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<refentry id="man.dnssec-keygen">
  <refentryinfo>
    <date>June 30, 2000</date>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle><application>dnssec-keygen</application></refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
    <refmiscinfo>BIND9</refmiscinfo>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname><application>dnssec-keygen</application></refname>
    <refpurpose>DNSSEC key generation tool</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <docinfo>
    <copyright>
      <year>2004</year>
      <year>2005</year>
      <year>2007</year>
      <year>2008</year>
      <holder>Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")</holder>
    </copyright>
    <copyright>
      <year>2000</year>
      <year>2001</year>
      <year>2002</year>
      <year>2003</year>
      <holder>Internet Software Consortium.</holder>
    </copyright>
  </docinfo>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <cmdsynopsis>
      <command>dnssec-keygen</command>
      <arg choice="req">-a <replaceable class="parameter">algorithm</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="req">-b <replaceable class="parameter">keysize</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="req">-n <replaceable class="parameter">nametype</replaceable></arg>
      <arg><option>-c <replaceable class="parameter">class</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-e</option></arg>
      <arg><option>-f <replaceable class="parameter">flag</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-g <replaceable class="parameter">generator</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-h</option></arg>
      <arg><option>-k</option></arg>
      <arg><option>-p <replaceable class="parameter">protocol</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-r <replaceable class="parameter">randomdev</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-s <replaceable class="parameter">strength</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-t <replaceable class="parameter">type</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-v <replaceable class="parameter">level</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg choice="req">name</arg>
    </cmdsynopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
    <para><command>dnssec-keygen</command>
      generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in RFC 2535
      and RFC 4034.  It can also generate keys for use with
      TSIG (Transaction Signatures), as defined in RFC 2845.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>OPTIONS</title>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>-a <replaceable class="parameter">algorithm</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Selects the cryptographic algorithm.  The value of
            <option>algorithm</option> must be one of RSAMD5 (RSA) or RSASHA1,
            	      DSA, DH (Diffie Hellman), or HMAC-MD5.  These values
            are case insensitive.
          </para>
          <para>
            Note 1: that for DNSSEC, RSASHA1 is a mandatory to implement
            algorithm,
            and DSA is recommended.  For TSIG, HMAC-MD5 is mandatory.
          </para>
          <para>
            Note 2: HMAC-MD5 and DH automatically set the -k flag.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-b <replaceable class="parameter">keysize</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Specifies the number of bits in the key.  The choice of key
            size depends on the algorithm used.  RSAMD5 / RSASHA1 keys must be
            between
            512 and 2048 bits.  Diffie Hellman keys must be between
            128 and 4096 bits.  DSA keys must be between 512 and 1024
            bits and an exact multiple of 64.  HMAC-MD5 keys must be
            between 1 and 512 bits.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-n <replaceable class="parameter">nametype</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Specifies the owner type of the key.  The value of
            <option>nametype</option> must either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC
            zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY (for a key associated with
            a host (KEY)),
            USER (for a key associated with a user(KEY)) or OTHER (DNSKEY).
            These values are
            case insensitive.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-c <replaceable class="parameter">class</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have
            the specified class.  If not specified, class IN is used.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-e</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            If generating an RSAMD5/RSASHA1 key, use a large exponent.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-f <replaceable class="parameter">flag</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Set the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
            		The only recognized flag is KSK (Key Signing Key) DNSKEY.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-g <replaceable class="parameter">generator</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            If generating a Diffie Hellman key, use this generator.
            Allowed values are 2 and 5.  If no generator
            is specified, a known prime from RFC 2539 will be used
            if possible; otherwise the default is 2.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-h</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
            <command>dnssec-keygen</command>.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-k</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Generate KEY records rather than DNSKEY records.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-p <replaceable class="parameter">protocol</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Sets the protocol value for the generated key.  The protocol
            is a number between 0 and 255.  The default is 3 (DNSSEC).
            Other possible values for this argument are listed in
            RFC 2535 and its successors.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-r <replaceable class="parameter">randomdev</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Specifies the source of randomness.  If the operating
            system does not provide a <filename>/dev/random</filename>
            or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
            is keyboard input.  <filename>randomdev</filename>
            specifies
            the name of a character device or file containing random
            data to be used instead of the default.  The special value
            <filename>keyboard</filename> indicates that keyboard
            input should be used.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-s <replaceable class="parameter">strength</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Specifies the strength value of the key.  The strength is
            a number between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined
            purpose in DNSSEC.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-t <replaceable class="parameter">type</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Indicates the use of the key.  <option>type</option> must be
            one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF.  The default
            is AUTHCONF.  AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate
            data, and CONF the ability to encrypt data.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-v <replaceable class="parameter">level</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Sets the debugging level.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>GENERATED KEYS</title>
    <para>
      When <command>dnssec-keygen</command> completes
      successfully,
      it prints a string of the form <filename>Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii</filename>
      to the standard output.  This is an identification string for
      the key it has generated.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><filename>nnnn</filename> is the key name.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><filename>aaa</filename> is the numeric representation
          of the
          algorithm.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><filename>iiiii</filename> is the key identifier (or
          footprint).
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para><command>dnssec-keygen</command> 
      creates two files, with names based
      on the printed string.  <filename>Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key</filename>
      contains the public key, and
      <filename>Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private</filename> contains the
      private
      key.
    </para>
    <para>
      The <filename>.key</filename> file contains a DNS KEY record
      that
      can be inserted into a zone file (directly or with a $INCLUDE
      statement).
    </para>
    <para>
      The <filename>.private</filename> file contains
      algorithm-specific
      fields.  For obvious security reasons, this file does not have
      general read permission.
    </para>
    <para>
      Both <filename>.key</filename> and <filename>.private</filename>
      files are generated for symmetric encryption algorithms such as
      HMAC-MD5, even though the public and private key are equivalent.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>EXAMPLE</title>
    <para>
      To generate a 768-bit DSA key for the domain
      <userinput>example.com</userinput>, the following command would be
      issued:
    </para>
    <para><userinput>dnssec-keygen -a DSA -b 768 -n ZONE example.com</userinput>
    </para>
    <para>
      The command would print a string of the form:
    </para>
    <para><userinput>Kexample.com.+003+26160</userinput>
    </para>
    <para>
      In this example, <command>dnssec-keygen</command> creates
      the files <filename>Kexample.com.+003+26160.key</filename>
      and
      <filename>Kexample.com.+003+26160.private</filename>.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
    <para><citerefentry>
        <refentrytitle>dnssec-signzone</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
      </citerefentry>,
      <citetitle>BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</citetitle>,
      <citetitle>RFC 2539</citetitle>,
      <citetitle>RFC 2845</citetitle>,
      <citetitle>RFC 4033</citetitle>.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>AUTHOR</title>
    <para><corpauthor>Internet Systems Consortium</corpauthor>
    </para>
  </refsect1>

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