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-.\"
-.\"	@(#)arp4.4	6.5 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
-.\" $FreeBSD$
-.\"
-.Dd March 28, 2007
-.Dt ARP 4
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm arp
-.Nd Address Resolution Protocol
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.Cd "device ether"
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to dynamically
-map between Protocol Addresses (such as IP addresses) and
-Local Network Addresses (such as Ethernet addresses).
-This implementation maps IP addresses to Ethernet,
-ARCnet,
-or Token Ring addresses.
-It is used by all the Ethernet interface drivers.
-.Pp
-ARP caches Internet-Ethernet address mappings.
-When an interface requests a mapping for an address not in the cache,
-ARP queues the message which requires the mapping and broadcasts
-a message on the associated network requesting the address mapping.
-If a response is provided, the new mapping is cached and any pending
-message is transmitted.
-ARP will queue at most one packet while waiting for a response to a
-mapping request;
-only the most recently ``transmitted'' packet is kept.
-If the target host does not respond after several requests,
-the host is considered to be down allowing an error to be returned to
-transmission attempts.
-Further demand for this mapping causes ARP request retransmissions, that
-are ratelimited to one packet per second.
-The error is
-.Er EHOSTDOWN
-for a non-responding destination host, and
-.Er EHOSTUNREACH
-for a non-responding router.
-.Pp
-The ARP cache is stored in the system routing table as
-dynamically-created host routes.
-The route to a directly-attached Ethernet network is installed as a
-.Dq cloning
-route (one with the
-.Li RTF_CLONING
-flag set),
-causing routes to individual hosts on that network to be created on
-demand.
-These routes time out periodically (normally 20 minutes after validated;
-entries are not validated when not in use).
-.Pp
-ARP entries may be added, deleted or changed with the
-.Xr arp 8
-utility.
-Manually-added entries may be temporary or permanent,
-and may be
-.Dq published ,
-in which case the system will respond to ARP requests for that host
-as if it were the target of the request.
-.Pp
-In the past,
-ARP was used to negotiate the use of a trailer encapsulation.
-This is no longer supported.
-.Pp
-ARP watches passively for hosts impersonating the local host (i.e., a host
-which responds to an ARP mapping request for the local host's address).
-.Pp
-Proxy ARP is a feature whereby the local host will respond to requests
-for addresses other than itself, with its own address.
-Normally, proxy ARP in
-.Fx
-is set up on a host-by-host basis using the
-.Xr arp 8
-utility, by adding an entry for each host inside a given subnet for
-which proxying of ARP requests is desired.
-However, the
-.Dq "proxy all"
-feature causes the local host to act as a proxy for
-.Em all
-hosts reachable through some other network interface,
-different from the one the request came in from.
-It may be enabled by setting the
-.Xr sysctl 8
-MIB variable
-.Va net.link.ether.inet.proxyall
-to 1.
-.Sh MIB Variables
-The ARP protocol implements a number of configrable variables in
-.Va net.link.ether.inet
-branch
-of the
-.Xr sysctl 3
-MIB.
-.Bl -tag
-.It Va max_age
-How long an ARP entry is held in the cache until it needs to be refreshed.
-.It Va maxtries
-Number of retransmits before host is considered down and error is returned.
-.It Va useloopback
-If an ARP entry is added for local address, force the traffic to go through
-the loopback interface.
-.It Va proxyall
-Enables ARP proxying for all hosts on net.
-.El
-.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
-.Bl -diag
-.It "arp: %x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x is using my IP address %d.%d.%d.%d!"
-ARP has discovered another host on the local network which responds to
-mapping requests for its own Internet address with a different Ethernet
-address, generally indicating that two hosts are attempting to use the
-same Internet address.
-.It "arp: link address is broadcast for IP address %d.%d.%d.%d!"
-ARP requested information for a host, and received an answer indicating
-that the host's ethernet address is the ethernet broadcast address.
-This indicates a misconfigured or broken device.
-.It "arp: %d.%d.%d.%d moved from %x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x to %x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x on %s"
-ARP had a cached value for the ethernet address of the referenced host,
-but received a reply indicating that the host is at a new address.
-This can happen normally when host hardware addresses change,
-or when a mobile node arrives or leaves the local subnet.
-It can also indicate a problem with proxy ARP.
-This message can only be issued if the sysctl
-.Va net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_movements
-is set to 1, which is the system's default behaviour.
-.It "arpresolve: can't allocate llinfo for %d.%d.%d.%d"
-The route for the referenced host points to a device upon which ARP is
-required, but ARP was unable to allocate a routing table entry in which
-to store the host's MAC address.
-This usually points to a misconfigured routing table.
-It can also occur if the kernel cannot allocate memory.
-.It "arp: %d.%d.%d.%d is on if0 but got reply from %x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x on if1"
-Physical connections exist to the same logical IP network on both if0 and if1.
-It can also occur if an entry already exists in the ARP cache for the IP
-address above, and the cable has been disconnected from if0, then reconnected
-to if1.
-This message can only be issued if the sysctl
-.Va net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface
-is set to 1, which is the system's default behaviour.
-.It "arp: %x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x attempts to modify permanent entry for %d.%d.%d.%d on %s"
-ARP has received an ARP reply that attempts to overwrite a permanent
-entry in the local ARP table.
-This error will only be logged if the sysctl
-.Va net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_permanent_modify
-is set to 1, which is the system's default behaviour.
-.El
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr inet 4 ,
-.Xr route 4 ,
-.Xr arp 8 ,
-.Xr ifconfig 8 ,
-.Xr route 8 ,
-.Xr sysctl 8
-.Rs
-.%A Plummer, D.
-.%B "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol"
-.%T RFC826
-.Re
-.Rs
-.%A Leffler, S.J.
-.%A Karels, M.J.
-.%B "Trailer Encapsulations
-.%T RFC893
-.Re