path: root/lib/libc/gen/signal.3

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.\"     @(#)signal.3	8.3 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.Dd April 19, 1994
.Dt SIGNAL 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm signal
.Nd simplified software signal facilities
.Sh LIBRARY
.Lb libc
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Fd #include <signal.h>
.\" The following is Quite Ugly, but syntactically correct.  Don't try to
.\" fix it.
.Ft void \*(lp*
.Fn signal "int sig" "void \*(lp*func\*(rp\*(lpint\*(rp\*(rp\*(rp\*(lpint"
.Pp
or in
.Fx Ns 's
equivalent but easier to read typedef'd version:
.Ft typedef "void \*(lp*sig_t\*(rp \*(lpint\*(rp"
.Ft sig_t
.Fn signal "int sig" "sig_t func"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
This
.Fn signal
facility
is a simplified interface to the more general
.Xr sigaction 2
facility.
.Pp
Signals allow the manipulation of a process from outside its
domain as well as allowing the process to manipulate itself or
copies of itself (children). There are two general types of signals:
those that cause termination of a process and those that do not.
Signals which cause termination of a program might result from
an irrecoverable error or might be the result of a user at a terminal
typing the `interrupt' character.
Signals are used when a process is stopped because it wishes to access
its control terminal while in the background (see
.Xr tty 4 ) .
Signals are optionally generated
when a process resumes after being stopped,
when the status of child processes changes,
or when input is ready at the control terminal.
Most signals result in the termination of the process receiving them
if no action
is taken; some signals instead cause the process receiving them
to be stopped, or are simply discarded if the process has not
requested otherwise.
Except for the
.Dv SIGKILL
and
.Dv SIGSTOP
signals, the
.Fn signal
function allows for a signal to be caught, to be ignored, or to generate
an interrupt.
These signals are defined in the file
.Aq Pa signal.h :
.Bl -column SIGVTALARMXX "create core imagexxx"
.It Sy "Name	Default Action	Description"
.It Dv SIGHUP Ta "terminate process" Ta "terminal line hangup"
.It Dv SIGINT Ta "terminate process" Ta "interrupt program"
.It Dv SIGQUIT Ta "create core image" Ta "quit program"
.It Dv SIGILL Ta "create core image" Ta "illegal instruction"
.It Dv SIGTRAP Ta "create core image" Ta "trace trap"
.It Dv SIGABRT Ta "create core image" Ta "abort program"
(formerly
.Dv SIGIOT )
.It Dv SIGEMT Ta "create core image" Ta "emulate instruction executed"
.It Dv SIGFPE Ta "create core image" Ta "floating-point exception"
.It Dv SIGKILL Ta "terminate process" Ta "kill program"
.It Dv SIGBUS Ta "create core image" Ta "bus error"
.It Dv SIGSEGV Ta "create core image" Ta "segmentation violation"
.It Dv SIGSYS Ta "create core image" Ta "non-existent system call invoked"
.It Dv SIGPIPE Ta "terminate process" Ta "write on a pipe with no reader"
.It Dv SIGALRM Ta "terminate process" Ta "real-time timer expired"
.It Dv SIGTERM Ta "terminate process" Ta "software termination signal"
.It Dv SIGURG Ta "discard signal" Ta "urgent condition present on socket"
.It Dv SIGSTOP Ta "stop process" Ta "stop (cannot be caught or ignored)"
.It Dv SIGTSTP Ta "stop process" Ta "stop signal generated from keyboard"
.It Dv SIGCONT Ta "discard signal" Ta "continue after stop"
.It Dv SIGCHLD Ta "discard signal" Ta "child status has changed"
.It Dv SIGTTIN Ta "stop process" Ta "background read attempted from control terminal"
.It Dv SIGTTOU Ta "stop process" Ta "background write attempted to control terminal"
.It Dv SIGIO Ta "discard signal" Ta Tn "I/O"
is possible on a descriptor (see
.Xr fcntl 2 )
.It Dv SIGXCPU Ta "terminate process" Ta "cpu time limit exceeded (see"
.Xr setrlimit 2 )
.It Dv SIGXFSZ Ta "terminate process" Ta "file size limit exceeded (see"
.Xr setrlimit 2 )
.It Dv SIGVTALRM Ta "terminate process" Ta "virtual time alarm (see"
.Xr setitimer 2 )
.It Dv SIGPROF Ta "terminate process" Ta "profiling timer alarm (see"
.Xr setitimer 2 )
.It Dv SIGWINCH Ta "discard signal" Ta "Window size change"
.It Dv SIGINFO Ta "discard signal" Ta "status request from keyboard"
.It Dv SIGUSR1 Ta "terminate process" Ta "User defined signal 1"
.It Dv SIGUSR2 Ta "terminate process" Ta "User defined signal 2"
.El
.Pp
The
.Fa sig
parameter specifies which signal was received.
The
.Fa func
procedure allows a user to choose the action upon receipt of a signal.
To set the default action of the signal to occur as listed above,
.Fa func
should be
.Dv SIG_DFL .
A
.Dv SIG_DFL
resets the default action.
To ignore the signal
.Fa func
should be
.Dv SIG_IGN .
This will cause subsequent instances of the signal to be ignored
and pending instances to be discarded.
If
.Dv SIG_IGN
is not used,
further occurrences of the signal are
automatically blocked and
.Fa func
is called.
.Pp
The handled signal is unblocked when the
function returns and
the process continues from where it left off when the signal occurred.
.Bf -symbolic
Unlike previous signal facilities, the handler
func() remains installed after a signal has been delivered.
.Ef
.Pp
For some system calls, if a signal is caught while the call is
executing and the call is prematurely terminated,
the call is automatically restarted.
(The handler is installed using the
.Dv SA_RESTART
flag with
.Xr sigaction 2 . )
The affected system calls include
.Xr read 2 ,
.Xr write 2 ,
.Xr sendto 2 ,
.Xr recvfrom 2 ,
.Xr sendmsg 2
and
.Xr recvmsg 2
on a communications channel or a low speed device
and during a
.Xr ioctl 2
or
.Xr wait 2 .
However, calls that have already committed are not restarted,
but instead return a partial success (for example, a short read count).
This semantics could be changed with
.Xr siginterrupt 3 .
.Pp
When a process which has installed signal handlers forks,
the child process inherits the signals.
All caught signals may be reset to their default action by a call
to the
.Xr execve 2
function;
ignored signals remain ignored.
.Pp
The following functions are either reentrant or not interruptible
by signals and are async-signal safe.
Therefore applications may
invoke them, without restriction, from signal-catching functions:
.Pp
Base Interfaces:
.Pp
.Fn _exit ,
.Fn access ,
.Fn alarm ,
.Fn cfgetispeed ,
.Fn cfgetospeed ,
.Fn cfsetispeed ,
.Fn cfsetospeed ,
.Fn chdir ,
.Fn chmod ,
.Fn chown ,
.Fn close ,
.Fn creat ,
.Fn dup ,
.Fn dup2 ,
.Fn execle ,
.Fn execve ,
.Fn fcntl ,
.Fn fork ,
.Fn fpathconf ,
.Fn fstat ,
.Fn fsync ,
.Fn getegid ,
.Fn geteuid ,
.Fn getgid ,
.Fn getgroups ,
.Fn getpgrp ,
.Fn getpid ,
.Fn getppid ,
.Fn getuid ,
.Fn kill ,
.Fn link ,
.Fn lseek ,
.Fn mkdir ,
.Fn mkfifo ,
.Fn open ,
.Fn pathconf ,
.Fn pause ,
.Fn pipe ,
.Fn raise ,
.Fn read ,
.Fn rename ,
.Fn rmdir ,
.Fn setgid ,
.Fn setpgid ,
.Fn setsid ,
.Fn setuid ,
.Fn sigaction ,
.Fn sigaddset ,
.Fn sigdelset ,
.Fn sigemptyset ,
.Fn sigfillset  ,
.Fn sigismember ,
.Fn signal ,
.Fn sigpending ,
.Fn sigprocmask ,
.Fn sigsuspend ,
.Fn sleep ,
.Fn stat ,
.Fn sysconf ,
.Fn tcdrain ,
.Fn tcflow ,
.Fn tcflush ,
.Fn tcgetattr ,
.Fn tcgetpgrp ,
.Fn tcsendbreak ,
.Fn tcsetattr ,
.Fn tcsetpgrp ,
.Fn time ,
.Fn times ,
.Fn umask ,
.Fn uname ,
.Fn unlink ,
.Fn utime ,
.Fn wait ,
.Fn waitpid ,
.Fn write .
.Pp
Realtime Interfaces:
.Pp
.Fn aio_error ,
.Fn clock_gettime ,
.Fn sigpause ,
.Fn timer_getoverrun ,
.Fn aio_return ,
.Fn fdatasync ,
.Fn sigqueue ,
.Fn timer_gettime ,
.Fn aio_suspend ,
.Fn sem_post ,
.Fn sigset ,
.Fn timer_settime .
.Pp
ANSI C Interfaces:
.Pp
.Fn strcpy ,
.Fn strcat ,
.Fn strncpy ,
.Fn strncat ,
and perhaps some others.
.Pp
Extension Interfaces:
.Pp
.Fn strlcpy ,
.Fn strlcat .
.Pp
All functions not in the above lists are considered to be unsafe
with respect to signals.  That is to say, the behaviour of such
functions when called from a signal handler is undefined.
In general though, signal handlers should do little more than set a
flag; most other actions are not safe.  
.Pp
As well, inside the signal handler it is also considered more safe to
make a copy the global variable
.Va errno 
and restore it before returning from the signal handler.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
The previous action is returned on a successful call.
Otherwise, SIG_ERR is returned and  the global variable
.Va errno
is set to indicate the error.
.Sh ERRORS
.Fn Signal
will fail and no action will take place if one of the
following occur:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er EINVAL
.Em Sig
is not a valid signal number.
.It Bq Er EINVAL
An attempt is made to ignore or supply a handler for
.Dv SIGKILL
or
.Ev SIGSTOP .
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr kill 1 ,
.Xr kill 2 ,
.Xr ptrace 2 ,
.Xr sigaction 2 ,
.Xr sigaltstack 2 ,
.Xr sigprocmask 2 ,
.Xr sigsuspend 2 ,
.Xr fpsetmask 3 ,
.Xr setjmp 3 ,
.Xr siginterrupt 3 ,
.Xr tty 4
.Sh HISTORY
This
.Fn signal
facility appeared in
.Bx 4.0 .