From 350992b17784eeb8f3bc478451e20c1737818a46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: obrien Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 06:08:35 +0000 Subject: None of these files are used in our build, nor do I really believe anyone is going to read them. Many were new with the "sourceware_binutils-2_10-branch_anoncvs_20000512" import. Others have been around since 2.8.1. --- contrib/binutils/etc/add-log.el | 573 ------- contrib/binutils/etc/add-log.vi | 11 - contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.ein | 149 -- contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.fig | 50 - contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.jin | Bin 11123 -> 0 bytes contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.tin | 9 - contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.ein | 185 -- contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.fig | 80 - contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.jin | Bin 17967 -> 0 bytes contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.tin | 17 - contrib/binutils/etc/configure | 862 ---------- contrib/binutils/etc/configure.in | 7 - contrib/binutils/etc/make-stds.texi | 914 ---------- contrib/binutils/etc/standards.texi | 3093 ---------------------------------- 14 files changed, 5950 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/add-log.el delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/add-log.vi delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.ein delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.fig delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.jin delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.tin delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.ein delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.fig delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.jin delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.tin delete mode 100755 contrib/binutils/etc/configure delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/configure.in delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/make-stds.texi delete mode 100644 contrib/binutils/etc/standards.texi diff --git a/contrib/binutils/etc/add-log.el b/contrib/binutils/etc/add-log.el deleted file mode 100644 index 60c88e8..0000000 --- a/contrib/binutils/etc/add-log.el +++ /dev/null @@ -1,573 +0,0 @@ -;;; ============ NOTE WELL! ============= -;;; -;;; You only need to use this file if you're using a version of Emacs -;;; prior to 20.1 to work on GDB. The only difference between this -;;; and the standard add-log.el provided with 19.34 is that it -;;; generates dates using the terser format used by Emacs 20. This is -;;; the format recommended for use in GDB ChangeLogs. -;;; -;;; To use this code, you should create a directory `~/elisp', save the code -;;; below in `~/elisp/add-log.el', and then put something like this in -;;; your `~/.emacs' file, to tell Emacs where to find it: -;;; -;;; (setq load-path -;;; (cons (expand-file-name "~/elisp") -;;; load-path)) -;;; -;;; If you want, you can also byte-compile it --- it'll run a little -;;; faster, and use a little less memory. (Not that those matter much for -;;; this file.) To do that, after you've saved the text as -;;; ~/elisp/add-log.el, bring it up in Emacs, and type -;;; -;;; C-u M-x byte-compile-file -;;; -;;; --- Jim Blandy - -;;; add-log.el --- change log maintenance commands for Emacs - -;; Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - -;; Keywords: maint - -;; This file is part of GNU Emacs. - -;; GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify -;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by -;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) -;; any later version. - -;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of -;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the -;; GNU General Public License for more details. - -;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License -;; along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the -;; Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, -;; Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. - -;;; Commentary: - -;; This facility is documented in the Emacs Manual. - -;;; Code: - -(defvar change-log-default-name nil - "*Name of a change log file for \\[add-change-log-entry].") - -(defvar add-log-current-defun-function nil - "\ -*If non-nil, function to guess name of current function from surrounding text. -\\[add-change-log-entry] calls this function (if nil, `add-log-current-defun' -instead) with no arguments. It returns a string or nil if it cannot guess.") - -;;;###autoload -(defvar add-log-full-name nil - "*Full name of user, for inclusion in ChangeLog daily headers. -This defaults to the value returned by the `user-full-name' function.") - -;;;###autoload -(defvar add-log-mailing-address nil - "*Electronic mail address of user, for inclusion in ChangeLog daily headers. -This defaults to the value of `user-mail-address'.") - -(defvar change-log-font-lock-keywords - '(("^[SMTWF].+" . font-lock-function-name-face) ; Date line. - ("^\t\\* \\([^ :\n]+\\)" 1 font-lock-comment-face) ; File name. - ("(\\([^)\n]+\\)):" 1 font-lock-keyword-face)) ; Function name. - "Additional expressions to highlight in Change Log mode.") - -(defvar change-log-mode-map nil - "Keymap for Change Log major mode.") -(if change-log-mode-map - nil - (setq change-log-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) - (define-key change-log-mode-map "\M-q" 'change-log-fill-paragraph)) - -(defun change-log-name () - (or change-log-default-name - (if (eq system-type 'vax-vms) - "$CHANGE_LOG$.TXT" - (if (or (eq system-type 'ms-dos) (eq system-type 'windows-nt)) - "changelo" - "ChangeLog")))) - -;;;###autoload -(defun prompt-for-change-log-name () - "Prompt for a change log name." - (let* ((default (change-log-name)) - (name (expand-file-name - (read-file-name (format "Log file (default %s): " default) - nil default)))) - ;; Handle something that is syntactically a directory name. - ;; Look for ChangeLog or whatever in that directory. - (if (string= (file-name-nondirectory name) "") - (expand-file-name (file-name-nondirectory default) - name) - ;; Handle specifying a file that is a directory. - (if (file-directory-p name) - (expand-file-name (file-name-nondirectory default) - (file-name-as-directory name)) - name)))) - -;;;###autoload -(defun find-change-log (&optional file-name) - "Find a change log file for \\[add-change-log-entry] and return the name. - -Optional arg FILE-NAME specifies the file to use. -If FILE-NAME is nil, use the value of `change-log-default-name'. -If 'change-log-default-name' is nil, behave as though it were 'ChangeLog' -\(or whatever we use on this operating system). - -If 'change-log-default-name' contains a leading directory component, then -simply find it in the current directory. Otherwise, search in the current -directory and its successive parents for a file so named. - -Once a file is found, `change-log-default-name' is set locally in the -current buffer to the complete file name." - ;; If user specified a file name or if this buffer knows which one to use, - ;; just use that. - (or file-name - (setq file-name (and change-log-default-name - (file-name-directory change-log-default-name) - change-log-default-name)) - (progn - ;; Chase links in the source file - ;; and use the change log in the dir where it points. - (setq file-name (or (and buffer-file-name - (file-name-directory - (file-chase-links buffer-file-name))) - default-directory)) - (if (file-directory-p file-name) - (setq file-name (expand-file-name (change-log-name) file-name))) - ;; Chase links before visiting the file. - ;; This makes it easier to use a single change log file - ;; for several related directories. - (setq file-name (file-chase-links file-name)) - (setq file-name (expand-file-name file-name)) - ;; Move up in the dir hierarchy till we find a change log file. - (let ((file1 file-name) - parent-dir) - (while (and (not (or (get-file-buffer file1) (file-exists-p file1))) - (progn (setq parent-dir - (file-name-directory - (directory-file-name - (file-name-directory file1)))) - ;; Give up if we are already at the root dir. - (not (string= (file-name-directory file1) - parent-dir)))) - ;; Move up to the parent dir and try again. - (setq file1 (expand-file-name - (file-name-nondirectory (change-log-name)) - parent-dir))) - ;; If we found a change log in a parent, use that. - (if (or (get-file-buffer file1) (file-exists-p file1)) - (setq file-name file1))))) - ;; Make a local variable in this buffer so we needn't search again. - (set (make-local-variable 'change-log-default-name) file-name) - file-name) - -;;;###autoload -(defun add-change-log-entry (&optional whoami file-name other-window new-entry) - "Find change log file and add an entry for today. -Optional arg (interactive prefix) non-nil means prompt for user name and site. -Second arg is file name of change log. If nil, uses `change-log-default-name'. -Third arg OTHER-WINDOW non-nil means visit in other window. -Fourth arg NEW-ENTRY non-nil means always create a new entry at the front; -never append to an existing entry." - (interactive (list current-prefix-arg - (prompt-for-change-log-name))) - (or add-log-full-name - (setq add-log-full-name (user-full-name))) - (or add-log-mailing-address - (setq add-log-mailing-address user-mail-address)) - (if whoami - (progn - (setq add-log-full-name (read-input "Full name: " add-log-full-name)) - ;; Note that some sites have room and phone number fields in - ;; full name which look silly when inserted. Rather than do - ;; anything about that here, let user give prefix argument so that - ;; s/he can edit the full name field in prompter if s/he wants. - (setq add-log-mailing-address - (read-input "Mailing address: " add-log-mailing-address)))) - (let ((defun (funcall (or add-log-current-defun-function - 'add-log-current-defun))) - paragraph-end entry) - - (setq file-name (expand-file-name (find-change-log file-name))) - - ;; Set ENTRY to the file name to use in the new entry. - (and buffer-file-name - ;; Never want to add a change log entry for the ChangeLog file itself. - (not (string= buffer-file-name file-name)) - (setq entry (if (string-match - (concat "^" (regexp-quote (file-name-directory - file-name))) - buffer-file-name) - (substring buffer-file-name (match-end 0)) - (file-name-nondirectory buffer-file-name)))) - - (if (and other-window (not (equal file-name buffer-file-name))) - (find-file-other-window file-name) - (find-file file-name)) - (or (eq major-mode 'change-log-mode) - (change-log-mode)) - (undo-boundary) - (goto-char (point-min)) - (let ((heading (format "%s %s <%s>" - (format-time-string "%Y-%m-%d") - add-log-full-name - add-log-mailing-address))) - (if (looking-at (regexp-quote heading)) - (forward-line 1) - (insert heading "\n\n"))) - - ;; Search only within the first paragraph. - (if (looking-at "\n*[^\n* \t]") - (skip-chars-forward "\n") - (forward-paragraph 1)) - (setq paragraph-end (point)) - (goto-char (point-min)) - - ;; Now insert the new line for this entry. - (cond ((re-search-forward "^\\s *\\*\\s *$" paragraph-end t) - ;; Put this file name into the existing empty entry. - (if entry - (insert entry))) - ((and (not new-entry) - (let (case-fold-search) - (re-search-forward - (concat (regexp-quote (concat "* " entry)) - ;; Don't accept `foo.bar' when - ;; looking for `foo': - "\\(\\s \\|[(),:]\\)") - paragraph-end t))) - ;; Add to the existing entry for the same file. - (re-search-forward "^\\s *$\\|^\\s \\*") - (goto-char (match-beginning 0)) - ;; Delete excess empty lines; make just 2. - (while (and (not (eobp)) (looking-at "^\\s *$")) - (delete-region (point) (save-excursion (forward-line 1) (point)))) - (insert "\n\n") - (forward-line -2) - (indent-relative-maybe)) - (t - ;; Make a new entry. - (forward-line 1) - (while (looking-at "\\sW") - (forward-line 1)) - (while (and (not (eobp)) (looking-at "^\\s *$")) - (delete-region (point) (save-excursion (forward-line 1) (point)))) - (insert "\n\n\n") - (forward-line -2) - (indent-to left-margin) - (insert "* " (or entry "")))) - ;; Now insert the function name, if we have one. - ;; Point is at the entry for this file, - ;; either at the end of the line or at the first blank line. - (if defun - (progn - ;; Make it easy to get rid of the function name. - (undo-boundary) - (insert (if (save-excursion - (beginning-of-line 1) - (looking-at "\\s *$")) - "" - " ") - "(" defun "): ")) - ;; No function name, so put in a colon unless we have just a star. - (if (not (save-excursion - (beginning-of-line 1) - (looking-at "\\s *\\(\\*\\s *\\)?$"))) - (insert ": "))))) - -;;;###autoload -(defun add-change-log-entry-other-window (&optional whoami file-name) - "Find change log file in other window and add an entry for today. -Optional arg (interactive prefix) non-nil means prompt for user name and site. -Second arg is file name of change log. \ -If nil, uses `change-log-default-name'." - (interactive (if current-prefix-arg - (list current-prefix-arg - (prompt-for-change-log-name)))) - (add-change-log-entry whoami file-name t)) -;;;###autoload (define-key ctl-x-4-map "a" 'add-change-log-entry-other-window) - -;;;###autoload -(defun change-log-mode () - "Major mode for editing change logs; like Indented Text Mode. -Prevents numeric backups and sets `left-margin' to 8 and `fill-column' to 74. -New log entries are usually made with \\[add-change-log-entry] or \\[add-change-log-entry-other-window]. -Each entry behaves as a paragraph, and the entries for one day as a page. -Runs `change-log-mode-hook'." - (interactive) - (kill-all-local-variables) - (indented-text-mode) - (setq major-mode 'change-log-mode - mode-name "Change Log" - left-margin 8 - fill-column 74 - indent-tabs-mode t - tab-width 8) - (use-local-map change-log-mode-map) - ;; Let each entry behave as one paragraph: - ;; We really do want "^" in paragraph-start below: it is only the lines that - ;; begin at column 0 (despite the left-margin of 8) that we are looking for. - (set (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) "\\s *$\\|\f\\|^\\sw") - (set (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate) "\\s *$\\|\f\\|^\\sw") - ;; Let all entries for one day behave as one page. - ;; Match null string on the date-line so that the date-line - ;; is grouped with what follows. - (set (make-local-variable 'page-delimiter) "^\\<\\|^\f") - (set (make-local-variable 'version-control) 'never) - (set (make-local-variable 'adaptive-fill-regexp) "\\s *") - (set (make-local-variable 'font-lock-defaults) - '(change-log-font-lock-keywords t)) - (run-hooks 'change-log-mode-hook)) - -;; It might be nice to have a general feature to replace this. The idea I -;; have is a variable giving a regexp matching text which should not be -;; moved from bol by filling. change-log-mode would set this to "^\\s *\\s(". -;; But I don't feel up to implementing that today. -(defun change-log-fill-paragraph (&optional justify) - "Fill the paragraph, but preserve open parentheses at beginning of lines. -Prefix arg means justify as well." - (interactive "P") - (let ((end (save-excursion (forward-paragraph) (point))) - (beg (save-excursion (backward-paragraph)(point))) - (paragraph-start (concat paragraph-start "\\|\\s *\\s("))) - (fill-region beg end justify))) - -(defvar add-log-current-defun-header-regexp - "^\\([A-Z][A-Z_ ]*[A-Z_]\\|[-_a-zA-Z]+\\)[ \t]*[:=]" - "*Heuristic regexp used by `add-log-current-defun' for unknown major modes.") - -;;;###autoload -(defun add-log-current-defun () - "Return name of function definition point is in, or nil. - -Understands C, Lisp, LaTeX (\"functions\" are chapters, sections, ...), -Texinfo (@node titles), Perl, and Fortran. - -Other modes are handled by a heuristic that looks in the 10K before -point for uppercase headings starting in the first column or -identifiers followed by `:' or `=', see variable -`add-log-current-defun-header-regexp'. - -Has a preference of looking backwards." - (condition-case nil - (save-excursion - (let ((location (point))) - (cond ((memq major-mode '(emacs-lisp-mode lisp-mode scheme-mode - lisp-interaction-mode)) - ;; If we are now precisely at the beginning of a defun, - ;; make sure beginning-of-defun finds that one - ;; rather than the previous one. - (or (eobp) (forward-char 1)) - (beginning-of-defun) - ;; Make sure we are really inside the defun found, not after it. - (if (and (looking-at "\\s(") - (progn (end-of-defun) - (< location (point))) - (progn (forward-sexp -1) - (>= location (point)))) - (progn - (if (looking-at "\\s(") - (forward-char 1)) - (forward-sexp 1) - (skip-chars-forward " '") - (buffer-substring (point) - (progn (forward-sexp 1) (point)))))) - ((and (memq major-mode '(c-mode c++-mode c++-c-mode objc-mode)) - (save-excursion (beginning-of-line) - ;; Use eq instead of = here to avoid - ;; error when at bob and char-after - ;; returns nil. - (while (eq (char-after (- (point) 2)) ?\\) - (forward-line -1)) - (looking-at "[ \t]*#[ \t]*define[ \t]"))) - ;; Handle a C macro definition. - (beginning-of-line) - (while (eq (char-after (- (point) 2)) ?\\) ;not =; note above - (forward-line -1)) - (search-forward "define") - (skip-chars-forward " \t") - (buffer-substring (point) - (progn (forward-sexp 1) (point)))) - ((memq major-mode '(c-mode c++-mode c++-c-mode objc-mode)) - (beginning-of-line) - ;; See if we are in the beginning part of a function, - ;; before the open brace. If so, advance forward. - (while (not (looking-at "{\\|\\(\\s *$\\)")) - (forward-line 1)) - (or (eobp) - (forward-char 1)) - (beginning-of-defun) - (if (progn (end-of-defun) - (< location (point))) - (progn - (backward-sexp 1) - (let (beg tem) - - (forward-line -1) - ;; Skip back over typedefs of arglist. - (while (and (not (bobp)) - (looking-at "[ \t\n]")) - (forward-line -1)) - ;; See if this is using the DEFUN macro used in Emacs, - ;; or the DEFUN macro used by the C library. - (if (condition-case nil - (and (save-excursion - (end-of-line) - (while (= (preceding-char) ?\\) - (end-of-line 2)) - (backward-sexp 1) - (beginning-of-line) - (setq tem (point)) - (looking-at "DEFUN\\b")) - (>= location tem)) - (error nil)) - (progn - (goto-char tem) - (down-list 1) - (if (= (char-after (point)) ?\") - (progn - (forward-sexp 1) - (skip-chars-forward " ,"))) - (buffer-substring (point) - (progn (forward-sexp 1) (point)))) - (if (looking-at "^[+-]") - (get-method-definition) - ;; Ordinary C function syntax. - (setq beg (point)) - (if (and (condition-case nil - ;; Protect against "Unbalanced parens" error. - (progn - (down-list 1) ; into arglist - (backward-up-list 1) - (skip-chars-backward " \t") - t) - (error nil)) - ;; Verify initial pos was after - ;; real start of function. - (save-excursion - (goto-char beg) - ;; For this purpose, include the line - ;; that has the decl keywords. This - ;; may also include some of the - ;; comments before the function. - (while (and (not (bobp)) - (save-excursion - (forward-line -1) - (looking-at "[^\n\f]"))) - (forward-line -1)) - (>= location (point))) - ;; Consistency check: going down and up - ;; shouldn't take us back before BEG. - (> (point) beg)) - (let (end middle) - ;; Don't include any final newline - ;; in the name we use. - (if (= (preceding-char) ?\n) - (forward-char -1)) - (setq end (point)) - (backward-sexp 1) - ;; Now find the right beginning of the name. - ;; Include certain keywords if they - ;; precede the name. - (setq middle (point)) - (forward-word -1) - ;; Ignore these subparts of a class decl - ;; and move back to the class name itself. - (while (looking-at "public \\|private ") - (skip-chars-backward " \t:") - (setq end (point)) - (backward-sexp 1) - (setq middle (point)) - (forward-word -1)) - (and (bolp) - (looking-at "struct \\|union \\|class ") - (setq middle (point))) - (buffer-substring middle end))))))))) - ((memq major-mode - '(TeX-mode plain-TeX-mode LaTeX-mode;; tex-mode.el - plain-tex-mode latex-mode;; cmutex.el - )) - (if (re-search-backward - "\\\\\\(sub\\)*\\(section\\|paragraph\\|chapter\\)" nil t) - (progn - (goto-char (match-beginning 0)) - (buffer-substring (1+ (point));; without initial backslash - (progn - (end-of-line) - (point)))))) - ((eq major-mode 'texinfo-mode) - (if (re-search-backward "^@node[ \t]+\\([^,\n]+\\)" nil t) - (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) - (match-end 1)))) - ((eq major-mode 'perl-mode) - (if (re-search-backward "^sub[ \t]+\\([^ \t\n]+\\)" nil t) - (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) - (match-end 1)))) - ((eq major-mode 'fortran-mode) - ;; must be inside function body for this to work - (beginning-of-fortran-subprogram) - (let ((case-fold-search t)) ; case-insensitive - ;; search for fortran subprogram start - (if (re-search-forward - "^[ \t]*\\(program\\|subroutine\\|function\ -\\|[ \ta-z0-9*]*[ \t]+function\\)" - nil t) - (progn - ;; move to EOL or before first left paren - (if (re-search-forward "[(\n]" nil t) - (progn (forward-char -1) - (skip-chars-backward " \t")) - (end-of-line)) - ;; Use the name preceding that. - (buffer-substring (point) - (progn (forward-sexp -1) - (point))))))) - (t - ;; If all else fails, try heuristics - (let (case-fold-search) - (end-of-line) - (if (re-search-backward add-log-current-defun-header-regexp - (- (point) 10000) - t) - (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) - (match-end 1)))))))) - (error nil))) - -(defvar get-method-definition-md) - -;; Subroutine used within get-method-definition. -;; Add the last match in the buffer to the end of `md', -;; followed by the string END; move to the end of that match. -(defun get-method-definition-1 (end) - (setq get-method-definition-md - (concat get-method-definition-md - (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1)) - end)) - (goto-char (match-end 0))) - -;; For objective C, return the method name if we are in a method. -(defun get-method-definition () - (let ((get-method-definition-md "[")) - (save-excursion - (if (re-search-backward "^@implementation\\s-*\\([A-Za-z_]*\\)" nil t) - (get-method-definition-1 " "))) - (save-excursion - (cond - ((re-search-forward "^\\([-+]\\)[ \t\n\f\r]*\\(([^)]*)\\)?\\s-*" nil t) - (get-method-definition-1 "") - (while (not (looking-at "[{;]")) - (looking-at - "\\([A-Za-z_]*:?\\)\\s-*\\(([^)]*)\\)?[A-Za-z_]*[ \t\n\f\r]*") - (get-method-definition-1 "")) - (concat get-method-definition-md "]")))))) - - -(provide 'add-log) - -;;; add-log.el ends here diff --git a/contrib/binutils/etc/add-log.vi b/contrib/binutils/etc/add-log.vi deleted file mode 100644 index efb8c77..0000000 --- a/contrib/binutils/etc/add-log.vi +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11 +0,0 @@ -Here is a vi macro to create entries in the recommended format for -GDB's ChangeLogs. - -map  1GO:r !date '+\%Y-\%m-\%d'2GA Jason Molenda (:r !whoamikJxA@:r !hostnameA)kJxkddjO * k$ - -It contains control and escape sequences, so don't just cut and paste it. -You'll need to change the "Jason Molenda" bit, of course. :-) Put this -in your $HOME/.exrc and when you type control-X in move-around-mode, -you'll have a changelog template inserted. - ---- Jason Molenda diff --git a/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.ein b/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.ein deleted file mode 100644 index 7a0e214..0000000 --- a/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.ein +++ /dev/null @@ -1,149 +0,0 @@ -%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 -%%Title: configbuild.fig -%%Creator: fig2dev Version 3.1 Patchlevel 1 -%%CreationDate: Fri Jun 12 20:13:16 1998 -%%For: ian@tito.cygnus.com (Ian Lance Taylor) -%%Orientation: Portrait -%%BoundingBox: 0 0 322 173 -%%Pages: 0 -%%BeginSetup -%%IncludeFeature: *PageSize Letter -%%EndSetup -%%EndComments -/$F2psDict 200 dict def -$F2psDict begin -$F2psDict /mtrx matrix put -/col-1 {} def -/col0 {0.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col1 {0.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def -/col2 {0.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col3 {0.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def -/col4 {1.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col5 {1.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def -/col6 {1.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col7 {1.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def -/col8 {0.000 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def -/col9 {0.000 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def -/col10 {0.000 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def -/col11 {0.530 0.810 1.000 srgb} bind def -/col12 {0.000 0.560 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col13 {0.000 0.690 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col14 {0.000 0.820 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col15 {0.000 0.560 0.560 srgb} bind def -/col16 {0.000 0.690 0.690 srgb} bind def -/col17 {0.000 0.820 0.820 srgb} bind def -/col18 {0.560 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col19 {0.690 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col20 {0.820 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col21 {0.560 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def -/col22 {0.690 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def -/col23 {0.820 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def -/col24 {0.500 0.190 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col25 {0.630 0.250 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col26 {0.750 0.380 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col27 {1.000 0.500 0.500 srgb} bind def -/col28 {1.000 0.630 0.630 srgb} bind def -/col29 {1.000 0.750 0.750 srgb} bind def -/col30 {1.000 0.880 0.880 srgb} bind def -/col31 {1.000 0.840 0.000 srgb} bind def - -end -save --62.0 226.0 translate -1 -1 scale - -/clp {closepath} bind def -/ef {eofill} bind def -/gr {grestore} bind def -/gs {gsave} bind def -/l {lineto} bind def -/m {moveto} bind def -/n {newpath} bind def -/s {stroke} bind def -/slc {setlinecap} bind def -/slj {setlinejoin} bind def -/slw {setlinewidth} bind def -/srgb {setrgbcolor} bind def -/rot {rotate} bind def -/sc {scale} bind def -/tr {translate} bind def -/tnt {dup dup currentrgbcolor - 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add - 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add - 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add srgb} - bind def -/shd {dup dup currentrgbcolor 4 -2 roll mul 4 -2 roll mul - 4 -2 roll mul srgb} bind def -/$F2psBegin {$F2psDict begin /$F2psEnteredState save def} def -/$F2psEnd {$F2psEnteredState restore end} def -%%EndProlog - -$F2psBegin -10 setmiterlimit - 0.06000 0.06000 sc -7.500 slw -% Polyline -n 1050 900 m 2100 900 l 2100 1425 l 1050 1425 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 1500 1425 m 1500 2100 l gs col-1 s gr -n 1530.00 1980.00 m 1500.00 2100.00 l 1470.00 1980.00 l 1500.50 1980.50 l 1530.00 1980.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 1500 2625 m 1500 3300 l gs col-1 s gr -n 1530.00 3180.00 m 1500.00 3300.00 l 1470.00 3180.00 l 1500.50 3180.50 l 1530.00 3180.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 2925 900 m 3825 900 l 3825 1425 l 2925 1425 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 1155 2100 m 1050 2100 1050 2520 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 1050 2625 2220 2625 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 2325 2625 2325 2205 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 2325 2100 1155 2100 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 2850 2100 m 4125 2100 l 4125 2625 l 2850 2625 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 3375 1425 m 3375 2100 l gs col-1 s gr -n 3405.00 1980.00 m 3375.00 2100.00 l 3345.00 1980.00 l 3375.50 1980.50 l 3405.00 1980.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 5100 900 m 6300 900 l 6300 1350 l 5100 1350 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 5625 1350 m 5625 2100 l gs col-1 s gr -n 5655.00 1980.00 m 5625.00 2100.00 l 5595.00 1980.00 l 5625.50 1980.50 l 5655.00 1980.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 5205 2100 m 5100 2100 5100 2520 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 5100 2625 6270 2625 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6375 2625 6375 2205 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6375 2100 5205 2100 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 5625 2625 m 5625 3300 l gs col-1 s gr -n 5655.00 3180.00 m 5625.00 3300.00 l 5595.00 3180.00 l 5625.50 3180.50 l 5655.00 3180.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 5100 3300 m 6225 3300 l 6225 3750 l 5100 3750 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline - [1 50.0] 50.000000 setdash -n 2850 2400 m 2325 2400 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash -n 2445.00 2430.00 m 2325.00 2400.00 l 2445.00 2370.00 l 2445.50 2400.50 l 2445.00 2430.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline - [1 50.0] 50.000000 setdash -n 4125 2400 m 5100 2400 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash -n 4980.00 2370.00 m 5100.00 2400.00 l 4980.00 2430.00 l 4980.50 2400.50 l 4980.00 2370.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 1050 3300 m 1950 3300 l 1950 3750 l 1050 3750 l clp gs col-1 s gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -1200 1200 m -gs 1 -1 sc (config.in) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -3000 1200 m -gs 1 -1 sc (configure) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -3000 2400 m -gs 1 -1 sc (config.status) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -1200 2400 m -gs 1 -1 sc (config.status) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -1200 3600 m -gs 1 -1 sc (config.h) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -5250 1200 m -gs 1 -1 sc (Makefile.in) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -5250 2400 m -gs 1 -1 sc (config.status) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -5250 3600 m -gs 1 -1 sc (Makefile) col-1 show gr -$F2psEnd -restore diff --git a/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.fig b/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.fig deleted file mode 100644 index 747592d..0000000 --- a/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.fig +++ /dev/null @@ -1,50 +0,0 @@ -#FIG 3.1 -Portrait -Center -Inches -1200 2 -2 2 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 5 - 1050 900 2100 900 2100 1425 1050 1425 1050 900 -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 - 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 - 1500 1425 1500 2100 -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 - 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 - 1500 2625 1500 3300 -2 2 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 5 - 2925 900 3825 900 3825 1425 2925 1425 2925 900 -2 4 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 - 2325 2625 2325 2100 1050 2100 1050 2625 2325 2625 -2 2 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 5 - 2850 2100 4125 2100 4125 2625 2850 2625 2850 2100 -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 - 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 - 3375 1425 3375 2100 -2 2 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 5 - 5100 900 6300 900 6300 1350 5100 1350 5100 900 -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 - 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 - 5625 1350 5625 2100 -2 4 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 - 6375 2625 6375 2100 5100 2100 5100 2625 6375 2625 -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 - 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 - 5625 2625 5625 3300 -2 2 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 5 - 5100 3300 6225 3300 6225 3750 5100 3750 5100 3300 -2 1 2 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 3.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 - 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 - 2850 2400 2325 2400 -2 1 2 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 3.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 - 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 - 4125 2400 5100 2400 -2 2 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 5 - 1050 3300 1950 3300 1950 3750 1050 3750 1050 3300 -4 0 -1 0 0 0 12 0.0000000 4 180 645 1200 1200 config.in\001 -4 0 -1 0 0 0 12 0.0000000 4 180 705 3000 1200 configure\001 -4 0 -1 0 0 0 12 0.0000000 4 180 990 3000 2400 config.status\001 -4 0 -1 0 0 0 12 0.0000000 4 180 990 1200 2400 config.status\001 -4 0 -1 0 0 0 12 0.0000000 4 180 600 1200 3600 config.h\001 -4 0 -1 0 0 0 12 0.0000000 4 135 855 5250 1200 Makefile.in\001 -4 0 -1 0 0 0 12 0.0000000 4 180 990 5250 2400 config.status\001 -4 0 -1 0 0 0 12 0.0000000 4 135 675 5250 3600 Makefile\001 diff --git a/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.jin b/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.jin deleted file mode 100644 index 44cd939..0000000 Binary files a/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.jin and /dev/null differ diff --git a/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.tin b/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.tin deleted file mode 100644 index cfdd6fe..0000000 --- a/contrib/binutils/etc/configbuild.tin +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ - config.in *configure* Makefile.in - | | | - | v | - | config.status | - | | | - *config.status*<======+==========>*config.status* - | | - v v - config.h Makefile diff --git a/contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.ein b/contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.ein deleted file mode 100644 index 7f83785..0000000 --- a/contrib/binutils/etc/configdev.ein +++ /dev/null @@ -1,185 +0,0 @@ -%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 -%%Title: configdev.fig -%%Creator: fig2dev Version 3.1 Patchlevel 1 -%%CreationDate: Mon Jun 15 17:35:19 1998 -%%For: ian@tito.cygnus.com (Ian Lance Taylor) -%%Orientation: Portrait -%%BoundingBox: 0 0 344 317 -%%Pages: 0 -%%BeginSetup -%%IncludeFeature: *PageSize Letter -%%EndSetup -%%EndComments -/$F2psDict 200 dict def -$F2psDict begin -$F2psDict /mtrx matrix put -/col-1 {} def -/col0 {0.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col1 {0.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def -/col2 {0.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col3 {0.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def -/col4 {1.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col5 {1.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def -/col6 {1.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col7 {1.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def -/col8 {0.000 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def -/col9 {0.000 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def -/col10 {0.000 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def -/col11 {0.530 0.810 1.000 srgb} bind def -/col12 {0.000 0.560 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col13 {0.000 0.690 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col14 {0.000 0.820 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col15 {0.000 0.560 0.560 srgb} bind def -/col16 {0.000 0.690 0.690 srgb} bind def -/col17 {0.000 0.820 0.820 srgb} bind def -/col18 {0.560 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col19 {0.690 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col20 {0.820 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col21 {0.560 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def -/col22 {0.690 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def -/col23 {0.820 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def -/col24 {0.500 0.190 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col25 {0.630 0.250 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col26 {0.750 0.380 0.000 srgb} bind def -/col27 {1.000 0.500 0.500 srgb} bind def -/col28 {1.000 0.630 0.630 srgb} bind def -/col29 {1.000 0.750 0.750 srgb} bind def -/col30 {1.000 0.880 0.880 srgb} bind def -/col31 {1.000 0.840 0.000 srgb} bind def - -end -save --62.0 370.0 translate -1 -1 scale - -/clp {closepath} bind def -/ef {eofill} bind def -/gr {grestore} bind def -/gs {gsave} bind def -/l {lineto} bind def -/m {moveto} bind def -/n {newpath} bind def -/s {stroke} bind def -/slc {setlinecap} bind def -/slj {setlinejoin} bind def -/slw {setlinewidth} bind def -/srgb {setrgbcolor} bind def -/rot {rotate} bind def -/sc {scale} bind def -/tr {translate} bind def -/tnt {dup dup currentrgbcolor - 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add - 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add - 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add srgb} - bind def -/shd {dup dup currentrgbcolor 4 -2 roll mul 4 -2 roll mul - 4 -2 roll mul srgb} bind def -/$F2psBegin {$F2psDict begin /$F2psEnteredState save def} def -/$F2psEnd {$F2psEnteredState restore end} def -%%EndProlog - -$F2psBegin -10 setmiterlimit - 0.06000 0.06000 sc -7.500 slw -% Polyline -n 1050 900 m 2100 900 l 2100 1425 l 1050 1425 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 2925 900 m 3975 900 l 3975 1425 l 2925 1425 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 5550 900 m 6750 900 l 6750 1350 l 5550 1350 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 3750 1800 m 5025 1800 l 5025 2250 l 3750 2250 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 1155 2100 m 1050 2100 1050 2520 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 1050 2625 2070 2625 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 2175 2625 2175 2205 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 2175 2100 1155 2100 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 5550 3300 m 6675 3300 l 6675 3750 l 5550 3750 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 5655 2100 m 5550 2100 5550 2520 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 5550 2625 6495 2625 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6600 2625 6600 2205 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6600 2100 5655 2100 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 3750 3600 m 4875 3600 l 4875 4050 l 3750 4050 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 3855 2700 m 3750 2700 3750 3045 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3750 3150 4545 3150 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 4650 3150 4650 2805 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 4650 2700 3855 2700 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 2850 5700 m 3750 5700 l 3750 6150 l 2850 6150 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 3030 4800 m 2925 4800 2925 5145 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 2925 5250 3645 5250 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3750 5250 3750 4905 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3750 4800 3030 4800 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 1500 1425 m 1500 2100 l gs col-1 s gr -n 1530.00 1980.00 m 1500.00 2100.00 l 1470.00 1980.00 l 1500.50 1980.50 l 1530.00 1980.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 3300 1425 m 3300 4800 l gs col-1 s gr -n 3330.00 4680.00 m 3300.00 4800.00 l 3270.00 4680.00 l 3300.50 4680.50 l 3330.00 4680.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 3300 1575 m 1875 1575 l 1875 2100 l gs col-1 s gr -n 1905.00 1980.00 m 1875.00 2100.00 l 1845.00 1980.00 l 1875.50 1980.50 l 1905.00 1980.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 3300 1575 m 5700 1575 l 5700 2100 l gs col-1 s gr -n 5730.00 1980.00 m 5700.00 2100.00 l 5670.00 1980.00 l 5700.50 1980.50 l 5730.00 1980.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 6225 1350 m 6225 2100 l gs col-1 s gr -n 6255.00 1980.00 m 6225.00 2100.00 l 6195.00 1980.00 l 6225.50 1980.50 l 6255.00 1980.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 6075 2625 m 6075 3300 l gs col-1 s gr -n 6105.00 3180.00 m 6075.00 3300.00 l 6045.00 3180.00 l 6075.50 3180.50 l 6105.00 3180.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 4200 2250 m 4200 2700 l gs col-1 s gr -n 4230.00 2580.00 m 4200.00 2700.00 l 4170.00 2580.00 l 4200.50 2580.50 l 4230.00 2580.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 4200 3150 m 4200 3600 l gs col-1 s gr -n 4230.00 3480.00 m 4200.00 3600.00 l 4170.00 3480.00 l 4200.50 3480.50 l 4230.00 3480.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 4200 4050 m 4200 4500 l 3675 4500 l 3675 4800 l gs col-1 s gr -n 3705.00 4680.00 m 3675.00 4800.00 l 3645.00 4680.00 l 3675.50 4680.50 l 3705.00 4680.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 3375 5250 m 3375 5700 l gs col-1 s gr -n 3405.00 5580.00 m 3375.00 5700.00 l 3345.00 5580.00 l 3375.50 5580.50 l 3405.00 5580.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 3300 2925 m 3750 2925 l gs col-1 s gr -n 3630.00 2895.00 m 3750.00 2925.00 l 3630.00 2955.00 l 3630.50 2925.50 l 3630.00 2895.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 1500 2625 m 1500 3300 l gs col-1 s gr -n 1530.00 3180.00 m 1500.00 3300.00 l 1470.00 3180.00 l 1500.50 3180.50 l 1530.00 3180.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 1050 3300 m 2100 3300 l 2100 3750 l 1050 3750 l clp gs col-1 s gr -% Polyline -n 4875 3825 m 5250 3825 l 5250 2400 l 5550 2400 l gs col-1 s gr -n 5430.00 2370.00 m 5550.00 2400.00 l 5430.00 2430.00 l 5430.50 2400.50 l 5430.00 2370.00 l clp gs 0.00 setgray ef gr gs col-1 s gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -1200 1200 m -gs 1 -1 sc (acconfig.h) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -3000 1200 m -gs 1 -1 sc (configure.in) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -5700 1200 m -gs 1 -1 sc (Makefile.am) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -3900 2100 m -gs 1 -1 sc (acinclude.m4) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -1200 2400 m -gs 1 -1 sc (autoheader) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -1200 3600 m -gs 1 -1 sc (config.in) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -5700 3600 m -gs 1 -1 sc (Makefile.in) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -5700 2400 m -gs 1 -1 sc (automake) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -3900 3900 m -gs 1 -1 sc (aclocal.m4) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -3900 3000 m -gs 1 -1 sc (aclocal) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -3000 6000 m -gs 1 -1 sc (configure) col-1 show gr -/Times-Roman findfont 180.00 scalefont setfont -3000 5100 m -gs 1 -1 sc (autoconf) col-1 show gr -$F2psEnd -restore diff --git 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(This is never a problem with GNU -@code{make}.) - -Different @code{make} programs have incompatible suffix lists and -implicit rules, and this sometimes creates confusion or misbehavior. So -it is a good idea to set the suffix list explicitly using only the -suffixes you need in the particular Makefile, like this: - -@example -.SUFFIXES: -.SUFFIXES: .c .o -@end example - -@noindent -The first line clears out the suffix list, the second introduces all -suffixes which may be subject to implicit rules in this Makefile. - -Don't assume that @file{.} is in the path for command execution. When -you need to run programs that are a part of your package during the -make, please make sure that it uses @file{./} if the program is built as -part of the make or @file{$(srcdir)/} if the file is an unchanging part -of the source code. Without one of these prefixes, the current search -path is used. - -The distinction between @file{./} (the @dfn{build directory}) and -@file{$(srcdir)/} (the @dfn{source directory}) is important because -users can build in a separate directory using the @samp{--srcdir} option -to @file{configure}. A rule of the form: - -@smallexample -foo.1 : foo.man sedscript - sed -e sedscript foo.man > foo.1 -@end smallexample - -@noindent -will fail when the build directory is not the source directory, because -@file{foo.man} and @file{sedscript} are in the the source directory. - -When using GNU @code{make}, relying on @samp{VPATH} to find the source -file will work in the case where there is a single dependency file, -since the @code{make} automatic variable @samp{$<} will represent the -source file wherever it is. (Many versions of @code{make} set @samp{$<} -only in implicit rules.) A Makefile target like - -@smallexample -foo.o : bar.c - $(CC) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(CFLAGS) -c bar.c -o foo.o -@end smallexample - -@noindent -should instead be written as - -@smallexample -foo.o : bar.c - $(CC) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@@ -@end smallexample - -@noindent -in order to allow @samp{VPATH} to work correctly. When the target has -multiple dependencies, using an explicit @samp{$(srcdir)} is the easiest -way to make the rule work well. For example, the target above for -@file{foo.1} is best written as: - -@smallexample -foo.1 : foo.man sedscript - sed -e $(srcdir)/sedscript $(srcdir)/foo.man > $@@ -@end smallexample - -GNU distributions usually contain some files which are not source -files---for example, Info files, and the output from Autoconf, Automake, -Bison or Flex. Since these files normally appear in the source -directory, they should always appear in the source directory, not in the -build directory. So Makefile rules to update them should put the -updated files in the source directory. - -However, if a file does not appear in the distribution, then the -Makefile should not put it in the source directory, because building a -program in ordinary circumstances should not modify the source directory -in any way. - -Try to make the build and installation targets, at least (and all their -subtargets) work correctly with a parallel @code{make}. - -@node Utilities in Makefiles -@section Utilities in Makefiles - -Write the Makefile commands (and any shell scripts, such as -@code{configure}) to run in @code{sh}, not in @code{csh}. Don't use any -special features of @code{ksh} or @code{bash}. - -The @code{configure} script and the Makefile rules for building and -installation should not use any utilities directly except these: - -@c dd find -@c gunzip gzip md5sum -@c mkfifo mknod tee uname - -@example -cat cmp cp diff echo egrep expr false grep install-info -ln ls mkdir mv pwd rm rmdir sed sleep sort tar test touch true -@end example - -The compression program @code{gzip} can be used in the @code{dist} rule. - -Stick to the generally supported options for these programs. For -example, don't use @samp{mkdir -p}, convenient as it may be, because -most systems don't support it. - -It is a good idea to avoid creating symbolic links in makefiles, since a -few systems don't support them. - -The Makefile rules for building and installation can also use compilers -and related programs, but should do so via @code{make} variables so that the -user can substitute alternatives. Here are some of the programs we -mean: - -@example -ar bison cc flex install ld ldconfig lex -make makeinfo ranlib texi2dvi yacc -@end example - -Use the following @code{make} variables to run those programs: - -@example -$(AR) $(BISON) $(CC) $(FLEX) $(INSTALL) $(LD) $(LDCONFIG) $(LEX) -$(MAKE) $(MAKEINFO) $(RANLIB) $(TEXI2DVI) $(YACC) -@end example - -When you use @code{ranlib} or @code{ldconfig}, you should make sure -nothing bad happens if the system does not have the program in question. -Arrange to ignore an error from that command, and print a message before -the command to tell the user that failure of this command does not mean -a problem. (The Autoconf @samp{AC_PROG_RANLIB} macro can help with -this.) - -If you use symbolic links, you should implement a fallback for systems -that don't have symbolic links. - -Additional utilities that can be used via Make variables are: - -@example -chgrp chmod chown mknod -@end example - -It is ok to use other utilities in Makefile portions (or scripts) -intended only for particular systems where you know those utilities -exist. - -@node Command Variables -@section Variables for Specifying Commands - -Makefiles should provide variables for overriding certain commands, options, -and so on. - -In particular, you should run most utility programs via variables. -Thus, if you use Bison, have a variable named @code{BISON} whose default -value is set with @samp{BISON = bison}, and refer to it with -@code{$(BISON)} whenever you need to use Bison. - -File management utilities such as @code{ln}, @code{rm}, @code{mv}, and -so on, need not be referred to through variables in this way, since users -don't need to replace them with other programs. - -Each program-name variable should come with an options variable that is -used to supply options to the program. Append @samp{FLAGS} to the -program-name variable name to get the options variable name---for -example, @code{BISONFLAGS}. (The names @code{CFLAGS} for the C -compiler, @code{YFLAGS} for yacc, and @code{LFLAGS} for lex, are -exceptions to this rule, but we keep them because they are standard.) -Use @code{CPPFLAGS} in any compilation command that runs the -preprocessor, and use @code{LDFLAGS} in any compilation command that -does linking as well as in any direct use of @code{ld}. - -If there are C compiler options that @emph{must} be used for proper -compilation of certain files, do not include them in @code{CFLAGS}. -Users expect to be able to specify @code{CFLAGS} freely themselves. -Instead, arrange to pass the necessary options to the C compiler -independently of @code{CFLAGS}, by writing them explicitly in the -compilation commands or by defining an implicit rule, like this: - -@smallexample -CFLAGS = -g -ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS) -.c.o: - $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -@end smallexample - -Do include the @samp{-g} option in @code{CFLAGS}, because that is not -@emph{required} for proper compilation. You can consider it a default -that is only recommended. If the package is set up so that it is -compiled with GCC by default, then you might as well include @samp{-O} -in the default value of @code{CFLAGS} as well. - -Put @code{CFLAGS} last in the compilation command, after other variables -containing compiler options, so the user can use @code{CFLAGS} to -override the others. - -@code{CFLAGS} should be used in every invocation of the C compiler, -both those which do compilation and those which do linking. - -Every Makefile should define the variable @code{INSTALL}, which is the -basic command for installing a file into the system. - -Every Makefile should also define the variables @code{INSTALL_PROGRAM} -and @code{INSTALL_DATA}. (The default for each of these should be -@code{$(INSTALL)}.) Then it should use those variables as the commands -for actual installation, for executables and nonexecutables -respectively. Use these variables as follows: - -@example -$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(bindir)/foo -$(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(libdir)/libfoo.a -@end example - -Optionally, you may prepend the value of @code{DESTDIR} to the target -filename. Doing this allows the installer to create a snapshot of the -installation to be copied onto the real target filesystem later. Do not -set the value of @code{DESTDIR} in your Makefile, and do not include it -in any installed files. With support for @code{DESTDIR}, the above -examples become: - -@example -$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/foo -$(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/libfoo.a -@end example - -@noindent -Always use a file name, not a directory name, as the second argument of -the installation commands. Use a separate command for each file to be -installed. - -@node Directory Variables -@section Variables for Installation Directories - -Installation directories should always be named by variables, so it is -easy to install in a nonstandard place. The standard names for these -variables are described below. They are based on a standard filesystem -layout; variants of it are used in SVR4, 4.4BSD, Linux, Ultrix v4, and -other modern operating systems. - -These two variables set the root for the installation. All the other -installation directories should be subdirectories of one of these two, -and nothing should be directly installed into these two directories. - -@table @samp -@item prefix -A prefix used in constructing the default values of the variables listed -below. The default value of @code{prefix} should be @file{/usr/local}. -When building the complete GNU system, the prefix will be empty and -@file{/usr} will be a symbolic link to @file{/}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@prefix@@}.) - -Running @samp{make install} with a different value of @code{prefix} -from the one used to build the program should @var{not} recompile -the program. - -@item exec_prefix -A prefix used in constructing the default values of some of the -variables listed below. The default value of @code{exec_prefix} should -be @code{$(prefix)}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@exec_prefix@@}.) - -Generally, @code{$(exec_prefix)} is used for directories that contain -machine-specific files (such as executables and subroutine libraries), -while @code{$(prefix)} is used directly for other directories. - -Running @samp{make install} with a different value of @code{exec_prefix} -from the one used to build the program should @var{not} recompile the -program. -@end table - -Executable programs are installed in one of the following directories. - -@table @samp -@item bindir -The directory for installing executable programs that users can run. -This should normally be @file{/usr/local/bin}, but write it as -@file{$(exec_prefix)/bin}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@bindir@@}.) - -@item sbindir -The directory for installing executable programs that can be run from -the shell, but are only generally useful to system administrators. This -should normally be @file{/usr/local/sbin}, but write it as -@file{$(exec_prefix)/sbin}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@sbindir@@}.) - -@item libexecdir -@comment This paragraph adjusted to avoid overfull hbox --roland 5jul94 -The directory for installing executable programs to be run by other -programs rather than by users. This directory should normally be -@file{/usr/local/libexec}, but write it as @file{$(exec_prefix)/libexec}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@libexecdir@@}.) -@end table - -Data files used by the program during its execution are divided into -categories in two ways. - -@itemize @bullet -@item -Some files are normally modified by programs; others are never normally -modified (though users may edit some of these). - -@item -Some files are architecture-independent and can be shared by all -machines at a site; some are architecture-dependent and can be shared -only by machines of the same kind and operating system; others may never -be shared between two machines. -@end itemize - -This makes for six different possibilities. However, we want to -discourage the use of architecture-dependent files, aside from object -files and libraries. It is much cleaner to make other data files -architecture-independent, and it is generally not hard. - -Therefore, here are the variables Makefiles should use to specify -directories: - -@table @samp -@item datadir -The directory for installing read-only architecture independent data -files. This should normally be @file{/usr/local/share}, but write it as -@file{$(prefix)/share}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@datadir@@}.) -As a special exception, see @file{$(infodir)} -and @file{$(includedir)} below. - -@item sysconfdir -The directory for installing read-only data files that pertain to a -single machine--that is to say, files for configuring a host. Mailer -and network configuration files, @file{/etc/passwd}, and so forth belong -here. All the files in this directory should be ordinary ASCII text -files. This directory should normally be @file{/usr/local/etc}, but -write it as @file{$(prefix)/etc}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@sysconfdir@@}.) - -Do not install executables here in this directory (they probably belong -in @file{$(libexecdir)} or @file{$(sbindir)}). Also do not install -files that are modified in the normal course of their use (programs -whose purpose is to change the configuration of the system excluded). -Those probably belong in @file{$(localstatedir)}. - -@item sharedstatedir -The directory for installing architecture-independent data files which -the programs modify while they run. This should normally be -@file{/usr/local/com}, but write it as @file{$(prefix)/com}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@sharedstatedir@@}.) - -@item localstatedir -The directory for installing data files which the programs modify while -they run, and that pertain to one specific machine. Users should never -need to modify files in this directory to configure the package's -operation; put such configuration information in separate files that go -in @file{$(datadir)} or @file{$(sysconfdir)}. @file{$(localstatedir)} -should normally be @file{/usr/local/var}, but write it as -@file{$(prefix)/var}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@localstatedir@@}.) - -@item libdir -The directory for object files and libraries of object code. Do not -install executables here, they probably ought to go in @file{$(libexecdir)} -instead. The value of @code{libdir} should normally be -@file{/usr/local/lib}, but write it as @file{$(exec_prefix)/lib}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@libdir@@}.) - -@item infodir -The directory for installing the Info files for this package. By -default, it should be @file{/usr/local/info}, but it should be written -as @file{$(prefix)/info}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@infodir@@}.) - -@item lispdir -The directory for installing any Emacs Lisp files in this package. By -default, it should be @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp}, but it -should be written as @file{$(prefix)/share/emacs/site-lisp}. - -If you are using Autoconf, write the default as @samp{@@lispdir@@}. -In order to make @samp{@@lispdir@@} work, you need the following lines -in your @file{configure.in} file: - -@example -lispdir='$@{datadir@}/emacs/site-lisp' -AC_SUBST(lispdir) -@end example - -@item includedir -@c rewritten to avoid overfull hbox --roland -The directory for installing header files to be included by user -programs with the C @samp{#include} preprocessor directive. This -should normally be @file{/usr/local/include}, but write it as -@file{$(prefix)/include}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@includedir@@}.) - -Most compilers other than GCC do not look for header files in directory -@file{/usr/local/include}. So installing the header files this way is -only useful with GCC. Sometimes this is not a problem because some -libraries are only really intended to work with GCC. But some libraries -are intended to work with other compilers. They should install their -header files in two places, one specified by @code{includedir} and one -specified by @code{oldincludedir}. - -@item oldincludedir -The directory for installing @samp{#include} header files for use with -compilers other than GCC. This should normally be @file{/usr/include}. -(If you are using Autoconf, you can write it as @samp{@@oldincludedir@@}.) - -The Makefile commands should check whether the value of -@code{oldincludedir} is empty. If it is, they should not try to use -it; they should cancel the second installation of the header files. - -A package should not replace an existing header in this directory unless -the header came from the same package. Thus, if your Foo package -provides a header file @file{foo.h}, then it should install the header -file in the @code{oldincludedir} directory if either (1) there is no -@file{foo.h} there or (2) the @file{foo.h} that exists came from the Foo -package. - -To tell whether @file{foo.h} came from the Foo package, put a magic -string in the file---part of a comment---and @code{grep} for that string. -@end table - -Unix-style man pages are installed in one of the following: - -@table @samp -@item mandir -The top-level directory for installing the man pages (if any) for this -package. It will normally be @file{/usr/local/man}, but you should -write it as @file{$(prefix)/man}. -(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@mandir@@}.) - -@item man1dir -The directory for installing section 1 man pages. Write it as -@file{$(mandir)/man1}. -@item man2dir -The directory for installing section 2 man pages. Write it as -@file{$(mandir)/man2} -@item @dots{} - -@strong{Don't make the primary documentation for any GNU software be a -man page. Write a manual in Texinfo instead. Man pages are just for -the sake of people running GNU software on Unix, which is a secondary -application only.} - -@item manext -The file name extension for the installed man page. This should contain -a period followed by the appropriate digit; it should normally be @samp{.1}. - -@item man1ext -The file name extension for installed section 1 man pages. -@item man2ext -The file name extension for installed section 2 man pages. -@item @dots{} -Use these names instead of @samp{manext} if the package needs to install man -pages in more than one section of the manual. -@end table - -And finally, you should set the following variable: - -@table @samp -@item srcdir -The directory for the sources being compiled. The value of this -variable is normally inserted by the @code{configure} shell script. -(If you are using Autconf, use @samp{srcdir = @@srcdir@@}.) -@end table - -For example: - -@smallexample -@c I have changed some of the comments here slightly to fix an overfull -@c hbox, so the make manual can format correctly. --roland -# Common prefix for installation directories. -# NOTE: This directory must exist when you start the install. -prefix = /usr/local -exec_prefix = $(prefix) -# Where to put the executable for the command `gcc'. -bindir = $(exec_prefix)/bin -# Where to put the directories used by the compiler. -libexecdir = $(exec_prefix)/libexec -# Where to put the Info files. -infodir = $(prefix)/info -@end smallexample - -If your program installs a large number of files into one of the -standard user-specified directories, it might be useful to group them -into a subdirectory particular to that program. If you do this, you -should write the @code{install} rule to create these subdirectories. - -Do not expect the user to include the subdirectory name in the value of -any of the variables listed above. The idea of having a uniform set of -variable names for installation directories is to enable the user to -specify the exact same values for several different GNU packages. In -order for this to be useful, all the packages must be designed so that -they will work sensibly when the user does so. - -@node Standard Targets -@section Standard Targets for Users - -All GNU programs should have the following targets in their Makefiles: - -@table @samp -@item all -Compile the entire program. This should be the default target. This -target need not rebuild any documentation files; Info files should -normally be included in the distribution, and DVI files should be made -only when explicitly asked for. - -By default, the Make rules should compile and link with @samp{-g}, so -that executable programs have debugging symbols. Users who don't mind -being helpless can strip the executables later if they wish. - -@item install -Compile the program and copy the executables, libraries, and so on to -the file names where they should reside for actual use. If there is a -simple test to verify that a program is properly installed, this target -should run that test. - -Do not strip executables when installing them. Devil-may-care users can -use the @code{install-strip} target to do that. - -If possible, write the @code{install} target rule so that it does not -modify anything in the directory where the program was built, provided -@samp{make all} has just been done. This is convenient for building the -program under one user name and installing it under another. - -The commands should create all the directories in which files are to be -installed, if they don't already exist. This includes the directories -specified as the values of the variables @code{prefix} and -@code{exec_prefix}, as well as all subdirectories that are needed. -One way to do this is by means of an @code{installdirs} target -as described below. - -Use @samp{-} before any command for installing a man page, so that -@code{make} will ignore any errors. This is in case there are systems -that don't have the Unix man page documentation system installed. - -The way to install Info files is to copy them into @file{$(infodir)} -with @code{$(INSTALL_DATA)} (@pxref{Command Variables}), and then run -the @code{install-info} program if it is present. @code{install-info} -is a program that edits the Info @file{dir} file to add or update the -menu entry for the given Info file; it is part of the Texinfo package. -Here is a sample rule to install an Info file: - -@comment This example has been carefully formatted for the Make manual. -@comment Please do not reformat it without talking to roland@gnu.ai.mit.edu. -@smallexample -$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info: foo.info - $(POST_INSTALL) -# There may be a newer info file in . than in srcdir. - -if test -f foo.info; then d=.; \ - else d=$(srcdir); fi; \ - $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/foo.info $(DESTDIR)$@@; \ -# Run install-info only if it exists. -# Use `if' instead of just prepending `-' to the -# line so we notice real errors from install-info. -# We use `$(SHELL) -c' because some shells do not -# fail gracefully when there is an unknown command. - if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' \ - >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ - install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir \ - $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info; \ - else true; fi -@end smallexample - -When writing the @code{install} target, you must classify all the -commands into three categories: normal ones, @dfn{pre-installation} -commands and @dfn{post-installation} commands. @xref{Install Command -Categories}. - -@item uninstall -Delete all the installed files---the copies that the @samp{install} -target creates. - -This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is done, -only the directories where files are installed. - -The uninstallation commands are divided into three categories, just like -the installation commands. @xref{Install Command Categories}. - -@item install-strip -Like @code{install}, but strip the executable files while installing -them. In many cases, the definition of this target can be very simple: - -@smallexample -install-strip: - $(MAKE) INSTALL_PROGRAM='$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) -s' \ - install -@end smallexample - -Normally we do not recommend stripping an executable unless you are sure -the program has no bugs. However, it can be reasonable to install a -stripped executable for actual execution while saving the unstripped -executable elsewhere in case there is a bug. - -@comment The gratuitous blank line here is to make the table look better -@comment in the printed Make manual. Please leave it in. -@item clean - -Delete all files from the current directory that are normally created by -building the program. Don't delete the files that record the -configuration. Also preserve files that could be made by building, but -normally aren't because the distribution comes with them. - -Delete @file{.dvi} files here if they are not part of the distribution. - -@item distclean -Delete all files from the current directory that are created by -configuring or building the program. If you have unpacked the source -and built the program without creating any other files, @samp{make -distclean} should leave only the files that were in the distribution. - -@item mostlyclean -Like @samp{clean}, but may refrain from deleting a few files that people -normally don't want to recompile. For example, the @samp{mostlyclean} -target for GCC does not delete @file{libgcc.a}, because recompiling it -is rarely necessary and takes a lot of time. - -@item maintainer-clean -Delete almost everything from the current directory that can be -reconstructed with this Makefile. This typically includes everything -deleted by @code{distclean}, plus more: C source files produced by -Bison, tags tables, Info files, and so on. - -The reason we say ``almost everything'' is that running the command -@samp{make maintainer-clean} should not delete @file{configure} even if -@file{configure} can be remade using a rule in the Makefile. More generally, -@samp{make maintainer-clean} should not delete anything that needs to -exist in order to run @file{configure} and then begin to build the -program. This is the only exception; @code{maintainer-clean} should -delete everything else that can be rebuilt. - -The @samp{maintainer-clean} target is intended to be used by a maintainer of -the package, not by ordinary users. You may need special tools to -reconstruct some of the files that @samp{make maintainer-clean} deletes. -Since these files are normally included in the distribution, we don't -take care to make them easy to reconstruct. If you find you need to -unpack the full distribution again, don't blame us. - -To help make users aware of this, the commands for the special -@code{maintainer-clean} target should start with these two: - -@smallexample -@@echo 'This command is intended for maintainers to use; it' -@@echo 'deletes files that may need special tools to rebuild.' -@end smallexample - -@item TAGS -Update a tags table for this program. -@c ADR: how? - -@item info -Generate any Info files needed. The best way to write the rules is as -follows: - -@smallexample -info: foo.info - -foo.info: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi - $(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/foo.texi -@end smallexample - -@noindent -You must define the variable @code{MAKEINFO} in the Makefile. It should -run the @code{makeinfo} program, which is part of the Texinfo -distribution. - -Normally a GNU distribution comes with Info files, and that means the -Info files are present in the source directory. Therefore, the Make -rule for an info file should update it in the source directory. When -users build the package, ordinarily Make will not update the Info files -because they will already be up to date. - -@item dvi -Generate DVI files for all Texinfo documentation. -For example: - -@smallexample -dvi: foo.dvi - -foo.dvi: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi - $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/foo.texi -@end smallexample - -@noindent -You must define the variable @code{TEXI2DVI} in the Makefile. It should -run the program @code{texi2dvi}, which is part of the Texinfo -distribution.@footnote{@code{texi2dvi} uses @TeX{} to do the real work -of formatting. @TeX{} is not distributed with Texinfo.} Alternatively, -write just the dependencies, and allow GNU @code{make} to provide the command. - -@item dist -Create a distribution tar file for this program. The tar file should be -set up so that the file names in the tar file start with a subdirectory -name which is the name of the package it is a distribution for. This -name can include the version number. - -For example, the distribution tar file of GCC version 1.40 unpacks into -a subdirectory named @file{gcc-1.40}. - -The easiest way to do this is to create a subdirectory appropriately -named, use @code{ln} or @code{cp} to install the proper files in it, and -then @code{tar} that subdirectory. - -Compress the tar file file with @code{gzip}. For example, the actual -distribution file for GCC version 1.40 is called @file{gcc-1.40.tar.gz}. - -The @code{dist} target should explicitly depend on all non-source files -that are in the distribution, to make sure they are up to date in the -distribution. -@ifset CODESTD -@xref{Releases, , Making Releases}. -@end ifset -@ifclear CODESTD -@xref{Releases, , Making Releases, standards, GNU Coding Standards}. -@end ifclear - -@item check -Perform self-tests (if any). The user must build the program before -running the tests, but need not install the program; you should write -the self-tests so that they work when the program is built but not -installed. -@end table - -The following targets are suggested as conventional names, for programs -in which they are useful. - -@table @code -@item installcheck -Perform installation tests (if any). The user must build and install -the program before running the tests. You should not assume that -@file{$(bindir)} is in the search path. - -@item installdirs -It's useful to add a target named @samp{installdirs} to create the -directories where files are installed, and their parent directories. -There is a script called @file{mkinstalldirs} which is convenient for -this; you can find it in the Texinfo package. -@c It's in /gd/gnu/lib/mkinstalldirs. -You can use a rule like this: - -@comment This has been carefully formatted to look decent in the Make manual. -@comment Please be sure not to make it extend any further to the right.--roland -@smallexample -# Make sure all installation directories (e.g. $(bindir)) -# actually exist by making them if necessary. -installdirs: mkinstalldirs - $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(bindir) $(datadir) \ - $(libdir) $(infodir) \ - $(mandir) -@end smallexample - -This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is done. -It should do nothing but create installation directories. -@end table - -@node Install Command Categories -@section Install Command Categories - -@cindex pre-installation commands -@cindex post-installation commands -When writing the @code{install} target, you must classify all the -commands into three categories: normal ones, @dfn{pre-installation} -commands and @dfn{post-installation} commands. - -Normal commands move files into their proper places, and set their -modes. They may not alter any files except the ones that come entirely -from the package they belong to. - -Pre-installation and post-installation commands may alter other files; -in particular, they can edit global configuration files or data bases. - -Pre-installation commands are typically executed before the normal -commands, and post-installation commands are typically run after the -normal commands. - -The most common use for a post-installation command is to run -@code{install-info}. This cannot be done with a normal command, since -it alters a file (the Info directory) which does not come entirely and -solely from the package being installed. It is a post-installation -command because it needs to be done after the normal command which -installs the package's Info files. - -Most programs don't need any pre-installation commands, but we have the -feature just in case it is needed. - -To classify the commands in the @code{install} rule into these three -categories, insert @dfn{category lines} among them. A category line -specifies the category for the commands that follow. - -A category line consists of a tab and a reference to a special Make -variable, plus an optional comment at the end. There are three -variables you can use, one for each category; the variable name -specifies the category. Category lines are no-ops in ordinary execution -because these three Make variables are normally undefined (and you -@emph{should not} define them in the makefile). - -Here are the three possible category lines, each with a comment that -explains what it means: - -@smallexample - $(PRE_INSTALL) # @r{Pre-install commands follow.} - $(POST_INSTALL) # @r{Post-install commands follow.} - $(NORMAL_INSTALL) # @r{Normal commands follow.} -@end smallexample - -If you don't use a category line at the beginning of the @code{install} -rule, all the commands are classified as normal until the first category -line. If you don't use any category lines, all the commands are -classified as normal. - -These are the category lines for @code{uninstall}: - -@smallexample - $(PRE_UNINSTALL) # @r{Pre-uninstall commands follow.} - $(POST_UNINSTALL) # @r{Post-uninstall commands follow.} - $(NORMAL_UNINSTALL) # @r{Normal commands follow.} -@end smallexample - -Typically, a pre-uninstall command would be used for deleting entries -from the Info directory. - -If the @code{install} or @code{uninstall} target has any dependencies -which act as subroutines of installation, then you should start -@emph{each} dependency's commands with a category line, and start the -main target's commands with a category line also. This way, you can -ensure that each command is placed in the right category regardless of -which of the dependencies actually run. - -Pre-installation and post-installation commands should not run any -programs except for these: - -@example -[ basename bash cat chgrp chmod chown cmp cp dd diff echo -egrep expand expr false fgrep find getopt grep gunzip gzip -hostname install install-info kill ldconfig ln ls md5sum -mkdir mkfifo mknod mv printenv pwd rm rmdir sed sort tee -test touch true uname xargs yes -@end example - -@cindex binary packages -The reason for distinguishing the commands in this way is for the sake -of making binary packages. Typically a binary package contains all the -executables and other files that need to be installed, and has its own -method of installing them---so it does not need to run the normal -installation commands. But installing the binary package does need to -execute the pre-installation and post-installation commands. - -Programs to build binary packages work by extracting the -pre-installation and post-installation commands. Here is one way of -extracting the pre-installation commands: - -@smallexample -make -n install -o all \ - PRE_INSTALL=pre-install \ - POST_INSTALL=post-install \ - NORMAL_INSTALL=normal-install \ - | gawk -f pre-install.awk -@end smallexample - -@noindent -where the file @file{pre-install.awk} could contain this: - -@smallexample -$0 ~ /^\t[ \t]*(normal_install|post_install)[ \t]*$/ @{on = 0@} -on @{print $0@} -$0 ~ /^\t[ \t]*pre_install[ \t]*$/ @{on = 1@} -@end smallexample - -The resulting file of pre-installation commands is executed as a shell -script as part of installing the binary package. diff --git a/contrib/binutils/etc/standards.texi b/contrib/binutils/etc/standards.texi deleted file mode 100644 index 910bf8b..0000000 --- a/contrib/binutils/etc/standards.texi +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3093 +0,0 @@ -\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- -@c %**start of header -@setfilename standards.info -@settitle GNU Coding Standards -@c This date is automagically updated when you save this file: -@set lastupdate March 13, 1998 -@c %**end of header - -@ifinfo -@format -START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY -* Standards: (standards). GNU coding standards. -END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY -@end format -@end ifinfo - -@c @setchapternewpage odd -@setchapternewpage off - -@c This is used by a cross ref in make-stds.texi -@set CODESTD 1 -@iftex -@set CHAPTER chapter -@end iftex -@ifinfo -@set CHAPTER node -@end ifinfo - -@ifinfo -GNU Coding Standards -Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - -Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of -this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice -are preserved on all copies. - -@ignore -Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the -results, provided the printed document carries copying permission -notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph -(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). -@end ignore - -Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this -manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - -Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual -into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, -except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved -by the Free Software Foundation. -@end ifinfo - -@titlepage -@title GNU Coding Standards -@author Richard Stallman -@author last updated @value{lastupdate} -@page - -@vskip 0pt plus 1filll -Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - -Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of -this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice -are preserved on all copies. - -Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this -manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - -Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual -into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, -except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved -by the Free Software Foundation. -@end titlepage - -@ifinfo -@node Top, Preface, (dir), (dir) -@top Version - -Last updated @value{lastupdate}. -@end ifinfo - -@menu -* Preface:: About the GNU Coding Standards -* Intellectual Property:: Keeping Free Software Free -* Design Advice:: General Program Design -* Program Behavior:: Program Behavior for All Programs -* Writing C:: Making The Best Use of C -* Documentation:: Documenting Programs -* Managing Releases:: The Release Process -@end menu - -@node Preface -@chapter About the GNU Coding Standards - -The GNU Coding Standards were written by Richard Stallman and other GNU -Project volunteers. Their purpose is to make the GNU system clean, -consistent, and easy to install. This document can also be read as a -guide to writing portable, robust and reliable programs. It focuses on -programs written in C, but many of the rules and principles are useful -even if you write in another programming language. The rules often -state reasons for writing in a certain way. - -Corrections or suggestions for this document should be sent to -@email{gnu@@gnu.org}. If you make a suggestion, please include a -suggested new wording for it; our time is limited. We prefer a context -diff to the @file{standards.texi} or @file{make-stds.texi} files, but if -you don't have those files, please mail your suggestion anyway. - -This release of the GNU Coding Standards was last updated -@value{lastupdate}. - -@node Intellectual Property -@chapter Keeping Free Software Free - -This @value{CHAPTER} discusses how you can make sure that GNU software -remains unencumbered. - -@menu -* Reading Non-Free Code:: Referring to Proprietary Programs -* Contributions:: Accepting Contributions -@end menu - -@node Reading Non-Free Code -@section Referring to Proprietary Programs - -Don't in any circumstances refer to Unix source code for or during -your work on GNU! (Or to any other proprietary programs.) - -If you have a vague recollection of the internals of a Unix program, -this does not absolutely mean you can't write an imitation of it, but -do try to organize the imitation internally along different lines, -because this is likely to make the details of the Unix version -irrelevant and dissimilar to your results. - -For example, Unix utilities were generally optimized to minimize -memory use; if you go for speed instead, your program will be very -different. You could keep the entire input file in core and scan it -there instead of using stdio. Use a smarter algorithm discovered more -recently than the Unix program. Eliminate use of temporary files. Do -it in one pass instead of two (we did this in the assembler). - -Or, on the contrary, emphasize simplicity instead of speed. For some -applications, the speed of today's computers makes simpler algorithms -adequate. - -Or go for generality. For example, Unix programs often have static -tables or fixed-size strings, which make for arbitrary limits; use -dynamic allocation instead. Make sure your program handles NULs and -other funny characters in the input files. Add a programming language -for extensibility and write part of the program in that language. - -Or turn some parts of the program into independently usable libraries. -Or use a simple garbage collector instead of tracking precisely when -to free memory, or use a new GNU facility such as obstacks. - - -@node Contributions -@section Accepting Contributions - -If someone else sends you a piece of code to add to the program you are -working on, we need legal papers to use it---the same sort of legal -papers we will need to get from you. @emph{Each} significant -contributor to a program must sign some sort of legal papers in order -for us to have clear title to the program. The main author alone is not -enough. - -So, before adding in any contributions from other people, please tell -us, so we can arrange to get the papers. Then wait until we tell you -that we have received the signed papers, before you actually use the -contribution. - -This applies both before you release the program and afterward. If -you receive diffs to fix a bug, and they make significant changes, we -need legal papers for that change. - -This also applies to comments and documentation files. For copyright -law, comments and code are just text. Copyright applies to all kinds of -text, so we need legal papers for all kinds. - -You don't need papers for changes of a few lines here or there, since -they are not significant for copyright purposes. Also, you don't need -papers if all you get from the suggestion is some ideas, not actual code -which you use. For example, if you write a different solution to the -problem, you don't need to get papers. - -We know this is frustrating; it's frustrating for us as well. But if -you don't wait, you are going out on a limb---for example, what if the -contributor's employer won't sign a disclaimer? You might have to take -that code out again! - -The very worst thing is if you forget to tell us about the other -contributor. We could be very embarrassed in court some day as a -result. - -We have more detailed advice for maintainers of programs; if you have -reached the stage of actually maintaining a program for GNU (whether -released or not), please ask us for a copy. - -@node Design Advice -@chapter General Program Design - -This @value{CHAPTER} discusses some of the issues you should take into -account when designing your program. - -@menu -* Compatibility:: Compatibility with other implementations -* Using Extensions:: Using non-standard features -* ANSI C:: Using ANSI C features -* Source Language:: Using languages other than C -@end menu - -@node Compatibility -@section Compatibility with Other Implementations - -With occasional exceptions, utility programs and libraries for GNU -should be upward compatible with those in Berkeley Unix, and upward -compatible with @sc{ansi} C if @sc{ansi} C specifies their behavior, and -upward compatible with @sc{POSIX} if @sc{POSIX} specifies their -behavior. - -When these standards conflict, it is useful to offer compatibility -modes for each of them. - -@sc{ansi} C and @sc{POSIX} prohibit many kinds of extensions. Feel free -to make the extensions anyway, and include a @samp{--ansi}, -@samp{--posix}, or @samp{--compatible} option to turn them off. -However, if the extension has a significant chance of breaking any real -programs or scripts, then it is not really upward compatible. Try to -redesign its interface. - -Many GNU programs suppress extensions that conflict with POSIX if the -environment variable @code{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is defined (even if it is -defined with a null value). Please make your program recognize this -variable if appropriate. - -When a feature is used only by users (not by programs or command -files), and it is done poorly in Unix, feel free to replace it -completely with something totally different and better. (For example, -@code{vi} is replaced with Emacs.) But it is nice to offer a compatible -feature as well. (There is a free @code{vi} clone, so we offer it.) - -Additional useful features not in Berkeley Unix are welcome. - -@node Using Extensions -@section Using Non-standard Features - -Many GNU facilities that already exist support a number of convenient -extensions over the comparable Unix facilities. Whether to use these -extensions in implementing your program is a difficult question. - -On the one hand, using the extensions can make a cleaner program. -On the other hand, people will not be able to build the program -unless the other GNU tools are available. This might cause the -program to work on fewer kinds of machines. - -With some extensions, it might be easy to provide both alternatives. -For example, you can define functions with a ``keyword'' @code{INLINE} -and define that as a macro to expand into either @code{inline} or -nothing, depending on the compiler. - -In general, perhaps it is best not to use the extensions if you can -straightforwardly do without them, but to use the extensions if they -are a big improvement. - -An exception to this rule are the large, established programs (such as -Emacs) which run on a great variety of systems. Such programs would -be broken by use of GNU extensions. - -Another exception is for programs that are used as part of -compilation: anything that must be compiled with other compilers in -order to bootstrap the GNU compilation facilities. If these require -the GNU compiler, then no one can compile them without having them -installed already. That would be no good. - -@node ANSI C -@section @sc{ansi} C and pre-@sc{ansi} C - -Do not ever use the ``trigraph'' feature of @sc{ansi} C. - -@sc{ansi} C is widespread enough now that it is ok to write new programs -that use @sc{ansi} C features (and therefore will not work in -non-@sc{ansi} compilers). And if a program is already written in -@sc{ansi} C, there's no need to convert it to support non-@sc{ansi} -compilers. - -However, it is easy to support non-@sc{ansi} compilers in most programs, -so you might still consider doing so when you write a program. Instead -of writing function definitions in @sc{ansi} prototype form, - -@example -int -foo (int x, int y) -@dots{} -@end example - -@noindent -write the definition in pre-@sc{ansi} style like this, - -@example -int -foo (x, y) - int x, y; -@dots{} -@end example - -@noindent -and use a separate declaration to specify the argument prototype: - -@example -int foo (int, int); -@end example - -You need such a declaration anyway, in a header file, to get the benefit -of @sc{ansi} C prototypes in all the files where the function is called. -And once you have it, you lose nothing by writing the function -definition in the pre-@sc{ansi} style. - -If you don't know non-@sc{ansi} C, there's no need to learn it; just -write in @sc{ansi} C. - -@node Source Language -@section Using Languages Other Than C - -Using a language other than C is like using a non-standard feature: it -will cause trouble for users. Even if GCC supports the other language, -users may find it inconvenient to have to install the compiler for that -other language in order to build your program. For example, if you -write your program in C++, people will have to install the C++ compiler -in order to compile your program. Thus, it is better if you write in C. - -But there are three situations when there is no disadvantage in using -some other language: - -@itemize @bullet -@item -It is okay to use another language if your program contains an -interpreter for that language. - -For example, if your program links with GUILE, it is ok to write part of -the program in Scheme or another language supported by GUILE. - -@item -It is okay to use another language in a tool specifically intended for -use with that language. - -This is okay because the only people who want to build the tool will be -those who have installed the other language anyway. - -@item -If an application is of interest to a narrow community, then perhaps -it's not important if the application is inconvenient to install. -@end itemize - -C has one other advantage over C++ and other compiled languages: more -people know C, so more people will find it easy to read and modify the -program if it is written in C. - -@node Program Behavior -@chapter Program Behavior for All Programs - -This @value{CHAPTER} describes how to write robust software. It also -describes general standards for error messages, the command line interface, -and how libraries should behave. - -@menu -* Semantics:: Writing robust programs -* Libraries:: Library behavior -* Errors:: Formatting error messages -* User Interfaces:: Standards for command line interfaces -* Option Table:: Table of long options. -* Memory Usage:: When and how to care about memory needs -@end menu - -@node Semantics -@section Writing Robust Programs - -Avoid arbitrary limits on the length or number of @emph{any} data -structure, including file names, lines, files, and symbols, by allocating -all data structures dynamically. In most Unix utilities, ``long lines -are silently truncated''. This is not acceptable in a GNU utility. - -Utilities reading files should not drop NUL characters, or any other -nonprinting characters @emph{including those with codes above 0177}. The -only sensible exceptions would be utilities specifically intended for -interface to certain types of printers that can't handle those characters. - -Check every system call for an error return, unless you know you wish to -ignore errors. Include the system error text (from @code{perror} or -equivalent) in @emph{every} error message resulting from a failing -system call, as well as the name of the file if any and the name of the -utility. Just ``cannot open foo.c'' or ``stat failed'' is not -sufficient. - -Check every call to @code{malloc} or @code{realloc} to see if it -returned zero. Check @code{realloc} even if you are making the block -smaller; in a system that rounds block sizes to a power of 2, -@code{realloc} may get a different block if you ask for less space. - -In Unix, @code{realloc} can destroy the storage block if it returns -zero. GNU @code{realloc} does not have this bug: if it fails, the -original block is unchanged. Feel free to assume the bug is fixed. If -you wish to run your program on Unix, and wish to avoid lossage in this -case, you can use the GNU @code{malloc}. - -You must expect @code{free} to alter the contents of the block that was -freed. Anything you want to fetch from the block, you must fetch before -calling @code{free}. - -If @code{malloc} fails in a noninteractive program, make that a fatal -error. In an interactive program (one that reads commands from the -user), it is better to abort the command and return to the command -reader loop. This allows the user to kill other processes to free up -virtual memory, and then try the command again. - -Use @code{getopt_long} to decode arguments, unless the argument syntax -makes this unreasonable. - -When static storage is to be written in during program execution, use -explicit C code to initialize it. Reserve C initialized declarations -for data that will not be changed. -@c ADR: why? - -Try to avoid low-level interfaces to obscure Unix data structures (such -as file directories, utmp, or the layout of kernel memory), since these -are less likely to work compatibly. If you need to find all the files -in a directory, use @code{readdir} or some other high-level interface. -These will be supported compatibly by GNU. - -By default, the GNU system will provide the signal handling functions of -@sc{BSD} and of @sc{POSIX}. So GNU software should be written to use -these. - -In error checks that detect ``impossible'' conditions, just abort. -There is usually no point in printing any message. These checks -indicate the existence of bugs. Whoever wants to fix the bugs will have -to read the source code and run a debugger. So explain the problem with -comments in the source. The relevant data will be in variables, which -are easy to examine with the debugger, so there is no point moving them -elsewhere. - -Do not use a count of errors as the exit status for a program. -@emph{That does not work}, because exit status values are limited to 8 -bits (0 through 255). A single run of the program might have 256 -errors; if you try to return 256 as the exit status, the parent process -will see 0 as the status, and it will appear that the program succeeded. - -If you make temporary files, check the @code{TMPDIR} environment -variable; if that variable is defined, use the specified directory -instead of @file{/tmp}. - -@node Libraries -@section Library Behavior - -Try to make library functions reentrant. If they need to do dynamic -storage allocation, at least try to avoid any nonreentrancy aside from -that of @code{malloc} itself. - -Here are certain name conventions for libraries, to avoid name -conflicts. - -Choose a name prefix for the library, more than two characters long. -All external function and variable names should start with this -prefix. In addition, there should only be one of these in any given -library member. This usually means putting each one in a separate -source file. - -An exception can be made when two external symbols are always used -together, so that no reasonable program could use one without the -other; then they can both go in the same file. - -External symbols that are not documented entry points for the user -should have names beginning with @samp{_}. They should also contain -the chosen name prefix for the library, to prevent collisions with -other libraries. These can go in the same files with user entry -points if you like. - -Static functions and variables can be used as you like and need not -fit any naming convention. - -@node Errors -@section Formatting Error Messages - -Error messages from compilers should look like this: - -@example -@var{source-file-name}:@var{lineno}: @var{message} -@end example - -Error messages from other noninteractive programs should look like this: - -@example -@var{program}:@var{source-file-name}:@var{lineno}: @var{message} -@end example - -@noindent -when there is an appropriate source file, or like this: - -@example -@var{program}: @var{message} -@end example - -@noindent -when there is no relevant source file. - -In an interactive program (one that is reading commands from a -terminal), it is better not to include the program name in an error -message. The place to indicate which program is running is in the -prompt or with the screen layout. (When the same program runs with -input from a source other than a terminal, it is not interactive and -would do best to print error messages using the noninteractive style.) - -The string @var{message} should not begin with a capital letter when -it follows a program name and/or file name. Also, it should not end -with a period. - -Error messages from interactive programs, and other messages such as -usage messages, should start with a capital letter. But they should not -end with a period. - -@node User Interfaces -@section Standards for Command Line Interfaces - -Please don't make the behavior of a utility depend on the name used -to invoke it. It is useful sometimes to make a link to a utility -with a different name, and that should not change what it does. - -Instead, use a run time option or a compilation switch or both -to select among the alternate behaviors. - -Likewise, please don't make the behavior of the program depend on the -type of output device it is used with. Device independence is an -important principle of the system's design; do not compromise it -merely to save someone from typing an option now and then. - -If you think one behavior is most useful when the output is to a -terminal, and another is most useful when the output is a file or a -pipe, then it is usually best to make the default behavior the one that -is useful with output to a terminal, and have an option for the other -behavior. - -Compatibility requires certain programs to depend on the type of output -device. It would be disastrous if @code{ls} or @code{sh} did not do so -in the way all users expect. In some of these cases, we supplement the -program with a preferred alternate version that does not depend on the -output device type. For example, we provide a @code{dir} program much -like @code{ls} except that its default output format is always -multi-column format. - -It is a good idea to follow the @sc{POSIX} guidelines for the -command-line options of a program. The easiest way to do this is to use -@code{getopt} to parse them. Note that the GNU version of @code{getopt} -will normally permit options anywhere among the arguments unless the -special argument @samp{--} is used. This is not what @sc{POSIX} -specifies; it is a GNU extension. - -Please define long-named options that are equivalent to the -single-letter Unix-style options. We hope to make GNU more user -friendly this way. This is easy to do with the GNU function -@code{getopt_long}. - -One of the advantages of long-named options is that they can be -consistent from program to program. For example, users should be able -to expect the ``verbose'' option of any GNU program which has one, to be -spelled precisely @samp{--verbose}. To achieve this uniformity, look at -the table of common long-option names when you choose the option names -for your program (@pxref{Option Table}). - -It is usually a good idea for file names given as ordinary arguments to -be input files only; any output files would be specified using options -(preferably @samp{-o} or @samp{--output}). Even if you allow an output -file name as an ordinary argument for compatibility, try to provide an -option as another way to specify it. This will lead to more consistency -among GNU utilities, and fewer idiosyncracies for users to remember. - -All programs should support two standard options: @samp{--version} -and @samp{--help}. - -@table @code -@item --version -This option should direct the program to information about its name, -version, origin and legal status, all on standard output, and then exit -successfully. Other options and arguments should be ignored once this -is seen, and the program should not perform its normal function. - -The first line is meant to be easy for a program to parse; the version -number proper starts after the last space. In addition, it contains -the canonical name for this program, in this format: - -@example -GNU Emacs 19.30 -@end example - -@noindent -The program's name should be a constant string; @emph{don't} compute it -from @code{argv[0]}. The idea is to state the standard or canonical -name for the program, not its file name. There are other ways to find -out the precise file name where a command is found in @code{PATH}. - -If the program is a subsidiary part of a larger package, mention the -package name in parentheses, like this: - -@example -emacsserver (GNU Emacs) 19.30 -@end example - -@noindent -If the package has a version number which is different from this -program's version number, you can mention the package version number -just before the close-parenthesis. - -If you @strong{need} to mention the version numbers of libraries which -are distributed separately from the package which contains this program, -you can do so by printing an additional line of version info for each -library you want to mention. Use the same format for these lines as for -the first line. - -Please do not mention all of the libraries that the program uses ``just -for completeness''---that would produce a lot of unhelpful clutter. -Please mention library version numbers only if you find in practice that -they are very important to you in debugging. - -The following line, after the version number line or lines, should be a -copyright notice. If more than one copyright notice is called for, put -each on a separate line. - -Next should follow a brief statement that the program is free software, -and that users are free to copy and change it on certain conditions. If -the program is covered by the GNU GPL, say so here. Also mention that -there is no warranty, to the extent permitted by law. - -It is ok to finish the output with a list of the major authors of the -program, as a way of giving credit. - -Here's an example of output that follows these rules: - -@smallexample -GNU Emacs 19.34.5 -Copyright (C) 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -GNU Emacs comes with NO WARRANTY, -to the extent permitted by law. -You may redistribute copies of GNU Emacs -under the terms of the GNU General Public License. -For more information about these matters, -see the files named COPYING. -@end smallexample - -You should adapt this to your program, of course, filling in the proper -year, copyright holder, name of program, and the references to -distribution terms, and changing the rest of the wording as necessary. - -This copyright notice only needs to mention the most recent year in -which changes were made---there's no need to list the years for previous -versions' changes. You don't have to mention the name of the program in -these notices, if that is inconvenient, since it appeared in the first -line. - -@item --help -This option should output brief documentation for how to invoke the -program, on standard output, then exit successfully. Other options and -arguments should be ignored once this is seen, and the program should -not perform its normal function. - -Near the end of the @samp{--help} option's output there should be a line -that says where to mail bug reports. It should have this format: - -@example -Report bugs to @var{mailing-address}. -@end example -@end table - -@node Option Table -@section Table of Long Options - -Here is a table of long options used by GNU programs. It is surely -incomplete, but we aim to list all the options that a new program might -want to be compatible with. If you use names not already in the table, -please send @email{gnu@@gnu.org} a list of them, with their -meanings, so we can update the table. - -@c Please leave newlines between items in this table; it's much easier -@c to update when it isn't completely squashed together and unreadable. -@c When there is more than one short option for a long option name, put -@c a semicolon between the lists of the programs that use them, not a -@c period. --friedman - -@table @samp -@item after-date -@samp{-N} in @code{tar}. - -@item all -@samp{-a} in @code{du}, @code{ls}, @code{nm}, @code{stty}, @code{uname}, -and @code{unexpand}. - -@item all-text -@samp{-a} in @code{diff}. - -@item almost-all -@samp{-A} in @code{ls}. - -@item append -@samp{-a} in @code{etags}, @code{tee}, @code{time}; -@samp{-r} in @code{tar}. - -@item archive -@samp{-a} in @code{cp}. - -@item archive-name -@samp{-n} in @code{shar}. - -@item arglength -@samp{-l} in @code{m4}. - -@item ascii -@samp{-a} in @code{diff}. - -@item assign -@samp{-v} in @code{gawk}. - -@item assume-new -@samp{-W} in Make. - -@item assume-old -@samp{-o} in Make. - -@item auto-check -@samp{-a} in @code{recode}. - -@item auto-pager -@samp{-a} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item auto-reference -@samp{-A} in @code{ptx}. - -@item avoid-wraps -@samp{-n} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item backward-search -@samp{-B} in @code{ctags}. - -@item basename -@samp{-f} in @code{shar}. - -@item batch -Used in GDB. - -@item baud -Used in GDB. - -@item before -@samp{-b} in @code{tac}. - -@item binary -@samp{-b} in @code{cpio} and @code{diff}. - -@item bits-per-code -@samp{-b} in @code{shar}. - -@item block-size -Used in @code{cpio} and @code{tar}. - -@item blocks -@samp{-b} in @code{head} and @code{tail}. - -@item break-file -@samp{-b} in @code{ptx}. - -@item brief -Used in various programs to make output shorter. - -@item bytes -@samp{-c} in @code{head}, @code{split}, and @code{tail}. - -@item c@t{++} -@samp{-C} in @code{etags}. - -@item catenate -@samp{-A} in @code{tar}. - -@item cd -Used in various programs to specify the directory to use. - -@item changes -@samp{-c} in @code{chgrp} and @code{chown}. - -@item classify -@samp{-F} in @code{ls}. - -@item colons -@samp{-c} in @code{recode}. - -@item command -@samp{-c} in @code{su}; -@samp{-x} in GDB. - -@item compare -@samp{-d} in @code{tar}. - -@item compat -Used in @code{gawk}. - -@item compress -@samp{-Z} in @code{tar} and @code{shar}. - -@item concatenate -@samp{-A} in @code{tar}. - -@item confirmation -@samp{-w} in @code{tar}. - -@item context -Used in @code{diff}. - -@item copyleft -@samp{-W copyleft} in @code{gawk}. - -@item copyright -@samp{-C} in @code{ptx}, @code{recode}, and @code{wdiff}; -@samp{-W copyright} in @code{gawk}. - -@item core -Used in GDB. - -@item count -@samp{-q} in @code{who}. - -@item count-links -@samp{-l} in @code{du}. - -@item create -Used in @code{tar} and @code{cpio}. - -@item cut-mark -@samp{-c} in @code{shar}. - -@item cxref -@samp{-x} in @code{ctags}. - -@item date -@samp{-d} in @code{touch}. - -@item debug -@samp{-d} in Make and @code{m4}; -@samp{-t} in Bison. - -@item define -@samp{-D} in @code{m4}. - -@item defines -@samp{-d} in Bison and @code{ctags}. - -@item delete -@samp{-D} in @code{tar}. - -@item dereference -@samp{-L} in @code{chgrp}, @code{chown}, @code{cpio}, @code{du}, -@code{ls}, and @code{tar}. - -@item dereference-args -@samp{-D} in @code{du}. - -@item diacritics -@samp{-d} in @code{recode}. - -@item dictionary-order -@samp{-d} in @code{look}. - -@item diff -@samp{-d} in @code{tar}. - -@item digits -@samp{-n} in @code{csplit}. - -@item directory -Specify the directory to use, in various programs. In @code{ls}, it -means to show directories themselves rather than their contents. In -@code{rm} and @code{ln}, it means to not treat links to directories -specially. - -@item discard-all -@samp{-x} in @code{strip}. - -@item discard-locals -@samp{-X} in @code{strip}. - -@item dry-run -@samp{-n} in Make. - -@item ed -@samp{-e} in @code{diff}. - -@item elide-empty-files -@samp{-z} in @code{csplit}. - -@item end-delete -@samp{-x} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item end-insert -@samp{-z} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item entire-new-file -@samp{-N} in @code{diff}. - -@item environment-overrides -@samp{-e} in Make. - -@item eof -@samp{-e} in @code{xargs}. - -@item epoch -Used in GDB. - -@item error-limit -Used in @code{makeinfo}. - -@item error-output -@samp{-o} in @code{m4}. - -@item escape -@samp{-b} in @code{ls}. - -@item exclude-from -@samp{-X} in @code{tar}. - -@item exec -Used in GDB. - -@item exit -@samp{-x} in @code{xargs}. - -@item exit-0 -@samp{-e} in @code{unshar}. - -@item expand-tabs -@samp{-t} in @code{diff}. - -@item expression -@samp{-e} in @code{sed}. - -@item extern-only -@samp{-g} in @code{nm}. - -@item extract -@samp{-i} in @code{cpio}; -@samp{-x} in @code{tar}. - -@item faces -@samp{-f} in @code{finger}. - -@item fast -@samp{-f} in @code{su}. - -@item fatal-warnings -@samp{-E} in @code{m4}. - -@item file -@samp{-f} in @code{info}, @code{gawk}, Make, @code{mt}, and @code{tar}; -@samp{-n} in @code{sed}; -@samp{-r} in @code{touch}. - -@item field-separator -@samp{-F} in @code{gawk}. - -@item file-prefix -@samp{-b} in Bison. - -@item file-type -@samp{-F} in @code{ls}. - -@item files-from -@samp{-T} in @code{tar}. - -@item fill-column -Used in @code{makeinfo}. - -@item flag-truncation -@samp{-F} in @code{ptx}. - -@item fixed-output-files -@samp{-y} in Bison. - -@item follow -@samp{-f} in @code{tail}. - -@item footnote-style -Used in @code{makeinfo}. - -@item force -@samp{-f} in @code{cp}, @code{ln}, @code{mv}, and @code{rm}. - -@item force-prefix -@samp{-F} in @code{shar}. - -@item format -Used in @code{ls}, @code{time}, and @code{ptx}. - -@item freeze-state -@samp{-F} in @code{m4}. - -@item fullname -Used in GDB. - -@item gap-size -@samp{-g} in @code{ptx}. - -@item get -@samp{-x} in @code{tar}. - -@item graphic -@samp{-i} in @code{ul}. - -@item graphics -@samp{-g} in @code{recode}. - -@item group -@samp{-g} in @code{install}. - -@item gzip -@samp{-z} in @code{tar} and @code{shar}. - -@item hashsize -@samp{-H} in @code{m4}. - -@item header -@samp{-h} in @code{objdump} and @code{recode} - -@item heading -@samp{-H} in @code{who}. - -@item help -Used to ask for brief usage information. - -@item here-delimiter -@samp{-d} in @code{shar}. - -@item hide-control-chars -@samp{-q} in @code{ls}. - -@item idle -@samp{-u} in @code{who}. - -@item ifdef -@samp{-D} in @code{diff}. - -@item ignore -@samp{-I} in @code{ls}; -@samp{-x} in @code{recode}. - -@item ignore-all-space -@samp{-w} in @code{diff}. - -@item ignore-backups -@samp{-B} in @code{ls}. - -@item ignore-blank-lines -@samp{-B} in @code{diff}. - -@item ignore-case -@samp{-f} in @code{look} and @code{ptx}; -@samp{-i} in @code{diff} and @code{wdiff}. - -@item ignore-errors -@samp{-i} in Make. - -@item ignore-file -@samp{-i} in @code{ptx}. - -@item ignore-indentation -@samp{-I} in @code{etags}. - -@item ignore-init-file -@samp{-f} in Oleo. - -@item ignore-interrupts -@samp{-i} in @code{tee}. - -@item ignore-matching-lines -@samp{-I} in @code{diff}. - -@item ignore-space-change -@samp{-b} in @code{diff}. - -@item ignore-zeros -@samp{-i} in @code{tar}. - -@item include -@samp{-i} in @code{etags}; -@samp{-I} in @code{m4}. - -@item include-dir -@samp{-I} in Make. - -@item incremental -@samp{-G} in @code{tar}. - -@item info -@samp{-i}, @samp{-l}, and @samp{-m} in Finger. - -@item initial -@samp{-i} in @code{expand}. - -@item initial-tab -@samp{-T} in @code{diff}. - -@item inode -@samp{-i} in @code{ls}. - -@item interactive -@samp{-i} in @code{cp}, @code{ln}, @code{mv}, @code{rm}; -@samp{-e} in @code{m4}; -@samp{-p} in @code{xargs}; -@samp{-w} in @code{tar}. - -@item intermix-type -@samp{-p} in @code{shar}. - -@item jobs -@samp{-j} in Make. - -@item just-print -@samp{-n} in Make. - -@item keep-going -@samp{-k} in Make. - -@item keep-files -@samp{-k} in @code{csplit}. - -@item kilobytes -@samp{-k} in @code{du} and @code{ls}. - -@item language -@samp{-l} in @code{etags}. - -@item less-mode -@samp{-l} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item level-for-gzip -@samp{-g} in @code{shar}. - -@item line-bytes -@samp{-C} in @code{split}. - -@item lines -Used in @code{split}, @code{head}, and @code{tail}. - -@item link -@samp{-l} in @code{cpio}. - -@item lint -@itemx lint-old -Used in @code{gawk}. - -@item list -@samp{-t} in @code{cpio}; -@samp{-l} in @code{recode}. - -@item list -@samp{-t} in @code{tar}. - -@item literal -@samp{-N} in @code{ls}. - -@item load-average -@samp{-l} in Make. - -@item login -Used in @code{su}. - -@item machine -No listing of which programs already use this; -someone should check to -see if any actually do, and tell @email{gnu@@gnu.org}. - -@item macro-name -@samp{-M} in @code{ptx}. - -@item mail -@samp{-m} in @code{hello} and @code{uname}. - -@item make-directories -@samp{-d} in @code{cpio}. - -@item makefile -@samp{-f} in Make. - -@item mapped -Used in GDB. - -@item max-args -@samp{-n} in @code{xargs}. - -@item max-chars -@samp{-n} in @code{xargs}. - -@item max-lines -@samp{-l} in @code{xargs}. - -@item max-load -@samp{-l} in Make. - -@item max-procs -@samp{-P} in @code{xargs}. - -@item mesg -@samp{-T} in @code{who}. - -@item message -@samp{-T} in @code{who}. - -@item minimal -@samp{-d} in @code{diff}. - -@item mixed-uuencode -@samp{-M} in @code{shar}. - -@item mode -@samp{-m} in @code{install}, @code{mkdir}, and @code{mkfifo}. - -@item modification-time -@samp{-m} in @code{tar}. - -@item multi-volume -@samp{-M} in @code{tar}. - -@item name-prefix -@samp{-a} in Bison. - -@item nesting-limit -@samp{-L} in @code{m4}. - -@item net-headers -@samp{-a} in @code{shar}. - -@item new-file -@samp{-W} in Make. - -@item no-builtin-rules -@samp{-r} in Make. - -@item no-character-count -@samp{-w} in @code{shar}. - -@item no-check-existing -@samp{-x} in @code{shar}. - -@item no-common -@samp{-3} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item no-create -@samp{-c} in @code{touch}. - -@item no-defines -@samp{-D} in @code{etags}. - -@item no-deleted -@samp{-1} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item no-dereference -@samp{-d} in @code{cp}. - -@item no-inserted -@samp{-2} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item no-keep-going -@samp{-S} in Make. - -@item no-lines -@samp{-l} in Bison. - -@item no-piping -@samp{-P} in @code{shar}. - -@item no-prof -@samp{-e} in @code{gprof}. - -@item no-regex -@samp{-R} in @code{etags}. - -@item no-sort -@samp{-p} in @code{nm}. - -@item no-split -Used in @code{makeinfo}. - -@item no-static -@samp{-a} in @code{gprof}. - -@item no-time -@samp{-E} in @code{gprof}. - -@item no-timestamp -@samp{-m} in @code{shar}. - -@item no-validate -Used in @code{makeinfo}. - -@item no-wait -Used in @code{emacsclient}. - -@item no-warn -Used in various programs to inhibit warnings. - -@item node -@samp{-n} in @code{info}. - -@item nodename -@samp{-n} in @code{uname}. - -@item nonmatching -@samp{-f} in @code{cpio}. - -@item nstuff -@samp{-n} in @code{objdump}. - -@item null -@samp{-0} in @code{xargs}. - -@item number -@samp{-n} in @code{cat}. - -@item number-nonblank -@samp{-b} in @code{cat}. - -@item numeric-sort -@samp{-n} in @code{nm}. - -@item numeric-uid-gid -@samp{-n} in @code{cpio} and @code{ls}. - -@item nx -Used in GDB. - -@item old-archive -@samp{-o} in @code{tar}. - -@item old-file -@samp{-o} in Make. - -@item one-file-system -@samp{-l} in @code{tar}, @code{cp}, and @code{du}. - -@item only-file -@samp{-o} in @code{ptx}. - -@item only-prof -@samp{-f} in @code{gprof}. - -@item only-time -@samp{-F} in @code{gprof}. - -@item output -In various programs, specify the output file name. - -@item output-prefix -@samp{-o} in @code{shar}. - -@item override -@samp{-o} in @code{rm}. - -@item overwrite -@samp{-c} in @code{unshar}. - -@item owner -@samp{-o} in @code{install}. - -@item paginate -@samp{-l} in @code{diff}. - -@item paragraph-indent -Used in @code{makeinfo}. - -@item parents -@samp{-p} in @code{mkdir} and @code{rmdir}. - -@item pass-all -@samp{-p} in @code{ul}. - -@item pass-through -@samp{-p} in @code{cpio}. - -@item port -@samp{-P} in @code{finger}. - -@item portability -@samp{-c} in @code{cpio} and @code{tar}. - -@item posix -Used in @code{gawk}. - -@item prefix-builtins -@samp{-P} in @code{m4}. - -@item prefix -@samp{-f} in @code{csplit}. - -@item preserve -Used in @code{tar} and @code{cp}. - -@item preserve-environment -@samp{-p} in @code{su}. - -@item preserve-modification-time -@samp{-m} in @code{cpio}. - -@item preserve-order -@samp{-s} in @code{tar}. - -@item preserve-permissions -@samp{-p} in @code{tar}. - -@item print -@samp{-l} in @code{diff}. - -@item print-chars -@samp{-L} in @code{cmp}. - -@item print-data-base -@samp{-p} in Make. - -@item print-directory -@samp{-w} in Make. - -@item print-file-name -@samp{-o} in @code{nm}. - -@item print-symdefs -@samp{-s} in @code{nm}. - -@item printer -@samp{-p} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item prompt -@samp{-p} in @code{ed}. - -@item query-user -@samp{-X} in @code{shar}. - -@item question -@samp{-q} in Make. - -@item quiet -Used in many programs to inhibit the usual output. @strong{Note:} every -program accepting @samp{--quiet} should accept @samp{--silent} as a -synonym. - -@item quiet-unshar -@samp{-Q} in @code{shar} - -@item quote-name -@samp{-Q} in @code{ls}. - -@item rcs -@samp{-n} in @code{diff}. - -@item re-interval -Used in @code{gawk}. - -@item read-full-blocks -@samp{-B} in @code{tar}. - -@item readnow -Used in GDB. - -@item recon -@samp{-n} in Make. - -@item record-number -@samp{-R} in @code{tar}. - -@item recursive -Used in @code{chgrp}, @code{chown}, @code{cp}, @code{ls}, @code{diff}, -and @code{rm}. - -@item reference-limit -Used in @code{makeinfo}. - -@item references -@samp{-r} in @code{ptx}. - -@item regex -@samp{-r} in @code{tac} and @code{etags}. - -@item release -@samp{-r} in @code{uname}. - -@item reload-state -@samp{-R} in @code{m4}. - -@item relocation -@samp{-r} in @code{objdump}. - -@item rename -@samp{-r} in @code{cpio}. - -@item replace -@samp{-i} in @code{xargs}. - -@item report-identical-files -@samp{-s} in @code{diff}. - -@item reset-access-time -@samp{-a} in @code{cpio}. - -@item reverse -@samp{-r} in @code{ls} and @code{nm}. - -@item reversed-ed -@samp{-f} in @code{diff}. - -@item right-side-defs -@samp{-R} in @code{ptx}. - -@item same-order -@samp{-s} in @code{tar}. - -@item same-permissions -@samp{-p} in @code{tar}. - -@item save -@samp{-g} in @code{stty}. - -@item se -Used in GDB. - -@item sentence-regexp -@samp{-S} in @code{ptx}. - -@item separate-dirs -@samp{-S} in @code{du}. - -@item separator -@samp{-s} in @code{tac}. - -@item sequence -Used by @code{recode} to chose files or pipes for sequencing passes. - -@item shell -@samp{-s} in @code{su}. - -@item show-all -@samp{-A} in @code{cat}. - -@item show-c-function -@samp{-p} in @code{diff}. - -@item show-ends -@samp{-E} in @code{cat}. - -@item show-function-line -@samp{-F} in @code{diff}. - -@item show-tabs -@samp{-T} in @code{cat}. - -@item silent -Used in many programs to inhibit the usual output. -@strong{Note:} every program accepting -@samp{--silent} should accept @samp{--quiet} as a synonym. - -@item size -@samp{-s} in @code{ls}. - -@item sort -Used in @code{ls}. - -@item source -@samp{-W source} in @code{gawk}. - -@item sparse -@samp{-S} in @code{tar}. - -@item speed-large-files -@samp{-H} in @code{diff}. - -@item split-at -@samp{-E} in @code{unshar}. - -@item split-size-limit -@samp{-L} in @code{shar}. - -@item squeeze-blank -@samp{-s} in @code{cat}. - -@item start-delete -@samp{-w} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item start-insert -@samp{-y} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item starting-file -Used in @code{tar} and @code{diff} to specify which file within -a directory to start processing with. - -@item statistics -@samp{-s} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item stdin-file-list -@samp{-S} in @code{shar}. - -@item stop -@samp{-S} in Make. - -@item strict -@samp{-s} in @code{recode}. - -@item strip -@samp{-s} in @code{install}. - -@item strip-all -@samp{-s} in @code{strip}. - -@item strip-debug -@samp{-S} in @code{strip}. - -@item submitter -@samp{-s} in @code{shar}. - -@item suffix -@samp{-S} in @code{cp}, @code{ln}, @code{mv}. - -@item suffix-format -@samp{-b} in @code{csplit}. - -@item sum -@samp{-s} in @code{gprof}. - -@item summarize -@samp{-s} in @code{du}. - -@item symbolic -@samp{-s} in @code{ln}. - -@item symbols -Used in GDB and @code{objdump}. - -@item synclines -@samp{-s} in @code{m4}. - -@item sysname -@samp{-s} in @code{uname}. - -@item tabs -@samp{-t} in @code{expand} and @code{unexpand}. - -@item tabsize -@samp{-T} in @code{ls}. - -@item terminal -@samp{-T} in @code{tput} and @code{ul}. -@samp{-t} in @code{wdiff}. - -@item text -@samp{-a} in @code{diff}. - -@item text-files -@samp{-T} in @code{shar}. - -@item time -Used in @code{ls} and @code{touch}. - -@item to-stdout -@samp{-O} in @code{tar}. - -@item total -@samp{-c} in @code{du}. - -@item touch -@samp{-t} in Make, @code{ranlib}, and @code{recode}. - -@item trace -@samp{-t} in @code{m4}. - -@item traditional -@samp{-t} in @code{hello}; -@samp{-W traditional} in @code{gawk}; -@samp{-G} in @code{ed}, @code{m4}, and @code{ptx}. - -@item tty -Used in GDB. - -@item typedefs -@samp{-t} in @code{ctags}. - -@item typedefs-and-c++ -@samp{-T} in @code{ctags}. - -@item typeset-mode -@samp{-t} in @code{ptx}. - -@item uncompress -@samp{-z} in @code{tar}. - -@item unconditional -@samp{-u} in @code{cpio}. - -@item undefine -@samp{-U} in @code{m4}. - -@item undefined-only -@samp{-u} in @code{nm}. - -@item update -@samp{-u} in @code{cp}, @code{ctags}, @code{mv}, @code{tar}. - -@item usage -Used in @code{gawk}; same as @samp{--help}. - -@item uuencode -@samp{-B} in @code{shar}. - -@item vanilla-operation -@samp{-V} in @code{shar}. - -@item verbose -Print more information about progress. Many programs support this. - -@item verify -@samp{-W} in @code{tar}. - -@item version -Print the version number. - -@item version-control -@samp{-V} in @code{cp}, @code{ln}, @code{mv}. - -@item vgrind -@samp{-v} in @code{ctags}. - -@item volume -@samp{-V} in @code{tar}. - -@item what-if -@samp{-W} in Make. - -@item whole-size-limit -@samp{-l} in @code{shar}. - -@item width -@samp{-w} in @code{ls} and @code{ptx}. - -@item word-regexp -@samp{-W} in @code{ptx}. - -@item writable -@samp{-T} in @code{who}. - -@item zeros -@samp{-z} in @code{gprof}. -@end table - -@node Memory Usage -@section Memory Usage - -If it typically uses just a few meg of memory, don't bother making any -effort to reduce memory usage. For example, if it is impractical for -other reasons to operate on files more than a few meg long, it is -reasonable to read entire input files into core to operate on them. - -However, for programs such as @code{cat} or @code{tail}, that can -usefully operate on very large files, it is important to avoid using a -technique that would artificially limit the size of files it can handle. -If a program works by lines and could be applied to arbitrary -user-supplied input files, it should keep only a line in memory, because -this is not very hard and users will want to be able to operate on input -files that are bigger than will fit in core all at once. - -If your program creates complicated data structures, just make them in -core and give a fatal error if @code{malloc} returns zero. - -@node Writing C -@chapter Making The Best Use of C - -This @value{CHAPTER} provides advice on how best to use the C language -when writing GNU software. - -@menu -* Formatting:: Formatting Your Source Code -* Comments:: Commenting Your Work -* Syntactic Conventions:: Clean Use of C Constructs -* Names:: Naming Variables and Functions -* System Portability:: Portability between different operating systems -* CPU Portability:: Supporting the range of CPU types -* System Functions:: Portability and ``standard'' library functions -* Internationalization:: Techniques for internationalization -* Mmap:: How you can safely use @code{mmap}. -@end menu - -@node Formatting -@section Formatting Your Source Code - -It is important to put the open-brace that starts the body of a C -function in column zero, and avoid putting any other open-brace or -open-parenthesis or open-bracket in column zero. Several tools look -for open-braces in column zero to find the beginnings of C functions. -These tools will not work on code not formatted that way. - -It is also important for function definitions to start the name of the -function in column zero. This helps people to search for function -definitions, and may also help certain tools recognize them. Thus, -the proper format is this: - -@example -static char * -concat (s1, s2) /* Name starts in column zero here */ - char *s1, *s2; -@{ /* Open brace in column zero here */ - @dots{} -@} -@end example - -@noindent -or, if you want to use @sc{ansi} C, format the definition like this: - -@example -static char * -concat (char *s1, char *s2) -@{ - @dots{} -@} -@end example - -In @sc{ansi} C, if the arguments don't fit nicely on one line, -split it like this: - -@example -int -lots_of_args (int an_integer, long a_long, short a_short, - double a_double, float a_float) -@dots{} -@end example - -For the body of the function, we prefer code formatted like this: - -@example -if (x < foo (y, z)) - haha = bar[4] + 5; -else - @{ - while (z) - @{ - haha += foo (z, z); - z--; - @} - return ++x + bar (); - @} -@end example - -We find it easier to read a program when it has spaces before the -open-parentheses and after the commas. Especially after the commas. - -When you split an expression into multiple lines, split it -before an operator, not after one. Here is the right way: - -@example -if (foo_this_is_long && bar > win (x, y, z) - && remaining_condition) -@end example - -Try to avoid having two operators of different precedence at the same -level of indentation. For example, don't write this: - -@example -mode = (inmode[j] == VOIDmode - || GET_MODE_SIZE (outmode[j]) > GET_MODE_SIZE (inmode[j]) - ? outmode[j] : inmode[j]); -@end example - -Instead, use extra parentheses so that the indentation shows the nesting: - -@example -mode = ((inmode[j] == VOIDmode - || (GET_MODE_SIZE (outmode[j]) > GET_MODE_SIZE (inmode[j]))) - ? outmode[j] : inmode[j]); -@end example - -Insert extra parentheses so that Emacs will indent the code properly. -For example, the following indentation looks nice if you do it by hand, -but Emacs would mess it up: - -@example -v = rup->ru_utime.tv_sec*1000 + rup->ru_utime.tv_usec/1000 - + rup->ru_stime.tv_sec*1000 + rup->ru_stime.tv_usec/1000; -@end example - -But adding a set of parentheses solves the problem: - -@example -v = (rup->ru_utime.tv_sec*1000 + rup->ru_utime.tv_usec/1000 - + rup->ru_stime.tv_sec*1000 + rup->ru_stime.tv_usec/1000); -@end example - -Format do-while statements like this: - -@example -do - @{ - a = foo (a); - @} -while (a > 0); -@end example - -Please use formfeed characters (control-L) to divide the program into -pages at logical places (but not within a function). It does not matter -just how long the pages are, since they do not have to fit on a printed -page. The formfeeds should appear alone on lines by themselves. - - -@node Comments -@section Commenting Your Work - -Every program should start with a comment saying briefly what it is for. -Example: @samp{fmt - filter for simple filling of text}. - -Please write the comments in a GNU program in English, because English -is the one language that nearly all programmers in all countries can -read. If you do not write English well, please write comments in -English as well as you can, then ask other people to help rewrite them. -If you can't write comments in English, please find someone to work with -you and translate your comments into English. - -Please put a comment on each function saying what the function does, -what sorts of arguments it gets, and what the possible values of -arguments mean and are used for. It is not necessary to duplicate in -words the meaning of the C argument declarations, if a C type is being -used in its customary fashion. If there is anything nonstandard about -its use (such as an argument of type @code{char *} which is really the -address of the second character of a string, not the first), or any -possible values that would not work the way one would expect (such as, -that strings containing newlines are not guaranteed to work), be sure -to say so. - -Also explain the significance of the return value, if there is one. - -Please put two spaces after the end of a sentence in your comments, so -that the Emacs sentence commands will work. Also, please write -complete sentences and capitalize the first word. If a lower-case -identifier comes at the beginning of a sentence, don't capitalize it! -Changing the spelling makes it a different identifier. If you don't -like starting a sentence with a lower case letter, write the sentence -differently (e.g., ``The identifier lower-case is @dots{}''). - -The comment on a function is much clearer if you use the argument -names to speak about the argument values. The variable name itself -should be lower case, but write it in upper case when you are speaking -about the value rather than the variable itself. Thus, ``the inode -number NODE_NUM'' rather than ``an inode''. - -There is usually no purpose in restating the name of the function in -the comment before it, because the reader can see that for himself. -There might be an exception when the comment is so long that the function -itself would be off the bottom of the screen. - -There should be a comment on each static variable as well, like this: - -@example -/* Nonzero means truncate lines in the display; - zero means continue them. */ -int truncate_lines; -@end example - -Every @samp{#endif} should have a comment, except in the case of short -conditionals (just a few lines) that are not nested. The comment should -state the condition of the conditional that is ending, @emph{including -its sense}. @samp{#else} should have a comment describing the condition -@emph{and sense} of the code that follows. For example: - -@example -@group -#ifdef foo - @dots{} -#else /* not foo */ - @dots{} -#endif /* not foo */ -@end group -@group -#ifdef foo - @dots{} -#endif /* foo */ -@end group -@end example - -@noindent -but, by contrast, write the comments this way for a @samp{#ifndef}: - -@example -@group -#ifndef foo - @dots{} -#else /* foo */ - @dots{} -#endif /* foo */ -@end group -@group -#ifndef foo - @dots{} -#endif /* not foo */ -@end group -@end example - -@node Syntactic Conventions -@section Clean Use of C Constructs - -Please explicitly declare all arguments to functions. -Don't omit them just because they are @code{int}s. - -Declarations of external functions and functions to appear later in the -source file should all go in one place near the beginning of the file -(somewhere before the first function definition in the file), or else -should go in a header file. Don't put @code{extern} declarations inside -functions. - -It used to be common practice to use the same local variables (with -names like @code{tem}) over and over for different values within one -function. Instead of doing this, it is better declare a separate local -variable for each distinct purpose, and give it a name which is -meaningful. This not only makes programs easier to understand, it also -facilitates optimization by good compilers. You can also move the -declaration of each local variable into the smallest scope that includes -all its uses. This makes the program even cleaner. - -Don't use local variables or parameters that shadow global identifiers. - -Don't declare multiple variables in one declaration that spans lines. -Start a new declaration on each line, instead. For example, instead -of this: - -@example -@group -int foo, - bar; -@end group -@end example - -@noindent -write either this: - -@example -int foo, bar; -@end example - -@noindent -or this: - -@example -int foo; -int bar; -@end example - -@noindent -(If they are global variables, each should have a comment preceding it -anyway.) - -When you have an @code{if}-@code{else} statement nested in another -@code{if} statement, always put braces around the @code{if}-@code{else}. -Thus, never write like this: - -@example -if (foo) - if (bar) - win (); - else - lose (); -@end example - -@noindent -always like this: - -@example -if (foo) - @{ - if (bar) - win (); - else - lose (); - @} -@end example - -If you have an @code{if} statement nested inside of an @code{else} -statement, either write @code{else if} on one line, like this, - -@example -if (foo) - @dots{} -else if (bar) - @dots{} -@end example - -@noindent -with its @code{then}-part indented like the preceding @code{then}-part, -or write the nested @code{if} within braces like this: - -@example -if (foo) - @dots{} -else - @{ - if (bar) - @dots{} - @} -@end example - -Don't declare both a structure tag and variables or typedefs in the -same declaration. Instead, declare the structure tag separately -and then use it to declare the variables or typedefs. - -Try to avoid assignments inside @code{if}-conditions. For example, -don't write this: - -@example -if ((foo = (char *) malloc (sizeof *foo)) == 0) - fatal ("virtual memory exhausted"); -@end example - -@noindent -instead, write this: - -@example -foo = (char *) malloc (sizeof *foo); -if (foo == 0) - fatal ("virtual memory exhausted"); -@end example - -Don't make the program ugly to placate @code{lint}. Please don't insert any -casts to @code{void}. Zero without a cast is perfectly fine as a null -pointer constant, except when calling a varargs function. - -@node Names -@section Naming Variables and Functions - -The names of global variables and functions in a program serve as -comments of a sort. So don't choose terse names---instead, look for -names that give useful information about the meaning of the variable or -function. In a GNU program, names should be English, like other -comments. - -Local variable names can be shorter, because they are used only within -one context, where (presumably) comments explain their purpose. - -Please use underscores to separate words in a name, so that the Emacs -word commands can be useful within them. Stick to lower case; reserve -upper case for macros and @code{enum} constants, and for name-prefixes -that follow a uniform convention. - -For example, you should use names like @code{ignore_space_change_flag}; -don't use names like @code{iCantReadThis}. - -Variables that indicate whether command-line options have been -specified should be named after the meaning of the option, not after -the option-letter. A comment should state both the exact meaning of -the option and its letter. For example, - -@example -@group -/* Ignore changes in horizontal whitespace (-b). */ -int ignore_space_change_flag; -@end group -@end example - -When you want to define names with constant integer values, use -@code{enum} rather than @samp{#define}. GDB knows about enumeration -constants. - -Use file names of 14 characters or less, to avoid creating gratuitous -problems on older System V systems. You can use the program -@code{doschk} to test for this. @code{doschk} also tests for potential -name conflicts if the files were loaded onto an MS-DOS file -system---something you may or may not care about. - -@node System Portability -@section Portability between System Types - -In the Unix world, ``portability'' refers to porting to different Unix -versions. For a GNU program, this kind of portability is desirable, but -not paramount. - -The primary purpose of GNU software is to run on top of the GNU kernel, -compiled with the GNU C compiler, on various types of @sc{cpu}. The -amount and kinds of variation among GNU systems on different @sc{cpu}s -will be comparable to the variation among Linux-based GNU systems or -among BSD systems today. So the kinds of portability that are absolutely -necessary are quite limited. - -But many users do run GNU software on non-GNU Unix or Unix-like systems. -So supporting a variety of Unix-like systems is desirable, although not -paramount. - -The easiest way to achieve portability to most Unix-like systems is to -use Autoconf. It's unlikely that your program needs to know more -information about the host platform than Autoconf can provide, simply -because most of the programs that need such knowledge have already been -written. - -Avoid using the format of semi-internal data bases (e.g., directories) -when there is a higher-level alternative (@code{readdir}). - -As for systems that are not like Unix, such as MSDOS, Windows, the -Macintosh, VMS, and MVS, supporting them is usually so much work that it -is better if you don't. - -The planned GNU kernel is not finished yet, but you can tell which -facilities it will provide by looking at the GNU C Library Manual. The -GNU kernel is based on Mach, so the features of Mach will also be -available. However, if you use Mach features, you'll probably have -trouble debugging your program today. - -@node CPU Portability -@section Portability between @sc{cpu}s - -Even GNU systems will differ because of differences among @sc{cpu} -types---for example, difference in byte ordering and alignment -requirements. It is absolutely essential to handle these differences. -However, don't make any effort to cater to the possibility that an -@code{int} will be less than 32 bits. We don't support 16-bit machines -in GNU. - -Don't assume that the address of an @code{int} object is also the -address of its least-significant byte. This is false on big-endian -machines. Thus, don't make the following mistake: - -@example -int c; -@dots{} -while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) - write(file_descriptor, &c, 1); -@end example - -When calling functions, you need not worry about the difference between -pointers of various types, or between pointers and integers. On most -machines, there's no difference anyway. As for the few machines where -there is a difference, all of them support @sc{ansi} C, so you can use -prototypes (conditionalized to be active only in @sc{ansi} C) to make -the code work on those systems. - -In certain cases, it is ok to pass integer and pointer arguments -indiscriminately to the same function, and use no prototype on any -system. For example, many GNU programs have error-reporting functions -that pass their arguments along to @code{printf} and friends: - -@example -error (s, a1, a2, a3) - char *s; - int a1, a2, a3; -@{ - fprintf (stderr, "error: "); - fprintf (stderr, s, a1, a2, a3); -@} -@end example - -@noindent -In practice, this works on all machines, and it is much simpler than any -``correct'' alternative. Be sure @emph{not} to use a prototype -for such functions. - -However, avoid casting pointers to integers unless you really need to. -These assumptions really reduce portability, and in most programs they -are easy to avoid. In the cases where casting pointers to integers is -essential---such as, a Lisp interpreter which stores type information as -well as an address in one word---it is ok to do so, but you'll have to -make explicit provisions to handle different word sizes. - -@node System Functions -@section Calling System Functions - -C implementations differ substantially. @sc{ansi} C reduces but does not -eliminate the incompatibilities; meanwhile, many users wish to compile -GNU software with pre-@sc{ansi} compilers. This chapter gives -recommendations for how to use the more or less standard C library -functions to avoid unnecessary loss of portability. - -@itemize @bullet -@item -Don't use the value of @code{sprintf}. It returns the number of -characters written on some systems, but not on all systems. - -@item -@code{main} should be declared to return type @code{int}. It should -terminate either by calling @code{exit} or by returning the integer -status code; make sure it cannot ever return an undefined value. - -@item -Don't declare system functions explicitly. - -Almost any declaration for a system function is wrong on some system. -To minimize conflicts, leave it to the system header files to declare -system functions. If the headers don't declare a function, let it -remain undeclared. - -While it may seem unclean to use a function without declaring it, in -practice this works fine for most system library functions on the -systems where this really happens; thus, the disadvantage is only -theoretical. By contrast, actual declarations have frequently caused -actual conflicts. - -@item -If you must declare a system function, don't specify the argument types. -Use an old-style declaration, not an @sc{ansi} prototype. The more you -specify about the function, the more likely a conflict. - -@item -In particular, don't unconditionally declare @code{malloc} or -@code{realloc}. - -Most GNU programs use those functions just once, in functions -conventionally named @code{xmalloc} and @code{xrealloc}. These -functions call @code{malloc} and @code{realloc}, respectively, and -check the results. - -Because @code{xmalloc} and @code{xrealloc} are defined in your program, -you can declare them in other files without any risk of type conflict. - -On most systems, @code{int} is the same length as a pointer; thus, the -calls to @code{malloc} and @code{realloc} work fine. For the few -exceptional systems (mostly 64-bit machines), you can use -@strong{conditionalized} declarations of @code{malloc} and -@code{realloc}---or put these declarations in configuration files -specific to those systems. - -@item -The string functions require special treatment. Some Unix systems have -a header file @file{string.h}; others have @file{strings.h}. Neither -file name is portable. There are two things you can do: use Autoconf to -figure out which file to include, or don't include either file. - -@item -If you don't include either strings file, you can't get declarations for -the string functions from the header file in the usual way. - -That causes less of a problem than you might think. The newer @sc{ansi} -string functions should be avoided anyway because many systems still -don't support them. The string functions you can use are these: - -@example -strcpy strncpy strcat strncat -strlen strcmp strncmp -strchr strrchr -@end example - -The copy and concatenate functions work fine without a declaration as -long as you don't use their values. Using their values without a -declaration fails on systems where the width of a pointer differs from -the width of @code{int}, and perhaps in other cases. It is trivial to -avoid using their values, so do that. - -The compare functions and @code{strlen} work fine without a declaration -on most systems, possibly all the ones that GNU software runs on. -You may find it necessary to declare them @strong{conditionally} on a -few systems. - -The search functions must be declared to return @code{char *}. Luckily, -there is no variation in the data type they return. But there is -variation in their names. Some systems give these functions the names -@code{index} and @code{rindex}; other systems use the names -@code{strchr} and @code{strrchr}. Some systems support both pairs of -names, but neither pair works on all systems. - -You should pick a single pair of names and use it throughout your -program. (Nowadays, it is better to choose @code{strchr} and -@code{strrchr} for new programs, since those are the standard @sc{ansi} -names.) Declare both of those names as functions returning @code{char -*}. On systems which don't support those names, define them as macros -in terms of the other pair. For example, here is what to put at the -beginning of your file (or in a header) if you want to use the names -@code{strchr} and @code{strrchr} throughout: - -@example -#ifndef HAVE_STRCHR -#define strchr index -#endif -#ifndef HAVE_STRRCHR -#define strrchr rindex -#endif - -char *strchr (); -char *strrchr (); -@end example -@end itemize - -Here we assume that @code{HAVE_STRCHR} and @code{HAVE_STRRCHR} are -macros defined in systems where the corresponding functions exist. -One way to get them properly defined is to use Autoconf. - -@node Internationalization -@section Internationalization - -GNU has a library called GNU gettext that makes it easy to translate the -messages in a program into various languages. You should use this -library in every program. Use English for the messages as they appear -in the program, and let gettext provide the way to translate them into -other languages. - -Using GNU gettext involves putting a call to the @code{gettext} macro -around each string that might need translation---like this: - -@example -printf (gettext ("Processing file `%s'...")); -@end example - -@noindent -This permits GNU gettext to replace the string @code{"Processing file -`%s'..."} with a translated version. - -Once a program uses gettext, please make a point of writing calls to -@code{gettext} when you add new strings that call for translation. - -Using GNU gettext in a package involves specifying a @dfn{text domain -name} for the package. The text domain name is used to separate the -translations for this package from the translations for other packages. -Normally, the text domain name should be the same as the name of the -package---for example, @samp{fileutils} for the GNU file utilities. - -To enable gettext to work well, avoid writing code that makes -assumptions about the structure of words or sentences. When you want -the precise text of a sentence to vary depending on the data, use two or -more alternative string constants each containing a complete sentences, -rather than inserting conditionalized words or phrases into a single -sentence framework. - -Here is an example of what not to do: - -@example -printf ("%d file%s processed", nfiles, - nfiles != 1 ? "s" : ""); -@end example - -@noindent -The problem with that example is that it assumes that plurals are made -by adding `s'. If you apply gettext to the format string, like this, - -@example -printf (gettext ("%d file%s processed"), nfiles, - nfiles != 1 ? "s" : ""); -@end example - -@noindent -the message can use different words, but it will still be forced to use -`s' for the plural. Here is a better way: - -@example -printf ((nfiles != 1 ? "%d files processed" - : "%d file processed"), - nfiles); -@end example - -@noindent -This way, you can apply gettext to each of the two strings -independently: - -@example -printf ((nfiles != 1 ? gettext ("%d files processed") - : gettext ("%d file processed")), - nfiles); -@end example - -@noindent -This can be any method of forming the plural of the word for ``file'', and -also handles languages that require agreement in the word for -``processed''. - -A similar problem appears at the level of sentence structure with this -code: - -@example -printf ("# Implicit rule search has%s been done.\n", - f->tried_implicit ? "" : " not"); -@end example - -@noindent -Adding @code{gettext} calls to this code cannot give correct results for -all languages, because negation in some languages requires adding words -at more than one place in the sentence. By contrast, adding -@code{gettext} calls does the job straightfowardly if the code starts -out like this: - -@example -printf (f->tried_implicit - ? "# Implicit rule search has been done.\n", - : "# Implicit rule search has not been done.\n"); -@end example - -@node Mmap -@section Mmap - -Don't assume that @code{mmap} either works on all files or fails -for all files. It may work on some files and fail on others. - -The proper way to use @code{mmap} is to try it on the specific file for -which you want to use it---and if @code{mmap} doesn't work, fall back on -doing the job in another way using @code{read} and @code{write}. - -The reason this precaution is needed is that the GNU kernel (the HURD) -provides a user-extensible file system, in which there can be many -different kinds of ``ordinary files.'' Many of them support -@code{mmap}, but some do not. It is important to make programs handle -all these kinds of files. - -@node Documentation -@chapter Documenting Programs - -@menu -* GNU Manuals:: Writing proper manuals. -* Manual Structure Details:: Specific structure conventions. -* NEWS File:: NEWS files supplement manuals. -* Change Logs:: Recording Changes -* Man Pages:: Man pages are secondary. -* Reading other Manuals:: How far you can go in learning - from other manuals. -@end menu - -@node GNU Manuals -@section GNU Manuals - -The preferred way to document part of the GNU system is to write a -manual in the Texinfo formatting language. See the Texinfo manual, -either the hardcopy, or the on-line version available through -@code{info} or the Emacs Info subsystem (@kbd{C-h i}). - -Programmers often find it most natural to structure the documentation -following the structure of the implementation, which they know. But -this structure is not necessarily good for explaining how to use the -program; it may be irrelevant and confusing for a user. - -At every level, from the sentences in a paragraph to the grouping of -topics into separate manuals, the right way to structure documentation -is according to the concepts and questions that a user will have in mind -when reading it. Sometimes this structure of ideas matches the -structure of the implementation of the software being documented---but -often they are different. Often the most important part of learning to -write good documentation is learning to notice when you are structuring -the documentation like the implementation, and think about better -alternatives. - -For example, each program in the GNU system probably ought to be -documented in one manual; but this does not mean each program should -have its own manual. That would be following the structure of the -implementation, rather than the structure that helps the user -understand. - -Instead, each manual should cover a coherent @emph{topic}. For example, -instead of a manual for @code{diff} and a manual for @code{diff3}, we -have one manual for ``comparison of files'' which covers both of those -programs, as well as @code{cmp}. By documenting these programs -together, we can make the whole subject clearer. - -The manual which discusses a program should document all of the -program's command-line options and all of its commands. It should give -examples of their use. But don't organize the manual as a list of -features. Instead, organize it logically, by subtopics. Address the -questions that a user will ask when thinking about the job that the -program does. - -In general, a GNU manual should serve both as tutorial and reference. -It should be set up for convenient access to each topic through Info, -and for reading straight through (appendixes aside). A GNU manual -should give a good introduction to a beginner reading through from the -start, and should also provide all the details that hackers want. - -That is not as hard as it first sounds. Arrange each chapter as a -logical breakdown of its topic, but order the sections, and write their -text, so that reading the chapter straight through makes sense. Do -likewise when structuring the book into chapters, and when structuring a -section into paragraphs. The watchword is, @emph{at each point, address -the most fundamental and important issue raised by the preceding text.} - -If necessary, add extra chapters at the beginning of the manual which -are purely tutorial and cover the basics of the subject. These provide -the framework for a beginner to understand the rest of the manual. The -Bison manual provides a good example of how to do this. - -Don't use Unix man pages as a model for how to write GNU documentation; -most of them are terse, badly structured, and give inadequate -explanation of the underlying concepts. (There are, of course -exceptions.) Also Unix man pages use a particular format which is -different from what we use in GNU manuals. - -Please do not use the term ``pathname'' that is used in Unix -documentation; use ``file name'' (two words) instead. We use the term -``path'' only for search paths, which are lists of file names. - -Please do not use the term ``illegal'' to refer to erroneous input to a -computer program. Please use ``invalid'' for this, and reserve the term -``illegal'' for violations of law. - -@node Manual Structure Details -@section Manual Structure Details - -The title page of the manual should state the version of the programs or -packages documented in the manual. The Top node of the manual should -also contain this information. If the manual is changing more -frequently than or independent of the program, also state a version -number for the manual in both of these places. - -Each program documented in the manual should should have a node named -@samp{@var{program} Invocation} or @samp{Invoking @var{program}}. This -node (together with its subnodes, if any) should describe the program's -command line arguments and how to run it (the sort of information people -would look in a man page for). Start with an @samp{@@example} -containing a template for all the options and arguments that the program -uses. - -Alternatively, put a menu item in some menu whose item name fits one of -the above patterns. This identifies the node which that item points to -as the node for this purpose, regardless of the node's actual name. - -There will be automatic features for specifying a program name and -quickly reading just this part of its manual. - -If one manual describes several programs, it should have such a node for -each program described. - -@node NEWS File -@section The NEWS File - -In addition to its manual, the package should have a file named -@file{NEWS} which contains a list of user-visible changes worth -mentioning. In each new release, add items to the front of the file and -identify the version they pertain to. Don't discard old items; leave -them in the file after the newer items. This way, a user upgrading from -any previous version can see what is new. - -If the @file{NEWS} file gets very long, move some of the older items -into a file named @file{ONEWS} and put a note at the end referring the -user to that file. - -@node Change Logs -@section Change Logs - -Keep a change log to describe all the changes made to program source -files. The purpose of this is so that people investigating bugs in the -future will know about the changes that might have introduced the bug. -Often a new bug can be found by looking at what was recently changed. -More importantly, change logs can help you eliminate conceptual -inconsistencies between different parts of a program, by giving you a -history of how the conflicting concepts arose and who they came from. - -@menu -* Change Log Concepts:: -* Style of Change Logs:: -* Simple Changes:: -* Conditional Changes:: -@end menu - -@node Change Log Concepts -@subsection Change Log Concepts - -You can think of the change log as a conceptual ``undo list'' which -explains how earlier versions were different from the current version. -People can see the current version; they don't need the change log -to tell them what is in it. What they want from a change log is a -clear explanation of how the earlier version differed. - -The change log file is normally called @file{ChangeLog} and covers an -entire directory. Each directory can have its own change log, or a -directory can use the change log of its parent directory--it's up to -you. - -Another alternative is to record change log information with a version -control system such as RCS or CVS. This can be converted automatically -to a @file{ChangeLog} file. - -There's no need to describe the full purpose of the changes or how they -work together. If you think that a change calls for explanation, you're -probably right. Please do explain it---but please put the explanation -in comments in the code, where people will see it whenever they see the -code. For example, ``New function'' is enough for the change log when -you add a function, because there should be a comment before the -function definition to explain what it does. - -However, sometimes it is useful to write one line to describe the -overall purpose of a batch of changes. - -The easiest way to add an entry to @file{ChangeLog} is with the Emacs -command @kbd{M-x add-change-log-entry}. An entry should have an -asterisk, the name of the changed file, and then in parentheses the name -of the changed functions, variables or whatever, followed by a colon. -Then describe the changes you made to that function or variable. - -@node Style of Change Logs -@subsection Style of Change Logs - -Here are some examples of change log entries: - -@example -* register.el (insert-register): Return nil. -(jump-to-register): Likewise. - -* sort.el (sort-subr): Return nil. - -* tex-mode.el (tex-bibtex-file, tex-file, tex-region): -Restart the tex shell if process is gone or stopped. -(tex-shell-running): New function. - -* expr.c (store_one_arg): Round size up for move_block_to_reg. -(expand_call): Round up when emitting USE insns. -* stmt.c (assign_parms): Round size up for move_block_from_reg. -@end example - -It's important to name the changed function or variable in full. Don't -abbreviate function or variable names, and don't combine them. -Subsequent maintainers will often search for a function name to find all -the change log entries that pertain to it; if you abbreviate the name, -they won't find it when they search. - -For example, some people are tempted to abbreviate groups of function -names by writing @samp{* register.el (@{insert,jump-to@}-register)}; -this is not a good idea, since searching for @code{jump-to-register} or -@code{insert-register} would not find that entry. - -Separate unrelated change log entries with blank lines. When two -entries represent parts of the same change, so that they work together, -then don't put blank lines between them. Then you can omit the file -name and the asterisk when successive entries are in the same file. - -@node Simple Changes -@subsection Simple Changes - -Certain simple kinds of changes don't need much detail in the change -log. - -When you change the calling sequence of a function in a simple fashion, -and you change all the callers of the function, there is no need to make -individual entries for all the callers that you changed. Just write in -the entry for the function being called, ``All callers changed.'' - -@example -* keyboard.c (Fcommand_execute): New arg SPECIAL. -All callers changed. -@end example - -When you change just comments or doc strings, it is enough to write an -entry for the file, without mentioning the functions. Just ``Doc -fixes'' is enough for the change log. - -There's no need to make change log entries for documentation files. -This is because documentation is not susceptible to bugs that are hard -to fix. Documentation does not consist of parts that must interact in a -precisely engineered fashion. To correct an error, you need not know -the history of the erroneous passage; it is enough to compare what the -documentation says with the way the program actually works. - -@node Conditional Changes -@subsection Conditional Changes - -C programs often contain compile-time @code{#if} conditionals. Many -changes are conditional; sometimes you add a new definition which is -entirely contained in a conditional. It is very useful to indicate in -the change log the conditions for which the change applies. - -Our convention for indicating conditional changes is to use square -brackets around the name of the condition. - -Here is a simple example, describing a change which is conditional but -does not have a function or entity name associated with it: - -@example -* xterm.c [SOLARIS2]: Include string.h. -@end example - -Here is an entry describing a new definition which is entirely -conditional. This new definition for the macro @code{FRAME_WINDOW_P} is -used only when @code{HAVE_X_WINDOWS} is defined: - -@example -* frame.h [HAVE_X_WINDOWS] (FRAME_WINDOW_P): Macro defined. -@end example - -Here is an entry for a change within the function @code{init_display}, -whose definition as a whole is unconditional, but the changes themselves -are contained in a @samp{#ifdef HAVE_LIBNCURSES} conditional: - -@example -* dispnew.c (init_display) [HAVE_LIBNCURSES]: If X, call tgetent. -@end example - -Here is an entry for a change that takes affect only when -a certain macro is @emph{not} defined: - -@example -(gethostname) [!HAVE_SOCKETS]: Replace with winsock version. -@end example - -@node Man Pages -@section Man Pages - -In the GNU project, man pages are secondary. It is not necessary or -expected for every GNU program to have a man page, but some of them do. -It's your choice whether to include a man page in your program. - -When you make this decision, consider that supporting a man page -requires continual effort each time the program is changed. The time -you spend on the man page is time taken away from more useful work. - -For a simple program which changes little, updating the man page may be -a small job. Then there is little reason not to include a man page, if -you have one. - -For a large program that changes a great deal, updating a man page may -be a substantial burden. If a user offers to donate a man page, you may -find this gift costly to accept. It may be better to refuse the man -page unless the same person agrees to take full responsibility for -maintaining it---so that you can wash your hands of it entirely. If -this volunteer later ceases to do the job, then don't feel obliged to -pick it up yourself; it may be better to withdraw the man page from the -distribution until someone else agrees to update it. - -When a program changes only a little, you may feel that the -discrepancies are small enough that the man page remains useful without -updating. If so, put a prominent note near the beginning of the man -page explaining that you don't maintain it and that the Texinfo manual -is more authoritative. The note should say how to access the Texinfo -documentation. - -@node Reading other Manuals -@section Reading other Manuals - -There may be non-free books or documentation files that describe the -program you are documenting. - -It is ok to use these documents for reference, just as the author of a -new algebra textbook can read other books on algebra. A large portion -of any non-fiction book consists of facts, in this case facts about how -a certain program works, and these facts are necessarily the same for -everyone who writes about the subject. But be careful not to copy your -outline structure, wording, tables or examples from preexisting non-free -documentation. Copying from free documentation may be ok; please check -with the FSF about the individual case. - -@node Managing Releases -@chapter The Release Process - -Making a release is more than just bundling up your source files in a -tar file and putting it up for FTP. You should set up your software so -that it can be configured to run on a variety of systems. Your Makefile -should conform to the GNU standards described below, and your directory -layout should also conform to the standards discussed below. Doing so -makes it easy to include your package into the larger framework of -all GNU software. - -@menu -* Configuration:: How Configuration Should Work -* Makefile Conventions:: Makefile Conventions -* Releases:: Making Releases -@end menu - -@node Configuration -@section How Configuration Should Work - -Each GNU distribution should come with a shell script named -@code{configure}. This script is given arguments which describe the -kind of machine and system you want to compile the program for. - -The @code{configure} script must record the configuration options so -that they affect compilation. - -One way to do this is to make a link from a standard name such as -@file{config.h} to the proper configuration file for the chosen system. -If you use this technique, the distribution should @emph{not} contain a -file named @file{config.h}. This is so that people won't be able to -build the program without configuring it first. - -Another thing that @code{configure} can do is to edit the Makefile. If -you do this, the distribution should @emph{not} contain a file named -@file{Makefile}. Instead, it should include a file @file{Makefile.in} which -contains the input used for editing. Once again, this is so that people -won't be able to build the program without configuring it first. - -If @code{configure} does write the @file{Makefile}, then @file{Makefile} -should have a target named @file{Makefile} which causes @code{configure} -to be rerun, setting up the same configuration that was set up last -time. The files that @code{configure} reads should be listed as -dependencies of @file{Makefile}. - -All the files which are output from the @code{configure} script should -have comments at the beginning explaining that they were generated -automatically using @code{configure}. This is so that users won't think -of trying to edit them by hand. - -The @code{configure} script should write a file named @file{config.status} -which describes which configuration options were specified when the -program was last configured. This file should be a shell script which, -if run, will recreate the same configuration. - -The @code{configure} script should accept an option of the form -@samp{--srcdir=@var{dirname}} to specify the directory where sources are found -(if it is not the current directory). This makes it possible to build -the program in a separate directory, so that the actual source directory -is not modified. - -If the user does not specify @samp{--srcdir}, then @code{configure} should -check both @file{.} and @file{..} to see if it can find the sources. If -it finds the sources in one of these places, it should use them from -there. Otherwise, it should report that it cannot find the sources, and -should exit with nonzero status. - -Usually the easy way to support @samp{--srcdir} is by editing a -definition of @code{VPATH} into the Makefile. Some rules may need to -refer explicitly to the specified source directory. To make this -possible, @code{configure} can add to the Makefile a variable named -@code{srcdir} whose value is precisely the specified directory. - -The @code{configure} script should also take an argument which specifies the -type of system to build the program for. This argument should look like -this: - -@example -@var{cpu}-@var{company}-@var{system} -@end example - -For example, a Sun 3 might be @samp{m68k-sun-sunos4.1}. - -The @code{configure} script needs to be able to decode all plausible -alternatives for how to describe a machine. Thus, @samp{sun3-sunos4.1} -would be a valid alias. For many programs, @samp{vax-dec-ultrix} would -be an alias for @samp{vax-dec-bsd}, simply because the differences -between Ultrix and @sc{BSD} are rarely noticeable, but a few programs -might need to distinguish them. -@c Real 4.4BSD now runs on some Suns. - -There is a shell script called @file{config.sub} that you can use -as a subroutine to validate system types and canonicalize aliases. - -Other options are permitted to specify in more detail the software -or hardware present on the machine, and include or exclude optional -parts of the package: - -@table @samp -@item --enable-@var{feature}@r{[}=@var{parameter}@r{]} -Configure the package to build and install an optional user-level -facility called @var{feature}. This allows users to choose which -optional features to include. Giving an optional @var{parameter} of -@samp{no} should omit @var{feature}, if it is built by default. - -No @samp{--enable} option should @strong{ever} cause one feature to -replace another. No @samp{--enable} option should ever substitute one -useful behavior for another useful behavior. The only proper use for -@samp{--enable} is for questions of whether to build part of the program -or exclude it. - -@item --with-@var{package} -@c @r{[}=@var{parameter}@r{]} -The package @var{package} will be installed, so configure this package -to work with @var{package}. - -@c Giving an optional @var{parameter} of -@c @samp{no} should omit @var{package}, if it is used by default. - -Possible values of @var{package} include -@samp{gnu-as} (or @samp{gas}), @samp{gnu-ld}, @samp{gnu-libc}, -@samp{gdb}, -@samp{x}, -and -@samp{x-toolkit}. - -Do not use a @samp{--with} option to specify the file name to use to -find certain files. That is outside the scope of what @samp{--with} -options are for. - -@item --nfp -The target machine has no floating point processor. - -@item --gas -The target machine assembler is GAS, the GNU assembler. -This is obsolete; users should use @samp{--with-gnu-as} instead. - -@item --x -The target machine has the X Window System installed. -This is obsolete; users should use @samp{--with-x} instead. -@end table - -All @code{configure} scripts should accept all of these ``detail'' -options, whether or not they make any difference to the particular -package at hand. In particular, they should accept any option that -starts with @samp{--with-} or @samp{--enable-}. This is so users will -be able to configure an entire GNU source tree at once with a single set -of options. - -You will note that the categories @samp{--with-} and @samp{--enable-} -are narrow: they @strong{do not} provide a place for any sort of option -you might think of. That is deliberate. We want to limit the possible -configuration options in GNU software. We do not want GNU programs to -have idiosyncratic configuration options. - -Packages that perform part of the compilation process may support cross-compilation. -In such a case, the host and target machines for the program may be -different. The @code{configure} script should normally treat the -specified type of system as both the host and the target, thus producing -a program which works for the same type of machine that it runs on. - -The way to build a cross-compiler, cross-assembler, or what have you, is -to specify the option @samp{--host=@var{hosttype}} when running -@code{configure}. This specifies the host system without changing the -type of target system. The syntax for @var{hosttype} is the same as -described above. - -Bootstrapping a cross-compiler requires compiling it on a machine other -than the host it will run on. Compilation packages accept a -configuration option @samp{--build=@var{hosttype}} for specifying the -configuration on which you will compile them, in case that is different -from the host. - -Programs for which cross-operation is not meaningful need not accept the -@samp{--host} option, because configuring an entire operating system for -cross-operation is not a meaningful thing. - -Some programs have ways of configuring themselves automatically. If -your program is set up to do this, your @code{configure} script can simply -ignore most of its arguments. - -@comment The makefile standards are in a separate file that is also -@comment included by make.texinfo. Done by roland@gnu.ai.mit.edu on 1/6/93. -@comment For this document, turn chapters into sections, etc. -@lowersections -@include make-stds.texi -@raisesections - -@node Releases -@section Making Releases - -Package the distribution of @code{Foo version 69.96} up in a gzipped tar -file with the name @file{foo-69.96.tar.gz}. It should unpack into a -subdirectory named @file{foo-69.96}. - -Building and installing the program should never modify any of the files -contained in the distribution. This means that all the files that form -part of the program in any way must be classified into @dfn{source -files} and @dfn{non-source files}. Source files are written by humans -and never changed automatically; non-source files are produced from -source files by programs under the control of the Makefile. - -Naturally, all the source files must be in the distribution. It is okay -to include non-source files in the distribution, provided they are -up-to-date and machine-independent, so that building the distribution -normally will never modify them. We commonly include non-source files -produced by Bison, @code{lex}, @TeX{}, and @code{makeinfo}; this helps avoid -unnecessary dependencies between our distributions, so that users can -install whichever packages they want to install. - -Non-source files that might actually be modified by building and -installing the program should @strong{never} be included in the -distribution. So if you do distribute non-source files, always make -sure they are up to date when you make a new distribution. - -Make sure that the directory into which the distribution unpacks (as -well as any subdirectories) are all world-writable (octal mode 777). -This is so that old versions of @code{tar} which preserve the -ownership and permissions of the files from the tar archive will be -able to extract all the files even if the user is unprivileged. - -Make sure that all the files in the distribution are world-readable. - -Make sure that no file name in the distribution is more than 14 -characters long. Likewise, no file created by building the program -should have a name longer than 14 characters. The reason for this is -that some systems adhere to a foolish interpretation of the POSIX -standard, and refuse to open a longer name, rather than truncating as -they did in the past. - -Don't include any symbolic links in the distribution itself. If the tar -file contains symbolic links, then people cannot even unpack it on -systems that don't support symbolic links. Also, don't use multiple -names for one file in different directories, because certain file -systems cannot handle this and that prevents unpacking the -distribution. - -Try to make sure that all the file names will be unique on MS-DOS. A -name on MS-DOS consists of up to 8 characters, optionally followed by a -period and up to three characters. MS-DOS will truncate extra -characters both before and after the period. Thus, -@file{foobarhacker.c} and @file{foobarhacker.o} are not ambiguous; they -are truncated to @file{foobarha.c} and @file{foobarha.o}, which are -distinct. - -Include in your distribution a copy of the @file{texinfo.tex} you used -to test print any @file{*.texinfo} or @file{*.texi} files. - -Likewise, if your program uses small GNU software packages like regex, -getopt, obstack, or termcap, include them in the distribution file. -Leaving them out would make the distribution file a little smaller at -the expense of possible inconvenience to a user who doesn't know what -other files to get. - -@contents - -@bye -Local variables: -update-date-leading-regexp: "@c This date is automagically updated when you save this file:\n@set lastupdate " -update-date-trailing-regexp: "" -eval: (load "/gd/gnuorg/update-date.el") -eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'update-date) -End: -- cgit v1.1