.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\"	@(#)hier.7	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.Dd June 5, 1993
.Dt HIER 7
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm hier
.Nd layout of filesystems
.Sh DESCRIPTION
A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
.Bl -tag -width "/stand/"
.It Pa /
root directory of the filesystem
.It Pa /bin/
user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
.It Pa /boot/
programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact
.It Pa defaults/
default bootstrapping configuration files; see
.Xr loader.conf 5
.It Pa kernel/
pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
at boot time).
.It Pa modules/
third-party loadable kernel modules;
see
.Xr kldstat 8
.El
.It Pa /cdrom/
default mount point for CD-ROM drives
(created by
.Xr sysinstall 8 )
.It Pa /compat/
normally a link to
.Pa /usr/compat .
If not, then the
.Pa /usr/compat
comments apply
(created by
.Xr sysinstall 8 )
.It Pa /dev/
block and character device files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact
.It Pa MAKEDEV
script for creating device files;
see
.Xr MAKEDEV 8
.It Pa fd/
file descriptor files;
see
.Xr \&fd 4
.El
.It Pa /dist/
mount point used by
.Xr sysinstall 8
.It Pa /etc/
system configuration files and scripts
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact
.It Pa defaults/
default system configuration files;
see
.Xr rc 8
.It Pa gnats/
gnats configuration files;
see
.Xr send-pr 1
.It Pa isdn/
isdn4bsd configuration files;
see
.Xr isdnd 8
.It Pa kerberosIV/
configuration files for kerberos version IV;
see
.Xr kerberos 1
.It Pa localtime
local timezone information;
see
.Xr ctime 3
.It Pa mail/
Sendmail control files
.It Pa mtree/
mtree configuration files;
see
.Xr mtree 8
.It Pa namedb/
named configuration files;
see
.Xr named 8
.It Pa pam.d/
configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
library;
see
.Xr pam 8
.It Pa periodic/
scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
.Xr cron 8 ;
see
.Xr periodic 8
.It Pa ppp/
ppp configuration files;
see
.Xr ppp 8
.It Pa ssl/
OpenSSL configuration files
.El
.It Pa /mnt/
empty directory commonly used by
system administrators as a temporary mount point
.It Pa /proc/
process filesystem;
see
.Xr procfs 5 ,
.Xr mount_procfs 8
.It Pa /root/
root's HOME directory
.It Pa /sbin/
system programs and administration utilities
fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
.It Pa /stand/
programs used in a standalone environment
.It Pa /tmp/
temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
.It Pa /usr/
contains the majority of user utilities and applications
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
.It Pa bin/
common utilities, programming tools, and applications
.It Pa compat/
files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
such as Linux
(created by
.Xr sysinstall 8 )
.It Pa games/
useful and semi-frivolous programs
.It Pa heimdal/
kerberos server databases; see
.Xr kdc 8
.It Pa include/
standard C include files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.It Pa arpa/
C include files for Internet service protocols
.It Pa cam/
C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.It scsi/
The SCSI device on top of CAM
.El
.It Pa dev/
C include files for programming various
.Fx
devices
.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.It Pa ic/
Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
hardware circuits
.It Pa ppbus/
The parallel port bus;
see
.Xr ppbus 4
.It Pa usb/
The USB subsystem
.It Pa wi/
The
.Xr wi 4
WaveLAN driver
.El
.It Pa fs/
.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.It Pa fdescfs/
per-process file descriptors filesystem
.It Pa fifofs/
.St -p1003.1
FIFOs filesystem
.It Pa msdosfs/
MS-DOS filesystem
.It Pa ntfs/
NTFS filesystem
.It Pa nullfs/
loopback filesystem
.It Pa nwfs/
NetWare filesystem
.It Pa portalfs/
portal filesystem
.It Pa procfs/
process filesystem
.It Pa smbfs/
SMB/CIFS filesystem
.It Pa umapfs/
alternate uid/gid mappings filesystem
.It Pa unionfs
union filesystem
.El
.It Pa g++/
GNU C++ include files
.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.It Pa std/
GNU C++ libstdc++ include files
.El
.It Pa isc/
ISC utility library libisc include files
.It Pa isofs/
.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.It Pa cd9660/
iso9660 filesystem
.El
.It Pa kerberosIV/
C include files for kerberos authentication package;
see
.Xr kerberos 1
.It Pa libmilter/
C include files for libmilter,
the sendmail mail filter API
.It Pa machine/
machine-specific C include files
.It Pa net/
misc network C include files
.It Pa netatalk/
Appletalk protocol
.It Pa netatm/
ATM include files;
see
.Xr atm 8
.It Pa netinet/
C include files for Internet standard protocols;
see
.Xr inet 4
.It Pa netinet6/
C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
see
.Xr inet6 4
.It Pa netipx/
IPX/SPX protocol stacks
.It Pa netkey/
kernel key-management service
.It Pa netns/
Xerox NS protocols
.It Pa netsmb/
SMB/CIFS requester
.It Pa netnatm/
NATM include files;
see
.Xr natm 4
.It Pa nfs/
C include files for NFS (Network File System)
.It Pa objc/
Objective C include files
.It Pa openssl/
OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
.It Pa pccard/
PC-CARD controllers
.It Pa posix4/
POSIX real-time extensions includes;
see
.Xr p1003_1b 9
.It Pa protocols/
C include files for Berkeley service protocols
.It Pa readline/
get a line from a user, with editing;
see
.Xr readline 3
.It Pa rpc/
remote procedure calls;
see
.Xr rpc 3
.It Pa rpcsvc/
definition of RPC service structures; see
.Xr rpc 3
.It Pa security/
PAM; see
.Xr pam 8
.It Pa sys/
system C include files (kernel data structures)
.\" .It Pa tcl/
.\" Tcl language;
.\" see
.\" .Xr Tcl n
.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.\" .It Pa generic/
.\" ???
.\" .It Pa unix/
.\" ???
.\" .El
.It Pa ufs/
C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.It Pa ffs/
Fast filesystem
.It Pa ufs/
UFS filesystem
.El
.It Pa vm/
virtual memory;
see
.Xr vmstat 8
.El
.Pp
.It Pa lib/
archive libraries
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa aout/
a.out archive libraries
.It Pa compat/
shared libraries for compatibility
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa aout/
a.out backward compatibility libraries
.El
.El
.Pp
.It Pa libdata/
misc. utility data files
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa doscmd/
files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
see
.Xr doscmd 1
.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact
.It Pa fonts/
fonts used by doscmd
.El
.It Pa gcc/
???
.It Pa ldscripts/
linker scripts;
see
.Xr ld 1
.It Pa lint/
various prebuilt lint libraries;
see
.Xr lint 1
.It Pa msdosfs/
Character set conversion tables
.It Pa stallion/
firmware images for Stallion serial controllers; see
.Xr stl 4
.El
.Pp
.It Pa libexec/
system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa aout/
utilities to manipulate a.out executables
.It Pa elf/
utilities to manipulate ELF executables
.It Pa lpr/
utilities and filters for LP print system;
see
.Xr lpr 1
.It Pa sendmail/
the sendmail binary;
see
.Xr mailwrapper 8
and
.Xr sendmail 8
.It Pa sm.bin/
restricted shell for sendmail;
see
.Xr smrsh 8
.El
.Pp
.It Pa local/
local executables, libraries, etc.
Also used as the default destination for the
.Fx
ports framework.
Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
.Xr hier 7
for /usr
should be used.  Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
.It Pa obj/
architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
.It Pa ports/
The
.Fx
ports collection (optional).
.It Pa sbin/
system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
.It Pa share/
architecture-independent files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
.It Pa calendar/
a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
see
.Xr calendar 1
.It Pa dict/
word lists;
see
.Xr look 1
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa freebsd
FreeBSD-specific terms, proper names, and jargon
.It Pa words
common words
.It Pa web2
words from Webster's 2nd International
.It Pa papers/
reference databases;
see
.Xr refer 1
.El
.Pp
.It Pa doc/
miscellaneous documentation;
source for most of the printed
.Bx
manuals (available
from the
.Tn USENIX
association)
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa FAQ/
Frequently Asked Questions
.It Pa IPv6/
implementation notes for IPv6
.It Pa bind/
documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
.It Pa es/
Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
.It Pa handbook/
.Fx
Handbook
.It Pa ja/
Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
.It Pa ncurses/
HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
see
.Xr ncurses 3X
.It Pa ntp/
HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
.It Pa papers/
UNIX Papers
.It Pa psd/
UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
.It Pa ru/
Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
.It Pa smm/
UNIX System Manager's Manual
.It Pa tutorials/
.Fx
tutorials
.It Pa usd/
UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
.It Pa zh/
Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
.El
.Pp
.It Pa examples/
various examples for users and programmers
.It Pa games/
ASCII text files used by various games
.It Pa groff_font/
device description file for device name
.It Pa info/
GNU Info hypertext system
.It Pa isdn/
ISDN
.It Pa locale/
localization files;
see
.Xr setlocale 3
.It Pa man/
manual pages
.It Pa me/
macros for use with the me macro package;
see
.Xr me 7
.It Pa misc/
misc system-wide ASCII text files
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa fonts/
???
.It Pa pcvtfonts/
pcvt fonts;
see
.Xr pcvt 4
.It Pa termcap
terminal characteristics database;
see
.Xr termcap 5
.El
.It Pa mk/
templates for make;
see
.Xr make 1
.It Pa nls/
national language support files;
see
.Xr mklocale 1
.It Pa pcvt/
pcvt documentation and etc examples;
see
.Xr pcvt 4
.It Pa sendmail/
sendmail configuration files;
see
.Xr sendmail 8
.It Pa skel/
example . (dot) files for new accounts
.It Pa syscons/
files used by syscons;
see
.Xr syscons 4
.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact
.It Pa fonts/
console fonts;
see
.Xr vidcontrol 1
and
.Xr vidfont 1
.It Pa keymaps/
console keyboard maps;
see
.Xr kbdcontrol 1
and
.Xr kbdmap 1
.It Pa scrnmaps/
console screen maps
.El
.It Pa tabset/
tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
the termcap file;
see
.Xr termcap 5
.It Pa tmac/
text processing macros;
see
.Xr nroff 1
and
.Xr troff 1
.It Pa vi/
localization support and utilities for
.Xr vi 1
.It Pa zoneinfo/
timezone configuration information;
see
.Xr tzfile 5
.El
.It Pa src/
.Bx ,
third-party, and/or local source files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.It Pa bin/
source code for files in /bin
.It Pa contrib/
source code for contributed software
.It Pa crypto/
source code for contributed cryptography software
.It Pa etc/
source code for files in /etc
.It Pa games/
source code for files in /usr/games
.It Pa gnu/
Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
.It Pa include/
source code for files in /usr/include
.It Pa kerberosIV/
source code for kerberos version IV
.It Pa lib/
source code for files in /usr/lib
.It Pa libexec/
source code for files in /usr/libexec
.It Pa release/
files required to produce a
.Fx
release
.It Pa sbin/
source code for files in /sbin
.It Pa secure/
build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
.It Pa share/
source for files in /usr/share
.It Pa sys/
kernel source code
.It Pa tools/
tools used for maintenance and testing of
.Fx
.It Pa usr.bin/
source code for files in /usr/bin
.It Pa usr.sbin/
source code for files in /usr/sbin
.El
.Pp
.It Pa X11R6/
X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional).
.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
.It Pa bin/
X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports).
.It Pa etc/
X11R6 configuration files and scripts.
.It Pa include/
X11R6 include files.
.It Pa lib/
X11R6 libraries.
.It Pa man/
X11R6 manual pages.
.It Pa share/
architecture-independent files.
.El
.El
.It Pa /var/
multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
.It Pa account/
system accounting files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa acct
execution accounting file;
see
.Xr acct 5
.El
.Pp
.It Pa at/
timed command scheduling files;
see
.Xr \&at 1
.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
.It Pa jobs/
directory containing job files
.It Pa spool/
directory containing output spool files
.El
.Pp
.It Pa backups/
misc. backup files
.It Pa crash/
default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
.Xr crash 8
and
.Xr savecore 8
.It Pa cron/
files used by cron;
see
.Xr cron 8
.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
.It Pa tabs/
crontab files;
see
.Xr crontab 5
.El
.Pp
.It Pa db/
misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
.It Pa games/
misc. game status and score files
.It Pa log/
misc. system log files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa wtmp
login/logout log;
see
.Xr wtmp 5
.El
.Pp
.It Pa mail/
user mailbox files
.It Pa preserve/
temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
of an editor;
see
.Xr \&ex 1
.It Pa msgs/
system messages database;
see
.Xr msgs 1
.It Pa quotas/
filesystem quota information files
.It Pa run/
system information files describing various info about
system since it was booted
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa named/
writable by the
.Dq bind
user; see
.Xr named 8
.It Pa ppp/
writable by the
.Dq network
group for command connection sockets; see
.Xr ppp 8
.It Pa utmp
database of current users;
see
.Xr utmp 5
.El
.Pp
.It Pa rwho/
rwho data files;
see
.Xr rwhod 8 ,
.Xr rwho 1 ,
and
.Xr ruptime 1
.It Pa spool/
misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa clientmqueue/
undelivered submission mail queue;
see
.Xr sendmail 8
.It Pa ftp/
commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
.It Pa mqueue/
undelivered mail queue;
see
.Xr sendmail 8
.It Pa output/
line printer spooling directories
.El
.Pp
.It Pa tmp/
temporary files that are kept between system reboots
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
.It Pa vi.recover/
the directory where recovery files are stored
.El
.It Pa yp/
the NIS maps
.El
.El
.Sh NOTES
This manual page documents the default
.Fx
filesystem layout, but
the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
administrator's discretion.
A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
this document.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr apropos 1 ,
.Xr find 1 ,
.Xr finger 1 ,
.Xr grep 1 ,
.Xr ls 1 ,
.Xr whatis 1 ,
.Xr whereis 1 ,
.Xr which 1 ,
.Xr fsck 8
.Sh HISTORY
A
.Nm
manual page appeared in
.At v7 .