.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2002 Poul-Henning Kamp
.\" Copyright (c) 2002 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Poul-Henning Kamp
.\" and NAI Labs, the Security Research Division of Network Associates, Inc.
.\" under DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the
.\" DARPA CHATS research program.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. The names of the authors may not be used to endorse or promote
.\"    products derived from this software without specific prior written
.\"    permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.Dd March 14, 2013
.Dt GEOM 4
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm GEOM
.Nd "modular disk I/O request transformation framework"
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Cd options GEOM_AES
.Cd options GEOM_BDE
.Cd options GEOM_BSD
.Cd options GEOM_CACHE
.Cd options GEOM_CONCAT
.Cd options GEOM_ELI
.Cd options GEOM_FOX
.Cd options GEOM_GATE
.Cd options GEOM_JOURNAL
.Cd options GEOM_LABEL
.Cd options GEOM_LINUX_LVM
.Cd options GEOM_MBR
.Cd options GEOM_MIRROR
.Cd options GEOM_MULTIPATH
.Cd options GEOM_NOP
.Cd options GEOM_PART_APM
.Cd options GEOM_PART_BSD
.Cd options GEOM_PART_EBR
.Cd options GEOM_PART_EBR_COMPAT
.Cd options GEOM_PART_GPT
.Cd options GEOM_PART_LDM
.Cd options GEOM_PART_MBR
.Cd options GEOM_PART_PC98
.Cd options GEOM_PART_VTOC8
.Cd options GEOM_PC98
.Cd options GEOM_RAID
.Cd options GEOM_RAID3
.Cd options GEOM_SHSEC
.Cd options GEOM_STRIPE
.Cd options GEOM_SUNLABEL
.Cd options GEOM_UZIP
.Cd options GEOM_VIRSTOR
.Cd options GEOM_VOL
.Cd options GEOM_ZERO
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
framework provides an infrastructure in which
.Dq classes
can perform transformations on disk I/O requests on their path from
the upper kernel to the device drivers and back.
.Pp
Transformations in a
.Nm
context range from the simple geometric
displacement performed in typical disk partitioning modules over RAID
algorithms and device multipath resolution to full blown cryptographic
protection of the stored data.
.Pp
Compared to traditional
.Dq "volume management" ,
.Nm
differs from most
and in some cases all previous implementations in the following ways:
.Bl -bullet
.It
.Nm
is extensible.
It is trivially simple to write a new class
of transformation and it will not be given stepchild treatment.
If
someone for some reason wanted to mount IBM MVS diskpacks, a class
recognizing and configuring their VTOC information would be a trivial
matter.
.It
.Nm
is topologically agnostic.
Most volume management implementations
have very strict notions of how classes can fit together, very often
one fixed hierarchy is provided, for instance, subdisk - plex -
volume.
.El
.Pp
Being extensible means that new transformations are treated no differently
than existing transformations.
.Pp
Fixed hierarchies are bad because they make it impossible to express
the intent efficiently.
In the fixed hierarchy above, it is not possible to mirror two
physical disks and then partition the mirror into subdisks, instead
one is forced to make subdisks on the physical volumes and to mirror
these two and two, resulting in a much more complex configuration.
.Nm
on the other hand does not care in which order things are done,
the only restriction is that cycles in the graph will not be allowed.
.Sh "TERMINOLOGY AND TOPOLOGY"
.Nm
is quite object oriented and consequently the terminology
borrows a lot of context and semantics from the OO vocabulary:
.Pp
A
.Dq class ,
represented by the data structure
.Vt g_class
implements one
particular kind of transformation.
Typical examples are MBR disk
partition, BSD disklabel, and RAID5 classes.
.Pp
An instance of a class is called a
.Dq geom
and represented by the data structure
.Vt g_geom .
In a typical i386
.Fx
system, there
will be one geom of class MBR for each disk.
.Pp
A
.Dq provider ,
represented by the data structure
.Vt g_provider ,
is the front gate at which a geom offers service.
A provider is
.Do
a disk-like thing which appears in
.Pa /dev
.Dc - a logical
disk in other words.
All providers have three main properties:
.Dq name ,
.Dq sectorsize
and
.Dq size .
.Pp
A
.Dq consumer
is the backdoor through which a geom connects to another
geom provider and through which I/O requests are sent.
.Pp
The topological relationship between these entities are as follows:
.Bl -bullet
.It
A class has zero or more geom instances.
.It
A geom has exactly one class it is derived from.
.It
A geom has zero or more consumers.
.It
A geom has zero or more providers.
.It
A consumer can be attached to zero or one providers.
.It
A provider can have zero or more consumers attached.
.El
.Pp
All geoms have a rank-number assigned, which is used to detect and
prevent loops in the acyclic directed graph.
This rank number is
assigned as follows:
.Bl -enum
.It
A geom with no attached consumers has rank=1.
.It
A geom with attached consumers has a rank one higher than the
highest rank of the geoms of the providers its consumers are
attached to.
.El
.Sh "SPECIAL TOPOLOGICAL MANEUVERS"
In addition to the straightforward attach, which attaches a consumer
to a provider, and detach, which breaks the bond, a number of special
topological maneuvers exists to facilitate configuration and to
improve the overall flexibility.
.Bl -inset
.It Em TASTING
is a process that happens whenever a new class or new provider
is created, and it provides the class a chance to automatically configure an
instance on providers which it recognizes as its own.
A typical example is the MBR disk-partition class which will look for
the MBR table in the first sector and, if found and validated, will
instantiate a geom to multiplex according to the contents of the MBR.
.Pp
A new class will be offered to all existing providers in turn and a new
provider will be offered to all classes in turn.
.Pp
Exactly what a class does to recognize if it should accept the offered
provider is not defined by
.Nm ,
but the sensible set of options are:
.Bl -bullet
.It
Examine specific data structures on the disk.
.It
Examine properties like
.Dq sectorsize
or
.Dq mediasize
for the provider.
.It
Examine the rank number of the provider's geom.
.It
Examine the method name of the provider's geom.
.El
.It Em ORPHANIZATION
is the process by which a provider is removed while
it potentially is still being used.
.Pp
When a geom orphans a provider, all future I/O requests will
.Dq bounce
on the provider with an error code set by the geom.
Any
consumers attached to the provider will receive notification about
the orphanization when the event loop gets around to it, and they
can take appropriate action at that time.
.Pp
A geom which came into being as a result of a normal taste operation
should self-destruct unless it has a way to keep functioning whilst
lacking the orphaned provider.
Geoms like disk slicers should therefore self-destruct whereas
RAID5 or mirror geoms will be able to continue as long as they do
not lose quorum.
.Pp
When a provider is orphaned, this does not necessarily result in any
immediate change in the topology: any attached consumers are still
attached, any opened paths are still open, any outstanding I/O
requests are still outstanding.
.Pp
The typical scenario is:
.Pp
.Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact
.It
A device driver detects a disk has departed and orphans the provider for it.
.It
The geoms on top of the disk receive the orphanization event and
orphan all their providers in turn.
Providers which are not attached to will typically self-destruct
right away.
This process continues in a quasi-recursive fashion until all
relevant pieces of the tree have heard the bad news.
.It
Eventually the buck stops when it reaches geom_dev at the top
of the stack.
.It
Geom_dev will call
.Xr destroy_dev 9
to stop any more requests from
coming in.
It will sleep until any and all outstanding I/O requests have
been returned.
It will explicitly close (i.e.: zero the access counts), a change
which will propagate all the way down through the mesh.
It will then detach and destroy its geom.
.It
The geom whose provider is now detached will destroy the provider,
detach and destroy its consumer and destroy its geom.
.It
This process percolates all the way down through the mesh, until
the cleanup is complete.
.El
.Pp
While this approach seems byzantine, it does provide the maximum
flexibility and robustness in handling disappearing devices.
.Pp
The one absolutely crucial detail to be aware of is that if the
device driver does not return all I/O requests, the tree will
not unravel.
.It Em SPOILING
is a special case of orphanization used to protect
against stale metadata.
It is probably easiest to understand spoiling by going through
an example.
.Pp
Imagine a disk,
.Pa da0 ,
on top of which an MBR geom provides
.Pa da0s1
and
.Pa da0s2 ,
and on top of
.Pa da0s1
a BSD geom provides
.Pa da0s1a
through
.Pa da0s1e ,
and that both the MBR and BSD geoms have
autoconfigured based on data structures on the disk media.
Now imagine the case where
.Pa da0
is opened for writing and those
data structures are modified or overwritten: now the geoms would
be operating on stale metadata unless some notification system
can inform them otherwise.
.Pp
To avoid this situation, when the open of
.Pa da0
for write happens,
all attached consumers are told about this and geoms like
MBR and BSD will self-destruct as a result.
When
.Pa da0
is closed, it will be offered for tasting again
and, if the data structures for MBR and BSD are still there, new
geoms will instantiate themselves anew.
.Pp
Now for the fine print:
.Pp
If any of the paths through the MBR or BSD module were open, they
would have opened downwards with an exclusive bit thus rendering it
impossible to open
.Pa da0
for writing in that case.
Conversely,
the requested exclusive bit would render it impossible to open a
path through the MBR geom while
.Pa da0
is open for writing.
.Pp
From this it also follows that changing the size of open geoms can
only be done with their cooperation.
.Pp
Finally: the spoiling only happens when the write count goes from
zero to non-zero and the retasting happens only when the write count goes
from non-zero to zero.
.It Em INSERT/DELETE
are very special operations which allow a new geom
to be instantiated between a consumer and a provider attached to
each other and to remove it again.
.Pp
To understand the utility of this, imagine a provider
being mounted as a file system.
Between the DEVFS geom's consumer and its provider we insert
a mirror module which configures itself with one mirror
copy and consequently is transparent to the I/O requests
on the path.
We can now configure yet a mirror copy on the mirror geom,
request a synchronization, and finally drop the first mirror
copy.
We have now, in essence, moved a mounted file system from one
disk to another while it was being used.
At this point the mirror geom can be deleted from the path
again; it has served its purpose.
.It Em CONFIGURE
is the process where the administrator issues instructions
for a particular class to instantiate itself.
There are multiple
ways to express intent in this case - a particular provider may be
specified with a level of override forcing, for instance, a BSD
disklabel module to attach to a provider which was not found palatable
during the TASTE operation.
.Pp
Finally, I/O is the reason we even do this: it concerns itself with
sending I/O requests through the graph.
.It Em "I/O REQUESTS" ,
represented by
.Vt "struct bio" ,
originate at a consumer,
are scheduled on its attached provider and, when processed, are returned
to the consumer.
It is important to realize that the
.Vt "struct bio"
which enters through the provider of a particular geom does not
.Do
come out on the other side
.Dc .
Even simple transformations like MBR and BSD will clone the
.Vt "struct bio" ,
modify the clone, and schedule the clone on their
own consumer.
Note that cloning the
.Vt "struct bio"
does not involve cloning the
actual data area specified in the I/O request.
.Pp
In total, four different I/O requests exist in
.Nm :
read, write, delete, and
.Dq "get attribute".
.Pp
Read and write are self explanatory.
.Pp
Delete indicates that a certain range of data is no longer used
and that it can be erased or freed as the underlying technology
supports.
Technologies like flash adaptation layers can arrange to erase
the relevant blocks before they will become reassigned and
cryptographic devices may want to fill random bits into the
range to reduce the amount of data available for attack.
.Pp
It is important to recognize that a delete indication is not a
request and consequently there is no guarantee that the data actually
will be erased or made unavailable unless guaranteed by specific
geoms in the graph.
If
.Dq "secure delete"
semantics are required, a
geom should be pushed which converts delete indications into (a
sequence of) write requests.
.Pp
.Dq "Get attribute"
supports inspection and manipulation
of out-of-band attributes on a particular provider or path.
Attributes are named by
.Tn ASCII
strings and they will be discussed in
a separate section below.
.El
.Pp
(Stay tuned while the author rests his brain and fingers: more to come.)
.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
Several flags are provided for tracing
.Nm
operations and unlocking
protection mechanisms via the
.Va kern.geom.debugflags
sysctl.
All of these flags are off by default, and great care should be taken in
turning them on.
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It 0x01 Pq Dv G_T_TOPOLOGY
Provide tracing of topology change events.
.It 0x02 Pq Dv G_T_BIO
Provide tracing of buffer I/O requests.
.It 0x04 Pq Dv G_T_ACCESS
Provide tracing of access check controls.
.It 0x08 (unused)
.It 0x10 (allow foot shooting)
Allow writing to Rank 1 providers.
This would, for example, allow the super-user to overwrite the MBR on the root
disk or write random sectors elsewhere to a mounted disk.
The implications are obvious.
.It 0x40 Pq Dv G_F_DISKIOCTL
This is unused at this time.
.It 0x80 Pq Dv G_F_CTLDUMP
Dump contents of gctl requests.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr libgeom 3 ,
.Xr disk 9 ,
.Xr DECLARE_GEOM_CLASS 9 ,
.Xr g_access 9 ,
.Xr g_attach 9 ,
.Xr g_bio 9 ,
.Xr g_consumer 9 ,
.Xr g_data 9 ,
.Xr g_event 9 ,
.Xr g_geom 9 ,
.Xr g_provider 9 ,
.Xr g_provider_by_name 9
.Sh HISTORY
This software was developed for the
.Fx
Project by
.An Poul-Henning Kamp
and NAI Labs, the Security Research Division of Network Associates, Inc.\&
under DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035
.Pq Dq CBOSS ,
as part of the
DARPA CHATS research program.
.Pp
The first precursor for
.Nm
was a gruesome hack to Minix 1.2 and was
never distributed.
An earlier attempt to implement a less general scheme
in
.Fx
never succeeded.
.Sh AUTHORS
.An "Poul-Henning Kamp" Aq phk@FreeBSD.org