1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
|
'\" te
.\" Copyright (c) 2007, Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
.\" The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the Common Development and Distribution License (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
.\" See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE. If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
.\" fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
.TH zpool 1M "21 Sep 2009" "SunOS 5.11" "System Administration Commands"
.SH NAME
zpool \- configures ZFS storage pools
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool\fR [\fB-?\fR]
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool add\fR [\fB-fn\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIvdev\fR ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool attach\fR [\fB-f\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR \fInew_device\fR
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool clear\fR \fIpool\fR [\fIdevice\fR]
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool create\fR [\fB-fn\fR] [\fB-o\fR \fIproperty=value\fR] ... [\fB-O\fR \fIfile-system-property=value\fR]
... [\fB-m\fR \fImountpoint\fR] [\fB-R\fR \fIroot\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIvdev\fR ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool destroy\fR [\fB-f\fR] \fIpool\fR
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool detach\fR \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool export\fR [\fB-f\fR] \fIpool\fR ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool get\fR "\fIall\fR" | \fIproperty\fR[,...] \fIpool\fR ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool history\fR [\fB-il\fR] [\fIpool\fR] ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool import\fR [\fB-d\fR \fIdir\fR] [\fB-D\fR]
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool import\fR [\fB-o \fImntopts\fR\fR] [\fB-o\fR \fIproperty=value\fR] ... [\fB-d\fR \fIdir\fR | \fB-c\fR \fIcachefile\fR]
[\fB-D\fR] [\fB-f\fR] [\fB-R\fR \fIroot\fR] \fB-a\fR
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool import\fR [\fB-o \fImntopts\fR\fR] [\fB-o\fR \fIproperty=value\fR] ... [\fB-d\fR \fIdir\fR | \fB-c\fR \fIcachefile\fR]
[\fB-D\fR] [\fB-f\fR] [\fB-R\fR \fIroot\fR] \fIpool\fR |\fIid\fR [\fInewpool\fR]
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool iostat\fR [\fB-T\fR u | d ] [\fB-v\fR] [\fIpool\fR] ... [\fIinterval\fR[\fIcount\fR]]
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool labelclear\fR [\fB-f\fR] \fIdevice\fR
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool list\fR [\fB-H\fR] [\fB-o\fR \fIproperty\fR[,...]] [\fIpool\fR] ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool offline\fR [\fB-t\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool online\fR \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool remove\fR \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool replace\fR [\fB-f\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR [\fInew_device\fR]
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool scrub\fR [\fB-s\fR] \fIpool\fR ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool set\fR \fIproperty\fR=\fIvalue\fR \fIpool\fR
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool status\fR [\fB-xv\fR] [\fIpool\fR] ...
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool upgrade\fR
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool upgrade\fR \fB-v\fR
.fi
.LP
.nf
\fBzpool upgrade\fR [\fB-V\fR \fIversion\fR] \fB-a\fR | \fIpool\fR ...
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
.LP
The \fBzpool\fR command configures \fBZFS\fR storage pools. A storage pool is a collection of devices that provides physical storage and data replication for \fBZFS\fR datasets.
.sp
.LP
All datasets within a storage pool share the same space. See \fBzfs\fR(1M) for information on managing datasets.
.SS "Virtual Devices (\fBvdev\fRs)"
.sp
.LP
A "virtual device" describes a single device or a collection of devices organized according to certain performance and fault characteristics. The following virtual devices are supported:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBdisk\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 10n
.rt
A block device, typically located under \fB/dev/dsk\fR. \fBZFS\fR can use individual slices or partitions, though the recommended mode of operation is to use whole disks. A disk can be specified by a full path, or it can be a shorthand name (the relative portion of the path under "/dev/dsk"). A whole disk can be specified by omitting the slice or partition designation. For example, "c0t0d0" is equivalent to "/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s2". When given a whole disk, \fBZFS\fR automatically labels the disk, if necessary.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBfile\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 10n
.rt
A regular file. The use of files as a backing store is strongly discouraged. It is designed primarily for experimental purposes, as the fault tolerance of a file is only as good as the file system of which it is a part. A file must be specified by a full path.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBmirror\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 10n
.rt
A mirror of two or more devices. Data is replicated in an identical fashion across all components of a mirror. A mirror with \fIN\fR disks of size \fIX\fR can hold \fIX\fR bytes and can withstand (\fIN-1\fR) devices failing before data integrity is compromised.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBraidz\fR\fR
.ad
.br
.na
\fB\fBraidz1\fR\fR
.ad
.br
.na
\fB\fBraidz2\fR\fR
.ad
.br
.na
\fB\fBraidz3\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 10n
.rt
A variation on \fBRAID-5\fR that allows for better distribution of parity and eliminates the "\fBRAID-5\fR write hole" (in which data and parity become inconsistent after a power loss). Data and parity is striped across all disks within a \fBraidz\fR group.
.sp
A \fBraidz\fR group can have single-, double- , or triple parity, meaning that the \fBraidz\fR group can sustain one, two, or three failures, respectively, without losing any data. The \fBraidz1\fR \fBvdev\fR type specifies a single-parity \fBraidz\fR group; the \fBraidz2\fR \fBvdev\fR type specifies a double-parity \fBraidz\fR group; and the \fBraidz3\fR \fBvdev\fR type specifies a triple-parity \fBraidz\fR group. The \fBraidz\fR \fBvdev\fR type is an alias for \fBraidz1\fR.
.sp
A \fBraidz\fR group with \fIN\fR disks of size \fIX\fR with \fIP\fR parity disks can hold approximately (\fIN-P\fR)*\fIX\fR bytes and can withstand \fIP\fR device(s) failing before data integrity is compromised. The minimum number of devices in a \fBraidz\fR group is one more than the number of parity disks. The recommended number is between 3 and 9 to help increase performance.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBspare\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 10n
.rt
A special pseudo-\fBvdev\fR which keeps track of available hot spares for a pool. For more information, see the "Hot Spares" section.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBlog\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 10n
.rt
A separate-intent log device. If more than one log device is specified, then writes are load-balanced between devices. Log devices can be mirrored. However, \fBraidz\fR \fBvdev\fR types are not supported for the intent log. For more information, see the "Intent Log" section.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBcache\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 10n
.rt
A device used to cache storage pool data. A cache device cannot be cannot be configured as a mirror or \fBraidz\fR group. For more information, see the "Cache Devices" section.
.RE
.sp
.LP
Virtual devices cannot be nested, so a mirror or \fBraidz\fR virtual device can only contain files or disks. Mirrors of mirrors (or other combinations) are not allowed.
.sp
.LP
A pool can have any number of virtual devices at the top of the configuration (known as "root vdevs"). Data is dynamically distributed across all top-level devices to balance data among devices. As new virtual devices are added, \fBZFS\fR automatically places data on the newly available devices.
.sp
.LP
Virtual devices are specified one at a time on the command line, separated by whitespace. The keywords "mirror" and "raidz" are used to distinguish where a group ends and another begins. For example, the following creates two root vdevs, each a mirror of two disks:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool create mypool mirror c0t0d0 c0t1d0 mirror c1t0d0 c1t1d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.SS "Device Failure and Recovery"
.sp
.LP
\fBZFS\fR supports a rich set of mechanisms for handling device failure and data corruption. All metadata and data is checksummed, and \fBZFS\fR automatically repairs bad data from a good copy when corruption is detected.
.sp
.LP
In order to take advantage of these features, a pool must make use of some form of redundancy, using either mirrored or \fBraidz\fR groups. While \fBZFS\fR supports running in a non-redundant configuration, where each root vdev is simply a disk or file, this is strongly discouraged. A single case of bit corruption can render some or all of your data unavailable.
.sp
.LP
A pool's health status is described by one of three states: online, degraded, or faulted. An online pool has all devices operating normally. A degraded pool is one in which one or more devices have failed, but the data is still available due to a redundant configuration. A faulted pool has corrupted metadata, or one or more faulted devices, and insufficient replicas to continue functioning.
.sp
.LP
The health of the top-level vdev, such as mirror or \fBraidz\fR device, is potentially impacted by the state of its associated vdevs, or component devices. A top-level vdev or component device is in one of the following states:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBDEGRADED\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
One or more top-level vdevs is in the degraded state because one or more component devices are offline. Sufficient replicas exist to continue functioning.
.sp
One or more component devices is in the degraded or faulted state, but sufficient replicas exist to continue functioning. The underlying conditions are as follows:
.RS +4
.TP
.ie t \(bu
.el o
The number of checksum errors exceeds acceptable levels and the device is degraded as an indication that something may be wrong. \fBZFS\fR continues to use the device as necessary.
.RE
.RS +4
.TP
.ie t \(bu
.el o
The number of I/O errors exceeds acceptable levels. The device could not be marked as faulted because there are insufficient replicas to continue functioning.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBFAULTED\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
One or more top-level vdevs is in the faulted state because one or more component devices are offline. Insufficient replicas exist to continue functioning.
.sp
One or more component devices is in the faulted state, and insufficient replicas exist to continue functioning. The underlying conditions are as follows:
.RS +4
.TP
.ie t \(bu
.el o
The device could be opened, but the contents did not match expected values.
.RE
.RS +4
.TP
.ie t \(bu
.el o
The number of I/O errors exceeds acceptable levels and the device is faulted to prevent further use of the device.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBOFFLINE\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
The device was explicitly taken offline by the "\fBzpool offline\fR" command.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBONLINE\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
The device is online and functioning.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBREMOVED\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
The device was physically removed while the system was running. Device removal detection is hardware-dependent and may not be supported on all platforms.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBUNAVAIL\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
The device could not be opened. If a pool is imported when a device was unavailable, then the device will be identified by a unique identifier instead of its path since the path was never correct in the first place.
.RE
.sp
.LP
If a device is removed and later re-attached to the system, \fBZFS\fR attempts to put the device online automatically. Device attach detection is hardware-dependent and might not be supported on all platforms.
.SS "Hot Spares"
.sp
.LP
\fBZFS\fR allows devices to be associated with pools as "hot spares". These devices are not actively used in the pool, but when an active device fails, it is automatically replaced by a hot spare. To create a pool with hot spares, specify a "spare" \fBvdev\fR with any number of devices. For example,
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# zpool create pool mirror c0d0 c1d0 spare c2d0 c3d0
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.sp
.LP
Spares can be shared across multiple pools, and can be added with the "\fBzpool add\fR" command and removed with the "\fBzpool remove\fR" command. Once a spare replacement is initiated, a new "spare" \fBvdev\fR is created within the configuration that will remain there until the original device is replaced. At this point, the hot spare becomes available again if another device fails.
.sp
.LP
If a pool has a shared spare that is currently being used, the pool can not be exported since other pools may use this shared spare, which may lead to potential data corruption.
.sp
.LP
An in-progress spare replacement can be cancelled by detaching the hot spare. If the original faulted device is detached, then the hot spare assumes its place in the configuration, and is removed from the spare list of all active pools.
.sp
.LP
Spares cannot replace log devices.
.SS "Intent Log"
.sp
.LP
The \fBZFS\fR Intent Log (\fBZIL\fR) satisfies \fBPOSIX\fR requirements for synchronous transactions. For instance, databases often require their transactions to be on stable storage devices when returning from a system call. \fBNFS\fR and other applications can also use \fBfsync\fR() to ensure data stability. By default, the intent log is allocated from blocks within the main pool. However, it might be possible to get better performance using separate intent log devices such as \fBNVRAM\fR or a dedicated disk. For example:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
\fB# zpool create pool c0d0 c1d0 log c2d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.sp
.LP
Multiple log devices can also be specified, and they can be mirrored. See the EXAMPLES section for an example of mirroring multiple log devices.
.sp
.LP
Log devices can be added, replaced, attached, detached, and imported and exported as part of the larger pool. Mirrored log devices can be removed by specifying the top-level mirror for the log.
.SS "Cache Devices"
.sp
.LP
Devices can be added to a storage pool as "cache devices." These devices provide an additional layer of caching between main memory and disk. For read-heavy workloads, where the working set size is much larger than what can be cached in main memory, using cache devices allow much more of this working set to be served from low latency media. Using cache devices provides the greatest performance improvement for random read-workloads of mostly static content.
.sp
.LP
To create a pool with cache devices, specify a "cache" \fBvdev\fR with any number of devices. For example:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
\fB# zpool create pool c0d0 c1d0 cache c2d0 c3d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.sp
.LP
Cache devices cannot be mirrored or part of a \fBraidz\fR configuration. If a read error is encountered on a cache device, that read \fBI/O\fR is reissued to the original storage pool device, which might be part of a mirrored or \fBraidz\fR configuration.
.sp
.LP
The content of the cache devices is considered volatile, as is the case with other system caches.
.SS "Properties"
.sp
.LP
Each pool has several properties associated with it. Some properties are read-only statistics while others are configurable and change the behavior of the pool. The following are read-only properties:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBavailable\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
.rt
Amount of storage available within the pool. This property can also be referred to by its shortened column name, "avail".
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBcapacity\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
.rt
Percentage of pool space used. This property can also be referred to by its shortened column name, "cap".
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBhealth\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
.rt
The current health of the pool. Health can be "\fBONLINE\fR", "\fBDEGRADED\fR", "\fBFAULTED\fR", " \fBOFFLINE\fR", "\fBREMOVED\fR", or "\fBUNAVAIL\fR".
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBguid\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
.rt
A unique identifier for the pool.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBsize\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
.rt
Total size of the storage pool.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBused\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
.rt
Amount of storage space used within the pool.
.RE
.sp
.LP
These space usage properties report actual physical space available to the storage pool. The physical space can be different from the total amount of space that any contained datasets can actually use. The amount of space used in a \fBraidz\fR configuration depends on the characteristics of the data being written. In addition, \fBZFS\fR reserves some space for internal accounting that the \fBzfs\fR(1M) command takes into account, but the \fBzpool\fR command does not. For non-full pools of a reasonable size, these effects should be invisible. For small pools, or pools that are close to being completely full, these discrepancies may become more noticeable.
.sp
.LP
The following property can be set at creation time and import time:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBaltroot\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Alternate root directory. If set, this directory is prepended to any mount points within the pool. This can be used when examining an unknown pool where the mount points cannot be trusted, or in an alternate boot environment, where the typical paths are not valid. \fBaltroot\fR is not a persistent property. It is valid only while the system is up. Setting \fBaltroot\fR defaults to using \fBcachefile\fR=none, though this may be overridden using an explicit setting.
.RE
.sp
.LP
The following properties can be set at creation time and import time, and later changed with the \fBzpool set\fR command:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBautoexpand\fR=\fBon\fR | \fBoff\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Controls automatic pool expansion when the underlying LUN is grown. If set to \fBon\fR, the pool will be resized according to the size of the expanded device. If the device is part of a mirror or \fBraidz\fR then all devices within that mirror/\fBraidz\fR group must be expanded before the new space is made available to the pool. The default behavior is \fBoff\fR. This property can also be referred to by its shortened column name, \fBexpand\fR.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBautoreplace\fR=\fBon\fR | \fBoff\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Controls automatic device replacement. If set to "\fBoff\fR", device replacement must be initiated by the administrator by using the "\fBzpool replace\fR" command. If set to "\fBon\fR", any new device, found in the same physical location as a device that previously belonged to the pool, is automatically formatted and replaced. The default behavior is "\fBoff\fR". This property can also be referred to by its shortened column name, "replace".
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBbootfs\fR=\fIpool\fR/\fIdataset\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Identifies the default bootable dataset for the root pool. This property is expected to be set mainly by the installation and upgrade programs.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBcachefile\fR=\fIpath\fR | \fBnone\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Controls the location of where the pool configuration is cached. Discovering all pools on system startup requires a cached copy of the configuration data that is stored on the root file system. All pools in this cache are automatically imported when the system boots. Some environments, such as install and clustering, need to cache this information in a different location so that pools are not automatically imported. Setting this property caches the pool configuration in a different location that can later be imported with "\fBzpool import -c\fR". Setting it to the special value "\fBnone\fR" creates a temporary pool that is never cached, and the special value \fB\&''\fR (empty string) uses the default location.
.sp
Multiple pools can share the same cache file. Because the kernel destroys and recreates this file when pools are added and removed, care should be taken when attempting to access this file. When the last pool using a \fBcachefile\fR is exported or destroyed, the file is removed.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBdelegation\fR=\fBon\fR | \fBoff\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Controls whether a non-privileged user is granted access based on the dataset permissions defined on the dataset. See \fBzfs\fR(1M) for more information on \fBZFS\fR delegated administration.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBfailmode\fR=\fBwait\fR | \fBcontinue\fR | \fBpanic\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Controls the system behavior in the event of catastrophic pool failure. This condition is typically a result of a loss of connectivity to the underlying storage device(s) or a failure of all devices within the pool. The behavior of such an event is determined as follows:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBwait\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
Blocks all \fBI/O\fR access until the device connectivity is recovered and the errors are cleared. This is the default behavior.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBcontinue\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
Returns \fBEIO\fR to any new write \fBI/O\fR requests but allows reads to any of the remaining healthy devices. Any write requests that have yet to be committed to disk would be blocked.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBpanic\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
Prints out a message to the console and generates a system crash dump.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBlistsnaps\fR=on | off\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Controls whether information about snapshots associated with this pool is output when "\fBzfs list\fR" is run without the \fB-t\fR option. The default value is "off".
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBversion\fR=\fIversion\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
The current on-disk version of the pool. This can be increased, but never decreased. The preferred method of updating pools is with the "\fBzpool upgrade\fR" command, though this property can be used when a specific version is needed for backwards compatibility. This property can be any number between 1 and the current version reported by "\fBzpool upgrade -v\fR".
.RE
.SS "Subcommands"
.sp
.LP
All subcommands that modify state are logged persistently to the pool in their original form.
.sp
.LP
The \fBzpool\fR command provides subcommands to create and destroy storage pools, add capacity to storage pools, and provide information about the storage pools. The following subcommands are supported:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool\fR \fB-?\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Displays a help message.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool add\fR [\fB-fn\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIvdev\fR ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Adds the specified virtual devices to the given pool. The \fIvdev\fR specification is described in the "Virtual Devices" section. The behavior of the \fB-f\fR option, and the device checks performed are described in the "zpool create" subcommand.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Forces use of \fBvdev\fRs, even if they appear in use or specify a conflicting replication level. Not all devices can be overridden in this manner.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-n\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Displays the configuration that would be used without actually adding the \fBvdev\fRs. The actual pool creation can still fail due to insufficient privileges or device sharing.
.RE
Do not add a disk that is currently configured as a quorum device to a zpool. After a disk is in the pool, that disk can then be configured as a quorum device.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool attach\fR [\fB-f\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR \fInew_device\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Attaches \fInew_device\fR to an existing \fBzpool\fR device. The existing device cannot be part of a \fBraidz\fR configuration. If \fIdevice\fR is not currently part of a mirrored configuration, \fIdevice\fR automatically transforms into a two-way mirror of \fIdevice\fR and \fInew_device\fR. If \fIdevice\fR is part of a two-way mirror, attaching \fInew_device\fR creates a three-way mirror, and so on. In either case, \fInew_device\fR begins to resilver immediately.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Forces use of \fInew_device\fR, even if its appears to be in use. Not all devices can be overridden in this manner.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool clear\fR \fIpool\fR [\fIdevice\fR] ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Clears device errors in a pool. If no arguments are specified, all device errors within the pool are cleared. If one or more devices is specified, only those errors associated with the specified device or devices are cleared.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool create\fR [\fB-fn\fR] [\fB-o\fR \fIproperty=value\fR] ... [\fB-O\fR \fIfile-system-property=value\fR] ... [\fB-m\fR \fImountpoint\fR] [\fB-R\fR \fIroot\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIvdev\fR ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Creates a new storage pool containing the virtual devices specified on the command line. The pool name must begin with a letter, and can only contain alphanumeric characters as well as underscore ("_"), dash ("-"), and period ("."). The pool names "mirror", "raidz", "spare" and "log" are reserved, as are names beginning with the pattern "c[0-9]". The \fBvdev\fR specification is described in the "Virtual Devices" section.
.sp
The command verifies that each device specified is accessible and not currently in use by another subsystem. There are some uses, such as being currently mounted, or specified as the dedicated dump device, that prevents a device from ever being used by \fBZFS\fR. Other uses, such as having a preexisting \fBUFS\fR file system, can be overridden with the \fB-f\fR option.
.sp
The command also checks that the replication strategy for the pool is consistent. An attempt to combine redundant and non-redundant storage in a single pool, or to mix disks and files, results in an error unless \fB-f\fR is specified. The use of differently sized devices within a single \fBraidz\fR or mirror group is also flagged as an error unless \fB-f\fR is specified.
.sp
Unless the \fB-R\fR option is specified, the default mount point is "/\fIpool\fR". The mount point must not exist or must be empty, or else the root dataset cannot be mounted. This can be overridden with the \fB-m\fR option.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Forces use of \fBvdev\fRs, even if they appear in use or specify a conflicting replication level. Not all devices can be overridden in this manner.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-n\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Displays the configuration that would be used without actually creating the pool. The actual pool creation can still fail due to insufficient privileges or device sharing.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-o\fR \fIproperty=value\fR [\fB-o\fR \fIproperty=value\fR] ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Sets the given pool properties. See the "Properties" section for a list of valid properties that can be set.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-O\fR \fIfile-system-property=value\fR\fR
.ad
.br
.na
\fB[\fB-O\fR \fIfile-system-property=value\fR] ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Sets the given file system properties in the root file system of the pool. See the "Properties" section of \fBzfs\fR(1M) for a list of valid properties that can be set.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-R\fR \fIroot\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Equivalent to "-o cachefile=none,altroot=\fIroot\fR"
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-m\fR \fImountpoint\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Sets the mount point for the root dataset. The default mount point is "/\fIpool\fR" or "\fBaltroot\fR/\fIpool\fR" if \fBaltroot\fR is specified. The mount point must be an absolute path, "\fBlegacy\fR", or "\fBnone\fR". For more information on dataset mount points, see \fBzfs\fR(1M).
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool destroy\fR [\fB-f\fR] \fIpool\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Destroys the given pool, freeing up any devices for other use. This command tries to unmount any active datasets before destroying the pool.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Forces any active datasets contained within the pool to be unmounted.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool detach\fR \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Detaches \fIdevice\fR from a mirror. The operation is refused if there are no other valid replicas of the data.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool export\fR [\fB-f\fR] \fIpool\fR ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Exports the given pools from the system. All devices are marked as exported, but are still considered in use by other subsystems. The devices can be moved between systems (even those of different endianness) and imported as long as a sufficient number of devices are present.
.sp
Before exporting the pool, all datasets within the pool are unmounted. A pool can not be exported if it has a shared spare that is currently being used.
.sp
For pools to be portable, you must give the \fBzpool\fR command whole disks, not just slices, so that \fBZFS\fR can label the disks with portable \fBEFI\fR labels. Otherwise, disk drivers on platforms of different endianness will not recognize the disks.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Forcefully unmount all datasets, using the "\fBunmount -f\fR" command.
.sp
This command will forcefully export the pool even if it has a shared spare that is currently being used. This may lead to potential data corruption.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool get\fR "\fIall\fR" | \fIproperty\fR[,...] \fIpool\fR ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Retrieves the given list of properties (or all properties if "\fBall\fR" is used) for the specified storage pool(s). These properties are displayed with the following fields:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
name Name of storage pool
property Property name
value Property value
source Property source, either 'default' or 'local'.
.fi
.in -2
.sp
See the "Properties" section for more information on the available pool properties.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool history\fR [\fB-il\fR] [\fIpool\fR] ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Displays the command history of the specified pools or all pools if no pool is specified.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-i\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Displays internally logged \fBZFS\fR events in addition to user initiated events.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-l\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Displays log records in long format, which in addition to standard format includes, the user name, the hostname, and the zone in which the operation was performed.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool import\fR [\fB-d\fR \fIdir\fR | \fB-c\fR \fIcachefile\fR] [\fB-D\fR]\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Lists pools available to import. If the \fB-d\fR option is not specified, this command searches for devices in "/dev/dsk". The \fB-d\fR option can be specified multiple times, and all directories are searched. If the device appears to be part of an exported pool, this command displays a summary of the pool with the name of the pool, a numeric identifier, as well as the \fIvdev\fR layout and current health of the device for each device or file. Destroyed pools, pools that were previously destroyed with the "\fBzpool destroy\fR" command, are not listed unless the \fB-D\fR option is specified.
.sp
The numeric identifier is unique, and can be used instead of the pool name when multiple exported pools of the same name are available.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-c\fR \fIcachefile\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
.rt
Reads configuration from the given \fBcachefile\fR that was created with the "\fBcachefile\fR" pool property. This \fBcachefile\fR is used instead of searching for devices.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-d\fR \fIdir\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
.rt
Searches for devices or files in \fIdir\fR. The \fB-d\fR option can be specified multiple times.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-D\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
.rt
Lists destroyed pools only.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool import\fR [\fB-o\fR \fImntopts\fR] [ \fB-o\fR \fIproperty\fR=\fIvalue\fR] ... [\fB-d\fR \fIdir\fR | \fB-c\fR \fIcachefile\fR] [\fB-D\fR] [\fB-f\fR] [\fB-R\fR \fIroot\fR] \fB-a\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Imports all pools found in the search directories. Identical to the previous command, except that all pools with a sufficient number of devices available are imported. Destroyed pools, pools that were previously destroyed with the "\fBzpool destroy\fR" command, will not be imported unless the \fB-D\fR option is specified.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-o\fR \fImntopts\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 21n
.rt
Comma-separated list of mount options to use when mounting datasets within the pool. See \fBzfs\fR(1M) for a description of dataset properties and mount options.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-o\fR \fIproperty=value\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 21n
.rt
Sets the specified property on the imported pool. See the "Properties" section for more information on the available pool properties.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-c\fR \fIcachefile\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 21n
.rt
Reads configuration from the given \fBcachefile\fR that was created with the "\fBcachefile\fR" pool property. This \fBcachefile\fR is used instead of searching for devices.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-d\fR \fIdir\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 21n
.rt
Searches for devices or files in \fIdir\fR. The \fB-d\fR option can be specified multiple times. This option is incompatible with the \fB-c\fR option.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-D\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 21n
.rt
Imports destroyed pools only. The \fB-f\fR option is also required.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 21n
.rt
Forces import, even if the pool appears to be potentially active.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-a\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 21n
.rt
Searches for and imports all pools found.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-R\fR \fIroot\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 21n
.rt
Sets the "\fBcachefile\fR" property to "\fBnone\fR" and the "\fIaltroot\fR" property to "\fIroot\fR".
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool import\fR [\fB-o\fR \fImntopts\fR] [ \fB-o\fR \fIproperty\fR=\fIvalue\fR] ... [\fB-d\fR \fIdir\fR | \fB-c\fR \fIcachefile\fR] [\fB-D\fR] [\fB-f\fR] [\fB-R\fR \fIroot\fR] \fIpool\fR | \fIid\fR [\fInewpool\fR]\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Imports a specific pool. A pool can be identified by its name or the numeric identifier. If \fInewpool\fR is specified, the pool is imported using the name \fInewpool\fR. Otherwise, it is imported with the same name as its exported name.
.sp
If a device is removed from a system without running "\fBzpool export\fR" first, the device appears as potentially active. It cannot be determined if this was a failed export, or whether the device is really in use from another host. To import a pool in this state, the \fB-f\fR option is required.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-o\fR \fImntopts\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Comma-separated list of mount options to use when mounting datasets within the pool. See \fBzfs\fR(1M) for a description of dataset properties and mount options.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-o\fR \fIproperty=value\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Sets the specified property on the imported pool. See the "Properties" section for more information on the available pool properties.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-c\fR \fIcachefile\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Reads configuration from the given \fBcachefile\fR that was created with the "\fBcachefile\fR" pool property. This \fBcachefile\fR is used instead of searching for devices.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-d\fR \fIdir\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Searches for devices or files in \fIdir\fR. The \fB-d\fR option can be specified multiple times. This option is incompatible with the \fB-c\fR option.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-D\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Imports destroyed pool. The \fB-f\fR option is also required.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Forces import, even if the pool appears to be potentially active.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-R\fR \fIroot\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Sets the "\fBcachefile\fR" property to "\fBnone\fR" and the "\fIaltroot\fR" property to "\fIroot\fR".
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool iostat\fR [\fB-T\fR \fBu\fR | \fBd\fR] [\fB-v\fR] [\fIpool\fR] ... [\fIinterval\fR[\fIcount\fR]]\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Displays \fBI/O\fR statistics for the given pools. When given an interval, the statistics are printed every \fIinterval\fR seconds until \fBCtrl-C\fR is pressed. If no \fIpools\fR are specified, statistics for every pool in the system is shown. If \fIcount\fR is specified, the command exits after \fIcount\fR reports are printed.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-T\fR \fBu\fR | \fBd\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
Display a time stamp.
.sp
Specify \fBu\fR for a printed representation of the internal representation of time. See \fBtime\fR(2). Specify \fBd\fR for standard date format. See \fBdate\fR(1).
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-v\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
Verbose statistics. Reports usage statistics for individual \fIvdevs\fR within the pool, in addition to the pool-wide statistics.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool labelclear\fR [\fB-f\fR] \fIdevice\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Removes ZFS label information from the specified device. The device must not be part of an active pool configuration.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
Treat exported or foreign devices as inactive.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool list\fR [\fB-H\fR] [\fB-o\fR \fIprops\fR[,...]] [\fIpool\fR] ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Lists the given pools along with a health status and space usage. When given no arguments, all pools in the system are listed.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-H\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
Scripted mode. Do not display headers, and separate fields by a single tab instead of arbitrary space.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-o\fR \fIprops\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
.rt
Comma-separated list of properties to display. See the "Properties" section for a list of valid properties. The default list is "name, size, used, available, capacity, health, altroot"
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool offline\fR [\fB-t\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Takes the specified physical device offline. While the \fIdevice\fR is offline, no attempt is made to read or write to the device.
.sp
This command is not applicable to spares or cache devices.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-t\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Temporary. Upon reboot, the specified physical device reverts to its previous state.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool online\fR [\fB-e\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Brings the specified physical device online.
.sp
This command is not applicable to spares or cache devices.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-e\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Expand the device to use all available space. If the device is part of a mirror or \fBraidz\fR then all devices must be expanded before the new space will become available to the pool.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool remove\fR \fIpool\fR \fIdevice\fR ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Removes the specified device from the pool. This command currently only supports removing hot spares, cache, and log devices. A mirrored log device can be removed by specifying the top-level mirror for the log. Non-log devices that are part of a mirrored configuration can be removed using the \fBzpool detach\fR command. Non-redundant and \fBraidz\fR devices cannot be removed from a pool.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool replace\fR [\fB-f\fR] \fIpool\fR \fIold_device\fR [\fInew_device\fR]\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Replaces \fIold_device\fR with \fInew_device\fR. This is equivalent to attaching \fInew_device\fR, waiting for it to resilver, and then detaching \fIold_device\fR.
.sp
The size of \fInew_device\fR must be greater than or equal to the minimum size of all the devices in a mirror or \fBraidz\fR configuration.
.sp
\fInew_device\fR is required if the pool is not redundant. If \fInew_device\fR is not specified, it defaults to \fIold_device\fR. This form of replacement is useful after an existing disk has failed and has been physically replaced. In this case, the new disk may have the same \fB/dev/dsk\fR path as the old device, even though it is actually a different disk. \fBZFS\fR recognizes this.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Forces use of \fInew_device\fR, even if its appears to be in use. Not all devices can be overridden in this manner.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool scrub\fR [\fB-s\fR] \fIpool\fR ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Begins a scrub. The scrub examines all data in the specified pools to verify that it checksums correctly. For replicated (mirror or \fBraidz\fR) devices, \fBZFS\fR automatically repairs any damage discovered during the scrub. The "\fBzpool status\fR" command reports the progress of the scrub and summarizes the results of the scrub upon completion.
.sp
Scrubbing and resilvering are very similar operations. The difference is that resilvering only examines data that \fBZFS\fR knows to be out of date (for example, when attaching a new device to a mirror or replacing an existing device), whereas scrubbing examines all data to discover silent errors due to hardware faults or disk failure.
.sp
Because scrubbing and resilvering are \fBI/O\fR-intensive operations, \fBZFS\fR only allows one at a time. If a scrub is already in progress, the "\fBzpool scrub\fR" command terminates it and starts a new scrub. If a resilver is in progress, \fBZFS\fR does not allow a scrub to be started until the resilver completes.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-s\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Stop scrubbing.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool set\fR \fIproperty\fR=\fIvalue\fR \fIpool\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Sets the given property on the specified pool. See the "Properties" section for more information on what properties can be set and acceptable values.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool status\fR [\fB-xv\fR] [\fIpool\fR] ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Displays the detailed health status for the given pools. If no \fIpool\fR is specified, then the status of each pool in the system is displayed. For more information on pool and device health, see the "Device Failure and Recovery" section.
.sp
If a scrub or resilver is in progress, this command reports the percentage done and the estimated time to completion. Both of these are only approximate, because the amount of data in the pool and the other workloads on the system can change.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-x\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Only display status for pools that are exhibiting errors or are otherwise unavailable.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-v\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Displays verbose data error information, printing out a complete list of all data errors since the last complete pool scrub.
.RE
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool upgrade\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Displays all pools formatted using a different \fBZFS\fR on-disk version. Older versions can continue to be used, but some features may not be available. These pools can be upgraded using "\fBzpool upgrade -a\fR". Pools that are formatted with a more recent version are also displayed, although these pools will be inaccessible on the system.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool upgrade\fR \fB-v\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Displays \fBZFS\fR versions supported by the current software. The current \fBZFS\fR versions and all previous supported versions are displayed, along with an explanation of the features provided with each version.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fBzpool upgrade\fR [\fB-V\fR \fIversion\fR] \fB-a\fR | \fIpool\fR ...\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Upgrades the given pool to the latest on-disk version. Once this is done, the pool will no longer be accessible on systems running older versions of the software.
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-a\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 14n
.rt
Upgrades all pools.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB-V\fR \fIversion\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 14n
.rt
Upgrade to the specified version. If the \fB-V\fR flag is not specified, the pool is upgraded to the most recent version. This option can only be used to increase the version number, and only up to the most recent version supported by this software.
.RE
.RE
.SH EXAMPLES
.LP
\fBExample 1 \fRCreating a RAID-Z Storage Pool
.sp
.LP
The following command creates a pool with a single \fBraidz\fR root \fIvdev\fR that consists of six disks.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool create tank raidz c0t0d0 c0t1d0 c0t2d0 c0t3d0 c0t4d0 c0t5d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 2 \fRCreating a Mirrored Storage Pool
.sp
.LP
The following command creates a pool with two mirrors, where each mirror contains two disks.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool create tank mirror c0t0d0 c0t1d0 mirror c0t2d0 c0t3d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 3 \fRCreating a ZFS Storage Pool by Using Slices
.sp
.LP
The following command creates an unmirrored pool using two disk slices.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool create tank /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 c0t1d0s4\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 4 \fRCreating a ZFS Storage Pool by Using Files
.sp
.LP
The following command creates an unmirrored pool using files. While not recommended, a pool based on files can be useful for experimental purposes.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool create tank /path/to/file/a /path/to/file/b\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 5 \fRAdding a Mirror to a ZFS Storage Pool
.sp
.LP
The following command adds two mirrored disks to the pool "\fItank\fR", assuming the pool is already made up of two-way mirrors. The additional space is immediately available to any datasets within the pool.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool add tank mirror c1t0d0 c1t1d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 6 \fRListing Available ZFS Storage Pools
.sp
.LP
The following command lists all available pools on the system. In this case, the pool \fIzion\fR is faulted due to a missing device.
.sp
.LP
The results from this command are similar to the following:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool list\fR
NAME SIZE USED AVAIL CAP HEALTH ALTROOT
pool 67.5G 2.92M 67.5G 0% ONLINE -
tank 67.5G 2.92M 67.5G 0% ONLINE -
zion - - - 0% FAULTED -
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 7 \fRDestroying a ZFS Storage Pool
.sp
.LP
The following command destroys the pool "\fItank\fR" and any datasets contained within.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool destroy -f tank\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 8 \fRExporting a ZFS Storage Pool
.sp
.LP
The following command exports the devices in pool \fItank\fR so that they can be relocated or later imported.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool export tank\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 9 \fRImporting a ZFS Storage Pool
.sp
.LP
The following command displays available pools, and then imports the pool "tank" for use on the system.
.sp
.LP
The results from this command are similar to the following:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool import\fR
pool: tank
id: 15451357997522795478
state: ONLINE
action: The pool can be imported using its name or numeric identifier.
config:
tank ONLINE
mirror ONLINE
c1t2d0 ONLINE
c1t3d0 ONLINE
# \fBzpool import tank\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 10 \fRUpgrading All ZFS Storage Pools to the Current Version
.sp
.LP
The following command upgrades all ZFS Storage pools to the current version of the software.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool upgrade -a\fR
This system is currently running ZFS version 2.
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 11 \fRManaging Hot Spares
.sp
.LP
The following command creates a new pool with an available hot spare:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool create tank mirror c0t0d0 c0t1d0 spare c0t2d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.sp
.LP
If one of the disks were to fail, the pool would be reduced to the degraded state. The failed device can be replaced using the following command:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool replace tank c0t0d0 c0t3d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.sp
.LP
Once the data has been resilvered, the spare is automatically removed and is made available should another device fails. The hot spare can be permanently removed from the pool using the following command:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool remove tank c0t2d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 12 \fRCreating a ZFS Pool with Mirrored Separate Intent Logs
.sp
.LP
The following command creates a ZFS storage pool consisting of two, two-way mirrors and mirrored log devices:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool create pool mirror c0d0 c1d0 mirror c2d0 c3d0 log mirror \e
c4d0 c5d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 13 \fRAdding Cache Devices to a ZFS Pool
.sp
.LP
The following command adds two disks for use as cache devices to a ZFS storage pool:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool add pool cache c2d0 c3d0\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.sp
.LP
Once added, the cache devices gradually fill with content from main memory. Depending on the size of your cache devices, it could take over an hour for them to fill. Capacity and reads can be monitored using the \fBiostat\fR option as follows:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool iostat -v pool 5\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 14 \fRRemoving a Mirrored Log Device
.sp
.LP
The following command removes the mirrored log device \fBmirror-2\fR.
.sp
.LP
Given this configuration:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
pool: tank
state: ONLINE
scrub: none requested
config:
NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM
tank ONLINE 0 0 0
mirror-0 ONLINE 0 0 0
c6t0d0 ONLINE 0 0 0
c6t1d0 ONLINE 0 0 0
mirror-1 ONLINE 0 0 0
c6t2d0 ONLINE 0 0 0
c6t3d0 ONLINE 0 0 0
logs
mirror-2 ONLINE 0 0 0
c4t0d0 ONLINE 0 0 0
c4t1d0 ONLINE 0 0 0
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.sp
.LP
The command to remove the mirrored log \fBmirror-2\fR is:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBzpool remove tank mirror-2\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.SH EXIT STATUS
.sp
.LP
The following exit values are returned:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB0\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 5n
.rt
Successful completion.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB1\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 5n
.rt
An error occurred.
.RE
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB2\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 5n
.rt
Invalid command line options were specified.
.RE
.SH ATTRIBUTES
.sp
.LP
See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
.sp
.sp
.TS
tab() box;
cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i)
lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i)
.
ATTRIBUTE TYPEATTRIBUTE VALUE
_
AvailabilitySUNWzfsu
_
Interface StabilityEvolving
.TE
.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
.LP
\fBzfs\fR(1M), \fBattributes\fR(5)
|