.91 478 P
(the key is given in ) 144 464 T
5 F
(ASCII) 234.95 464 T
0 F
(.) 261.04 464 T
4 F
(\320v) 108 446 T
0 F
( ) 119.99 446 T
3 F
(vector) 122.99 446 T
0 F
-0.5 (Set the initialization vector to ) 144 428 P
3 F
-0.5 (v) 286.44 428 P
0 F
-0.5 (; the vector is interpreted in the same way as the key) 291.76 428 P
-0.5 (.) 537 428 P
(The vector is ignored in electronic codebook mode.) 144 414 T
-0.55 (The DES is considered a very strong cryptosystem, and other than table lookup attacks, key) 108 396 P
0.24 (search attacks, and Hellman\325) 108 382 P
0.24 (s time-memory tradeof) 246.61 382 P
0.24 (f \050all of which are very expensive and) 356.8 382 P
0.66 (time-consuming\051, no cryptanalytic methods for breaking the DES are known in the open) 108 368 P
0.33 (literature. No doubt the choice of keys and key security are the most vulnerable aspect of) 108 354 P
3 F
(bdes) 108 340 T
0 F
(.) 129.98 340 T
4 F
(IMPLEMENT) 72 314 T
(A) 146.41 314 T
(TION NOTES) 154.18 314 T
0 F
0.57 (For implementors wishing to write software compatible with this program, the following) 108 290 P
-0.23 (notes are provided. This software is completely compatible with the implementation of the) 108 276 P
(data encryption standard distributed by Sun Microsystems, Inc.) 108 262 T
0.11 (In the ECB and CBC modes, plaintext is encrypted in units of 64 bits \0508 bytes, also called) 108 244 P
0.52 (a block\051. T) 108 230 P
0.52 (o ensure that the plaintext \336le is encrypted correctly) 160.49 230 P
0.52 (, ) 413.01 230 P
3 F
0.52 (bdes ) 419.53 230 P
0 F
0.52 (will \050internally\051 ap-) 445.03 230 P
0.29 (pend from 1 to 8 bytes, the last byte containing an integer stating how many bytes of that) 108 216 P
-0.71 (\336nal block are from the plaintext \336le, and encrypt the resulting block. Hence, when decrypt-) 108 202 P
0.27 (ing, the last block may contain from 0 to 7 characters present in the plaintext \336le, and the) 108 188 P
-0.59 (last byte tells how many) 108 174 P
-0.59 (. Note that if during decryption the last byte of the \336le does not con-) 221.46 174 P
0.41 (tain an integer between 0 and 7, either the \336le has been corrupted or an incorrect key has) 108 160 P
0.48 (been given. A similar mechanism is used for the OFB and CFB modes, except that those) 108 146 P
0.26 (simply require the length of the input to be a multiple of the mode size, and the \336nal byte) 108 132 P
-0.73 (contains an integer between 0 and one less than the number of bytes being used as the mode.) 108 118 P
(\050This was another reason that the mode size must be a multiple of 8 for those modes.\051) 108 104 T
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0.94 (Unlike Sun\325) 108 712 P
0.94 (s implementation, unused bytes of that last block are not \336lled with random) 166.58 712 P
0.57 (data, but instead contain what was in those byte positions in the preceding block. This is) 108 698 P
(quicker and more portable, and does not weaken the encryption signi\336cantly) 108 684 T
(.) 473.95 684 T
0.36 (If the key is entered in ) 108 666 P
5 F
0.3 (ASCII) 220.76 666 P
0 F
0.36 (, the parity bits of the key characters are set so that each key) 246.85 666 P
1.03 (character is of odd parity) 108 652 P
1.03 (. Unlike Sun\325) 231.23 652 P
1.03 (s implementation, it is possible to enter binary or) 296.92 652 P
-0.57 (hexadecimal keys on the command line, and if this is done, the parity bits are ) 108 638 P
3 F
-0.57 (not ) 472.85 638 P
0 F
-0.57 (reset. This) 490.61 638 P
(allows testing using arbitrary bit patterns as keys.) 108 624 T
0.64 (The Sun implementation always uses an initialization vector of 0 \050that is, all zeroes\051. By) 108 606 P
(default, ) 108 592 T
3 F
(bdes ) 147.3 592 T
0 F
(does too, but this may be changed from the command line.) 172.29 592 T
4 F
(FILES) 72 566 T
0 F
(/dev/tty) 108 542 T
(controlling terminal for typed key) 180 542 T
4 F
(SEE ALSO) 72 516 T
3 F
(crypt) 108 492 T
0 F
(\0501\051, ) 132.65 492 T
3 F
(crypt) 152.63 492 T
0 F
(\0503\051) 177.27 492 T
3 F
-0.4 (Data Encryption Standar) 108 474 P
-0.4 (d) 228.02 474 P
0 F
-0.4 (, Federal Information Processing Standard #46, National Bureau) 234.02 474 P
(of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 460 T
(ashington DC \050Jan. 1977\051.) 340.2 460 T
3 F
0.16 (DES) 108 442 P
0 F
0.16 ( ) 129.98 442 P
3 F
0.16 (Modes of Operation, ) 133.15 442 P
0 F
0.16 (Federal Information Processing Standard #81, National Bureau) 236.24 442 P
(of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 428 T
(ashington DC \050Dec. 1980\051.) 340.2 428 T
2.75 (Dorothy Denning, ) 108 410 P
3 F
2.75 (Cryptography and Data Security) 203.77 410 P
0 F
2.75 (, Addison-W) 368.8 410 P
2.75 (esley Publishing Co.,) 432.55 410 P
(Reading, MA \2511982.) 108 396 T
-0.19 ( Matt Bishop, \322Implementation Notes on ) 108 378 P
3 F
-0.19 (bdes) 305.76 378 P
0 F
-0.19 (\0501\051\323, T) 327.75 378 P
-0.19 (echnical Report PCS-TR-91-158, De-) 359.35 378 P
0.34 (partment of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover) 108 364 P
0.34 (, NH \050Apr) 488.01 364 P
0.34 (.) 537 364 P
(1991\051.) 108 350 T
4 F
(CAUTION) 72 324 T
0 F
-0.55 (Certain speci\336c keys should be avoided because they introduce potential weaknesses; these) 108 300 P
-0.44 (keys, called the ) 108 286 P
3 F
-0.44 (weak) 183.95 286 P
0 F
-0.44 ( and ) 208.6 286 P
3 F
-0.44 (semiweak) 231.03 286 P
0 F
-0.44 ( keys, are \050in hex notation, where ) 277.66 286 P
6 F
-1.06 (p) 437.45 286 P
0 F
-0.44 ( is either ) 444.64 286 P
6 F
-1.06 (0) 487.63 286 P
0 F
-0.44 ( or ) 494.82 286 P
6 F
-1.06 (1) 509.93 286 P
0 F
-0.44 (, and) 517.12 286 P
6 F
(P) 108 272 T
0 F
( is either ) 115.2 272 T
6 F
(e) 159.5 272 T
0 F
( or ) 166.7 272 T
6 F
(f) 182.68 272 T
0 F
(\051:) 189.88 272 T
6 F
(0x0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p) 144 254 T
(0x0p1P0p1P0p0P0p0P) 360 254 T
(0x0pep0pep0pfp0pfp) 144 236 T
(0x0pfP0pfP0pfP0pfP) 360 236 T
(0x1P0p1P0p0P0p0P0p) 144 218 T
(0x1P1P1P1P0P0P0P0P) 360 218 T
(0x1Pep1Pep0Pfp0Pfp) 144 200 T
(0x1PfP1PfP0PfP0PfP) 360 200 T
(0xep0pep0pfp0pfp0p) 144 182 T
(0xep1Pep1pfp0Pfp0P) 360 182 T
(0xepepepepepepepep) 144 164 T
(0xepfPepfPfpfPfpfP) 360 164 T
(0xfP0pfP0pfP0pfP0p) 144 146 T
(0xfP1PfP1PfP0PfP0P) 360 146 T
(0xfPepfPepfPepfPep) 144 128 T
(0xfPfPfPfPfPfPfPfP) 360 128 T
0 F
0.13 (The weakness of these keys is inherent in the DES algorithm \050see for example Moore and) 108 110 P
-0.57 (Simmons, \322Cycle structure of the DES with weak and semi-weak keys,\323) 108 96 P
3 F
-0.57 ( Advances in Cryp-) 449.43 96 P
(tology \320 Crypto \32486 Pr) 108 82 T
(oceedings) 216.83 82 T
0 F
(, Springer) 264.79 82 T
(-V) 311.85 82 T
(erlag New Y) 323.17 82 T
(ork, \2511987, pp. 9-32\051.) 383.25 82 T
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(BUGS) 72 712 T
0 F
-0.18 (There is a controversy raging over whether the DES will still be secure in a few years. The) 108 688 P
0.31 (advent of special-purpose hardware could reduce the cost of any of the methods of attack) 108 674 P
(named above so that they are no longer computationally infeasible.) 108 660 T
0.32 (Programs which display programs\325 ar) 108 642 P
0.32 (guments may compromise the key and initialization) 289.59 642 P
0.76 (vector if they are speci\336ed on the command line. T) 108 628 P
0.76 (o avoid this ) 358.46 628 P
3 F
0.76 (bdes) 419.7 628 P
0 F
0.76 ( overwrites its ar) 441.68 628 P
0.76 (gu-) 524.01 628 P
(ments. However) 108 614 T
(, the obvious race cannot currently be avoided.) 186.12 614 T
0.25 (As the key or key schedule is kept in memory throughout the run of this program, the en-) 108 596 P
(cryption can be compromised if memory is readable.) 108 582 T
-0.4 (There is no warranty of merchantability nor any warranty of \336tness for a particular purpose) 108 564 P
0.05 (nor any other warranty) 108 550 P
0.05 (, either express or implied, as to the accuracy of the enclosed mate-) 216.95 550 P
(rials or as to their suitability for any particular purpose.) 108 536 T
-0.06 (Accordingly) 108 518 P
-0.06 (, the user assumes full responsibility for their use. Further) 167.18 518 P
-0.06 (, the author assumes) 442.93 518 P
-0.25 (no obligation to furnish any assistance of any kind whatsoever) 108 504 P
-0.25 (, or to furnish any additional) 404.69 504 P
(information or documentation.) 108 490 T
4 F
(AUTHOR) 72 464 T
0 F
-0.54 (Matt Bishop, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Bradley Hall, Dartmouth) 108 440 P
(College, Hanover) 108 426 T
(, NH 03755) 192.12 426 T
(Electronic mail addresses:) 108 408 T
(Internet: Matt.Bishop@dartmouth.edu) 108 390 T
(UUCP: decvax!dartvax!Matt.Bishop) 108 372 T
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