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mail through a heterogenous internet presents man)112 243.6 R -3.91(yn)-.15 G 1.91 -.25(ew p)372.55 243.6 T 3.91(roblems. Among).25 F .297 -(the w)112 255.6 R .297(orst of these is that of address mapping.)-.1 F -(Historically)5.297 E 2.797(,t)-.65 G .298(his has been handled on an)355.03 -255.6 R F2(ad hoc)112 267.6 Q F1 2.5(basis. Ho)2.5 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.8 -.4(r, t).15 H(his approach has become unmanageable as internets gro).4 E --.65(w.)-.25 G .15(Sendmail acts a uni\214ed "post of)112 283.8 R .15 -(\214ce" to which all mail can be submitted.)-.25 F .15(Address inter)5.15 F(-) --.2 E .426(pretation is controlled by a production system, which can parse bot\ -h domain-based ad-)112 295.8 R .423(dressing and old-style)112 307.8 R F2 .423 -(ad hoc)2.923 F F1 2.923(addresses. The)2.923 F .422(production system is po) -2.922 F .422(werful enough to)-.25 F(re)112 319.8 Q 1.357(write addresses in t\ -he message header to conform to the standards of a number of)-.25 F 1.15 -(common tar)112 331.8 R 1.15(get netw)-.18 F 1.15 -(orks, including old \(NCP/RFC733\) Arpanet, ne)-.1 F 3.65(w\()-.25 G -(TCP/RFC822\))405.65 331.8 Q 1.119(Arpanet, UUCP)112 343.8 R 3.619(,a)-1.11 G -1.119(nd Phonenet.)186.448 343.8 R 1.119(Sendmail also implements an SMTP serv) -6.119 F(er)-.15 E 3.619(,m)-.4 G(essage)437.9 343.8 Q(queueing, and aliasing.) -112 355.8 Q F2(Sendmail)97 400.2 Q F1 .501(implements a general internetw)3 F -.501(ork mail routing f)-.1 F(acility)-.1 E 3.001(,f)-.65 G .501 -(eaturing aliasing and forw)369.847 400.2 R(arding,)-.1 E -(automatic routing to netw)72 412.2 Q(ork g)-.1 E(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G -(ys, and \215e).1 E(xible con\214guration.)-.15 E .624(In a simple netw)97 -428.4 R .624(ork, each node has an address, and resources can be identi\214ed \ -with a host-resource)-.1 F .374(pair; in particular)72 440.4 R 2.874(,t)-.4 G -.374(he mail system can refer to users using a host-username pair)149.932 440.4 -R 5.374(.H)-.55 G .375(ost names and numbers)409.276 440.4 R(ha)72 452.4 Q .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(ob).15 G 2.5(ea)108.31 452.4 S -(dministered by a central authority)119.69 452.4 Q 2.5(,b)-.65 G -(ut usernames can be assigned locally to each host.)263.82 452.4 Q .649 -(In an internet, multiple netw)97 468.6 R .649(orks with dif)-.1 F .649 -(ferent characterstics and managements must communicate.)-.25 F .389 -(In particular)72 480.6 R 2.889(,t)-.4 G .389 -(he syntax and semantics of resource identi\214cation change.)129.308 480.6 R -.39(Certain special cases can be han-)5.389 F 1.033(dled tri)72 492.6 R 1.033 -(vially by)-.25 F F2 1.033(ad hoc)3.533 F F1 1.032(techniques, such as pro) -3.533 F 1.032(viding netw)-.15 F 1.032 -(ork names that appear local to hosts on other)-.1 F(netw)72 504.6 Q 1.454 -(orks, as with the Ethernet at Xerox P)-.1 F 3.955(ARC. Ho)-.92 F(we)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.25 G 4.755 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.455(he general case is e).4 F 1.455 -(xtremely comple)-.15 F 3.955(x. F)-.15 F(or)-.15 E -.15(ex)72 516.6 S .192 -(ample, some netw).15 F .192(orks require point-to-point routing, which simpli\ -\214es the database update problem since)-.1 F .618(only adjacent hosts must b\ -e entered into the system tables, while others use end-to-end addressing.)72 -528.6 R(Some)5.618 E(netw)72 540.6 Q .123(orks use a left-associati)-.1 F .423 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .123(yntax and others use a right-associati).15 F .423 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H .123(yntax, causing ambiguity in mix).15 F(ed)-.15 E(addresses.)72 -552.6 Q .678(Internet standards seek to eliminate these problems.)97 568.8 R -(Initially)5.678 E 3.178(,t)-.65 G .679(hese proposed e)353.134 568.8 R .679 -(xpanding the address)-.15 F .65(pairs to address triples, consisting of {netw) -72 580.8 R .649(ork, host, resource} triples.)-.1 F(Netw)5.649 E .649 -(ork numbers must be uni)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.2(r-).15 G 1.452 -(sally agreed upon, and hosts can be assigned locally on each netw)72 592.8 R -3.952(ork. The)-.1 F(user)3.952 E(-le)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.952(lp).15 G 1.452 -(resentation w)440.718 592.8 R(as)-.1 E 2.352(quickly e)72 604.8 R 2.352(xpand\ -ed to address domains, comprised of a local resource identi\214cation and a hi\ -erarchical)-.15 F .256(domain speci\214cation with a common static root.)72 -616.8 R .257(The domain technique separates the issue of ph)5.257 F .257 -(ysical v)-.05 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E .807(sus logical addressing.)72 628.8 R -.15 -(Fo)5.807 G 3.307(re).15 G .807 -(xample, an address of the form \231eric@a.cc.berk)191.028 628.8 R(ele)-.1 E --.65(y.)-.15 G .807(arpa\232 describes only the).65 F(logical or)72 640.8 Q --.05(ga)-.18 G(nization of the address space.).05 E F2(Sendmail)97 657 Q F1 -.493(is intended to help bridge the g)2.992 F .493(ap between the totally)-.05 -F F2 .493(ad hoc)2.993 F F1 -.1(wo)2.993 G .493(rld of netw).1 F .493 -(orks that kno)-.1 F(w)-.25 E .855 -(nothing of each other and the clean, tightly-coupled w)72 669 R .854 -(orld of unique netw)-.1 F .854(ork numbers.)-.1 F .854(It can accept old)5.854 -F .32 LW 76 678.6 72 678.6 DL 80 678.6 76 678.6 DL 84 678.6 80 678.6 DL 88 -678.6 84 678.6 DL 92 678.6 88 678.6 DL 96 678.6 92 678.6 DL 100 678.6 96 678.6 -DL 104 678.6 100 678.6 DL 108 678.6 104 678.6 DL 112 678.6 108 678.6 DL 116 -678.6 112 678.6 DL 120 678.6 116 678.6 DL 124 678.6 120 678.6 DL 128 678.6 124 -678.6 DL 132 678.6 128 678.6 DL 136 678.6 132 678.6 DL 140 678.6 136 678.6 DL -144 678.6 140 678.6 DL 148 678.6 144 678.6 DL 152 678.6 148 678.6 DL 156 678.6 -152 678.6 DL 160 678.6 156 678.6 DL 164 678.6 160 678.6 DL 168 678.6 164 678.6 -DL 172 678.6 168 678.6 DL 176 678.6 172 678.6 DL 180 678.6 176 678.6 DL 184 -678.6 180 678.6 DL 188 678.6 184 678.6 DL 192 678.6 188 678.6 DL 196 678.6 192 -678.6 DL 200 678.6 196 678.6 DL 204 678.6 200 678.6 DL 208 678.6 204 678.6 DL -212 678.6 208 678.6 DL 216 678.6 212 678.6 DL/F3 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .557 -(*A considerable part of this w)93.6 690.6 R .557(ork w)-.08 F .557 -(as done while under the emplo)-.08 F 2.557(yo)-.08 G 2.556(ft)323.116 690.6 S -.556(he INGRES Project at the Uni)330.56 690.6 R -.12(ve)-.2 G .556 -(rsity of California at).12 F(Berk)72 700.2 Q(ele)-.08 E 2(ya)-.12 G -(nd at Britton Lee.)106.232 700.2 Q/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 756 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-1) -462.9 756 Q EP -%%Page: 2 2 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 192.28(SMM:9-2 SENDMAIL)72 60 R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI) -383.99 60 S(nter)395.94 60 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E/F1 10 -/Times-Roman@0 SF .632(arbitrary address syntax)72 96 R .633(es, resolving amb\ -iguities using heuristics speci\214ed by the system administrator)-.15 F 3.133 -(,a)-.4 G(s)500.11 96 Q .348(well as domain-based addressing.)72 108 R .347 -(It helps guide the con)5.347 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .347 -(rsion of message formats between disparate net-).15 F -.1(wo)72 120 S 3.394 -(rks. In).1 F(short,)3.394 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.394 E F1 .894 -(is designed to assist a graceful transition to consistent internetw)3.394 F -.895(ork addressing)-.1 F(schemes.)72 132 Q .153 -(Section 1 discusses the design goals for)97 160.2 R F2(sendmail)2.653 E F1 -5.153(.S)C .152(ection 2 gi)308.214 160.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.652(sa).15 G 2.652 -(no)370.76 160.2 S -.15(ve)383.262 160.2 S(rvie).15 E 2.652(wo)-.25 G 2.652(ft) -422.724 160.2 S .152(he basic functions)431.486 160.2 R .644(of the system.)72 -172.2 R .644(In section 3, details of usage are discussed.)5.644 F .644 -(Section 4 compares)5.644 F F2(sendmail)3.144 E F1 .645(to other internet)3.144 -F(mail routers, and an e)72 184.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(luation of).25 E F2 -(sendmail)2.5 E F1(is gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ns)283.3 184.2 S -(ection 5, including future plans.)294.69 184.2 Q F0 2.5(1. DESIGN)72 208.2 R -(GO)2.5 E(ALS)-.4 E F1(Design goals for)112 224.4 Q F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1 -(include:)2.5 E 12.5(\(1\) Compatibility)92 240.6 R 1.363(with the e)3.864 F -1.363(xisting mail programs, including Bell v)-.15 F 1.363 -(ersion 6 mail, Bell v)-.15 F 1.363(ersion 7)-.15 F 1.202(mail [UNIX83], Berk) -118.66 252.6 R(ele)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(Mail)3.702 E F1 1.202 -([Shoens79], BerkNet mail [Schmidt79], and hopefully UUCP)3.702 F(mail [No) -118.66 264.6 Q(witz78a, No)-.25 E 2.5(witz78b]. ARP)-.25 F(ANET mail [Crock) --.92 E(er77a, Postel77] w)-.1 E(as also required.)-.1 E 12.5(\(2\) Reliability) -92 280.8 R 4.003(,i)-.65 G 4.003(nt)169.523 280.8 S 1.502 -(he sense of guaranteeing that e)181.306 280.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.502 -(ry message is correctly deli).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.502(red or at least).15 F -.368 -(brought to the attention of a human for correct disposal; no message should e) -118.66 292.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.868(rb).15 G 2.868(ec)452.252 292.8 S -(ompletely)464 292.8 Q 2.541(lost. This)118.66 304.8 R .041(goal w)2.541 F .041 -(as considered essential because of the emphasis on mail in our en)-.1 F 2.54 -(vironment. It)-.4 F 1.754 -(has turned out to be one of the hardest goals to satisfy)118.66 316.8 R 4.255 -(,e)-.65 G 1.755(specially in the f)363.75 316.8 R 1.755(ace of the man)-.1 F -(y)-.15 E .978(anomalous message formats produced by v)118.66 328.8 R .977 -(arious ARP)-.25 F .977(ANET sites.)-.92 F -.15(Fo)5.977 G 3.477(re).15 G .977 -(xample, certain sites)420.116 328.8 R .069 -(generate improperly formated addresses, occasionally causing error)118.66 -340.8 R .069(-message loops.)-.2 F .069(Some hosts)5.069 F .063(use blanks in \ -names, causing problems with UNIX mail programs that assume that an address is) -118.66 352.8 R .111(one w)118.66 364.8 R 2.611(ord. The)-.1 F .111 -(semantics of some \214elds are interpreted slightly dif)2.611 F .112 -(ferently by dif)-.25 F .112(ferent sites.)-.25 F(In)5.112 E(summary)118.66 -376.8 Q 3.023(,t)-.65 G .523(he obscure features of the ARP)163.533 376.8 R -.523(ANET mail protocol really)-.92 F F2(ar)3.023 E(e)-.37 E F1 .522 -(used and are dif)3.023 F(\214cult)-.25 E(to support, b)118.66 388.8 Q -(ut must be supported.)-.2 E 12.5(\(3\) Existing)92 405 R(softw)2.938 E .438 -(are to do actual deli)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ry should be used whene).15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.939(rp).15 G 2.939(ossible. This)387.654 405 R .439(goal deri) -2.939 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.939(sa).15 G(s)500.11 405 Q -(much from political and practical considerations as technical.)118.66 417 Q -12.5(\(4\) Easy)92 433.2 R -.15(ex)2.899 G .399(pansion to f).15 F .399 -(airly comple)-.1 F 2.898(xe)-.15 G -.4(nv)261.064 433.2 S .398 -(ironments, including multiple connections to a single net-).4 F -.1(wo)118.66 -445.2 S .115 -(rk type \(such as with multiple UUCP or Ether nets [Metcalfe76]\).).1 F .115 -(This goal requires consid-)5.115 F .587(eration of the contents of an address\ - as well as its syntax in order to determine which g)118.66 457.2 R(ate)-.05 E --.1(wa)-.25 G(y).1 E 1.018(to use.)118.66 469.2 R -.15(Fo)6.018 G 3.518(re).15 -G 1.018(xample, the ARP)173.354 469.2 R 1.019 -(ANET is bringing up the TCP protocol to replace the old NCP)-.92 F 4.791 -(protocol. No)118.66 481.2 R 2.291(host at Berk)4.791 F(ele)-.1 E 4.791(yr)-.15 -G 2.291(uns both TCP and NCP)256.235 481.2 R 4.791(,s)-1.11 G 4.79(oi)369.37 -481.2 S 4.79(ti)381.94 481.2 S 4.79(sn)392.29 481.2 S 2.29 -(ecessary to look at the)405.97 481.2 R(ARP)118.66 493.2 Q .016 -(ANET host name to determine whether to route mail to an NCP g)-.92 F(ate)-.05 -E -.1(wa)-.25 G 2.517(yo).1 G 2.517(raT)435.569 493.2 S .017(CP g)454.483 493.2 -R(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G -.65(y.).1 G 12.5(\(5\) Con\214guration)92 509.4 R -.145(should not be compiled into the code.)2.645 F 2.645(As)5.145 G .145 -(ingle compiled program should be able)346.905 509.4 R .91(to run as is at an) -118.66 521.4 R 3.41(ys)-.15 G .91 -(ite \(barring such basic changes as the CPU type or the operating system\).) -200.63 521.4 R 2.61 -.8(We h)118.66 533.4 T -2.25 -.2(av e).8 H 1.009 -(found this seemingly unimportant goal to be critical in real life.)3.71 F -1.009(Besides the simple)6.009 F .66(problems that occur when an)118.66 545.4 R -3.16(yp)-.15 G .66(rogram gets recompiled in a dif)249.84 545.4 R .66 -(ferent en)-.25 F .66(vironment, man)-.4 F 3.16(ys)-.15 G(ites)490.11 545.4 Q -(lik)118.66 557.4 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G 2.5<6f99>138.84 557.4 S(\214ddle\232 with an) -150.78 557.4 Q(ything that the)-.15 E 2.5(yw)-.15 G(ill be recompiling an) -282.42 557.4 Q(yw)-.15 E(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(\(6\))92 573.6 Q F2(Sendmail)118.66 -573.6 Q F1 .184(must be able to let v)2.684 F .184 -(arious groups maintain their o)-.25 F .184(wn mailing lists, and let indi)-.25 -F(viduals)-.25 E(specify their o)118.66 585.6 Q(wn forw)-.25 E -(arding, without modifying the system alias \214le.)-.1 E 12.5(\(7\) Each)92 -601.8 R .313(user should be able to specify which mailer to e)2.813 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .313(cute to process mail being deli).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314(red for) -.15 F 3.098(him. This)118.66 613.8 R .598(feature allo)3.098 F .598 -(ws users who are using specialized mailers that use a dif)-.25 F .598 -(ferent format to)-.25 F -.2(bu)118.66 625.8 S .25(ild their en).2 F .25 -(vironment without changing the system, and f)-.4 F .25 -(acilitates specialized functions \(such)-.1 F(as returning an \231I am on v) -118.66 637.8 Q(acation\232 message\).)-.25 E 12.5(\(8\) Netw)92 654 R 1.553 -(ork traf)-.1 F 1.552(\214c should be minimized by batching addresses to a sin\ -gle host where possible,)-.25 F(without assistance from the user)118.66 666 Q -(.)-.55 E .374(These goals moti)112 682.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G .374 -(ted the architecture illustrated in \214gure 1.).25 F .375 -(The user interacts with a mail gen-)5.375 F .491(erating and sending program.) -87 694.2 R .491(When the mail is created, the generator calls)5.491 F F2 -(sendmail)2.99 E F1 2.99(,w)C .49(hich routes the)444.14 694.2 R .84 -(message to the correct mailer\(s\).)87 706.2 R .841 -(Since some of the senders may be netw)5.84 F .841(ork serv)-.1 F .841 -(ers and some of the)-.15 F(mailers may be netw)87 718.2 Q(ork clients,)-.1 E -F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(may be used as an internet mail g)2.5 E(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa) --.25 G -.65(y.).1 G EP -%%Page: 3 3 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E -(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-3)462.9 60 Q .4 LW 77 108 72 108 DL 79 108 74 108 -DL 84 108 79 108 DL 89 108 84 108 DL 94 108 89 108 DL 99 108 94 108 DL 104 108 -99 108 DL 109 108 104 108 DL 114 108 109 108 DL 119 108 114 108 DL 124 108 119 -108 DL 129 108 124 108 DL 134 108 129 108 DL 139 108 134 108 DL 144 108 139 108 -DL 149 108 144 108 DL 154 108 149 108 DL 159 108 154 108 DL 164 108 159 108 DL -169 108 164 108 DL 174 108 169 108 DL 179 108 174 108 DL 184 108 179 108 DL 189 -108 184 108 DL 194 108 189 108 DL 199 108 194 108 DL 204 108 199 108 DL 209 108 -204 108 DL 214 108 209 108 DL 219 108 214 108 DL 224 108 219 108 DL 229 108 224 -108 DL 234 108 229 108 DL 239 108 234 108 DL 244 108 239 108 DL 249 108 244 108 -DL 254 108 249 108 DL 259 108 254 108 DL 264 108 259 108 DL 269 108 264 108 DL -274 108 269 108 DL 279 108 274 108 DL 284 108 279 108 DL 289 108 284 108 DL 294 -108 289 108 DL 299 108 294 108 DL 304 108 299 108 DL 309 108 304 108 DL 314 108 -309 108 DL 319 108 314 108 DL 324 108 319 108 DL 329 108 324 108 DL 334 108 329 -108 DL 339 108 334 108 DL 344 108 339 108 DL 349 108 344 108 DL 354 108 349 108 -DL 359 108 354 108 DL 364 108 359 108 DL 369 108 364 108 DL 374 108 369 108 DL -379 108 374 108 DL 384 108 379 108 DL 389 108 384 108 DL 394 108 389 108 DL 399 -108 394 108 DL 404 108 399 108 DL 409 108 404 108 DL 414 108 409 108 DL 419 108 -414 108 DL 424 108 419 108 DL 429 108 424 108 DL 434 108 429 108 DL 439 108 434 -108 DL 444 108 439 108 DL 449 108 444 108 DL 454 108 449 108 DL 459 108 454 108 -DL 464 108 459 108 DL 469 108 464 108 DL 474 108 469 108 DL 479 108 474 108 DL -484 108 479 108 DL 489 108 484 108 DL 494 108 489 108 DL 499 108 494 108 DL 504 -108 499 108 DL/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(sender1)164.45 155.6 Q 144 135.6 144 -171.6 DL 216 135.6 144 135.6 DL 216 171.6 216 135.6 DL 144 171.6 216 171.6 DL -(sender2)272.45 155.6 Q 252 135.6 252 171.6 DL 324 135.6 252 135.6 DL 324 171.6 -324 135.6 DL 252 171.6 324 171.6 DL(sender3)380.45 155.6 Q 360 135.6 360 171.6 -DL 432 135.6 360 135.6 DL 432 171.6 432 135.6 DL 360 171.6 432 171.6 DL 288 -207.6 288 171.6 DL 288 207.6 286.2 200.4 DL 288 207.6 289.8 200.4 DL(sendmail) -269.945 227.6 Q 216 207.6 216 243.6 DL 360 207.6 216 207.6 DL 360 243.6 360 -207.6 DL 216 243.6 360 243.6 DL 288 279.6 288 243.6 DL 288 279.6 286.2 272.4 DL -288 279.6 289.8 272.4 DL(mailer1)164.725 299.6 Q 144 279.6 144 315.6 DL 216 -279.6 144 279.6 DL 216 315.6 216 279.6 DL 144 315.6 216 315.6 DL(mailer2) -272.725 299.6 Q 252 279.6 252 315.6 DL 324 279.6 252 279.6 DL 324 315.6 324 -279.6 DL 252 315.6 324 315.6 DL(mailer3)380.725 299.6 Q 360 279.6 360 315.6 DL -432 279.6 360 279.6 DL 432 315.6 432 279.6 DL 360 315.6 432 315.6 DL 252 207.6 -180 171.6 DL 252 207.6 244.728 206.016 DL 252 207.6 246.384 202.776 DL 324 -207.6 396 171.6 DL 324 207.6 329.616 202.776 DL 324 207.6 331.272 206.016 DL -180 279.6 252 243.6 DL 180 279.6 185.616 274.776 DL 180 279.6 187.272 278.016 -DL 396 279.6 324 243.6 DL 396 279.6 388.728 278.016 DL 396 279.6 390.384 -274.776 DL(Figure 1 \212 Sendmail System Structure.)208 346.8 Q 77 358.8 72 -358.8 DL 79 358.8 74 358.8 DL 84 358.8 79 358.8 DL 89 358.8 84 358.8 DL 94 -358.8 89 358.8 DL 99 358.8 94 358.8 DL 104 358.8 99 358.8 DL 109 358.8 104 -358.8 DL 114 358.8 109 358.8 DL 119 358.8 114 358.8 DL 124 358.8 119 358.8 DL -129 358.8 124 358.8 DL 134 358.8 129 358.8 DL 139 358.8 134 358.8 DL 144 358.8 -139 358.8 DL 149 358.8 144 358.8 DL 154 358.8 149 358.8 DL 159 358.8 154 358.8 -DL 164 358.8 159 358.8 DL 169 358.8 164 358.8 DL 174 358.8 169 358.8 DL 179 -358.8 174 358.8 DL 184 358.8 179 358.8 DL 189 358.8 184 358.8 DL 194 358.8 189 -358.8 DL 199 358.8 194 358.8 DL 204 358.8 199 358.8 DL 209 358.8 204 358.8 DL -214 358.8 209 358.8 DL 219 358.8 214 358.8 DL 224 358.8 219 358.8 DL 229 358.8 -224 358.8 DL 234 358.8 229 358.8 DL 239 358.8 234 358.8 DL 244 358.8 239 358.8 -DL 249 358.8 244 358.8 DL 254 358.8 249 358.8 DL 259 358.8 254 358.8 DL 264 -358.8 259 358.8 DL 269 358.8 264 358.8 DL 274 358.8 269 358.8 DL 279 358.8 274 -358.8 DL 284 358.8 279 358.8 DL 289 358.8 284 358.8 DL 294 358.8 289 358.8 DL -299 358.8 294 358.8 DL 304 358.8 299 358.8 DL 309 358.8 304 358.8 DL 314 358.8 -309 358.8 DL 319 358.8 314 358.8 DL 324 358.8 319 358.8 DL 329 358.8 324 358.8 -DL 334 358.8 329 358.8 DL 339 358.8 334 358.8 DL 344 358.8 339 358.8 DL 349 -358.8 344 358.8 DL 354 358.8 349 358.8 DL 359 358.8 354 358.8 DL 364 358.8 359 -358.8 DL 369 358.8 364 358.8 DL 374 358.8 369 358.8 DL 379 358.8 374 358.8 DL -384 358.8 379 358.8 DL 389 358.8 384 358.8 DL 394 358.8 389 358.8 DL 399 358.8 -394 358.8 DL 404 358.8 399 358.8 DL 409 358.8 404 358.8 DL 414 358.8 409 358.8 -DL 419 358.8 414 358.8 DL 424 358.8 419 358.8 DL 429 358.8 424 358.8 DL 434 -358.8 429 358.8 DL 439 358.8 434 358.8 DL 444 358.8 439 358.8 DL 449 358.8 444 -358.8 DL 454 358.8 449 358.8 DL 459 358.8 454 358.8 DL 464 358.8 459 358.8 DL -469 358.8 464 358.8 DL 474 358.8 469 358.8 DL 479 358.8 474 358.8 DL 484 358.8 -479 358.8 DL 489 358.8 484 358.8 DL 494 358.8 489 358.8 DL 499 358.8 494 358.8 -DL 504 358.8 499 358.8 DL F0 2.5(2. O)72 394.8 R(VER)-.5 E(VIEW)-.55 E 2.5 -(2.1. System)87 418.8 R(Or)2.5 E(ganization)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(Sendmail)127 435 Q F1 .874(neither interf)3.374 F .874 -(aces with the user nor does actual mail deli)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E -5.873(.R)-.65 G(ather)431.241 435 Q 3.373(,i)-.4 G 3.373(tc)459.484 435 S .873 -(ollects a)470.077 435 R .619(message generated by a user interf)102 447 R .619 -(ace program \(UIP\) such as Berk)-.1 F(ele)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(Mail)3.12 E F1 -3.12(,M)C 3.12(S[)427.6 447 S(Crock)439.61 447 Q .62(er77b], or)-.1 F 1.428 -(MH [Borden79], edits the message as required by the destination netw)102 459 R -1.427(ork, and calls appropriate)-.1 F .28(mailers to do mail deli)102 473 R --.15(ve)-.25 G .281(ry or queueing for netw).15 F .281(ork transmission)-.1 F -/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)364.275 469 Q F1 5.281(.T)367.775 473 S .281 -(his discipline allo)381.666 473 R .281(ws the inser)-.25 F(-)-.2 E 1.354 -(tion of ne)102 485 R 3.854(wm)-.25 G 1.354(ailers at minimum cost.)161.642 485 -R 1.354(In this sense)6.354 F F2(sendmail)3.853 E F1 1.353 -(resembles the Message Processing)3.853 F(Module \(MPM\) of [Postel79b].)102 -497 Q F0 2.5(2.2. Interfaces)87 521 R(to the Outside W)2.5 E(orld)-.75 E F1 -.041(There are three w)127 537.2 R(ays)-.1 E F2(sendmail)2.541 E F1 .041 -(can communicate with the outside w)2.541 F .042(orld, both in recei)-.1 F .042 -(ving and)-.25 F 1.195(in sending mail.)102 549.2 R 1.194 -(These are using the con)6.194 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.194(ntional UNIX ar).15 F -1.194(gument v)-.18 F 1.194(ector/return status, speaking)-.15 F(SMTP o)102 -561.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rap).15 G(air of UNIX pipes, and speaking SMTP o) -162.53 561.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(ra).15 G 2.5(ni)348.03 561.2 S -(nterprocess\(or\) channel.)358.31 561.2 Q F0 2.5(2.2.1. Ar)102 585.2 R -(gument v)-.1 E(ector/exit status)-.1 E F1 .52(This technique is the standard \ -UNIX method for communicating with the process.)142 601.4 R 3.02(Al)5.52 G(ist) -494.55 601.4 Q .442(of recipients is sent in the ar)117 613.4 R .441(gument v) --.18 F(ector)-.15 E 2.941(,a)-.4 G .441 -(nd the message body is sent on the standard input.)299.491 613.4 R(An)117 -625.4 Q .351(ything that the mailer prints is simply collected and sent back t\ -o the sender if there were an)-.15 F(y)-.15 E 2.621(problems. The)117 637.4 R --.15(ex)2.621 G .121(it status from the mailer is collected after the message \ -is sent, and a diagnostic).15 F(is printed if appropriate.)117 649.4 Q .32 LW -76 678.8 72 678.8 DL 80 678.8 76 678.8 DL 84 678.8 80 678.8 DL 88 678.8 84 -678.8 DL 92 678.8 88 678.8 DL 96 678.8 92 678.8 DL 100 678.8 96 678.8 DL 104 -678.8 100 678.8 DL 108 678.8 104 678.8 DL 112 678.8 108 678.8 DL 116 678.8 112 -678.8 DL 120 678.8 116 678.8 DL 124 678.8 120 678.8 DL 128 678.8 124 678.8 DL -132 678.8 128 678.8 DL 136 678.8 132 678.8 DL 140 678.8 136 678.8 DL 144 678.8 -140 678.8 DL 148 678.8 144 678.8 DL 152 678.8 148 678.8 DL 156 678.8 152 678.8 -DL 160 678.8 156 678.8 DL 164 678.8 160 678.8 DL 168 678.8 164 678.8 DL 172 -678.8 168 678.8 DL 176 678.8 172 678.8 DL 180 678.8 176 678.8 DL 184 678.8 180 -678.8 DL 188 678.8 184 678.8 DL 192 678.8 188 678.8 DL 196 678.8 192 678.8 DL -200 678.8 196 678.8 DL 204 678.8 200 678.8 DL 208 678.8 204 678.8 DL 212 678.8 -208 678.8 DL 216 678.8 212 678.8 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)93.6 689.2 Q/F5 8 -/Times-Roman@0 SF -.12(ex)3.2 K(cept when mailing to a \214le, when).12 E/F6 8 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2 E F5(does the deli)2 E -.12(ve)-.2 G(ry directly) -.12 E(.)-.52 E EP -%%Page: 4 4 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 192.28(SMM:9-4 SENDMAIL)72 60 R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI) -383.99 60 S(nter)395.94 60 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E 2.5(2.2.2. SMTP) -102 96 R -.1(ove)2.5 G 2.5(rp).1 G(ipes)186.52 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .774 -(The SMTP protocol [Postel82] can be used to run an interacti)142 112.2 R 1.074 --.15(ve l)-.25 H .774(ock-step interf).15 F .774(ace with)-.1 F .507 -(the mailer)117 124.2 R 5.507(.A)-.55 G .506(subprocess is still created, b) -175.461 124.2 R .506(ut no recipient addresses are passed to the mailer via)-.2 -F .075(the ar)117 136.2 R .075(gument list.)-.18 F .075(Instead, the)5.075 F -2.575(ya)-.15 G .075 -(re passed one at a time in commands sent to the processes stan-)249.805 136.2 -R .19(dard input.)117 148.2 R(An)5.19 E .19(ything appearing on the standard o\ -utput must be a reply code in a special format.)-.15 F F0 2.5(2.2.3. SMTP)102 -172.2 R -.1(ove)2.5 G 2.5(ra).1 G 2.5(nI)185.96 172.2 S(PC connection)197.91 -172.2 Q F1 .366(This technique is similar to the pre)142 188.4 R .366 -(vious technique, e)-.25 F .366(xcept that it uses a 4.2bsd IPC chan-)-.15 F -.953(nel [UNIX83].)117 200.4 R .953(This method is e)5.953 F .953 -(xceptionally \215e)-.15 F .952 -(xible in that the mailer need not reside on the)-.15 F(same machine.)117 212.4 -Q(It is normally used to connect to a sendmail process on another machine.)5 E -F0 2.5(2.3. Operational)87 236.4 R(Description)2.5 E F1 .228(When a sender w) -127 252.6 R .228(ants to send a message, it issues a request to)-.1 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.729 E F1 .229(using one of the three)2.729 F -1.028(methods described abo)102 264.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2(Sendmail) -6.028 E F1 1.028(operates in tw)3.528 F 3.528(od)-.1 G 1.028(istinct phases.) -325.706 264.6 R 1.028(In the \214rst phase, it collects)6.028 F .612 -(and stores the message.)102 276.6 R .612(In the second phase, message deli) -5.612 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .612(ry occurs.).15 F .612(If there were errors during) -5.612 F 1.59(processing during the second phase,)102 288.6 R F2(sendmail)4.09 E -F1 1.59(creates and returns a ne)4.09 F 4.09(wm)-.25 G 1.59 -(essage describing the)415.84 288.6 R -(error and/or returns an status code telling what went wrong.)102 300.6 Q F0 -2.5(2.3.1. Ar)102 324.6 R(gument pr)-.1 E(ocessing and addr)-.18 E(ess parsing) --.18 E F1(If)142 340.8 Q F2(sendmail)3.321 E F1 .821 -(is called using one of the tw)3.321 F 3.322(os)-.1 G .822 -(ubprocess techniques, the ar)320.66 340.8 R .822(guments are \214rst)-.18 F -.797(scanned and option speci\214cations are processed.)117 352.8 R .796 -(Recipient addresses are then collected, either)5.796 F .717(from the command \ -line or from the SMTP RCPT command, and a list of recipients is created.)117 -364.8 R .347(Aliases are e)117 376.8 R .347 -(xpanded at this step, including mailing lists.)-.15 F .347(As much v)5.347 F -.346(alidation as possible of the)-.25 F 1.001 -(addresses is done at this step: syntax is check)117 388.8 R 1.002 -(ed, and local addresses are v)-.1 F 1.002(eri\214ed, b)-.15 F 1.002 -(ut detailed)-.2 F .709 -(checking of host names and addresses is deferred until deli)117 400.8 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E 5.708(.F)-.65 G(orw)388.946 400.8 Q .708 -(arding is also performed)-.1 F(as the local addresses are v)117 412.8 Q -(eri\214ed.)-.15 E F2(Sendmail)142 429 Q F1 .307 -(appends each address to the recipient list after parsing.)2.807 F .307 -(When a name is aliased)5.307 F .322(or forw)117 441 R .322(arded, the old nam\ -e is retained in the list, and a \215ag is set that tells the deli)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .322(ry phase to).15 F .479(ignore this recipient.)117 453 R .479 -(This list is k)5.479 F .479(ept free from duplicates, pre)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.48(nting alias loops and duplicate).15 F(messages deli)117 465 Q -.15(ve)-.25 -G(rd to the same recipient, as might occur if a person is in tw).15 E 2.5(og) --.1 G(roups.)428.12 465 Q F0 2.5(2.3.2. Message)102 489 R(collection)2.5 E F2 -(Sendmail)142 505.2 Q F1 .454(then collects the message.)2.954 F .454 -(The message should ha)5.454 F .754 -.15(ve a h)-.2 H .453(eader at the be).15 -F(ginning.)-.15 E .778(No formatting requirements are imposed on the message e) -117 517.2 R .778(xcept that the)-.15 F 3.278(ym)-.15 G .778(ust be lines of te) -427.708 517.2 R(xt)-.15 E .78(\(i.e., binary data is not allo)117 529.2 R 3.28 -(wed\). The)-.25 F .779(header is parsed and stored in memory)3.28 F 3.279(,a) --.65 G .779(nd the body of)443.613 529.2 R(the message is sa)117 541.2 Q -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(nat)204.97 541.2 S(emporary \214le.)222.19 541.2 Q -3.227 -.8(To s)142 557.4 T 1.627(implify the program interf).8 F 1.628 -(ace, the message is collected e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.128(ni).15 G 4.128(fn) -420.536 557.4 S 4.128(oa)432.994 557.4 S 1.628(ddresses were)446.562 557.4 R --.25(va)117 569.4 S 2.5(lid. The).25 F(message will be returned with an error) -2.5 E(.)-.55 E F0 2.5(2.3.3. Message)102 593.4 R(deli)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(ry).1 -E F1 -.15(Fo)142 609.6 S 2.618(re).15 G .117 -(ach unique mailer and host in the recipient list,)162.798 609.6 R F2(sendmail) -2.617 E F1 .117(calls the appropriate mailer)2.617 F(.)-.55 E .619 -(Each mailer in)117 621.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .619(cation sends to all users recei) -.2 F .619(ving the message on one host.)-.25 F .62(Mailers that only)5.62 F -(accept one recipient at a time are handled properly)117 633.6 Q(.)-.65 E .47 -(The message is sent to the mailer using one of the same three interf)142 649.8 -R .47(aces used to submit a)-.1 F 1.465(message to sendmail.)117 661.8 R 1.465 -(Each cop)6.465 F 3.965(yo)-.1 G 3.965(ft)263.925 661.8 S 1.465 -(he message is prepended by a customized header)274 661.8 R 6.465(.T)-.55 G(he) -494.56 661.8 Q 1.455(mailer status code is caught and check)117 673.8 R 1.455 -(ed, and a suitable error message gi)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.955(na).15 G 3.955 -(sa)448.115 673.8 S(ppropriate.)460.4 673.8 Q .589(The e)117 685.8 R .589(xit \ -code must conform to a system standard or a generic message \(\231Service una) --.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable\232\)).25 E(is gi)117 697.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(n.).15 -E EP -%%Page: 5 5 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E -(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-5)462.9 60 Q 2.5(2.3.4. Queueing)102 96 R -.25(fo) -2.5 G 2.5(rr).25 G(etransmission)192.4 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .209(If the\ - mailer returned an status that indicated that it might be able to handle the \ -mail later)142 112.2 R(,)-.4 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)117 124.2 Q F1 -(will queue the mail and try ag)2.5 E(ain later)-.05 E(.)-.55 E F0 2.5 -(2.3.5. Retur)102 148.2 R 2.5(nt)-.15 G 2.5(os)165.73 148.2 S(ender)177.12 -148.2 Q F1 .588(If errors occur during processing,)142 164.4 R F2(sendmail) -3.088 E F1 .589(returns the message to the sender for retrans-)3.088 F 3.133 -(mission. The)117 176.4 R .632(letter can be mailed back or written in the \ -\214le \231dead.letter\232 in the sender')3.133 F 3.132(sh)-.55 G(ome)486.78 -176.4 Q(directory)117 190.4 Q/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)153.1 186.4 Q F1(.)156.6 -190.4 Q F0 2.5(2.4. Message)87 214.4 R(Header Editing)2.5 E F1 1.756 -(Certain editing of the message header occurs automatically)127 230.6 R 6.756 -(.H)-.65 G 1.756(eader lines can be inserted)391.456 230.6 R .41 -(under control of the con\214guration \214le.)102 242.6 R .41 -(Some lines can be mer)5.41 F .41(ged; for e)-.18 F .41 -(xample, a \231From:\232 line and)-.15 F 2.5<6199>102 254.6 S -(Full-name:\232 line can be mer)113.38 254.6 Q -(ged under certain circumstances.)-.18 E F0 2.5(2.5. Con\214guration)87 278.6 R -(File)2.5 E F1 .798(Almost all con\214guration information is read at runtime \ -from an ASCII \214le, encoding macro)127 294.8 R .679 -(de\214nitions \(de\214ning the v)102 306.8 R .678 -(alue of macros used internally\), header declarations \(telling sendmail the) --.25 F 1.009(format of header lines that it will process specially)102 318.8 R -3.509(,i)-.65 G 1.009(.e., lines that it will add or reformat\), mailer)320.398 -318.8 R .478(de\214nitions \(gi)102 330.8 R .478(ving information such as the \ -location and characteristics of each mailer\), and address)-.25 F(re)102 342.8 -Q .428(writing rules \(a limited production system to re)-.25 F .429 -(write addresses which is used to parse and re)-.25 F(write)-.25 E -(the addresses\).)102 354.8 Q 2.828 -.8(To i)127 371 T(mpro).8 E 1.528 -.15 -(ve p)-.15 H 1.228(erformance when reading the con\214guration \214le, a memor\ -y image can be pro-).15 F 2.5(vided. This)102 383 R(pro)2.5 E -(vides a \231compiled\232 form of the con\214guration \214le.)-.15 E F0 2.5 -(3. USA)72 407 R(GE AND IMPLEMENT)-.55 E -.95(AT)-.9 G(ION).95 E 2.5(3.1. Ar)87 -431 R(guments)-.1 E F1(Ar)127 447.2 Q .376 -(guments may be \215ags and addresses.)-.18 F .377(Flags set v)5.377 F .377 -(arious processing options.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.377 G(llo).15 E .377(wing \215ag) --.25 F(ar)102 459.2 Q .281(guments, address ar)-.18 F .281(guments may be gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .281(n, unless we are running in SMTP mode.).15 F .28 -(Addresses fol-)5.28 F(lo)102 471.2 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he syntax in RFC822 [Crock) -122.03 471.2 Q(er82] for ARP)-.1 E(ANET address formats.)-.92 E -(In brief, the format is:)5 E 12.5(\(1\) An)107 487.4 R -(ything in parentheses is thro)-.15 E(wn a)-.25 E -.1(wa)-.15 G 2.5(y\().1 G -(as a comment\).)299.65 487.4 Q 12.5(\(2\) An)107 503.6 R .051 -(ything in angle brack)-.15 F .051(ets \(\231<)-.1 F .051 -(>\232\) is preferred o)1.666 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.551(ra).15 G -.15(ny)348.064 -503.6 S .051(thing else.).15 F .051(This rule implements the)5.051 F(ARP)133.66 -515.6 Q(ANET standard that addresses of the form)-.92 E -(user name <machine-address>)173.66 531.8 Q(will send to the electronic \231ma\ -chine-address\232 rather than the human \231user name.)133.66 548 Q<9a>-.7 E -12.5(\(3\) Double)107 564.2 R 2.246(quotes \()4.746 F -2.754 2.5("\) q)2.5 H -2.246(uote phrases; backslashes quote characters.)224.188 564.2 R 2.246 -(Backslashes are more)7.246 F(po)133.66 576.2 Q .654(werful in that the)-.25 F -3.154(yw)-.15 G .655(ill cause otherwise equi)229.196 576.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G -.655(lent phrases to compare dif).25 F .655(ferently \212 for)-.25 F -.15(ex) -133.66 588.2 S(ample,).15 E F2(user)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F2("user")2.5 E F1 -(are equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent, b).25 E(ut)-.2 E F2(\\user)2.5 E F1 -(is dif)2.5 E(ferent from either of them.)-.25 E -.15(Pa)127 604.4 S 1.12 -(rentheses, angle brack).15 F 1.12 -(ets, and double quotes must be properly balanced and nested.)-.1 F(The)6.12 E -(re)102 618.4 Q(writing rules control remaining parsing)-.25 E F3(3)266.17 -614.4 Q F1(.)269.67 618.4 Q .32 LW 76 646 72 646 DL 80 646 76 646 DL 84 646 80 -646 DL 88 646 84 646 DL 92 646 88 646 DL 96 646 92 646 DL 100 646 96 646 DL 104 -646 100 646 DL 108 646 104 646 DL 112 646 108 646 DL 116 646 112 646 DL 120 646 -116 646 DL 124 646 120 646 DL 128 646 124 646 DL 132 646 128 646 DL 136 646 132 -646 DL 140 646 136 646 DL 144 646 140 646 DL 148 646 144 646 DL 152 646 148 646 -DL 156 646 152 646 DL 160 646 156 646 DL 164 646 160 646 DL 168 646 164 646 DL -172 646 168 646 DL 176 646 172 646 DL 180 646 176 646 DL 184 646 180 646 DL 188 -646 184 646 DL 192 646 188 646 DL 196 646 192 646 DL 200 646 196 646 DL 204 646 -200 646 DL 208 646 204 646 DL 212 646 208 646 DL 216 646 212 646 DL/F4 5 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)93.6 656.4 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(Ob)3.2 I(viously)-.12 E -2.226(,i)-.52 G 2.226(ft)135.246 659.6 S .226(he site gi)142.36 659.6 R .226(v\ -ing the error is not the originating site, the only reasonable option is to ma\ -il back to the sender)-.2 F 4.227(.A)-.44 G(lso,)492.664 659.6 Q .191 -(there are man)72 669.2 R 2.191(ym)-.12 G .19(ore error disposition options, b) -128.213 669.2 R .19(ut the)-.16 F 2.19(yo)-.12 G .19(nly ef)255.514 669.2 R .19 -(fect the error message \212 the \231return to sender\232 function is al)-.2 F --.08(wa)-.08 G .19(ys han-).08 F(dled in one of these tw)72 678.8 Q 2(ow)-.08 G -(ays.)156.272 678.8 Q F4(3)93.6 689.2 Q F5 -(Disclaimer: Some special processing is done after re)3.2 I -(writing local names; see belo)-.2 E -.52(w.)-.2 G EP -%%Page: 6 6 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 192.28(SMM:9-6 SENDMAIL)72 60 R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI) -383.99 60 S(nter)395.94 60 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E 2.5(3.2. Mail)87 -96 R(to Files and Pr)2.5 E(ograms)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .609 -(Files and programs are le)127 112.2 R .609(gitimate message recipients.)-.15 F -.609(Files pro)5.609 F .609(vide archi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.109(ls).25 G .61 -(torage of mes-)445.02 112.2 R .124 -(sages, useful for project administration and history)102 124.2 R 5.124(.P)-.65 -G .124(rograms are useful as recipients in a v)318.308 124.2 R .124(ariety of) --.25 F .69(situations, for e)102 136.2 R .691(xample, to maintain a public rep\ -ository of systems messages \(such as the Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E(y)-.15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(msgs)102 148.2 Q F1(program, or the MARS system [Sattle)2.5 -E(y78]\).)-.15 E(An)127 164.4 Q 3.188(ya)-.15 G .688(ddress passing through th\ -e initial parsing algorithm as a local address \(i.e, not appear)151.698 164.4 -R(-)-.2 E .276(ing to be a v)102 176.4 R .276 -(alid address for another mailer\) is scanned for tw)-.25 F 2.776(os)-.1 G .277 -(pecial cases.)362.128 176.4 R .277(If pre\214x)5.277 F .277(ed by a v)-.15 F -(erti-)-.15 E .18(cal bar \(\231)102 188.4 R .833<7c9a>.833 G 2.68(\)t)-.833 G -.179(he rest of the address is processed as a shell command.)156.456 188.4 R -.179(If the user name be)5.179 F .179(gins with a)-.15 F(slash mark \(\231/)102 -200.4 Q(\232\) the name is used as a \214le name, instead of a login name.).833 -E .241(Files that ha)127 216.6 R .541 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .241 -(etuid or setgid bits set b).15 F .241(ut no e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .241 -(cute bits set ha).15 F .541 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .241(hose bits honored if).15 F F2 -(send-)2.742 E(mail)102 228.6 Q F1(is running as root.)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(3.3. Aliasing,)87 252.6 R -.25(Fo)2.5 G(rwarding, Inclusion).25 E F2(Sendmail) -127 268.8 Q F1 1.075(reroutes mail three w)3.575 F 3.575(ays. Aliasing)-.1 F -1.074(applies system wide.)3.575 F -.15(Fo)6.074 G(rw).15 E 1.074(arding allo) --.1 F 1.074(ws each)-.25 F .233 -(user to reroute incoming mail destined for that account.)102 280.8 R .233 -(Inclusion directs)5.233 F F2(sendmail)2.733 E F1 .233(to read a \214le for) -2.733 F 2.5(al)102 292.8 S -(ist of addresses, and is normally used in conjunction with aliasing.)111.72 -292.8 Q F0 2.5(3.3.1. Aliasing)102 316.8 R F1 1.554 -(Aliasing maps names to address lists using a system-wide \214le.)142 333 R -1.553(This \214le is inde)6.553 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.053(dt).15 G(o)499 333 Q 1.1 -(speed access.)117 345 R 1.101(Only names that parse as local are allo)6.1 F -1.101(wed as aliases; this guarantees a unique)-.25 F -.1(ke)117 357 S 2.5(y\() --.05 G(since there are no nicknames for the local host\).)137.02 357 Q F0 2.5 -(3.3.2. F)102 381 R(orwarding)-.25 E F1 .651 -(After aliasing, recipients that are local and v)142 397.2 R .651 -(alid are check)-.25 F .65(ed for the e)-.1 F .65(xistence of a \231.for)-.15 F -(-)-.2 E -.1(wa)117 409.2 S .493(rd\232 \214le in their home directory).1 F -5.493(.I)-.65 G 2.994(fi)264.178 409.2 S 2.994(te)273.282 409.2 S .494 -(xists, the message is)283.346 409.2 R F2(not)2.994 E F1 .494 -(sent to that user)2.994 F 2.994(,b)-.4 G .494(ut rather to)459.132 409.2 R .37 -(the list of users in that \214le.)117 421.2 R .37 -(Often this list will contain only one address, and the feature will be)5.37 F -(used for netw)117 433.2 Q(ork mail forw)-.1 E(arding.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)142 449.4 -S(rw).15 E 1.151(arding also permits a user to specify a pri)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 -G 1.152(te incoming mailer).25 F 6.152(.F)-.55 G 1.152(or e)437.346 449.4 R -1.152(xample, for)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -.1(wa)117 461.4 S(rding to:).1 E -2.5 .833 -("| /)157 477.6 T(usr/local/ne)-.833 E(wmail myname")-.25 E(will use a dif)117 -493.8 Q(ferent incoming mailer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F0 2.5(3.3.3. Inclusion)102 -517.8 R F1(Inclusion is speci\214ed in RFC 733 [Crock)142 534 Q(er77a] syntax:) --.1 E(:Include: pathname)157 550.2 Q .391 -(An address of this form reads the \214le speci\214ed by)117 566.4 R F2 -(pathname)2.891 E F1 .391(and sends to all users listed in that)2.891 F -(\214le.)117 578.4 Q .644(The intent is)142 594.6 R F2(not)3.144 E F1 .644 -(to support direct use of this feature, b)3.144 F .644 -(ut rather to use this as a subset of)-.2 F 2.5(aliasing. F)117 606.6 R(or e) --.15 E(xample, an alias of the form:)-.15 E -(project: :include:/usr/project/userlist)157 622.8 Q 1.93(is a method of letti\ -ng a project maintain a mailing list without interaction with the system)117 -639 R(administration, e)117 651 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)203.54 651 -S(he alias \214le is protected.)212.15 651 Q 2.024(It is not necessary to reb) -142 667.2 R 2.024(uild the inde)-.2 F 4.524(xo)-.15 G 4.524(nt)317.822 667.2 S -2.025(he alias database when a :include: list is)330.126 667.2 R(changed.)117 -679.2 Q EP -%%Page: 7 7 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E -(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-7)462.9 60 Q 2.5(3.4. Message)87 96 R(Collection) -2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .857 -(Once all recipient addresses are parsed and v)127 112.2 R .857 -(eri\214ed, the message is collected.)-.15 F .856(The message)5.857 F -(comes in tw)102 124.2 Q 2.5(op)-.1 G -(arts: a message header and a message body)162.73 124.2 Q 2.5(,s)-.65 G -(eparated by a blank line.)343.42 124.2 Q -(The header is formatted as a series of lines of the form)127 140.4 Q -(\214eld-name: \214eld-v)178 156.6 Q(alue)-.25 E(Field-v)102 172.8 Q 1.366 -(alue can be split across lines by starting the follo)-.25 F 1.366 -(wing lines with a space or a tab)-.25 F 6.366(.S)-.4 G(ome)486.78 172.8 Q .211 -(header \214elds ha)102 184.8 R .511 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .211 -(pecial internal meaning, and ha).15 F .511 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .211 -(ppropriate special processing.).15 F .21(Other headers)5.21 F -(are simply passed through.)102 196.8 Q -(Some header \214elds may be added automatically)5 E 2.5(,s)-.65 G -(uch as time stamps.)413.53 196.8 Q .86(The body is a series of te)127 213 R -.861(xt lines.)-.15 F .861(It is completely uninterpreted and untouched, e) -5.861 F .861(xcept that)-.15 F 1.43(lines be)102 225 R 1.43 -(ginning with a dot ha)-.15 F 1.729 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.429 -(he dot doubled when transmitted o).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.929(ra).15 G 3.929 -(nS)407.213 225 S 1.429(MTP channel.)421.702 225 R(This)6.429 E -.15(ex)102 237 -S(tra dot is stripped by the recei).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.55(r.).15 G F0 2.5 -(3.5. Message)87 261 R(Deli)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(ry).1 E F1 .028 -(The send queue is ordered by recei)127 277.2 R .029 -(ving host before transmission to implement message batch-)-.25 F 3.07 -(ing. Each)102 289.2 R .57(address is mark)3.07 F .57 -(ed as it is sent so rescanning the list is safe.)-.1 F .57(An ar)5.57 F .57 -(gument list is b)-.18 F .57(uilt as)-.2 F 1.138(the scan proceeds.)102 301.2 R -1.139(Mail to \214les is detected during the scan of the send list.)6.139 F -1.139(The interf)6.139 F 1.139(ace to the)-.1 F -(mailer is performed using one of the techniques described in section 2.2.)102 -313.2 Q .996(After a connection is established,)127 329.4 R/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.496 E F1(mak)3.495 E .995(es the per)-.1 F .995 -(-mailer changes to the header and)-.2 F .236(sends the result to the mailer) -102 341.4 R 5.236(.I)-.55 G 2.736(fa)228.406 341.4 S .537 -.15(ny m)238.912 -341.4 T .237(ail is rejected by the mailer).15 F 2.737(,a\215)-.4 G .237 -(ag is set to in)386.628 341.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .437 -.1(ke t).2 H .237 -(he return-).1 F(to-sender function after all deli)102 353.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ry completes.).15 E F0 2.5(3.6. Queued)87 377.4 R(Messages)2.5 E F1 .163 -(If the mailer returns a \231temporary f)127 393.6 R .163(ailure\232 e)-.1 F -.162(xit status, the message is queued.)-.15 F 2.662(Ac)5.162 G .162 -(ontrol \214le is)455.336 393.6 R .85 -(used to describe the recipients to be sent to and v)102 405.6 R .851 -(arious other parameters.)-.25 F .851(This control \214le is for)5.851 F(-)-.2 -E 1.011(matted as a series of lines, each describing a sender)102 417.6 R 3.511 -(,ar)-.4 G 1.011(ecipient, the time of submission, or some)333.494 417.6 R .776 -(other salient parameter of the message.)102 429.6 R .776 -(The header of the message is stored in the control \214le, so)5.776 F(that th\ -e associated data \214le in the queue is just the temporary \214le that w)102 -441.6 Q(as originally collected.)-.1 E F0 2.5(3.7. Con\214guration)87 465.6 R -F1 .493(Con\214guration is controlled primarily by a con\214guration \214le re\ -ad at startup.)127 481.8 R F2(Sendmail)5.492 E F1(should)2.992 E -(not need to be recomplied e)102 493.8 Q(xcept)-.15 E 12.5(\(1\) T)107 510 R -2.5(oc)-.8 G(hange operating systems \(V6, V7/32V)150.91 510 Q 2.5(,4)-1.29 G -(BSD\).)313.21 510 Q 12.5(\(2\) T)107 526.2 R 2.5(or)-.8 G(emo)149.8 526.2 Q .3 --.15(ve o)-.15 H 2.5(ri).15 G(nsert the DBM \(UNIX database\) library)192.27 -526.2 Q(.)-.65 E 12.5(\(3\) T)107 542.4 R 2.5(oc)-.8 G(hange ARP)150.91 542.4 Q -(ANET reply codes.)-.92 E 12.5(\(4\) T)107 558.6 R 2.5(oa)-.8 G -(dd headers \214elds requiring special processing.)150.91 558.6 Q .434 -(Adding mailers or changing parsing \(i.e., re)102 574.8 R .435 -(writing\) or routing information does not require recom-)-.25 F(pilation.)102 -586.8 Q 1.317(If the mail is being sent by a local user)127 603 R 3.817(,a)-.4 -G 1.317(nd the \214le \231.mailcf\232 e)303.914 603 R 1.317 -(xists in the sender')-.15 F 3.817(sh)-.55 G(ome)486.78 603 Q(directory)102 615 -Q 2.721(,t)-.65 G .221(hat \214le is read as a con\214guration \214le after th\ -e system con\214guration \214le.)145.451 615 R .222(The primary use)5.222 F -(of this feature is to add header lines.)102 627 Q 3.25(The con\214guration \ -\214le encodes macro de\214nitions, header de\214nitions, mailer de\214nitions\ -,)127 643.2 R(re)102 655.2 Q(writing rules, and options.)-.25 E F0 2.5 -(3.7.1. Macr)102 679.2 R(os)-.18 E F1 .332(Macros can be used in three w)142 -695.4 R 2.833(ays. Certain)-.1 F .333(macros transmit unstructured te)2.833 F -.333(xtual informa-)-.15 F .07(tion into the mail system, such as the name)117 -707.4 R F2(sendmail)2.57 E F1 .07 -(will use to identify itself in error messages.)2.57 F 1.247 -(Other macros transmit information from)117 719.4 R F2(sendmail)3.747 E F1 -1.247(to the con\214guration \214le for use in creating)3.747 F EP -%%Page: 8 8 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 192.28(SMM:9-8 SENDMAIL)72 60 R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI) -383.99 60 S(nter)395.94 60 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E/F1 10 -/Times-Roman@0 SF .312(other \214elds \(such as ar)117 96 R .312(gument v)-.18 -F .312(ectors to mailers\); e.g., the name of the sender)-.15 F 2.811(,a)-.4 G -.311(nd the host and)442.237 96 R .848(user of the recipient.)117 108 R .848 -(Other macros are unused internally)5.848 F 3.348(,a)-.65 G .848 -(nd can be used as shorthand in the)361.142 108 R(con\214guration \214le.)117 -120 Q F0 2.5(3.7.2. Header)102 144 R(declarations)2.5 E F1 .355 -(Header declarations inform)142 160.2 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.854 -E F1 .354(of the format of kno)2.854 F .354(wn header lines.)-.25 F(Kno)5.354 E -.354(wledge of)-.25 F 2.5(af)117 172.2 S .5 -.25(ew h)127.27 172.2 T -(eader lines is b).25 E(uilt into)-.2 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1 2.5(,s)C -(uch as the \231From:\232 and \231Date:\232 lines.)284.59 172.2 Q 1.201(Most c\ -on\214gured headers will be automatically inserted in the outgoing message if \ -the)142 188.4 R(y)-.15 E(don')117 200.4 Q 2.5(te)-.18 G -(xist in the incoming message.)144.72 200.4 Q -(Certain headers are suppressed by some mailers.)5 E F0 2.5(3.7.3. Mailer)102 -224.4 R(declarations)2.5 E F1 1.756(Mailer declarations tell)142 240.6 R F2 -(sendmail)4.256 E F1 1.756(of the v)4.256 F 1.756(arious mailers a)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.2 G 1.756(ilable to it.).25 F 1.755(The de\214nition)6.755 F .119 -(speci\214es the internal name of the mailer)117 252.6 R 2.619(,t)-.4 G .12 -(he pathname of the program to call, some \215ags associ-)285.183 252.6 R 2.036 -(ated with the mailer)117 264.6 R 4.536(,a)-.4 G 2.036(nd an ar)213.894 264.6 R -2.036(gument v)-.18 F 2.036(ector to be used on the call; this v)-.15 F 2.035 -(ector is macro-)-.15 F -.15(ex)117 276.6 S(panded before use.).15 E F0 2.5 -(3.7.4. Addr)102 300.6 R(ess r)-.18 E(ewriting rules)-.18 E F1 .458 -(The heart of address parsing in)142 316.8 R F2(sendmail)2.959 E F1 .459 -(is a set of re)2.959 F .459(writing rules.)-.25 F .459(These are an ordered) -5.459 F .561(list of pattern-replacement rules, \(some)117 328.8 R .561 -(what lik)-.25 F 3.061(eap)-.1 G .561(roduction system, e)328.867 328.8 R .56 -(xcept that order is criti-)-.15 F 1.905 -(cal\), which are applied to each address.)117 340.8 R 1.905(The address is re) -6.905 F 1.906(written te)-.25 F 1.906(xtually until it is either)-.15 F(re)117 -352.8 Q .308(written into a special canonical form \(i.e., a \(mailer)-.25 F -2.807(,h)-.4 G .307(ost, user\) 3-tuple, such as {arpanet, usc-)342.118 352.8 R -.64(isif, postel} representing the address \231postel@usc-isif\232\), or it f) -117 364.8 R .641(alls of)-.1 F 3.141(ft)-.25 G .641(he end.)406.466 364.8 R -.641(When a pattern)5.641 F(matches, the rule is reapplied until it f)117 376.8 -Q(ails.)-.1 E 1.222 -(The con\214guration \214le also supports the editing of addresses into dif)142 -393 R 1.221(ferent formats.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)6.221 G(r).15 E -.15(ex)117 405 S -(ample, an address of the form:).15 E(ucsfcgl!tef)157 421.2 Q -(might be mapped into:)117 437.4 Q(tef@ucsfcgl.UUCP)157 453.6 Q -(to conform to the domain syntax.)117 469.8 Q -.35(Tr)5 G -(anslations can also be done in the other direction.).35 E F0 2.5 -(3.7.5. Option)102 493.8 R(setting)2.5 E F1 1.168(There are se)142 510 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 1.169(ral options that can be set from the con\214guration \214le.) -.15 F 1.169(These include the)6.169 F(pathnames of v)117 522 Q -(arious support \214les, timeouts, def)-.25 E(ault modes, etc.)-.1 E F0 2.5 -(4. COMP)72 546 R(ARISON WITH O)-.74 E(THER MAILERS)-.4 E 2.5(4.1. Deli)87 570 -R -.1(ve)-.1 G(rmail).1 E F2(Sendmail)127 586.2 Q F1(is an outgro)2.5 E(wth of) --.25 E F2(delivermail)2.5 E F1 5(.T)C(he primary dif)301.18 586.2 Q -(ferences are:)-.25 E 12.5(\(1\) Con\214guration)107 602.4 R .273 -(information is not compiled in.)2.773 F .272(This change simpli\214es man) -5.273 F 2.772(yo)-.15 G 2.772(ft)445.686 602.4 S .272(he problems)454.568 602.4 -R(of mo)133.66 614.4 Q(ving to other machines.)-.15 E(It also allo)5 E -(ws easy deb)-.25 E(ugging of ne)-.2 E 2.5(wm)-.25 G(ailers.)413.89 614.4 Q -12.5(\(2\) Address)107 630.6 R .681(parsing is more \215e)3.181 F 3.182 -(xible. F)-.15 F .682(or e)-.15 F(xample,)-.15 E F2(delivermail)3.182 E F1 .682 -(only supported one g)3.182 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 3.182(yt).1 G(o)499 -630.6 Q(an)133.66 642.6 Q 2.817(yn)-.15 G(etw)155.767 642.6 Q .317 -(ork, whereas)-.1 F F2(sendmail)2.817 E F1 .317(can be sensiti)2.817 F .616 --.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.816(oh).15 G .316(ost names and reroute to dif)345.224 642.6 -R .316(ferent g)-.25 F(ate-)-.05 E -.1(wa)133.66 654.6 S(ys.).1 E 12.5(\(3\) F) -107 670.8 R(orw)-.15 E 1.627(arding and :include: features eliminate the requi\ -rement that the system alias \214le be)-.1 F .074(writable by an)133.66 682.8 R -2.574(yu)-.15 G .073 -(ser \(or that an update program be written, or that the system administration) -203.442 682.8 R(mak)133.66 694.8 Q 2.5(ea)-.1 G(ll changes\).)162.16 694.8 Q -(\(4\))107 711 Q F2(Sendmail)133.66 711 Q F1 .4 -(supports message batching across netw)2.9 F .401 -(orks when a message is being sent to mul-)-.1 F(tiple recipients.)133.66 723 Q -EP -%%Page: 9 9 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E -(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-9)462.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 12.5(\(5\) A) -107 96 R .875(mail queue is pro)3.375 F .874(vided in)-.15 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail.)3.374 E F1 .874(Mail that cannot be deli)5.874 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .874(red immediately b).15 F .874(ut can)-.2 F 1.063 -(potentially be deli)133.66 108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.064 -(red later is stored in this queue for a later retry).15 F 6.064(.T)-.65 G -1.064(he queue also pro-)427.218 108 R .896(vides a b)133.66 120 R(uf)-.2 E -.896(fer ag)-.25 F .895 -(ainst system crashes; after the message has been collected it may be reli-) --.05 F(ably redeli)133.66 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(red e).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)224.22 132 S(he system crashes during the initial deli)232.83 -132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E(.)-.65 E(\(6\))107 148.2 Q F2(Sendmail)133.66 -148.2 Q F1 .197(uses the netw)2.696 F .197(orking support pro)-.1 F .197 -(vided by 4.2BSD to pro)-.15 F .197(vide a direct interf)-.15 F .197(ace net-) --.1 F -.1(wo)133.66 160.2 S .07(rks such as the ARP).1 F .07 -(ANET and/or Ethernet using SMTP \(the Simple Mail T)-.92 F .07(ransfer Proto-) --.35 F(col\) o)133.66 172.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(raT).15 G(CP/IP connection.) -184.73 172.2 Q F0 2.5(4.2. MMDF)87 196.2 R F1 .957(MMDF [Crock)127 212.4 R .957 -(er79] spans a wider problem set than)-.1 F F2(sendmail)3.458 E F1 5.958(.F)C -.958(or e)395.058 212.4 R .958(xample, the domain of)-.15 F .721 -(MMDF includes a \231phone netw)102 224.4 R .721(ork\232 mailer)-.1 F 3.221(,w) --.4 G(hereas)290.516 224.4 Q F2(sendmail)3.221 E F1 .721(calls on pree)3.221 F -.72(xisting mailers in most)-.15 F(cases.)102 236.4 Q .175(MMDF and)127 252.6 R -F2(sendmail)2.675 E F1 .175 -(both support aliasing, customized mailers, message batching, automatic)2.675 F -(forw)102 264.6 Q .792(arding to g)-.1 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G .792 -(ys, queueing, and retransmission.).1 F .792(MMDF supports tw)5.792 F .792 -(o-stage timeout, which)-.1 F F2(sendmail)102 276.6 Q F1(does not support.)2.5 -E(The con\214guration for MMDF is compiled into the code)127 294.8 Q/F3 7 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(4)348.65 290.8 Q F1(.)352.15 294.8 Q .037 -(Since MMDF does not consider backw)127 311 R .037 -(ards compatibility as a design goal, the address parsing)-.1 F(is simpler b) -102 323 Q(ut much less \215e)-.2 E(xible.)-.15 E 1.159(It is some)127 341.2 R -1.159(what harder to inte)-.25 F 1.159(grate a ne)-.15 F 3.659(wc)-.25 G -(hannel)302.802 341.2 Q F3(5)329.462 337.2 Q F1 1.159(into MMDF)336.621 341.2 R -6.16(.I)-.8 G 3.66(np)397.59 341.2 S(articular)411.25 341.2 Q 3.66(,M)-.4 G -1.16(MDF must)459.22 341.2 R(kno)102 353.2 Q 3.225(wt)-.25 G .725(he location \ -and format of host tables for all channels, and the channel must speak a speci\ -al)129.975 353.2 R 2.525(protocol. This)102 365.2 R(allo)2.525 E .025 -(ws MMDF to do additional v)-.25 F .025(eri\214cation \(such as v)-.15 F .025 -(erifying host names\) at submis-)-.15 F(sion time.)102 377.2 Q 1.761 -(MMDF strictly separates the submission and deli)127 393.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -1.761(ry phases.).15 F(Although)6.761 E F2(sendmail)4.261 E F1 1.76(has the) -4.261 F .784(concept of each of these stages, the)102 405.4 R 3.284(ya)-.15 G -.784(re inte)260.068 405.4 R .785(grated into one program, whereas in MMDF the) --.15 F 3.285(ya)-.15 G(re)496.23 405.4 Q(split into tw)102 417.4 Q 2.5(op)-.1 G -(rograms.)162.19 417.4 Q F0 2.5(4.3. Message)87 441.4 R(Pr)2.5 E -(ocessing Module)-.18 E F1 .925 -(The Message Processing Module \(MPM\) discussed by Postel [Postel79b] matches) -127 457.6 R F2(sendmail)3.425 E F1 1.364 -(closely in terms of its basic architecture.)102 469.6 R(Ho)6.364 E(we)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.164 -.4(r, l).15 H(ik).4 E 3.864(eM)-.1 G(MDF)347.526 469.6 Q -3.864(,t)-.8 G 1.365(he MPM includes the netw)377.54 469.6 R(ork)-.1 E(interf) -102 481.6 Q(ace softw)-.1 E(are as part of its domain.)-.1 E .408 -(MPM also postulates a duple)127 497.8 R 2.907(xc)-.15 G .407 -(hannel to the recei)256.937 497.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.207 -.4(r, a).15 H 2.907 -(sd).4 G .407(oes MMDF)365.362 497.8 R 2.907(,t)-.8 G .407(hus allo)419.546 -497.8 R .407(wing simpler)-.25 F .302 -(handling of errors by the mailer than is possible in)102 509.8 R F2(sendmail) -2.802 E F1 5.302(.W)C .302(hen a message queued by)362.24 509.8 R F2(sendmail) -2.802 E F1 .23(is sent, an)102 521.8 R 2.73(ye)-.15 G .23 -(rrors must be returned to the sender by the mailer itself.)154.2 521.8 R .229 -(Both MPM and MMDF mail-)5.229 F .883(ers can return an immediate error respon\ -se, and a single error processor can create an appropriate)102 533.8 R -(response.)102 545.8 Q 2.24 -(MPM prefers passing the message as a structured object, with type-length-v)127 -564 R 2.24(alue tuples)-.25 F F3(6)498 560 Q F1(.)501.5 564 Q .874(Such a con) -102 576 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .874(ntion requires a much higher de).15 F .875 -(gree of cooperation between mailers than is required)-.15 F(by)102 588 Q F2 -(sendmail)2.796 E F1 5.296(.M)C .296(PM also assumes a uni)167.592 588 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .296(rsally agreed upon internet name space \(with each address).15 -F(in the form of a net-host-user tuple\), which)102 600 Q F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1 -(does not.)2.5 E .32 LW 76 642 72 642 DL 80 642 76 642 DL 84 642 80 642 DL 88 -642 84 642 DL 92 642 88 642 DL 96 642 92 642 DL 100 642 96 642 DL 104 642 100 -642 DL 108 642 104 642 DL 112 642 108 642 DL 116 642 112 642 DL 120 642 116 642 -DL 124 642 120 642 DL 128 642 124 642 DL 132 642 128 642 DL 136 642 132 642 DL -140 642 136 642 DL 144 642 140 642 DL 148 642 144 642 DL 152 642 148 642 DL 156 -642 152 642 DL 160 642 156 642 DL 164 642 160 642 DL 168 642 164 642 DL 172 642 -168 642 DL 176 642 172 642 DL 180 642 176 642 DL 184 642 180 642 DL 188 642 184 -642 DL 192 642 188 642 DL 196 642 192 642 DL 200 642 196 642 DL 204 642 200 642 -DL 208 642 204 642 DL 212 642 208 642 DL 216 642 212 642 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 -SF(4)93.6 652.4 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .179 -(Dynamic con\214guration tables are currently being considered for MMDF; allo) -3.2 J .18(wing the installer to select either compiled or dy-)-.2 F -(namic tables.)72 665.2 Q F4(5)93.6 675.6 Q F5(The MMDF equi)3.2 I -.2(va)-.2 G -(lent of a).2 E/F6 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2 E F5(\231mailer)2 E -.56 -<2e9a>-.44 G F4(6)93.6 689.2 Q F5(This is similar to the NBS standard.)3.2 I EP -%%Page: 10 10 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 187.28(SMM:9-10 SENDMAIL)72 60 R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI) -383.99 60 S(nter)395.94 60 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E 2.5(5. EV)72 96 -R(ALU)-1.35 E -.95(AT)-.6 G(IONS AND FUTURE PLANS).95 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(Sendmail)112 112.2 Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.851(is designed to w)4.351 F -1.851(ork in a nonhomogeneous en)-.1 F 4.352(vironment. Ev)-.4 F 1.852 -(ery attempt is made to)-.15 F -.2(avo)87 124.2 S 1.037 -(id imposing unnecessary constraints on the underlying mailers.).2 F 1.036 -(This goal has dri)6.036 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.536(nm).15 G 1.036(uch of the) -461.938 124.2 R 2.723(design. One)87 136.2 R .223(of the major problems has be\ -en the lack of a uniform address space, as postulated in [Pos-)2.723 F -(tel79a] and [Postel79b].)87 148.2 Q 2.647(An)112 164.4 S .147(onuniform addre\ -ss space implies that a path will be speci\214ed in all addresses, either e) -126.867 164.4 R(xplicitly)-.15 E .472 -(\(as part of the address\) or implicitly \(as with implied forw)87 176.4 R -.473(arding to g)-.1 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 2.973(ys\). This).1 F .473 -(restriction has the)2.973 F .493(unpleasant ef)87 188.4 R .493 -(fect of making replying to messages e)-.25 F .493(xceedingly dif)-.15 F .493 -(\214cult, since there is no one \231address\232)-.25 F(for an)87 200.4 Q 2.5 -(yp)-.15 G(erson, b)122.95 200.4 Q(ut only a w)-.2 E -(ay to get there from where)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ry).15 G(ou are.)324.7 -200.4 Q(Interf)112 216.6 Q .448(acing to mail programs that were not initially\ - intended to be applied in an internet en)-.1 F(viron-)-.4 E(ment has been ama\ -zingly successful, and has reduced the job to a manageable task.)87 228.6 Q F1 -(Sendmail)112 244.8 Q F2 2.906(has kno)5.406 F 2.906(wledge of a fe)-.25 F -5.406(wd)-.25 G(if)271.126 244.8 Q 2.906(\214cult en)-.25 F 2.906(vironments b) --.4 F 2.906(uilt in.)-.2 F 2.905(It generates ARP)7.906 F(ANET)-.92 E .648(FTP\ -/SMTP compatible error messages \(prepended with three-digit numbers [Neigus73\ -, Postel74, Pos-)87 256.8 R .771(tel82]\) as necessary)87 268.8 R 3.271(,o)-.65 -G .771(ptionally generates UNIX-style \231From\232 lines on the front of messa\ -ges for some)177.523 268.8 R 1.669(mailers, and kno)87 280.8 R 1.669(ws ho)-.25 -F 4.169(wt)-.25 G 4.169(op)195.666 280.8 S 1.669(arse the same lines on input.) -209.835 280.8 R 1.67(Also, error handling has an option cus-)6.67 F -(tomized for BerkNet.)87 292.8 Q 1.482(The decision to a)112 309 R -.2(vo)-.2 G -1.482(id doing an).2 F 3.982(yt)-.15 G 1.481(ype of deli)254.222 309 R -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.481(ry where possible \(e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.481 -(n, or perhaps especially).15 F(,)-.65 E .574(local deli)87 321 R -.15(ve)-.25 -G .574(ry\) has turned out to be a good idea.).15 F(Ev)5.574 E .574 -(en with local deli)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E 3.074(,t)-.65 G .575 -(here are issues of the loca-)394.776 321 R .469(tion of the mailbox, the form\ -at of the mailbox, the locking protocol used, etc., that are best decided by)87 -333 R .038(other programs.)87 345 R .038(One surprisingly major anno)5.038 F -.038(yance in man)-.1 F 2.538(yi)-.15 G .038 -(nternet mailers is that the location and for)333.684 345 R(-)-.2 E .138 -(mat of local mail is b)87 357 R .138(uilt in.)-.2 F .137 -(The feeling seems to be that local mail is so common that it should be ef) -5.137 F<8c2d>-.25 E 3.045(cient. This)87 369 R .545 -(feeling is not born out by our e)3.045 F .545(xperience; on the contrary)-.15 -F 3.045(,t)-.65 G .545(he location and format of mail-)376.575 369 R(box)87 381 -Q(es seems to v)-.15 E(ary widely from system to system.)-.25 E .681 -(The ability to automatically generate a response to incoming mail \(by forw) -112 397.2 R .68(arding mail to a pro-)-.1 F .435 -(gram\) seems useful \(\231I am on v)87 409.2 R .435 -(acation until late August....)-.25 F 2.935(\232\) b)-.7 F .435 -(ut can create problems such as forw)-.2 F(ard-)-.1 E .143(ing loops \(tw)87 -421.2 R 2.643(op)-.1 G .143(eople on v)152.609 421.2 R .143(acation whose prog\ -rams send notes back and forth, for instance\) if these pro-)-.25 F .732 -(grams are not well written.)87 433.2 R 3.232(Ap)5.732 G .732 -(rogram could be written to do standard tasks correctly)218.592 433.2 R 3.233 -(,b)-.65 G .733(ut this w)450.404 433.2 R(ould)-.1 E(solv)87 445.2 Q 2.5(et) --.15 G(he general case.)113.24 445.2 Q .225 -(It might be desirable to implement some form of load limiting.)112 461.4 R -2.725(Ia)5.225 G 2.724(mu)380.8 461.4 S(na)396.304 461.4 Q -.1(wa)-.15 G .224 -(re of an).1 F 2.724(ym)-.15 G .224(ail system)463.496 461.4 R -(that addresses this problem, nor am I a)87 473.4 Q -.1(wa)-.15 G(re of an).1 E -2.5(yr)-.15 G(easonable solution at this time.)294.05 473.4 Q .113(The con\214\ -guration \214le is currently practically inscrutable; considerable con)112 -489.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .114(nience could be real-).15 F(ized with a higher)87 -501.6 Q(-le)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lf).15 G(ormat.)186.93 501.6 Q .778(It se\ -ems clear that common protocols will be changing soon to accommodate changing \ -require-)112 517.8 R 2.774(ments and en)87 529.8 R 5.274(vironments. These)-.4 -F 2.774(changes will include modi\214cations to the message header \(e.g.,) -5.274 F .859([NBS80]\) or to the body of the message itself \(such as for mult\ -imedia messages [Postel80]\).)87 541.8 R(Experi-)5.859 E -(ence indicates that these changes should be relati)87 553.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ly tri).15 E(vial to inte)-.25 E(grate into the e)-.15 E(xisting system.)-.15 -E .811(In tightly coupled en)112 570 R .812(vironments, it w)-.4 F .812 -(ould be nice to ha)-.1 F 1.112 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .812(ame serv).15 F .812 -(er such as Grapvine [Bir)-.15 F(-)-.2 E .095(rell82] inte)87 582 R .095 -(grated into the mail system.)-.15 F .095(This w)5.095 F .095(ould allo)-.1 F -2.594(was)-.25 G .094(ite such as \231Berk)330.768 582 R(ele)-.1 E .094 -(y\232 to appear as a single)-.15 F 2.606 -(host, rather than as a collection of hosts, and w)87 594 R 2.606(ould allo)-.1 -F 5.106(wp)-.25 G 2.606(eople to mo)352.786 594 R 2.906 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.606 -(ransparently among).15 F 1.664(machines without ha)87 606 R 1.664 -(ving to change their addresses.)-.2 F 1.664(Such a f)6.664 F 1.664(acility w) --.1 F 1.663(ould require an automatically)-.1 F .428 -(updated database and some method of resolving con\215icts.)87 618 R .428 -(Ideally this w)5.428 F .428(ould be ef)-.1 F(fecti)-.25 E .728 -.15(ve e)-.25 -H -.15(ve)-.1 G 2.928(nw).15 G(ithout)480.66 618 Q .184 -(all hosts being under a single management.)87 630 R(Ho)5.184 E(we)-.25 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .984 -.4(r, i).15 H 2.684(ti).4 G 2.683(sn)317.576 630 S .183 -(ot clear whether this feature should be inte-)329.149 630 R -(grated into the aliasing f)87 642 Q(acility or should be considered a \231v) --.1 E(alue added\232 feature outside)-.25 E F1(sendmail)2.5 E F2(itself.)2.5 E -.79(As a more interesting case, the CSNET name serv)112 658.2 R .791 -(er [Solomon81] pro)-.15 F .791(vides an f)-.15 F .791(acility that goes)-.1 F -(be)87 670.2 Q .375(yond a single tightly-coupled en)-.15 F 2.875 -(vironment. Such)-.4 F 2.875(af)2.875 G .375(acility w)308.675 670.2 R .374 -(ould normally e)-.1 F .374(xist outside of)-.15 F F1(sendmail)2.874 E F2(ho)87 -682.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.55(r.).15 G EP -%%Page: 11 11 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E -(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-11)457.9 60 Q -.55(AC)72 96 S(KNO).55 E -(WLEDGEMENTS)-.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.203(Thanks are due to K)97 112.2 R -1.204 -(urt Shoens for his continual cheerful assistance and good advice, Bill Jo)-.15 -F 3.704(yf)-.1 G(or)495.67 112.2 Q .102 -(pointing me in the correct direction \(o)72 124.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.602(ra) -.15 G .102(nd o)244.324 124.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G .102 -(r\), and Mark Horton for more advice, prodding, and man).15 F(y)-.15 E .453 -(of the good ideas.)72 136.2 R -.15(Ku)5.453 G .453 -(rt and Eric Schmidt are to be credited for using).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(delivermail)2.953 E F1 .453(as a serv)2.953 F .453(er for their pro-)-.15 F -1.663(grams \()72 148.2 R F2(Mail)A F1 1.663(and BerkNet respecti)4.163 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 1.663(ly\) before an).15 F 4.163(ys)-.15 G 1.663 -(ane person should ha)291.091 148.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 4.163(,a).15 G 1.662 -(nd making the necessary)400.423 148.2 R .078 -(modi\214cations promptly and happily)72 160.2 R 5.078(.E)-.65 G .078(ric g) -228.332 160.2 R -2.25 -.2(av e)-.05 H .079 -(me considerable advice about the perils of netw)2.778 F .079(ork softw)-.1 F -(are)-.1 E .179(which sa)72 172.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.679(dm).15 G 2.679(ea) -131.998 172.2 S 2.679(nu)143.557 172.2 S(nkno)156.236 172.2 Q .178 -(wn amount of w)-.25 F .178(ork and grief.)-.1 F .178 -(Mark did the original implementation of the DBM)5.178 F -.15(ve)72 184.2 S -.341(rsion of aliasing, installed the VFORK code, wrote the current v).15 F -.341(ersion of)-.15 F F2(rmail)2.841 E F1 2.841(,a)C .341(nd w)411.083 184.2 R -.342(as the person who)-.1 F .61(really con)72 196.2 R .61 -(vinced me to put the w)-.4 F .61(ork into)-.1 F F2(delivermail)3.109 E F1 .609 -(to turn it into)3.109 F F2(sendmail)3.109 E F1 5.609(.K)C .609(urt deserv) -398.753 196.2 R .609(es accolades for)-.15 F(using)72 208.2 Q F2(sendmail)2.57 -E F1 .07(when I w)2.57 F .07(as myself afraid to tak)-.1 F 2.57(et)-.1 G .07 -(he risk; ho)271.01 208.2 R 2.57(wap)-.25 G .07 -(erson can continue to be so enthusiastic in)334.92 208.2 R(the f)72 220.2 Q -(ace of so much bitter reality is be)-.1 E(yond me.)-.15 E -.15(Ku)97 236.4 S -1.505(rt, Mark, Kirk McK).15 F 1.505(usick, Marvin Solomon, and man)-.15 F -4.005(yo)-.15 G 1.504(thers ha)345.79 236.4 R 1.804 -.15(ve r)-.2 H -.25(ev).15 -G(ie).25 E 1.504(wed this paper)-.25 F 4.004(,g)-.4 G -.25(iv)483.69 236.4 S -(ing).25 E(considerable useful advice.)72 248.4 Q .846 -(Special thanks are reserv)97 264.6 R .846(ed for Mik)-.15 F 3.346(eS)-.1 G -(tonebrak)256.786 264.6 Q .846(er at Berk)-.1 F(ele)-.1 E 3.347(ya)-.15 G .847 -(nd Bob Epstein at Britton-Lee, who)356.995 264.6 R .542(both kno)72 276.6 R -.542(wingly allo)-.25 F .542(wed me to put so much w)-.25 F .541 -(ork into this project when there were so man)-.1 F 3.041(yo)-.15 G .541 -(ther things I)454.588 276.6 R(really should ha)72 288.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -(een w).15 E(orking on.)-.1 E EP -%%Page: 12 12 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(REFERENCES)256.605 132 Q 62.73([Birrell82] Birrell,)72 -148.2 R 1.084(A. D., Le)3.584 F 1.084(vin, R., Needham, R. M., and Schroeder) --.25 F 3.584(,M)-.4 G 3.585(.D)433.49 148.2 S 1.085(., \231Grape)446.795 148.2 -R(vine:)-.25 E(An Ex)180 160.2 Q(ercise in Distrib)-.15 E(uted Computing.)-.2 E -5<9a49>-.7 G(n)348.66 160.2 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Comm. A.C.M. 25,)2.5 E F0 -(4, April 82.)2.5 E 59.4([Borden79] Borden,)72 176.4 R .796 -(S., Gaines, R. S., and Shapiro, N. Z.,)3.296 F F1 .795(The MH Messa)3.295 F -.995 -.1(ge H)-.1 H .795(andling Sys-).1 F(tem: User)180 188.4 Q(s' Manual.)-.1 -E F0(R-2367-P)5 E(AF)-.92 E 5(.R)-.8 G(and Corporation.)332.06 188.4 Q -(October 1979.)5 E([Crock)72 204.6 Q 52.29(er77a] Crock)-.1 F(er)-.1 E 2.508 -(,D)-.4 G 2.508(.H)223.938 204.6 S .008(., V)236.166 204.6 R .009 -(ittal, J. J., Pogran, K. T)-.6 F .009(., and Henderson, D. A. Jr)-.74 F(.,) --.55 E F1(Standar)2.509 E 2.509(df)-.37 G(or)495.11 204.6 Q .955(the F)180 -216.6 R .955(ormat of ARP)-1.05 F 3.454(AN)-.9 G .954(etwork T)272.978 216.6 R --.2(ex)-.92 G 3.454(tM).2 G(essa)331.536 216.6 Q -.1(ge)-.1 G(s.).1 E F0 .954 -(RFC 733, NIC 41952.)5.954 F .954(In [Fein-)5.954 F 2.5(ler78]. No)180 228.6 R --.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 1977.).15 E([Crock)72 244.8 Q 51.73(er77b] Crock)-.1 F(er) --.1 E 3.04(,D)-.4 G 3.04(.H)224.47 244.8 S(.,)237.23 244.8 Q F1 -1.55 -.55 -(Fr a)3.04 H(me).55 E .54(work and Functions of the MS P)-.15 F(er)-.8 E .54 -(sonal Messa)-.1 F .74 -.1(ge S)-.1 H(ystem.).1 E F0(R-2134-ARP)180 256.8 Q -(A, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California.)-.92 E(1977.)5 E([Crock)72 273 -Q 56.73(er79] Crock)-.1 F(er)-.1 E 2.557(,D)-.4 G 2.557(.H)223.987 273 S .056 -(., Szurk)236.264 273 R -.25(ow)-.1 G .056(ski, E. S., and F).25 F(arber)-.15 E -2.556(,D)-.4 G 2.556(.J)374.85 273 S(.,)383.796 273 Q F1 .056 -(An Internetwork Memo Dis-)2.556 F(trib)180 285 Q 1.341(ution F)-.2 F 1.341 -(acility \212 MMDF)-.75 F(.)-1.35 E F0 1.341 -(6th Data Communication Symposium, Asilomar)6.341 F(.)-.55 E(No)180 297 Q -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(mber 1979.).15 E([Crock)72 313.2 Q 56.73(er82] Crock)-.1 F(er)-.1 E -3.383(,D)-.4 G 3.383(.H)224.813 313.2 S(.,)237.916 313.2 Q F1(Standar)3.383 E -3.383(df)-.37 G .883(or the F)288.762 313.2 R .882(ormat of Arpa Internet T) --1.05 F -.2(ex)-.92 G 3.382(tM).2 G(essa)446.368 313.2 Q -.1(ge)-.1 G(s.).1 E -F0(RFC)5.882 E 4.197(822. Netw)180 325.2 R 1.697(ork Information Center)-.1 F -4.197(,S)-.4 G 1.698(RI International, Menlo P)333.768 325.2 R 1.698 -(ark, California.)-.15 F(August 1982.)180 337.2 Q 53.3([Metcalfe76] Metcalfe,) -72 353.4 R .727(R., and Boggs, D., \231Ethernet: Distrib)3.227 F .727(uted P) --.2 F(ack)-.15 E .727(et Switching for Local)-.1 F(Computer Netw)180 365.4 Q -(orks\232,)-.1 E F1(Communications of the A)2.5 E(CM 19,)-.3 E F0 2.5(7. July) -2.5 F(1976.)2.5 E 60.51([Feinler78] Feinler)72 381.6 R 4.438(,E)-.4 G 1.938 -(., and Postel, J.)220.978 381.6 R(\(eds.\),)6.938 E F1(ARP)4.438 E 1.938 -(ANET Pr)-.9 F 1.938(otocol Handbook.)-.45 F F0 1.938(NIC 7104,)6.938 F(Netw) -180 393.6 Q(ork Information Center)-.1 E 2.5(,S)-.4 G -(RI International, Menlo P)304.48 393.6 Q(ark, California.)-.15 E(1978.)5 E -69.39([NBS80] National)72 409.8 R 1.46(Bureau of Standards,)3.96 F F1 1.46 -(Speci\214cation of a Dr)3.96 F 1.46(aft Messa)-.15 F 1.66 -.1(ge F)-.1 H 1.46 -(ormat Stan-)-.95 F(dar)180 421.8 Q(d.)-.37 E F0(Report No. ICST/CBOS 80-2.)5 E -(October 1980.)5 E 60.51([Neigus73] Neigus,)72 438 R(N.,)5.186 E F1 -.45(Fi) -5.186 G 2.686(le T).45 F -.15(ra)-.55 G 2.686(nsfer Pr).15 F 2.686 -(otocol for the ARP)-.45 F 5.187(AN)-.9 G(etwork.)402.599 438 Q F0 2.687 -(RFC 542, NIC)7.687 F 2.5(17759. In)180 450 R 2.5([Feinler78]. August,)2.5 F -(1973.)2.5 E([No)72 466.2 Q 55.21(witz78a] No)-.25 F 1.633 -(witz, D. A., and Lesk, M. E.,)-.25 F F1 4.132(AD)4.132 G 1.632 -(ial-Up Network of UNIX Systems.)338.9 466.2 R F0(Bell)6.632 E 5.403 -(Laboratories. In)180 478.2 R 2.904(UNIX Programmer')5.403 F 5.404(sM)-.55 G -2.904(anual, Se)356.024 478.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(nth Edition, V).15 F 2.904 -(olume 2.)-1.29 F(August, 1978.)180 490.2 Q([No)72 506.4 Q 54.65(witz78b] No) --.25 F .633(witz, D. A.,)-.25 F F1 .632(Uucp Implementation Description.)3.132 -F F0 .632(Bell Laboratories.)5.632 F .632(In UNIX)5.632 F(Programmer')180 518.4 -Q 2.5(sM)-.55 G(anual, Se)248.05 518.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nth Edition, V).15 E -(olume 2.)-1.29 E(October)5 E 2.5(,1)-.4 G(978.)431.22 518.4 Q 64.39 -([Postel74] Postel,)72 534.6 R .24(J., and Neigus, N., Re)2.74 F .241 -(vised FTP Reply Codes.)-.25 F .241(RFC 640, NIC 30843.)5.241 F(In)5.241 E 2.5 -([Feinler78]. June,)180 546.6 R(1974.)2.5 E 64.39([Postel77] Postel,)72 562.8 R -(J.,)2.5 E F1(Mail Pr)2.5 E(otocol.)-.45 E F0(NIC 29588.)5 E(In [Feinler78].)5 -E(No)5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 1977.).15 E 59.95([Postel79a] Postel,)72 579 R -(J.,)3.144 E F1 .644(Internet Messa)3.144 F .844 -.1(ge P)-.1 H -.45(ro).1 G -(tocol.).45 E F0 .644(RFC 753, IEN 85.)5.644 F(Netw)5.644 E .644 -(ork Information)-.1 F(Center)180 591 Q 2.5(,S)-.4 G(RI International, Menlo P) -216.82 591 Q(ark, California.)-.15 E(March 1979.)5 E 59.39([Postel79b] Postel,) -72 607.2 R 1.305(J. B.,)3.805 F F1 1.305(An Internetwork Messa)3.805 F 1.505 --.1(ge S)-.1 H(tructur).1 E -.15(e.)-.37 G F0(In)6.456 E F1(Pr)3.806 E 1.306 -(oceedings of the Sixth)-.45 F(Data Communications Symposium,)180 619.2 Q F0 -2.5(IEEE. Ne)2.5 F 2.5(wY)-.25 G 2.5(ork. No)379.74 619.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G -(mber 1979.).15 E 64.39([Postel80] Postel,)72 635.4 R .639(J. B.,)3.139 F F1 -3.139(AS)3.139 G(tructur)248.676 635.4 Q .639(ed F)-.37 F .639(ormat for T) --1.05 F -.15(ra)-.55 G .639(nsmission of Multi-Media Documents.).15 F F0 .418 -(RFC 767.)180 647.4 R(Netw)5.419 E .419(ork Information Center)-.1 F 2.919(,S) --.4 G .419(RI International, Menlo P)350.474 647.4 R .419(ark, Califor)-.15 F -(-)-.2 E 2.5(nia. August)180 659.4 R(1980.)2.5 E 64.39([Postel82] Postel,)72 -675.6 R 2.05(J. B.,)4.55 F F1 2.05(Simple Mail T)4.55 F -.15(ra)-.55 G 2.05 -(nsfer Pr).15 F(otocol.)-.45 E F0 2.05(RFC821 \(obsoleting RFC788\).)7.05 F -(Netw)180 687.6 Q .273(ork Information Center)-.1 F 2.774(,S)-.4 G .274 -(RI International, Menlo P)305.3 687.6 R .274(ark, California.)-.15 F(August) -5.274 E(1982.)180 699.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 187.28(SMM:9-12 SENDMAIL)72 756 -R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI)383.99 756 S(nter)395.94 756 Q(netw)-.15 E -(ork Mail Router)-.1 E EP -%%Page: 13 13 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E -(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-13)457.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 55.5 -([Schmidt79] Schmidt,)72 96 R(E.,)2.972 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .472(An Intr) -2.972 F .472(oduction to the Berk)-.45 F(ele)-.1 E 2.972(yN)-.3 G(etwork.) -369.664 96 Q F1(Uni)5.472 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .472(rsity of California,).15 F -(Berk)180 108 Q(ele)-.1 E 2.5(yC)-.15 G 2.5(alifornia. 1979.)225.02 108 R 59.95 -([Shoens79] Shoens,)72 124.2 R(K.,)4.894 E F2 2.394(Mail Refer)4.894 F 2.394 -(ence Manual.)-.37 F F1(Uni)7.394 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.395 -(rsity of California, Berk).15 F(ele)-.1 E 6.195 -.65(y. I)-.15 H(n).65 E -(UNIX Programmer')180 136.2 Q 2.5(sM)-.55 G(anual, Se)275.54 136.2 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G(nth Edition, V).15 E(olume 2C.)-1.29 E(December 1979.)5 E 60.51 -([Sluizer81] Sluizer)72 152.4 R 2.872(,S)-.4 G .372(., and Postel, J. B.,) -218.862 152.4 R F2 .372(Mail T)2.872 F -.15(ra)-.55 G .372(nsfer Pr).15 F -(otocol.)-.45 E F1 .371(RFC 780.)5.371 F(Netw)5.371 E .371(ork Infor)-.1 F(-) --.2 E(mation Center)180 164.4 Q 2.5(,S)-.4 G(RI International, Menlo P)247.1 -164.4 Q(ark, California.)-.15 E(May 1981.)5 E 52.72([Solomon81] Solomon,)72 -180.6 R .96(M., Landweber)3.46 F 3.46(,L)-.4 G .96 -(., and Neuhengen, D., \231The Design of the CSNET)296.08 180.6 R(Name Serv)180 -192.6 Q(er)-.15 E 3.9 -.7(.\232 C)-.55 H(S-DN-2, Uni).7 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(rsity of W).15 E(isconsin, Madison.)-.4 E(No)5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 1981.).15 -E 78.28([Su82] Su,)72 208.8 R(Za)4.344 E 1.844(w-Sing, and Postel, Jon,)-.15 F -F2 1.844(The Domain Naming Con)4.344 F 1.844(vention for Internet)-.4 F 1.717 -(User Applications.)180 220.8 R F1 4.217(RFC819. Netw)6.717 F 1.717 -(ork Information Center)-.1 F 4.217(,S)-.4 G 1.718(RI International,)436.182 -220.8 R(Menlo P)180 232.8 Q(ark, California.)-.15 E(August 1982.)5 E([UNIX83]) -72 249 Q F2 2.12(The UNIX Pr)180 249 R -.1(og)-.45 G -.15(ra).1 G(mmer').15 E -4.62(sM)-.4 G 2.12(anual, Se)298.3 249 R 2.12(venth Edition,)-.15 F F1 -.6(Vi) -4.62 G 2.12(rtual V).6 F 2.12(AX-11 V)-1.35 F(ersion,)-1.11 E -1.29(Vo)180 261 -S 1.027(lume 1.)1.29 F 1.027(Bell Laboratories, modi\214ed by the Uni)6.027 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 1.027(rsity of California, Berk).15 F(e-)-.1 E(le)180 273 Q 1.3 --.65(y, C)-.15 H 2.5(alifornia. March,).65 F(1983.)2.5 E EP -%%Trailer -end -%%EOF |
