From d038e02fd667ab6c02875840105798aaa7029504 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: rgrimes Date: Thu, 26 May 1994 06:35:07 +0000 Subject: BSD 4.4 Lite sbin Sources Note: XNSrouted and routed NOT imported here, they shall be imported with usr.sbin. --- sbin/newfs/newfs.8 | 282 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 282 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sbin/newfs/newfs.8 (limited to 'sbin/newfs/newfs.8') diff --git a/sbin/newfs/newfs.8 b/sbin/newfs/newfs.8 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ffcfdf --- /dev/null +++ b/sbin/newfs/newfs.8 @@ -0,0 +1,282 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)newfs.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/27/94 +.\" +.Dd March 27, 1994 +.Dt NEWFS 8 +.Os BSD 4.2 +.Sh NAME +.Nm newfs , +.Nm mfs +.Nd construct a new file system +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm newfs +.Op Fl NO +.Op Fl S Ar sector-size +.Op Fl a maxcontig +.Op Fl b Ar block-size +.Op Fl c Ar cylinders +.Op Fl d Ar rotdelay +.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg +.Op Fl f Ar frag-size +.Op Fl i Ar bytes +.Op Fl k Ar skew +.Op Fl l Ar interleave +.Op Fl m Ar free space +.Op Fl o Ar optimization +.Op Fl p Ar sectors +.Op Fl r Ar revolutions +.Op Fl s Ar size +.Op Fl t Ar tracks +.Op Fl u Ar sectors +.Op Fl x Ar sectors +.Ar special +.Nm mount_mfs +.Op Fl N +.Op Fl a maxcontig +.Op Fl b Ar block-size +.Op Fl c Ar cylinders +.Op Fl d Ar rotdelay +.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg +.Op Fl f Ar frag-size +.Op Fl i Ar bytes +.Op Fl m Ar free space +.Op Fl o Ar options +.Op Fl s Ar size +.Ar special node +.Sh DESCRIPTION +.Nm Newfs +replaces the more obtuse +.Xr mkfs 8 +program. +Before running +.Nm newfs +or +.Nm mount_mfs , +the disk must be labeled using +.Xr disklabel 8 . +.Nm Newfs +builds a file system on the specified special device +basing its defaults on the information in the disk label. +Typically the defaults are reasonable, however +.Nm newfs +has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden. +.Pp +.Nm Mount_mfs +is used to build a file system in virtual memory and then mount it +on a specified node. +.Nm Mount_mfs +exits and the contents of the file system are lost +when the file system is unmounted. +If +.Nm mount_mfs +is sent a signal while running, +for example during system shutdown, +it will attempt to unmount its +corresponding file system. +The parameters to +.Nm mount_mfs +are the same as those to +.Nm newfs . +The special file is only used to read the disk label which provides +a set of configuration parameters for the memory based file system. +The special file is typically that of the primary swap area, +since that is where the file system will be backed up when +free memory gets low and the memory supporting +the file system has to be paged. +.Pp +The following options define the general layout policies. +.Bl -tag -width Fl +.It Fl N +Causes the file system parameters to be printed out +without really creating the file system. +.It Fl O +Creates a 4.3BSD format filesystem. +This options is primarily used to build root filesystems +that can be understood by older boot ROMs. +.It Fl a Ar maxcontig +This specifies the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be +laid out before forcing a rotational delay (see the +.Fl d +option). +The default value is one. +See +.Xr tunefs 8 +for more details on how to set this option. +.It Fl b Ar block-size +The block size of the file system, in bytes. +.It Fl c Ar #cylinders/group +The number of cylinders per cylinder group in a file system. +The default value is 16. +.It Fl d Ar rotdelay +This specifies the expected time (in milliseconds) to service a transfer +completion interrupt and initiate a new transfer on the same disk. +The default is 4 milliseconds. +See +.Xr tunefs 8 +for more details on how to set this option. +.It Fl e Ar maxbpg +This indicates the maximum number of blocks any single file can +allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin +allocating blocks from another cylinder group. +The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group. +See +.Xr tunefs 8 +for more details on how to set this option. +.It Fl f Ar frag-size +The fragment size of the file system in bytes. +.It Fl i Ar number of bytes per inode +This specifies the density of inodes in the file system. +The default is to create an inode for each 2048 bytes of data space. +If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used; +to create more inodes a smaller number should be given. +.It Fl m Ar free space \&% +The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free +space threshold. +The default value used is 10%. +See +.Xr tunefs 8 +for more details on how to set this option. +.It Fl o Ar optimization\ preference +.Pq ``space'' or ``time'' +The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent +allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk. +If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 10%, +the default is to optimize for space; +if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 10%, +the default is to optimize for time. +See +.Xr tunefs 8 +for more details on how to set this option. +.It Fl s Ar size +The size of the file system in sectors. +.El +.Pp +The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry. +Their default values are taken from the disk label. +Changing these defaults is useful only when using +.Nm newfs +to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a +different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created +(for example on a write-once disk). +Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make +it impossible for +.Xr fsck +to find the alternate superblocks if the standard superblock is lost. +.Bl -tag -width Fl +.It Fl S Ar sector-size +The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512). +.It Fl k Ar sector \&0 skew , per track +Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compensate for +a slow controller. +Track skew is the offset of sector 0 on track N relative to sector 0 +on track N-1 on the same cylinder. +.It Fl l Ar hardware sector interleave +Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compensate for +a slow controller. +Interleave is physical sector interleave on each track, +specified as the denominator of the ratio: +.Dl sectors read/sectors passed over +Thus an interleave of 1/1 implies contiguous layout, while 1/2 implies +logical sector 0 is separated by one sector from logical sector 1. +.It Fl p Ar spare sectors per track +Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors that occupy +space at the end of each track. +They are not counted as part of the sectors/track +.Pq Fl u +since they are not available to the file system for data allocation. +.It Fl r Ar revolutions/minute +The speed of the disk in revolutions per minute. +.It Fl t Ar #tracks/cylinder +The number of tracks/cylinder available for data allocation by the file +system. +.It Fl u Ar sectors/track +The number of sectors per track available for data allocation by the file +system. +This does not include sectors reserved at the end of each track for bad +block replacement (see the +.Fl p +option.) +.It Fl x Ar spare sectors per cylinder +Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors that occupy +space at the end of the last track in the cylinder. +They are deducted from the sectors/track +.Pq Fl u +of the last track of each cylinder since they are not available to the file +system for data allocation. +.El +.Pp +The options to the +.Nm mount_mfs +command are as described for the +.Nm newfs +command, except for the +.Fl o +option. +.Pp +That option is as follows: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Fl o +Options are specified with a +.Fl o +flag followed by a comma separated string of options. +See the +.Xr mount 8 +man page for possible options and their meanings. +.El +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr disktab 5 , +.Xr fs 5 , +.Xr dumpfs 8 , +.Xr disklabel 8 , +.Xr diskpart 8 , +.Xr fsck 8 , +.Xr format 8 , +.Xr mount 8 , +.Xr tunefs 8 +.Rs +.%A M. McKusick +.%A W. Joy +.%A S. Leffler +.%A R. Fabry +.%T A Fast File System for UNIX , +.%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2 +.%V 3 +.%P pp 181-197 +.%D August 1984 +.%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual) +.Re +.Sh HISTORY +The +.Nm +command appeared in +.Bx 4.2 . -- cgit v1.1