1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
|
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.Dd April 18, 1994
.Dt PS 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm ps
.Nd process status
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl aCcefhjlmrSTuvwxZ
.Op Fl M Ar core
.Op Fl N Ar system
.Op Fl O Ar fmt
.Op Fl o Ar fmt
.Op Fl p Ar pid
.Op Fl t Ar tty
.Oo Fl U Ar username Ns Xo
.Op , Ns Ar username Ns No ...
.Xc
.Oc
.Nm
.Op Fl L
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
utility
displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your
processes that have controlling terminals.
This information is sorted by controlling terminal, then by process
.Tn ID .
.Pp
The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
.Fl L
.Fl O
and
.Fl o
options).
The default output format includes, for each process, the process'
.Tn ID ,
controlling terminal, cpu time (including both user and system time),
state, and associated command.
.Pp
The process filesystem (see
.Xr procfs 5 )
should be mounted when
.Nm
is executed, otherwise not all information will be available.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl a
Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
This can be disabled by setting the
.Va kern.ps_showallprocs
sysctl to zero.
.It Fl c
Change the ``command'' column output to just contain the executable name,
rather than the full command line.
.It Fl C
Change the way the cpu percentage is calculated by using a ``raw''
cpu calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has
no effect).
.It Fl e
Display the environment as well.
.It Fl f
Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
This option is honored only if the uid of the user is 0.
.It Fl h
Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
header per page of information.
.It Fl j
Print information associated with the following keywords:
user, pid, ppid, pgid, jobc, state, tt, time and command.
.It Fl L
List the set of available keywords.
.It Fl l
Display information associated with the following keywords:
uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, mwchan, state, tt, time
and command.
.It Fl M
Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
instead of the default
.Pa /dev/kmem .
.It Fl m
Sort by memory usage, instead of by process
.Tn ID .
.It Fl N
Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default
.Pa /boot/kernel/kernel .
.It Fl O
Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
of keywords specified, after the process
.Tn ID ,
in the default information
display.
Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
the standard header.
.It Fl o
Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
of keywords specified.
Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
the standard header.
.It Fl p
Display information associated with the specified process
.Tn ID .
.It Fl r
Sort by current cpu usage, instead of by process
.Tn ID .
.It Fl S
Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
children to their parent process.
.It Fl T
Display information about processes attached to the device associated
with the standard input.
.It Fl t
Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
device.
.It Fl U
Display the processes belonging to the specified
.Ar username Ns (s) .
.It Fl u
Display information associated with the following keywords:
user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time and command.
The
.Fl u
option implies the
.Fl r
option.
.It Fl v
Display information associated with the following keywords:
pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz,
%cpu, %mem and command.
The
.Fl v
option implies the
.Fl m
option.
.It Fl w
Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
is your window size.
If the
.Fl w
option is specified more than once,
.Nm
will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
.It Fl x
Display information about processes without controlling terminals.
.It Fl Z
Add lvl to the list of keywords for which
.Nm
will display information.
.El
.Pp
A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
.Bl -tag -width mtxname
.It %cpu
The cpu utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
a minute of previous (real) time.
Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
.Tn \&%CPU
fields to exceed 100%.
.It %mem
The percentage of real memory used by this process.
.It flags
The flags associated with the process as in
the include file
.Aq Pa sys/proc.h :
.Bl -column P_NOCLDSTOP P_NOCLDSTOP
.It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
.It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
.It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x00004 Loaded into memory"
.It Dv "P_NOCLDSTOP" Ta No "0x00008 No SIGCHLD when children stop"
.It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
.It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
.It Dv "P_SELECT" Ta No "0x00040 Selecting; wakeup/waiting danger"
.It Dv "P_SINTR" Ta No "0x00080 Sleep is interruptible"
.It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
.It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
.It Dv "P_TIMEOUT" Ta No "0x00400 Timing out during sleep"
.It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
.It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 Debugging process has waited for child"
.It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
.It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
.It Dv "P_OWEUPC" Ta No "0x20000 Owe process an addupc() call at next ast"
.It Dv "P_SWAPPING" Ta No "0x40000 Process is being swapped"
.El
.It lim
The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
.Xr setrlimit 2 .
.It lstart
The exact time the command started, using the ``%c'' format described in
.Xr strftime 3 .
.It lvl
The LOMAC level of the process.
.It mtxname
The name of the
.Xr mutex 9
that the process is currently blocked on.
If the name is invalid or unknown, then
.Dq ???\&
is displayed.
.It mwchan
The event name if the process is blocked normally, or the mutex name if
the process is blocked on a mutex. See the wchan and mtxname keywords
for details.
.It nice
The process scheduling increment (see
.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
.It rss
the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
.It start
The time the command started.
If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p'' format described in
.Xr strftime 3 .
If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
displayed using the ``%a6.15p'' format.
Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format.
.It state
The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
.Dq Tn RWNA .
The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It D
Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
.It I
Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
.It J
Marks a process which is in
.Xr jail 2 .
The hostname of the prison can be found in
.Ql Li /proc/<pid>/status .
.It M
Marks a process that is waiting to acquire a mutex.
.It R
Marks a runnable process.
.It S
Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
.It T
Marks a stopped process.
.It Z
Marks a dead process (a ``zombie'').
.El
.Pp
Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
information:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It +
The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
.It <
The process has raised
.Tn CPU
scheduling priority.
.It >
The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is
currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not
swapped.
.It A
the process has asked for random page replacement
.Pf ( Dv MADV_RANDOM ,
from
.Xr madvise 2 ,
for example,
.Xr lisp 1
in a garbage collect).
.It E
The process is trying to exit.
.It L
The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
.Tn I/O ) .
.It N
The process has reduced
.Tn CPU
scheduling priority (see
.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
.It S
The process has asked for
.Tn FIFO
page replacement
.Pf ( Dv MADV_SEQUENTIAL ,
from
.Xr madvise 2 ,
for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to
sequentially address voluminous data).
.It s
The process is a session leader.
.It V
The process is suspended during a
.Xr vfork .
.It W
The process is swapped out.
.It X
The process is being traced or debugged.
.El
.It tt
An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
.Pa /dev/tty ,
or, for the console, ``con''.
This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that
controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
.It wchan
The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
as 324000.
.El
.Pp
When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying
to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''.
The
.Nm
utility
makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended
on too much.
The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
.Sh KEYWORDS
The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
meanings.
Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width sigignore -compact
.It %cpu
percentage cpu usage (alias pcpu)
.It %mem
percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
.It acflag
accounting flag (alias acflg)
.It command
command and arguments
.It cpu
short-term cpu usage factor (for scheduling)
.It flags
the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
.It inblk
total blocks read (alias inblock)
.It jobc
job control count
.It ktrace
tracing flags
.It lim
memoryuse limit
.It logname
login name of user who started the process
.It lstart
time started
.It lvl
LOMAC level
.It majflt
total page faults
.It minflt
total page reclaims
.It msgrcv
total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
.It msgsnd
total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
.It mtxname
.Xr mutex 9
currently blocked on (as a symbolic name)
.It mwchan
wait channel or mutex currently blocked on
.It nice
nice value (alias ni)
.It nivcsw
total involuntary context switches
.It nsigs
total signals taken (alias nsignals)
.It nswap
total swaps in/out
.It nvcsw
total voluntary context switches
.It nwchan
wait channel (as an address)
.It oublk
total blocks written (alias oublock)
.It paddr
swap address
.It pagein
pageins (same as majflt)
.It pgid
process group number
.It pid
process
.Tn ID
.It poip
pageouts in progress
.It ppid
parent process
.Tn ID
.It pri
scheduling priority
.It re
core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
.It rgid
real group
.Tn ID
.It rlink
reverse link on run queue, or 0
.It rss
resident set size
.It rtprio
realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
.It ruid
real user
.Tn ID
.It ruser
user name (from ruid)
.It sid
session
.Tn ID
.It sig
pending signals (alias pending)
.It sigcatch
caught signals (alias caught)
.It sigignore
ignored signals (alias ignored)
.It sigmask
blocked signals (alias blocked)
.It sl
sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
.It start
time started
.It state
symbolic process state (alias stat)
.It svgid
saved gid from a setgid executable
.It svuid
saved uid from a setuid executable
.It tdev
control terminal device number
.It time
accumulated cpu time, user + system (alias cputime)
.It tpgid
control terminal process group
.Tn ID
.\".It trss
.\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
.It tsid
control terminal session
.Tn ID
.It tsiz
text size (in Kbytes)
.It tt
control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
.It tty
full name of control terminal
.It uprocp
process pointer
.It ucomm
name to be used for accounting
.It uid
effective user
.Tn ID
.It upr
scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
.It user
user name (from uid)
.It vsz
virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
.It wchan
wait channel (as a symbolic name)
.It xstat
exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /var/db/kvm_kernel.db -compact
.It Pa /dev/kmem
default kernel memory
.It Pa /dev/lomac
interface used to query the
.Xr lomac 4
KLD
.It Pa /var/run/dev.db
/dev name database
.It Pa /var/db/kvm_kernel.db
system namelist database
.It Pa /boot/kernel/kernel
default system namelist
.It Pa /proc
the mount point of
.Xr procfs 5
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr kill 1 ,
.Xr w 1 ,
.Xr kvm 3 ,
.Xr strftime 3 ,
.Xr lomac 4 ,
.Xr procfs 5 ,
.Xr pstat 8 ,
.Xr sysctl 8 ,
.Xr mutex 9
.Sh BUGS
Since
.Nm
cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
process, the information it displays can never be exact.
|