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$FreeBSD$
This version of ed(1) is not strictly POSIX compliant, as described in
the POSIX 1003.2 document. The following is a summary of the omissions,
extensions and possible deviations from POSIX 1003.2.
OMISSIONS
---------
1) For backwards compatibility, the POSIX rule that says a range of
addresses cannot be used where only a single address is expected has
been relaxed.
2) To support the BSD `s' command (see extension [1] below),
substitution patterns cannot be delimited by numbers or the characters
`r', `g' and `p'. In contrast, POSIX specifies any character expect
space or newline can used as a delimiter.
EXTENSIONS
----------
1) BSD commands have been implemented wherever they do not conflict with
the POSIX standard. The BSD-ism's included are:
i) `s' (i.e., s[n][rgp]*) to repeat a previous substitution,
ii) `W' for appending text to an existing file,
iii) `wq' for exiting after a write,
iv) `z' for scrolling through the buffer, and
v) BSD line addressing syntax (i.e., `^' and `%') is recognized.
2) If crypt(3) is available, files can be read and written using DES
encryption. The `x' command prompts the user to enter a key used for
encrypting/ decrypting subsequent reads and writes. If only a newline
is entered as the key, then encryption is disabled. Otherwise, a key
is read in the same manner as a password entry. The key remains in
effect until encryption is disabled. For more information on the
encryption algorithm, see the bdes(1) man page. Encryption/decryption
should be fully compatible with SunOS des(1).
3) The POSIX interactive global commands `G' and `V' are extended to
support multiple commands, including `a', `i' and `c'. The command
format is the same as for the global commands `g' and `v', i.e., one
command per line with each line, except for the last, ending in a
backslash (\).
4) An extension to the POSIX file commands `E', `e', `r', `W' and `w' is
that <file> arguments are processed for backslash escapes, i.e., any
character preceded by a backslash is interpreted literally. If the
first unescaped character of a <file> argument is a bang (!), then the
rest of the line is interpreted as a shell command, and no escape
processing is performed by ed.
5) For SunOS ed(1) compatibility, ed runs in restricted mode if invoked
as red. This limits editing of files in the local directory only and
prohibits shell commands.
DEVIATIONS
----------
1) Though ed is not a stream editor, it can be used to edit binary files.
To assist in binary editing, when a file containing at least one ASCII
NUL character is written, a newline is not appended if it did not
already contain one upon reading. In particular, reading /dev/null
prior to writing prevents appending a newline to a binary file.
For example, to create a file with ed containing a single NUL character:
$ ed file
a
^@
.
r /dev/null
wq
Similarly, to remove a newline from the end of binary `file':
$ ed file
r /dev/null
wq
2) Since the behavior of `u' (undo) within a `g' (global) command list is
not specified by POSIX, it follows the behavior of the SunOS ed:
undo forces a global command list to be executed only once, rather than
for each line matching a global pattern. In addition, each instance of
`u' within a global command undoes all previous commands (including
undo's) in the command list. This seems the best way, since the
alternatives are either too complicated to implement or too confusing
to use.
The global/undo combination is useful for masking errors that
would otherwise cause a script to fail. For instance, an ed script
to remove any occurrences of either `censor1' or `censor2' might be
written as:
ed - file <<EOF
1g/.*/u\
,s/censor1//g\
,s/censor2//g
...
3) The `m' (move) command within a `g' command list also follows the SunOS
ed implementation: any moved lines are removed from the global command's
`active' list.
4) If ed is invoked with a name argument prefixed by a bang (!), then the
remainder of the argument is interpreted as a shell command. To invoke
ed on a file whose name starts with bang, prefix the name with a
backslash.
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