summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/sbin/fdisk_pc98/fdisk.8
blob: c33e78abfc3eaa5145983f5fb5e5c9ed2db36536 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.Dd April 30, 2007
.Dt FDISK 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm fdisk
.Nd NEC PC-98x1 slice table maintenance utility
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl BIaistuv
.Op Fl 12345678
.Op Ar disk
.Nm
.Fl f Ar configfile
.Op Fl itv
.Op Ar disk
.Sh PROLOGUE
In order for the BIOS to boot the kernel,
certain conventions must be adhered to.
Sector 0 of the disk must contain boot code,
a slice table,
and a magic number.
BIOS slices can be used to break the disk up into several pieces.
The BIOS brings in sector 0 and verifies the magic number.
The sector
0 boot code then searches the slice table to determine which
slice is marked
.Dq active .
This boot code then brings in the bootstrap from the
active slice and, if marked bootable, runs it.
Under
.Tn DOS ,
you can have one or more slices with one active.
The
.Tn DOS
.Nm
utility can be used to divide space on the disk into slices and set one
active.
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Fx
utility,
.Nm ,
serves a similar purpose to the
.Tn DOS
utility.
The first form is used to
display slice information or to interactively edit the slice
table.
The second is used to write a slice table using a
.Ar configfile ,
and is designed to be used by other scripts/programs.
.Pp
Options are:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl a
Change the active slice only.
Ignored if
.Fl f
is given.
.It Fl B
Reinitialize the boot code contained in sector 0 of the disk.
Ignored if
.Fl f
is given.
.It Fl f Ar configfile
Set slice values using the file
.Ar configfile .
The
.Ar configfile
always modifies existing slices, unless
.Fl i
is also given, in which case all existing slices are deleted (marked
as
.Dq unused )
before the
.Ar configfile
is read.
The
.Ar configfile
can be
.Sq Fl ,
in which case standard input is read.
See
.Sx CONFIGURATION FILE ,
below, for file syntax.
.Pp
.Em WARNING :
when
.Fl f
is used, you are not asked if you really want to write the slices
table (as you are in the interactive mode).
Use with caution!
.It Fl i
Initialize sector 0 of the disk.
This implies
.Fl u ,
unless
.Fl f
is given.
.It Fl I
Initialize sector 0 slice table
for one
.Fx
slice covering the entire disk.
Some space at the start of the disk will reserved for the IPL program
and the pc98 slice table itself.
.It Fl s
Print summary information and exit.
.It Fl t
Test mode; do not write slice values.
Generally used with the
.Fl f
option to see what would be written to the slice table.
Implies
.Fl v .
.It Fl u
Update (edit) the disk's sector 0 slice table.
Ignored if
.Fl f
is given.
.It Fl v
Be verbose.
Slices that are unused are suppressed unless this flag is specified.
When
.Fl f
is used,
.Nm
prints out the slice table that is written to the disk.
.It Fl 12345678
Operate on a single slice table entry only.
Ignored if
.Fl f
is given.
.El
.Pp
The final disk name can be provided as a
.Dq bare
disk name only, e.g.\&
.Pa da0 ,
or as a full pathname.
If omitted,
.Nm
tries to figure out the default disk device name from the
mounted root device.
.Pp
When called with no arguments, it prints the sector 0 slice table.
An example follows:
.Bd -literal
	******* Working on device /dev/da0 *******
	parameters extracted from in-core disklabel are:
	cylinders=33075 heads=8 sectors/track=32 (256 blks/cyl)

	parameters to be used for BIOS calculations are:
	cylinders=33075 heads=8 sectors/track=32 (256 blks/cyl)

	Media sector size is 512
	Warning: BIOS sector numbering starts with sector 1
	Information from DOS bootblock is:
	The data for partition 1 is:
	sysmid 148,(FreeBSD/NetBSD/386BSD)
	    start 256, size 2490112 (1215 Meg), sid 196
		beg: cyl 1/ sector 0/ head 0;
		end: cyl 9727/ sector 0/ head 0
		system Name FreeBSD(98)
	The data for partition 2 is:
	sysmid 148,(FreeBSD/NetBSD/386BSD)
	    start 2490368, size 5505024 (2688 Meg), sid 196
		beg: cyl 9728/ sector 0/ head 0;
		end: cyl 31231/ sector 0/ head 0
		system Name FreeBSD(98)
	The data for partition 3 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 4 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 5 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 6 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 7 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 8 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 9 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 10 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 11 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 12 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 13 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 14 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 15 is:
	<UNUSED>
	The data for partition 16 is:
	<UNUSED>
.Ed
.Pp
The disk is divided into three slices that happen to fill the disk.
The second slice overlaps the end of the first.
(Used for debugging purposes.)
.Bl -tag -width ".Em cyl , sector No and Em head"
.It Em sysmid
is used to label the slice.
.Fx
reserves the
magic number 148 decimal (94 in hex).
.It Xo
.Em start
and
.Em size
.Xc
fields provide the start address
and size of a slice in sectors.
.It Xo
.Em cyl , sector
and
.Em head
.Xc
fields are used to specify the beginning and end addresses of the slice.
.It Em "system Name"
is the name of the slice.
.El
.Pp
.Em Note :
these numbers are calculated using BIOS's understanding of the disk geometry
and saved in the bootblock.
.Pp
The
.Fl i
and
.Fl u
flags are used to indicate that the slice data is to be updated.
Unless the
.Fl f
option is also given,
.Nm
will enter a conversational mode.
In this mode, no changes will be written to disk unless you explicitly tell
.Nm
to.
.Pp
The
.Nm
utility will display each slice and ask whether you want to edit it.
If you say yes,
.Nm
will step through each field, show you the old value,
and ask you for a new one.
When you are done with the slice,
.Nm
will display it and ask you whether it is correct.
It will then proceed to the next entry.
.Pp
Getting the
.Em cyl , sector ,
and
.Em head
fields correct is tricky, so by default,
they will be calculated for you;
you can specify them if you choose to though.
.Pp
After all the slices are processed,
you are given the option to change the
.Dq active
slice.
Finally, when all the new data for sector 0 has been accumulated,
you are asked to confirm whether you really want to rewrite it.
.Pp
The difference between the
.Fl u
and
.Fl i
flags is that
the
.Fl u
flag edits (updates) the existing slice parameters
while the
.Fl i
flag is used to
.Dq initialize
them (old values will be ignored);
it will setup the last BIOS slice to use the whole disk for
.Fx ;
and make it active.
.Sh NOTES
The automatic calculation of starting cylinder etc.\& uses
a set of figures that represent what the BIOS thinks the
geometry of the drive is.
These figures are taken from the in-core disklabel by default,
but
.Nm
initially gives you an opportunity to change them.
This allows you to create a bootblock that can work with drives
that use geometry translation under the BIOS.
.Pp
If you hand craft your disk layout,
please make sure that the
.Fx
slice starts on a cylinder boundary.
.Pp
Editing an existing slice will most likely result in the loss of
all data in that slice.
.Pp
You should run
.Nm
interactively once or twice to see how it works.
This is completely safe as long as you answer the last question
in the negative.
There are subtleties that
.Nm
detects that are not fully explained in this manual page.
.Sh CONFIGURATION FILE
When the
.Fl f
option is given, a disk's slice table can be written using values
from a
.Ar configfile .
The syntax of this file is very simple;
each line is either a comment or a specification, as follows:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Ic # Ar comment ...
Lines beginning with a
.Ic #
are comments and are ignored.
.It Ic g Ar spec1 spec2 spec3
Set the BIOS geometry used in slice calculations.
There must be
three values specified, with a letter preceding each number:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm c Ns Ar num
Set the number of cylinders to
.Ar num .
.It Cm h Ns Ar num
Set the number of heads to
.Ar num .
.It Cm s Ns Ar num
Set the number of sectors/track to
.Ar num .
.El
.Pp
These specs can occur in any order, as the leading letter determines
which value is which; however, all three must be specified.
.Pp
This line must occur before any lines that specify slice
information.
.Pp
It is an error if the following is not true:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
1 <= number of cylinders
1 <= number of heads <= 256
1 <= number of sectors/track < 64
.Ed
.Pp
The number of cylinders should be less than or equal to 1024, but this
is not enforced, although a warning will be printed.
Note that bootable
.Fx
slices (the
.Dq Pa /
file system) must lie completely within the
first 1024 cylinders; if this is not true, booting may fail.
Non-bootable slices do not have this restriction.
.Pp
Example (all of these are equivalent), for a disk with 1019 cylinders,
39 heads, and 63 sectors:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
g       c1019   h39     s63
g       h39     c1019   s63
g       s63     h39     c1019
.Ed
.It Ic p Ar slice type start length
Set the slice given by
.Ar slice
(1-8) to type
.Ar type ,
starting at sector
.Ar start
for
.Ar length
sectors.
.Pp
Only those slices explicitly mentioned by these lines are modified;
any slice not referenced by a
.Ic p
line will not be modified.
However, if an invalid slice table is present, or the
.Fl i
option is specified, all existing slice entries will be cleared
(marked as unused), and these
.Ic p
lines will have to be used to
explicitly set slice information.
If multiple slices need to be
set, multiple
.Ic p
lines must be specified; one for each slice.
.Pp
These slice lines must occur after any geometry specification lines,
if one is present.
.Pp
The
.Ar type
is 165 for
.Fx
slices.
Specifying a slice type of zero is
the same as clearing the slice and marking it as unused; however,
dummy values (such as
.Dq 0 )
must still be specified for
.Ar start
and
.Ar length .
.Pp
Note: the start offset will be rounded upwards to a head boundary if
necessary, and the end offset will be rounded downwards to a cylinder
boundary if necessary.
.Pp
Example: to clear slice 4 and mark it as unused:
.Pp
.Dl "p       4       0       0       0"
.Pp
Example: to set slice 1 to a
.Fx
slice, starting at sector 1
for 2503871 sectors (note: these numbers will be rounded upwards and
downwards to correspond to head and cylinder boundaries):
.Pp
.Dl "p       1       165     1       2503871"
.It Ic a Ar slice
Make
.Ar slice
the active slice.
Can occur anywhere in the config file, but only
one must be present.
.Pp
Example: to make slice 1 the active slice:
.Pp
.Dl "a       1"
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr boot98cfg 8 ,
.Xr bsdlabel 8 ,
.Xr newfs 8
.Sh BUGS
The default boot code will not necessarily handle all slice types
correctly, in particular those introduced since
.Tn MS-DOS
6.x.
.Pp
The entire utility should be made more user-friendly.
.Pp
Most users new to
.Fx
do not understand the difference between
.Dq slice
and
.Dq partition ,
causing difficulty to adjust.
.Pp
You cannot use this command to completely dedicate a disk to
.Fx .
The
.Xr bsdlabel 8
command must be used for this.
OpenPOWER on IntegriCloud