1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
|
.\"
.\" $Id: spkr.4,v 1.10 1998/03/12 07:30:38 charnier Exp $
.\"
.Dd November 7, 1993
.Dt SPKR 4 i386
.Os FreeBSD
.Sh NAME
.Nm speaker ,
.Nm spkr
.Nd console speaker device driver
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Cd pseudo-device speaker
.Fd #include <machine/speaker.h>
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The speaker device driver allows applications to control the PC console
speaker on an
.Tn IBM-PC Ns --compatible
machine running
.Tn FreeBSD .
.Pp
Only one process may have this device open at any given time;
.Xr open 2
and
.Xr close 2
are used to lock and relinquish it. An attempt to open when
another process has the device locked will return -1 with an
.Er EBUSY
error
indication. Writes to the device are interpreted as `play strings' in a
simple ASCII melody notation. An
.Xr ioctl 2
request
for tone generation at arbitrary
frequencies is also supported.
.Pp
Sound-generation does not monopolize the processor; in fact, the driver
spends most of its time sleeping while the PC hardware is emitting
tones. Other processes may emit beeps while the driver is running.
.Pp
Applications may call
.Xr ioctl 2
on a speaker file descriptor to control the
speaker driver directly; definitions for the
.Xr ioctl 2
interface are in
.Pa /usr/include/machine/speaker.h .
The
.Li tone_t
structure used in these calls has two fields,
specifying a frequency (in Hz) and a duration (in 1/100ths of a second).
A frequency of zero is interpreted as a rest.
.Pp
At present there are two such
.Xr ioctl 2
calls.
.Dv SPKRTONE
accepts a pointer to a
single tone structure as third argument and plays it.
.Dv SPKRTUNE
accepts a
pointer to the first of an array of tone structures and plays them in
continuous sequence; this array must be terminated by a final member with
a zero duration.
.Pp
The play-string language is modelled on the PLAY statement conventions of
.Tn IBM
Advanced BASIC 2.0. The
.Li MB ,
.Li MF ,
and
.Li X
primitives of PLAY are not
useful in a timesharing environment and are omitted. The `octave-tracking'
feature and the slur mark are new.
.Pp
There are 84 accessible notes numbered 1-84 in 7 octaves, each running from
C to B, numbered 0-6; the scale is equal-tempered A440 and octave 3 starts
with middle C. By default, the play function emits half-second notes with the
last 1/16th second being `rest time'.
.Pp
Play strings are interpreted left to right as a series of play command groups;
letter case is ignored. Play command groups are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width CDEFGABxx
.It Li CDEFGAB
Letters A through G cause the corresponding note to be played in the
current octave. A note letter may optionally be followed by an
.Dq Em "accidental sign" ,
one of # + or -; the first two of these cause it to be sharped one
half-tone, the last causes it to be flatted one half-tone. It may
also be followed by a time value number and by sustain dots (see
below). Time values are interpreted as for the L command below.
.It Ns Li O Sy n
If
.Sy n
is numeric, this sets the current octave.
.Sy n
may also be one of
.Li L
or
.Li N
to enable or disable octave-tracking (it is disabled by default).
When octave-tracking is on, interpretation of a pair of letter notes
will change octaves if necessary in order to make the smallest
possible jump between notes. Thus ``olbc'' will be played as
``olb>c'', and ``olcb'' as ``olc<b''. Octave locking is disabled for
one letter note following >, < and O[0123456]. (The octave-locking
feature is not supported in
.Tn IBM
BASIC.)
.It Li >
Bump the current octave up one.
.It Li <
Drop the current octave down one.
.It Ns Li N Sy n
Play note
.Sy n ,
.Sy n
being 1 to 84 or 0 for a rest of current time value.
May be followed by sustain dots.
.It Ns Li L Sy n
Sets the current time value for notes. The default is
.Li L4 ,
quarter or crotchet notes. The lowest possible value is 1; values up
to 64 are accepted.
.Li L1
sets whole notes,
.Li L2
sets half notes,
.Li L4
sets quarter notes, etc.
.It Ns Li P Sy n
Pause (rest), with
.Sy n
interpreted as for
.Ns Li L Sy n .
May be followed by
sustain dots. May also be written
.Li ~ .
.It Ns Li T Sy n
Sets the number of quarter notes per minute; default is 120. Musical
names for common tempi are:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
Tempo Beats Per Minute
very slow Larghissimo
Largo 40-60
Larghetto 60-66
Grave
Lento
Adagio 66-76
slow Adagietto
Andante 76-108
medium Andantino
Moderato 108-120
fast Allegretto
Allegro 120-168
Vivace
Veloce
Presto 168-208
very fast Prestissimo
.Ed
.It Li M[LNS]
Set articulation.
.Li MN
.Ns No ( Li N
for normal) is the default; the last 1/8th of
the note's value is rest time. You can set
.Li ML
for legato (no rest space) or
.Li MS
for staccato (1/4 rest space).
.El
.Pp
Notes (that is,
.Li CDEFGAB
or
.Li N
command character groups) may be followed by
sustain dots. Each dot causes the note's value to be lengthened by one-half
for each one. Thus, a note dotted once is held for 3/2 of its undotted value;
dotted twice, it is held 9/4, and three times would give 27/8.
.Pp
A note and its sustain dots may also be followed by a slur mark (underscore).
This causes the normal micro-rest after the note to be filled in, slurring it
to the next one. (The slur feature is not supported in
.Tn IBM
BASIC.)
.Pp
Whitespace in play strings is simply skipped and may be used to separate
melody sections.
.Sh BUGS
Due to roundoff in the pitch tables and slop in the tone-generation and timer
hardware (neither of which was designed for precision), neither pitch accuracy
nor timings will be mathematically exact. There is no volume control.
.Pp
The action of two or more sustain dots does not reflect standard musical
notation, in which each dot adds half the value of the previous dot
modifier, not half the value of the note as modified. Thus, a note dotted
once is held for 3/2 of its undotted value; dotted twice, it is held 7/4,
and three times would give 15/8. The multiply-by-3/2 interpretation,
however, is specified in the
.Tn IBM
BASIC manual and has been retained for
compatibility.
.Pp
In play strings which are very long (longer than your system's physical I/O
blocks) note suffixes or numbers may occasionally be parsed incorrectly due
to crossing a block boundary.
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /dev/speakerxx
.It Pa /dev/speaker
speaker device file
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr spkrtest 8
.Sh AUTHORS
.An Eric S. Raymond Aq esr@snark.thyrsus.com
June 1990
.Sh "PORTED BY"
.An Andrew A. Chernov Aq ache@astral.msk.su
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
device appeared in
.Fx 1.0 .
|
