path: root/contrib/libpcap/doc/pcap.txt

Network Working Group                                       L. Degioanni
Internet-Draft                                                  F. Risso
Expires: August 30, 2004                           Politecnico di Torino
                                                              March 2004


                  PCAP New Generation Dump File Format
                                  pcap

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
   groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://
   www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 30, 2004.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This document describes a format to dump captured packets on a file.
   This format is extensible and it is currently proposed for
   implementation in the libpcap/WinPcap packet capture library.












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Table of Contents

   1.  Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  General File Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.1 General Block Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.2 Block Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.3 Block Hierarchy and Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.4 Data format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   3.  Block Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   3.1 Section Header Block (mandatory) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   3.2 Interface Description Block (mandatory)  . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   3.3 Packet Block (optional)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   3.4 Simple Packet Block (optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   3.5 Name Resolution Block (optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   3.6 Interface Statistics Block (optional)  . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
   4.  Options  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   5.  Experimental Blocks (deserved to a further investigation)  . . 23
   5.1 Other Packet Blocks (experimental) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   5.2 Compression Block (experimental) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   5.3 Encryption Block (experimental)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   5.4 Fixed Length Block (experimental)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   5.5 Directory Block (experimental) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   5.6 Traffic Statistics and Monitoring Blocks (experimental)  . . . 25
   5.7 Event/Security Block (experimental)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   6.  Conclusions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   7.  Most important open issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 29
























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1. Objectives

   The problem of exchanging packet traces becomes more and more
   critical every day; unfortunately, no standard solutions exist for
   this task right now. One of the most accepted packet interchange
   formats is the one defined by libpcap, which is rather old and does
   not fit for some of the nowadays applications especially in terms of
   extensibility.

   This document proposes a new format for dumping packet traces. The
   following goals are being pursued:

   o  Extensibility: aside of some common functionalities, third parties
      should be able to enrich the information embedded in the file with
      proprietary extensions, which will be ignored by tools that are
      not able to understand them.

   o  Portability: a capture trace must contain all the information
      needed to read data independently from network, hardware and
      operating system of the machine that made the capture.

   o  Merge/Append data: it should be possible to add data at the end of
      a given file, and the resulting file must still be readable.




























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2. General File Structure

2.1 General Block Structure

   A capture file is organized in blocks, that are appended one to
   another to form the file. All the blocks share a common format, which
   is shown in Figure 1.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                          Block Type                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                      Block Total Length                       |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      /                          Block Body                           /
      /          /* variable length, aligned to 32 bits */            /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                      Block Total Length                       |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 1: Basic block structure.

   The fields have the following meaning:

   o  Block Type (32 bits): unique value that identifies the block.
      Values whose Most Significant Bit (MSB) is equal to 1 are reserved
      for local use. They allow to save private data to the file and to
      extend the file format.

   o  Block Total Length: total size of this block, in bytes. For
      instance, a block that does not have a body has a length of 12
      bytes.

   o  Block Body: content of the block.

   o  Block Total Length: total size of this block, in bytes. This field
      is duplicated for permitting backward file navigation.

   This structure, shared among all blocks, makes easy to process a file
   and to skip unneeded or unknown blocks. Blocks can be nested one
   inside the others (NOTE: needed?). Some of the blocks are mandatory,
   i.e. a dump file is not valid if they are not present, other are
   optional.

   The structure of the blocks allows to define other blocks if needed.
   A parser that does non understand them can simply ignore their
   content.



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2.2 Block Types

   The currently defined blocks are the following:

   1.  Section Header Block: it defines the most important
       characteristics of the capture file.

   2.  Interface Description Block: it defines the most important
       characteristics of the interface(s) used for capturing traffic.

   3.  Packet Block: it contains a single captured packet, or a portion
       of it.

   4.  Simple Packet Block: it contains a single captured packet, or a
       portion of it, with only a minimal set of information about it.

   5.  Name Resolution Block: it defines the mapping from numeric
       addresses present in the packet dump and the canonical name
       counterpart.

   6.  Capture Statistics Block: it defines how to store some
       statistical data (e.g. packet dropped, etc) which can be useful
       to undestand the conditions in which the capture has been made.

   7.  Compression Marker Block: TODO

   8.  Encryption Marker Block: TODO

   9.  Fixed Length Marker Block: TODO

   The following blocks instead are considered interesting but the
   authors believe that they deserve more in-depth discussion before
   being defined:

   1.  Further Packet Blocks

   2.  Directory Block

   3.  Traffic Statistics and Monitoring Blocks

   4.  Alert and Security Blocks

   TODO Currently standardized Block Type codes are specified in
   Appendix 1.

2.3 Block Hierarchy and Precedence

   The file must begin with a Section Header Block. However, more than



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   one Section Header Block can be present on the dump, each one
   covering the data following it till the next one (or the end of
   file). A Section includes the data delimited by two Section Header
   Blocks (or by a Section Header Block and the end of the file),
   including the first Section Header Block.

   In case an application cannot read a Section because of different
   version number, it must skip everything until the next Section Header
   Block. Note that, in order to properly skip the blocks until the next
   section, all blocks must have the fields Type and Length at the
   beginning. This is a mandatory requirement that must be maintained in
   future versions of the block format.

   Figure 2 shows two valid files: the first has a typical
   configuration, with a single Section Header that covers the whole
   file. The second one contains three headers, and is normally the
   result of file concatenation. An application that understands only
   version 1.0 of the file format skips the intermediate section and
   restart processing the packets after the third Section Header.

      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      | SHB v1.0  |                      Data                         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      Typical configuration with a single Section Header Block


      |--   1st Section   --|--   2nd Section   --|--  3rd Section  --|
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      | SHB v1.0  |  Data   | SHB V1.1  |  Data   | SHB V1.0  |  Data |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      Configuration with three different Section Header Blocks

      Figure 2: File structure example: the Section Header Block.

   NOTE: TO BE COMPLETED with some examples of other blocks

2.4 Data format

   Data contained in each section will always be saved according to the
   characteristics (little endian / big endian) of the dumping machine.
   This refers to all fields that are saved as numbers and that span
   over two or more bytes.

   The approach of having each section saved in the native format of the
   generating host is more efficient because it avoids translation of
   data when reading / writing on the host itself, which is the most
   common case when generating/processing capture dumps.



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   TODO Probably we have to specify something more here. Is what we're
   saying enough to avoid any kind of ambiguity?.

















































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3. Block Definition

   This section details the format of the body of the blocks currently
   defined.

3.1 Section Header Block (mandatory)

   The Section Header Block is mandatory. It identifies the beginning of
   a section of the capture dump file. Its format is shown in Figure 3.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                            Magic                              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |              Major            |             Minor             |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      /                                                               /
      /                      Options (variable)                       /
      /                                                               /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 3: Section Header Block format.

   The meaning of the fields is:

   o  Magic: magic number, whose value is the hexadecimal number
      0x1A2B3C4D. This number can be used to distinguish section that
      have been saved on little-endian machines from the one saved on
      big-endian machines.

   o  Major: number of the current mayor version of the format. Current
      value is 1.

   o  Minor: number of the current minor version of the format. Current
      value is 0.

   o  Options: optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the
      rules defined in Section 4) can be present.

   Aside form the options defined in Section 4, the following options
   are valid within this block:

   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | Name           | Code           | Length         | Description    |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | Hardware       | 2              | variable       | An ascii       |
   |                |                |                | string         |



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   |                |                |                | containing the |
   |                |                |                | description of |
   |                |                |                | the hardware   |
   |                |                |                | used to create |
   |                |                |                | this section.  |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | Operating      | 3              | variable       | An ascii       |
   | System         |                |                | string         |
   |                |                |                | containing the |
   |                |                |                | name of the    |
   |                |                |                | operating      |
   |                |                |                | system used to |
   |                |                |                | create this    |
   |                |                |                | section.       |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | User           | 3              | variable       | An ascii       |
   | Application    |                |                | string         |
   |                |                |                | containing the |
   |                |                |                | name of the    |
   |                |                |                | application    |
   |                |                |                | used to create |
   |                |                |                | this section.  |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

                                Table 1

   The Section Header Block does not contain data but it rather
   identifies a list of blocks (interfaces, packets) that are logically
   correlated. This block does not contain any reference to the size of
   the section it is currently delimiting, therefore the reader cannot
   skip a whole section at once. In case a section must be skipped, the
   user has to repeatedly skip all the blocks contained within it; this
   makes the parsing of the file slower but it permits to append several
   capture dumps at the same file.

3.2 Interface Description Block (mandatory)

   The Interface Description Block is mandatory. This block is needed to
   specify the characteristics of the network interface on which the
   capture has been made. In order to properly associate the captured
   data to the corresponding interface, the Interface Description Block
   must be defined before any other block that uses it; therefore, this
   block is usually placed immediately after the Section Header Block.

   An Interface Description Block is valid only inside the section which
   it belongs to. The structure of a Interface Description Block is
   shown in Figure 4.




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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |          Interface ID         |           LinkType            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                            SnapLen                            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      /                                                               /
      /                      Options (variable)                       /
      /                                                               /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

             Figure 4: Interface Description Block format.

   The meaning of the fields is:

   o  Interface ID: a progressive number that identifies uniquely any
      interface inside current section. Two Interface Description Blocks
      can have the same Interface ID only if they are in different
      sections of the file. The Interface ID is referenced by the packet
      blocks.

   o  LinkType: a value that defines the link layer type of this
      interface.

   o  SnapLen: maximum number of bytes dumped from each packet. The
      portion of each packet that exceeds this value will not be stored
      in the file.

   o  Options: optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the
      rules defined in Section 4) can be present.

   In addition to the options defined in Section 4, the following
   options are valid within this block:

   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | Name           | Code           | Length         | Description    |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | if_name        | 2              | Variable       | Name of the    |
   |                |                |                | device used to |
   |                |                |                | capture data.  |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | if_IPv4addr    | 3              | 8              | Interface      |
   |                |                |                | network        |
   |                |                |                | address and    |
   |                |                |                | netmask.       |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | if_IPv6addr    | 4              | 17             | Interface      |



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   |                |                |                | network        |
   |                |                |                | address and    |
   |                |                |                | prefix length  |
   |                |                |                | (stored in the |
   |                |                |                | last byte).    |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | if_MACaddr     | 5              | 6              | Interface      |
   |                |                |                | Hardware MAC   |
   |                |                |                | address (48    |
   |                |                |                | bits).         |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | if_EUIaddr     | 6              | 8              | Interface      |
   |                |                |                | Hardware EUI   |
   |                |                |                | address (64    |
   |                |                |                | bits), if      |
   |                |                |                | available.     |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | if_speed       | 7              | 8              | Interface      |
   |                |                |                | speed (in      |
   |                |                |                | bps).          |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | if_tsaccur     | 8              | 1              | Precision of   |
   |                |                |                | timestamps. If |
   |                |                |                | the Most       |
   |                |                |                | Significant    |
   |                |                |                | Bit is equal   |
   |                |                |                | to zero, the   |
   |                |                |                | remaining bits |
   |                |                |                | indicates the  |
   |                |                |                | accuracy as as |
   |                |                |                | a negative     |
   |                |                |                | power of 10    |
   |                |                |                | (e.g. 6 means  |
   |                |                |                | microsecond    |
   |                |                |                | accuracy). If  |
   |                |                |                | the Most       |
   |                |                |                | Significant    |
   |                |                |                | Bit is equal   |
   |                |                |                | to zero, the   |
   |                |                |                | remaining bits |
   |                |                |                | indicates the  |
   |                |                |                | accuracy as as |
   |                |                |                | negative power |
   |                |                |                | of 2 (e.g. 10  |
   |                |                |                | means 1/1024   |
   |                |                |                | of second). If |
   |                |                |                | this option is |
   |                |                |                | not present, a |



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   |                |                |                | precision of   |
   |                |                |                | 10^-6 is       |
   |                |                |                | assumed.       |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | if_tzone       | 9              | 4              | Time zone for  |
   |                |                |                | GMT support    |
   |                |                |                | (TODO: specify |
   |                |                |                | better).       |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | if_flags       | 10             | 4              | Interface      |
   |                |                |                | flags. (TODO:  |
   |                |                |                | specify        |
   |                |                |                | better.        |
   |                |                |                | Possible       |
   |                |                |                | flags:         |
   |                |                |                | promiscuous,   |
   |                |                |                | inbound/outbou |
   |                |                |                | nd, traffic    |
   |                |                |                | filtered       |
   |                |                |                | during         |
   |                |                |                | capture).      |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | if_filter      | 11             | variable       | The filter     |
   |                |                |                | (e.g. "capture |
   |                |                |                | only TCP       |
   |                |                |                | traffic") used |
   |                |                |                | to capture     |
   |                |                |                | traffic. The   |
   |                |                |                | first byte of  |
   |                |                |                | the Option     |
   |                |                |                | Data keeps a   |
   |                |                |                | code of the    |
   |                |                |                | filter used    |
   |                |                |                | (e.g. if this  |
   |                |                |                | is a libpcap   |
   |                |                |                | string, or BPF |
   |                |                |                | bytecode, and  |
   |                |                |                | more). More    |
   |                |                |                | details about  |
   |                |                |                | this format    |
   |                |                |                | will be        |
   |                |                |                | presented in   |
   |                |                |                | Appendix XXX   |
   |                |                |                | (TODO).        |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | if_opersystem  | 12             | variable       | An ascii       |
   |                |                |                | string         |
   |                |                |                | containing the |



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   |                |                |                | name of the    |
   |                |                |                | operating      |
   |                |                |                | system of the  |
   |                |                |                | machine that   |
   |                |                |                | hosts this     |
   |                |                |                | interface.     |
   |                |                |                | This can be    |
   |                |                |                | different from |
   |                |                |                | the same       |
   |                |                |                | information    |
   |                |                |                | that can be    |
   |                |                |                | contained by   |
   |                |                |                | the Section    |
   |                |                |                | Header Block   |
   |                |                |                | (Section 3.1)  |
   |                |                |                | because the    |
   |                |                |                | capture can    |
   |                |                |                | have been done |
   |                |                |                | on a remote    |
   |                |                |                | machine.       |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

                                Table 2


3.3 Packet Block (optional)

   A Packet Block is the standard container for storing the packets
   coming from the network. The Packet Block is optional because packets
   can be stored either by means of this block or the Simple Packet
   Block, which can be used to speed up dump generation. The format of a
   packet block is shown in Figure 5.



















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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |         Interface ID          |          Drops Count          |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                        Timestamp (High)                       |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                        Timestamp (Low)                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         Captured Len                          |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                          Packet Len                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      |                          Packet Data                          |
      |                                                               |
      |              /* variable length, byte-aligned */              |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      /                                                               /
      /                      Options (variable)                       /
      /                                                               /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 5: Packet Block format.

   The Packet Block has the following fields:

   o  Interface ID: Specifies the interface this packet comes from, and
      corresponds to the ID of one of the Interface Description Blocks
      present in this section of the file (see Figure 4).

   o  Drops Count: a local drop counter. It specified the number of
      packets lost (by the interface and the operating system) between
      this packet and the preceding one. The value xFFFF (in
      hexadecimal) is reserved for those systems in which this
      information is not available.

   o  Timestamp (High): the most significative part of the timestamp. in
      standard Unix format, i.e. from 1/1/1970.

   o  Timestamp (Low): the less significative part of the timestamp. The
      way to interpret this field is specified by the 'ts_accur' option
      (see Figure 4) of the Interface Description block referenced by
      this packet. If the Interface Description block does not contain a
      'ts_accur' option, then this field is expressed in microseconds.

   o  Captured Len: number of bytes captured from the packet (i.e. the



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      length of the Packet Data field). It will be the minimum value
      among the actual Packet Length and the snapshot length (defined in
      Figure 4).

   o  Packet Len: actual length of the packet when it was transmitted on
      the network. Can be different from Captured Len if the user wants
      only a snapshot of the packet.

   o  Packet Data: the data coming from the network, including
      link-layer headers. The length of this field is Captured Len. The
      format of the link-layer headers depends on the LinkType field
      specified in the Interface Description Block (see Section 3.2) and
      it is specified in Appendix XXX (TODO).

   o  Options: optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the
      rules defined in Section 4) can be present.


3.4 Simple Packet Block (optional)

   The Simple Packet Block is a lightweight container for storing the
   packets coming from the network. Its presence is optional.

   A Simple Packet Block is similar to a Packet Block (see Section 3.3),
   but it is smaller, simpler to process and contains only a minimal set
   of information. This block is preferred to the standard Packet Block
   when performance or space occupation are critical factors, such as in
   sustained traffic dump applications. A capture file can contain both
   Packet Blocks and Simple Packet Blocks: for example, a capture tool
   could switch from Packet Blocks to Simple Packet Blocks when the
   hardware resources become critical.

   The Simple Packet Block does not contain the Interface ID field.
   Therefore, it must be assumed that all the Simple Packet Blocks have
   been captured on the interface previously specified in the Interface
   Description Block.

   Figure 6 shows the format of the Simple Packet Block.













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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                          Packet Len                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      |                          Packet Data                          |
      |                                                               |
      |              /* variable length, byte-aligned */              |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 6: Simple Packet Block format.

   The Packet Block has the following fields:

   o  Packet Len: actual length of the packet when it was transmitted on
      the network. Can be different from captured len if the packet has
      been truncated.

   o  Packet data: the data coming from the network, including
      link-layers headers. The length of this field can be derived from
      the field Block Total Length, present in the Block Header.

   The Simple Packet Block does not contain the timestamp because this
   is one of the most costly operations on PCs. Additionally, there are
   applications that do not require it; e.g. an Intrusion Detection
   System is interested in packets, not in their timestamp.

   The Simple Packet Block is very efficient in term of disk space: a
   snapshot of length 100 bytes requires only 16 bytes of overhead,
   which corresponds to an efficiency of more than 86%.

3.5 Name Resolution Block (optional)

   The Name Resolution Block is used to support the correlation of
   numeric addresses (present in the captured packets) and their
   corresponding canonical names and it is optional. Having the literal
   names saved in the file, this prevents the need of a name resolution
   in a delayed time, when the association between names and addresses
   can be different from the one in use at capture time. Moreover, The
   Name Resolution Block avoids the need of issuing a lot of DNS
   requests every time the trace capture is opened, and allows to have
   name resolution also when reading the capture with a machine not
   connected to the network.

   The format of the Name Resolution Block is shown in Figure 7.




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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |      Record Type              |         Record Length         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                       Record Value                            |
      |              /* variable length, byte-aligned */              |
      |               + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
      |               |               |               |               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
                . . . other records . . .
      |  Record Type == end_of_recs   |  Record Length == 00          |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      /                                                               /
      /                      Options (variable)                       /
      /                                                               /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                Figure 7: Name Resolution Block format.

   A Name Resolution Block is a zero-terminated list of records (in the
   TLV format), each of which contains an association between a network
   address and a name. There are three possible types of records:

   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | Name           | Code           | Length         | Description    |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | end_of_recs    | 0              | 0              | End of records |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | ip4_rec        | 1              | Variable       | Specifies an   |
   |                |                |                | IPv4 address   |
   |                |                |                | (contained in  |
   |                |                |                | the first 4    |
   |                |                |                | bytes),        |
   |                |                |                | followed by    |
   |                |                |                | one or more    |
   |                |                |                | zero-terminate |
   |                |                |                | d strings      |
   |                |                |                | containing the |
   |                |                |                | DNS entries    |
   |                |                |                | for that       |
   |                |                |                | address.       |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | ip6_rec        | 1              | Variable       | Specifies an   |
   |                |                |                | IPv6 address   |
   |                |                |                | (contained in  |
   |                |                |                | the first 16   |
   |                |                |                | bytes),        |



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   |                |                |                | followed by    |
   |                |                |                | one or more    |
   |                |                |                | zero-terminate |
   |                |                |                | d strings      |
   |                |                |                | containing the |
   |                |                |                | DNS entries    |
   |                |                |                | for that       |
   |                |                |                | address.       |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

                                Table 3

   After the list or Name Resolution Records, optionally, a list of
   options (formatted according to the rules defined in Section 4) can
   be present.

   A Name Resolution Block is normally placed at the beginning of the
   file, but no assumptions can be taken about its position. Name
   Resolution Blocks can be added in a second time by tools that process
   the file, like network analyzers.

   In addiction to the options defined in Section 4, the following
   options are valid within this block:

   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | Name           | Code           | Length         | Description    |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | ns_dnsname     | 2              | Variable       | An ascii       |
   |                |                |                | string         |
   |                |                |                | containing the |
   |                |                |                | name of the    |
   |                |                |                | machine (DNS   |
   |                |                |                | server) used   |
   |                |                |                | to perform the |
   |                |                |                | name           |
   |                |                |                | resolution.    |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+


3.6 Interface Statistics Block (optional)

   The Interface Statistics Block contains the capture statistics for a
   given interface and it is optional. The statistics are referred to
   the interface defined in the current Section identified by the
   Interface ID field.

   The format of the Interface Statistics Block is shown in Figure 8.




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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         IfRecv                                |
      |                          (high + low)                         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         IfDrop                                |
      |                          (high + low)                         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         FilterAccept                          |
      |                          (high + low)                         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         OSDrop                                |
      |                          (high + low)                         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         UsrDelivered                          |
      |                          (high + low)                         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |          Interface ID         |           Reserved            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      /                                                               /
      /                      Options (variable)                       /
      /                                                               /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

              Figure 8: Interface Statistics Block format.

   The fields have the following meaning:

   o  IfRecv: number of packets received from the interface during the
      capture. This number is reported as a 64 bits value, in which the
      most significat bits are located in the first four bytes of the
      field.

   o  IfDrop: number of packets dropped by the interface during the
      capture due to lack of resources.

   o  FilterAccept: number of packets accepeted by filter during current
      capture.

   o  OSDrop: number of packets dropped by the operating system during
      the capture.

   o  UsrDelivered: number of packets delivered to the user.
      UsrDelivered can be different from the value 'FilterAccept -
      OSDropped' because some packets could still lay in the OS buffers
      when the capture ended.




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   o  Interface ID: reference to an Interface Description Block.

   o  Reserved: Reserved to future use.

   o  Options: optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the
      rules defined in Section 4) can be present.

   In addiction to the options defined in Section 4, the following
   options are valid within this block:

   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | Name           | Code           | Length         | Description    |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | isb_starttime  | 2              | 8              | Time in which  |
   |                |                |                | the capture    |
   |                |                |                | started; time  |
   |                |                |                | will be stored |
   |                |                |                | in two blocks  |
   |                |                |                | of four bytes  |
   |                |                |                | each,          |
   |                |                |                | containing the |
   |                |                |                | timestamp in   |
   |                |                |                | seconds and    |
   |                |                |                | nanoseconds.   |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | isb_endtime    | 3              | 8              | Time in which  |
   |                |                |                | the capture    |
   |                |                |                | started; time  |
   |                |                |                | will be stored |
   |                |                |                | in two blocks  |
   |                |                |                | of four bytes  |
   |                |                |                | each,          |
   |                |                |                | containing the |
   |                |                |                | timestamp in   |
   |                |                |                | seconds and    |
   |                |                |                | nanoseconds.   |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+














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4. Options

   Almost all blocks have the possibility to embed optional fields.
   Optional fields can be used to insert some information that may be
   useful when reading data, but that it is not really needed for packet
   processing. Therefore, each tool can be either read the content of
   the optional fields (if any), or skip them at once.

   Skipping all the optional fields at once is straightforward because
   most of the blocks have a fixed length, therefore the field Block
   Length (present in the General Block Structure, see  Section 2.1) can
   be used to skip everything till the next block.

   Options are a list of Type - Length - Value fields, each one
   containing a single value:

   o  Option Type (2 bytes): it contains the code that specifies the
      type of the current TLV record. Option types whose Most
      Significant Bit is equal to one are reserved for local use;
      therefore, there is no guarantee that the code used is unique
      among all capture files (generated by other applications). In case
      of vendor-specific extensions that have to be identified uniquely,
      vendors must request an Option Code whose MSB is equal to zero.

   o  Option Length (2 bytes): it contains the length of the following
      'Option Value' field.

   o  Option Value (variable length): it contains the value of the given
      option. The length of this field as been specified by the Option
      Length field.

   Options may be repeated several times (e.g. an interface that has
   several IP addresses associated to it). The option list is terminated
   by a special code which is the 'End of Option'.

   The format of the optional fields is shown in Figure 9.















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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |      Option Code              |         Option Length         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                       Option Value                            |
      |              /* variable length, byte-aligned */              |
      |               + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
      |               /               /               /               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      /                                                               /
      /                 . . . other options . . .                     /
      /                                                               /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |   Option Code == opt_endofopt  |  Option Length == 0          |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 9: Options format.

   The following codes can always be present in any optional field:

   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | Name           | Code           | Length         | Description    |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | opt_endofopt   | 0              | 0              | End of         |
   |                |                |                | options: it is |
   |                |                |                | used to        |
   |                |                |                | delimit the    |
   |                |                |                | end of the     |
   |                |                |                | optional       |
   |                |                |                | fields. This   |
   |                |                |                | block cannot   |
   |                |                |                | be repeated    |
   |                |                |                | within a given |
   |                |                |                | list of        |
   |                |                |                | options.       |
   |                |                |                |                |
   | opt_comment    | 1              | variable       | Comment: it is |
   |                |                |                | an ascii       |
   |                |                |                | string         |
   |                |                |                | containing a   |
   |                |                |                | comment that   |
   |                |                |                | is associated  |
   |                |                |                | to the current |
   |                |                |                | block.         |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+





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5. Experimental Blocks (deserved to a further investigation)

5.1 Other Packet Blocks (experimental)

   Can some other packet blocks (besides the two described in the
   previous paragraphs) be useful?

5.2 Compression Block (experimental)

   The Compression Block is optional. A file can contain an arbitrary
   number of these blocks. A Compression Block, as the name says, is
   used to store compressed data. Its format is shown in Figure 10.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |  Compr. Type  |                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               |
      |                                                               |
      |                       Compressed Data                         |
      |                                                               |
      |              /* variable length, byte-aligned */              |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                  Figure 10: Compression Block format.

   The fields have the following meaning:

   o  Compression Type: specifies the compression algorithm. Possible
      values for this field are 0 (uncompressed), 1 (Lempel Ziv), 2
      (Gzip), other?? Probably some kind of dumb and fast compression
      algorithm could be effective with some types of traffic (for
      example web), but which?

   o  Compressed Data: data of this block. Once decompressed, it is made
      of other blocks.


5.3 Encryption Block (experimental)

   The Encryption Block is optional. A file can contain an arbitrary
   number of these blocks. An Encryption Block is used to sotre
   encrypted data. Its format is shown in Figure 11.







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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |   Encr. Type  |                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               |
      |                                                               |
      |                       Compressed Data                         |
      |                                                               |
      |              /* variable length, byte-aligned */              |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                  Figure 11: Encryption Block format.

   The fields have the following meaning:

   o  Compression Type: specifies the encryption algorithm. Possible
      values for this field are ??? NOTE: this block should probably
      contain other fields, depending on the encryption algorithm. To be
      define precisely.

   o  Encrypted Data: data of this block. Once decripted, it consists of
      other blocks.


5.4 Fixed Length Block (experimental)

   The Fixed Length Block is optional. A file can contain an arbitrary
   number of these blocks. A Fixed Length Block can be used to optimize
   the access to the file. Its format is shown in Figure 12. A Fixed
   Length Block stores records with constant size. It contains a set of
   Blocks (normally Packet Blocks or Simple Packet Blocks), of wihich it
   specifies the size. Knowing this size a priori helps to scan the file
   and to load some portions of it without truncating a block, and is
   particularly useful with cell-based networks like ATM.
















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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |          Cell Size            |                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               |
      |                                                               |
      |                        Fixed Size Data                        |
      |                                                               |
      |              /* variable length, byte-aligned */              |
      |                                                               |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 12: Fixed Length Block format.

   The fields have the following meaning:

   o  Cell size: the size of the blocks contained in the data field.

   o  Fixed Size Data: data of this block.


5.5 Directory Block (experimental)

   If present, this block contains the following information:

   o  number of indexed packets (N)

   o  table with position and length of any indexed packet (N entries)

   A directory block must be followed by at least N packets, otherwise
   it must be considered invalid. It can be used to efficiently load
   portions of the file to memory and to support operations on memory
   mapped files. This block can be added by tools like network analyzers
   as a consequence of file processing.

5.6 Traffic Statistics and Monitoring Blocks (experimental)

   One or more blocks could be defined to contain network statistics or
   traffic monitoring information. They could be use to store data
   collected from RMON or Netflow probes, or from other network
   monitoring tools.

5.7 Event/Security Block (experimental)

   This block could be used to store events. Events could contain
   generic information (for example network load over 50%, server
   down...) or security alerts. An event could be:



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   o  skipped, if the application doesn't know how to do with it

   o  processed independently by the packets. In other words, the
      applications skips the packets and processes only the alerts

   o  processed in relation to packets: for example, a security tool
      could load only the packets of the file that are near a security
      alert; a monitorg tool could skip the packets captured while the
      server was down.










































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6. Conclusions

   The file format proposed in this document should be very versatile
   and satisfy a wide range of applications. In the simplest case, it
   can contain a raw dump of the network data, made of a series of
   Simple Packet Blocks. In the most complex case, it can be used as a
   repository for heterogeneous information. In every case, the file
   remains easy to parse and an application can always skip the data it
   is not interested in; at the same time, different applications can
   share the file, and each of them can benfit of the information
   produced by the others. Two or more files can be concatenated
   obtaining another valid file.







































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7. Most important open issues

   o  Data, in the file, must be byte or word aligned? Currently, the
      structure of this document is not consistent with respect to this
      point.














































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Intellectual Property Statement

   The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
   intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to
   pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
   this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
   might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it
   has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the
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   standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of
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   proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can
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   The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
   copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
   rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice
   this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive
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Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
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   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
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   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
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   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION



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   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.


Acknowledgment

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.











































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