.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"     @(#)stdio.3	8.7 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.Dd March 3, 2009
.Dt STDIO 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm stdio
.Nd standard input/output library functions
.Sh LIBRARY
.Lb libc
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In stdio.h
.Vt FILE *stdin ;
.Vt FILE *stdout ;
.Vt FILE *stderr ;
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The standard
.Tn I/O
library provides a simple and efficient buffered stream
.Tn I/O
interface.
Input and output is mapped into logical data streams
and the physical
.Tn I/O
characteristics are concealed.
The functions and macros are listed
below; more information is available from the individual man pages.
.Pp
A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical
device) by
.Em opening
a file, which may involve creating a new file.
Creating an
existing file causes its former contents to be discarded.
If a file can support positioning requests (such as a disk file, as opposed
to a terminal) then a
.Em file position indicator
associated with the stream is positioned at the start of the file (byte
zero), unless the file is opened with append mode.
If append mode
is used, the position indicator will be placed at the end-of-file.
The position indicator is maintained by subsequent reads, writes
and positioning requests.
All input occurs as if the characters
were read by successive calls to the
.Xr fgetc 3
function; all output takes place as if all characters were
written by successive calls to the
.Xr fputc 3
function.
.Pp
A file is disassociated from a stream by
.Em closing
the file.
Output streams are flushed (any unwritten buffer contents are transferred
to the host environment) before the stream is disassociated from the file.
The value of a pointer to a
.Dv FILE
object is indeterminate (garbage) after a file is closed.
.Pp
A file may be subsequently reopened, by the same or another program
execution, and its contents reclaimed or modified (if it can be repositioned
at the start).
If the main function returns to its original caller, or
the
.Xr exit 3
function is called, all open files are closed (hence all output
streams are flushed) before program termination.
Other methods
of program termination may not close files properly and hence
buffered output may be lost.
In particular,
.Xr _exit 2
does not flush stdio files.
Neither does an exit due to a signal.
Buffers are flushed by
.Xr abort 3
as required by POSIX, although previous implementations did not.
.Pp
This implementation makes no distinction between
.Dq text
and
.Dq binary
streams.
In effect, all streams are binary.
No translation is performed and no extra padding appears on any stream.
.Pp
At program startup, three streams are predefined and need not be
opened explicitly:
.Bl -bullet -compact -offset indent
.It
.Em standard input
(for reading conventional input),
.It
.Em standard output
(for writing conventional output), and
.It
.Em standard error
(for writing diagnostic output).
.El
These streams are abbreviated
.Dv stdin , stdout
and
.Dv stderr .
Initially, the standard error stream
is unbuffered; the standard input and output streams are
fully buffered if and only if the streams do not refer to
an interactive or
.Dq terminal
device, as determined by the
.Xr isatty 3
function.
In fact,
.Em all
freshly-opened streams that refer to terminal devices
default to line buffering, and
pending output to such streams is written automatically
whenever such an input stream is read.
Note that this applies only to
.Dq "true reads" ;
if the read request can be satisfied by existing buffered data,
no automatic flush will occur.
In these cases,
or when a large amount of computation is done after printing
part of a line on an output terminal, it is necessary to
.Xr fflush 3
the standard output before going off and computing so that the output
will appear.
Alternatively, these defaults may be modified via the
.Xr setvbuf 3
function.
.Pp
The
.Nm
library is a part of the library
.Nm libc
and routines are automatically loaded as needed by the C compiler.
The
.Tn SYNOPSIS
sections of the following manual pages indicate which include files
are to be used, what the compiler declaration for the function
looks like and which external variables are of interest.
.Pp
The following are defined as macros;
these names may not be re-used
without first removing their current definitions with
.Ic #undef :
.Dv BUFSIZ ,
.Dv EOF ,
.Dv FILENAME_MAX ,
.Dv FOPEN_MAX ,
.Dv L_ctermid ,
.Dv L_cuserid ,
.Dv L_tmpnam ,
.Dv NULL ,
.Dv P_tmpdir ,
.Dv SEEK_CUR ,
.Dv SEEK_END ,
.Dv SEEK_SET ,
.Dv TMP_MAX ,
.Dv clearerr ,
.Dv clearerr_unlocked ,
.Dv feof ,
.Dv feof_unlocked ,
.Dv ferror ,
.Dv ferror_unlocked ,
.Dv fileno ,
.Dv fileno_unlocked ,
.Dv fropen ,
.Dv fwopen ,
.Dv getc ,
.Dv getc_unlocked ,
.Dv getchar ,
.Dv getchar_unlocked ,
.Dv putc ,
.Dv putc_unlocked ,
.Dv putchar ,
.Dv putchar_unlocked ,
.Dv stderr ,
.Dv stdin
and
.Dv stdout .
Function versions of the macro functions
.Dv clearerr ,
.Dv clearerr_unlocked ,
.Dv feof ,
.Dv feof_unlocked ,
.Dv ferror ,
.Dv ferror_unlocked ,
.Dv fileno ,
.Dv fileno_unlocked ,
.Dv getc ,
.Dv getc_unlocked ,
.Dv getchar ,
.Dv getchar_unlocked ,
.Dv putc ,
.Dv putc_unlocked ,
.Dv putchar ,
and
.Dv putchar_unlocked
exist and will be used if the macro
definitions are explicitly removed.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr close 2 ,
.Xr open 2 ,
.Xr read 2 ,
.Xr write 2
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Nm
library conforms to
.St -isoC-99 .
.Sh LIST OF FUNCTIONS
.Bl -column "Description"
.It Sy "Function	Description"
.It "asprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "clearerr	check and reset stream status"
.It "dprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "fclose	close a stream"
.It "fdopen	stream open functions"
.It "feof	check and reset stream status"
.It "ferror	check and reset stream status"
.It "fflush	flush a stream"
.It "fgetc	get next character or word from input stream"
.It "fgetln	get a line from a stream"
.It "fgetpos	reposition a stream"
.It "fgets	get a line from a stream"
.It "fgetwc	get next wide character from input stream"
.It "fgetws	get a line of wide characters from a stream"
.It "fileno	check and reset stream status"
.It "fopen	stream open functions"
.It "fprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "fpurge	flush a stream"
.It "fputc	output a character or word to a stream"
.It "fputs	output a line to a stream"
.It "fputwc	output a wide character to a stream"
.It "fputws	output a line of wide characters to a stream"
.It "fread	binary stream input/output"
.It "freopen	stream open functions"
.It "fropen	open a stream"
.It "fscanf	input format conversion"
.It "fseek	reposition a stream"
.It "fsetpos	reposition a stream"
.It "ftell	reposition a stream"
.It "funopen	open a stream"
.It "fwide	set/get orientation of stream"
.It "fwopen	open a stream"
.It "fwprintf	formatted wide character output conversion"
.It "fwrite	binary stream input/output"
.It "getc	get next character or word from input stream"
.It "getchar	get next character or word from input stream"
.It "getdelim	get a line from a stream"
.It "getline	get a line from a stream"
.It "gets	get a line from a stream"
.It "getw	get next character or word from input stream"
.It "getwc	get next wide character from input stream"
.It "getwchar	get next wide character from input stream"
.It "mkdtemp	create unique temporary directory"
.It "mkstemp	create unique temporary file"
.It "mktemp	create unique temporary file"
.It "perror	system error messages"
.It "printf	formatted output conversion"
.It "putc	output a character or word to a stream"
.It "putchar	output a character or word to a stream"
.It "puts	output a line to a stream"
.It "putw	output a character or word to a stream"
.It "putwc	output a wide character to a stream"
.It "putwchar	output a wide character to a stream"
.It "remove	remove directory entry"
.It "rewind	reposition a stream"
.It "scanf	input format conversion"
.It "setbuf	stream buffering operations"
.It "setbuffer	stream buffering operations"
.It "setlinebuf	stream buffering operations"
.It "setvbuf	stream buffering operations"
.It "snprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "sprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "sscanf	input format conversion"
.It "strerror	system error messages"
.It "swprintf	formatted wide character output conversion"
.It "sys_errlist	system error messages"
.It "sys_nerr	system error messages"
.It "tempnam	temporary file routines"
.It "tmpfile	temporary file routines"
.It "tmpnam	temporary file routines"
.It "ungetc	un-get character from input stream"
.It "ungetwc	un-get wide character from input stream"
.It "vasprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "vdprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "vfprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "vfscanf	input format conversion"
.It "vfwprintf	formatted wide character output conversion"
.It "vprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "vscanf	input format conversion"
.It "vsnprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "vsprintf	formatted output conversion"
.It "vsscanf	input format conversion"
.It "vswprintf	formatted wide character output conversion"
.It "vwprintf	formatted wide character output conversion"
.It "wprintf	formatted wide character output conversion"
.El
.Sh BUGS
The standard buffered functions do not interact well with certain other
library and system functions, especially
.Xr vfork 2 .