diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'share')
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/Makefile | 70 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/README | 26 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/break | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/cover | 63 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/cshcmd | 54 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/groff.sed | 22 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/ignore | 98 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man1 | 321 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man2 | 109 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man3 | 272 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man4 | 54 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man5 | 54 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man6 | 39 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man7 | 16 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man8 | 182 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/title.prm | 191 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/title.urm | 1911 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | share/man/man0/tocrc | 74 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | share/man/man0/xrs.pl | 84 |
19 files changed, 0 insertions, 3645 deletions
diff --git a/share/man/man0/Makefile b/share/man/man0/Makefile deleted file mode 100644 index 688c43f..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/Makefile +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -# -# Copyright (c) 1986, 1993 Regents of the University of California. -# All rights reserved. -# -# From: @(#)Makefile 8.2 (Berkeley) 1/29/94 -# $FreeBSD$ -# -SRCS= man1 man2 man3 man4 man5 man6 man7 man8 - -MACROS= -ms -PRINTER=ps -TBL= tbl -TROFF= groff - -all: title.urm.${PRINTER} title.prm.${PRINTER} - -print: title.urm.${PRINTER} title.prm.${PRINTER} - lpr -${PRINTER} title.urm.${PRINTER} - lpr -${PRINTER} title.prm.${PRINTER} - -title.urm.${PRINTER}: title.urm ptxx - ${TBL} title.urm | ${TROFF} ${MACROS} >title.urm.${PRINTER} - -title.prm.${PRINTER}: ${SRCS} title.prm ptxx - ${TROFF} title.prm >title.prm.${PRINTER} - -ptxx: - ./tocrc - -man1pages: man1 - rm -f man1.out - for i in `cat man1`; do \ - sed -f groff.sed $$i | groff -man >>man1pages; \ - done; - -man2pages: man2 - rm -f man2.out - for i in `cat man2`; do groff -man $$i >>man2pages; done; - -man3pages: man3 - rm -f man3.out - for i in `cat man3`; do groff -man $$i >>man3pages; done; - -man4pages: man4 - rm -f man4.out - for i in `cat man4`; do groff -man $$i >>man4pages; done; - -man5pages: man5 - rm -f man5.out - for i in `cat man5`; do \ - sed -f groff.sed $$i | groff -man >>man5pages; \ - done; - -man6pages: man6 - rm -f man6.out - for i in `cat man6`; do groff -man $$i >>man6pages; done; - -man7pages: man7 - rm -f man7.out - for i in `cat man7`; do \ - sed -f groff.sed $$i | groff -man >>man7pages; \ - done; - -man8pages: man8 - rm -f man8.out - for i in `cat man8`; do groff -man $$i >>man8pages; done; - -clean: - rm -f title.urm.${PRINTER} title.prm.${PRINTER} toc? tocx? ptxx \ - *.spell errs Errs make.out diff --git a/share/man/man0/README b/share/man/man0/README deleted file mode 100644 index e85eef3..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/README +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ -These files have been somewhat updated so that they at least format -without fatal errors under FreeBSD 2.0-current (and so presumably 2.1). -Some parts are not very accurate, and quite a bit of extra verbiage -should probably be added describing FreeBSD additions relative to 4.4. -The formatting is not perfect, and groff generates copious errors which -hopefully some [nt]roff expert will actually look into some day. The entire -suite needs to be fixed to learn to live with obj directories, in line -with our goal to have a completely read-only source tree, before it can -be added to the top-level Makefile (if it is even then). - -The man[1-8] files were generated through the following process: - locate *.1 - pipe through a long series of fgrep and sed commands to fix up - sort-regexp ^.*/\([^/]*\)$ \1 in Emacs - visually inspect the result for duplicates and false matches - -Garrett Wollman <wollman@lcs.mit.edu> -11 January 1995 - - - -Currently these files are in the prospect of being updated to work on newer -FreeBSD releases again. - -Jeroen Ruigrok van der Werven <asmodai@FreeBSD.org> -18 January 2001 diff --git a/share/man/man0/break b/share/man/man0/break deleted file mode 100644 index 6db0726..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/break +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5 +0,0 @@ - -; -: -. -, diff --git a/share/man/man0/cover b/share/man/man0/cover deleted file mode 100644 index 1fad428..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/cover +++ /dev/null @@ -1,63 +0,0 @@ -.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Regents of the University of California. -.\" All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software -.\" must display the following acknowledgement: -.\" This product includes software developed by the University of -.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. -.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -.\" without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -.\" SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" @(#)cover 8.1 (Berkeley) 7/20/93 -.\" -.ps 36 -.vs 40p -.de t -\& -.sp |3.5i -.ce 10 -\fBSection \\$1 -.sp 0.5 -\\$2 -\\$3 -\\$4 -\\$5\fP -.ce 0 -.bp -.. -.t 1 Commands and Application Programs -.t 2 System Calls -.t 3 C-Library Subroutines -.t 4 Special Files -.t 5 File Formats -.t 6 Games -.t 7 Miscellaneous -.t 8 System Maintenance -\& -.sp |3.5i -.ce 10 -\fBSystem -Management -Documents\fP -.ce 1 diff --git a/share/man/man0/cshcmd b/share/man/man0/cshcmd deleted file mode 100644 index 8c9ba3a..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/cshcmd +++ /dev/null @@ -1,54 +0,0 @@ -csh(1) alias: shell macros. -csh(1) bg: place job in background. -csh(1) break: exit while/foreach loop. -csh(1) breaksw: exit from switch. -csh(1) case: selector in switch. -csh(1) cd: change directory. -csh(1) chdir: change directory. -csh(1) continue: cycle in loop. -csh(1) default: catchall clause in switch. -csh(1) echo: echo arguments. -csh(1) else: alternative commands. -csh(1) end: terminate loop. -csh(1) endif: terminate conditional. -csh(1) endsw: terminate switch. -csh(1) eval: re-evaluate shell data. -csh(1) exec: overlay shell with specified command. -csh(1) exit: leave shell. -csh(1) fg: bring job into foreground. -csh(1) foreach: loop over list of names. -csh(1) glob: filename expand argument list. -csh(1) goto: command transfer. -csh(1) hashstat: print command hashing statistics. -csh(1) history: print history event list. -csh(1) if: conditional statement. -csh(1) jobs: print current job list. -csh(1) kill: kill jobs and processes. -csh(1) limit: alter per-process resource limitations. -csh(1) login: login new user. -csh(1) logout: end session. -csh(1) nice: run low priority process. -csh(1) nohup: run command immune to hangups. -csh(1) notify: request immediate notification. -csh(1) onintr: process interrupts in command scripts. -csh(1) popd: pop shell directory stack. -csh(1) pushd: push shell directory stack. -csh(1) rehash: recompute command hash table. -csh(1) repeat: execute command repeatedly. -csh(1) set: change value of shell variable. -csh(1) setenv: set variable in environment. -csh(1) shift: manipulate argument list. -csh(1) source: read commands from file. -csh(1) stop: halt a job or process. -csh(1) suspend: suspend a shell, resuming its superior. -csh(1) switch: multi-way command branch. -csh(1) time: time command. -csh(1) umask: change or display file creation mask. -csh(1) unalias: remove aliases. -csh(1) unhash: discard command hash table. -csh(1) unlimit: remove resource limitiations. -csh(1) unsetenv: remove environment variables. -csh(1) unset: discard shell variables. -csh(1) wait: wait for background processes to complete. -csh(1) while: repeat commands conditionally. -csh(1) @: arithmetic on shell variables. diff --git a/share/man/man0/groff.sed b/share/man/man0/groff.sed deleted file mode 100644 index fe8ea6e..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/groff.sed +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -s/@MDATE@/June 30, 1993/ -s/@VERSION@/1.08/ -s,@DEFAULT_INDEX@,/usr/share/dict/papers/Ind, -s,@DEFAULT_INDEX_NAME@,/usr/share/dict/papers/Ind, -s,@COMMON_WORDS_FILE@,/usr/share/dict/papers/words, -s,@INDEX_SUFFIX@,.i, -s,@DEVICE@,/usr/share/groff_font, -s,@FONTDIR@,/usr/share/groff_font, -s,@FONTPATH@,/usr/share/groff_font, -s,@MACRODIR@,/usr/share/tmac, -s,@TMAC_M@,/usr/share/tmac/tmac.m, -s,@TMAC_MDIR@,/usr/share/tmac, -s/@g@// -s/@G@// -s/@MAN1EXT@/1/ -s/@MAN2EXT@/2/ -s/@MAN3EXT@/3/ -s/@MAN4EXT@/4/ -s/@MAN5EXT@/5/ -s/@MAN6EXT@/6/ -s/@MAN7EXT@/7/ -s/@MAN8EXT@/8/ diff --git a/share/man/man0/ignore b/share/man/man0/ignore deleted file mode 100644 index 40dd96e..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/ignore +++ /dev/null @@ -1,98 +0,0 @@ -- -\- -10 -11 -16 -144 -2 -201 -3 -4014 -6 -7 -77 -a -about -across -after -al -all -allow -am -among -an -and -and/or -any -another -are -B -back -be -been -between -bits -by -dialect -do -et -extreme -facts -feeds -fitting -for -from -general -get -has -head -in -integer -integers -interval -into -intro -is -it -its -knowledge -large -last -later -local -long -low -map -o -of -off -on -or -other -out -package -part -periodically -pieces -prejudice -problem -service -simple -special -system -tac -that -the -them -they -this -to -toe -turn -two -until -way -with -yet -you -your diff --git a/share/man/man0/man1 b/share/man/man0/man1 deleted file mode 100644 index a2d8c43..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/man1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,321 +0,0 @@ -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/perl/perl/x2p/a2p.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/perl/x2p/a2p.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/addftinfo/addftinfo.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/afmtodit/afmtodit.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/apply/apply.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/ar/ar.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/as/as.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/at/at.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/awk/awk.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/basename/basename.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/bc/bc.1 -/usr/src/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/biff/biff.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/perl/misc/c2ph.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/perl/perl/misc/c2ph.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/cal/cal.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/calendar/calendar.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/cap_mkdb/cap_mkdb.1 -/usr/src/bin/cat/cat.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/cc/cc/cc.1 -/usr/src/share/man/man1/cd.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/checknr/checknr.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/chflags/chflags.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/chown/chgrp.1 -/usr/src/secure/lib/secure_rpc/man/chkey.1 -/usr/src/bin/chmod/chmod.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/chpass/chpass.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/rcs/ci/ci.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/cksum/cksum.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/cmp/cmp.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/rcs/co/co.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/col/col.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/colcrt/colcrt.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/colrm/colrm.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/column/column.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/comm/comm.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/compress/compress.1 -/usr/src/bin/cp/cp.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/cpio/cpio.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/cc/cpp/cpp.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/cron/crontab/crontab.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/crunch/crunchgen/crunchgen.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/crunch/crunchide/crunchide.1 -/usr/src/bin/csh/csh.1 -/usr/src/bin/csh/USD.doc/csh.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/ctags/ctags.1 -/usr/src/gnu/libexec/uucp/cu/cu.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/cut/cut.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/cvs/cvs/cvs.1 -/usr/src/bin/date/date.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/dc/dc.1 -/usr/src/bin/dd/dd.1 -/usr/src/bin/df/df.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/dialog/dialog.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/diff/diff.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/diff3/diff3.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/dig/dig.1 -/usr/src/bin/domainname/domainname.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/du/du.1 -/usr/src/bin/echo/echo.1 -/usr/src/bin/ed/ed.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/eqn/eqn.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/error/error.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/expand/expand.1 -/usr/src/bin/expr/expr.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/f2c/f2c.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/false/false.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/fdformat/fdformat.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/fdwrite/fdwrite.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/file/file.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/find/find.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/finger/finger.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/fmt/fmt.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/fold/fold.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/fpr/fpr.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/from/from.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/fsplit/fsplit.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/fstat/fstat.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/ftp/ftp.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/gcore/gcore.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/gdb/gdb/gdb.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/getopt/getopt.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/gprof/gprof.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/grep/grep.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/grodvi/grodvi.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/groff/groff.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/grog/grog.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/grops/grops.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/grotty/grotty.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/id/groups.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/xditview/gxditview.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/gzip/gzexe.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/gzip/gzip.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/perl/perl/x2p/h2ph.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/perl/x2p/h2ph.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/head/head.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/hexdump/hexdump.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/host/host.1 -/usr/src/bin/hostname/hostname.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/id/id.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/rcs/ident/ident.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/indent/indent.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/indxbib/indxbib.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/texinfo/info/info.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/xinstall/install.1 -/usr/src/share/man/man1/intro.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/ipcrm/ipcrm.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/ipcs/ipcs.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/join/join.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/jot/jot.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/kbdcontrol/kbdcontrol.1 -/usr/src/eBones/man/kdestroy.1 -/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdestroy.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/kdump/kdump.1 -/usr/src/eBones/man/kerberos.1 -/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kerberos.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/key/key.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/keyinfo/keyinfo.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/keyinit/keyinit.1 -/usr/src/secure/lib/secure_rpc/man/keylogin.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/kgdb/kgdb.1 -/usr/src/bin/kill/kill.1 -/usr/src/eBones/man/kinit.1 -/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kinit.1 -/usr/src/eBones/man/klist.1 -/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/klist.1 -/usr/src/eBones/man/kpasswd.1 -/usr/src/eBones/man/ksrvtgt.1 -/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/ksrvtgt.1 -/usr/src/eBones/man/ksu.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/ktrace/ktrace.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/lam/lam.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/last/last.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/lastcomm/lastcomm.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/ld/ld.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/ld/ldd/ldd.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/leave/leave.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/lex/lex.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/lex/lexdoc.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/lkbib/lkbib.1 -/usr/src/bin/ln/ln.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/locate/locate/locate.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/lock/lock.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/logger/logger.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/login/login.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/logname/logname.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/look/look.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/lookbib/lookbib.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/lorder/lorder.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lpq/lpq.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lpr/lpr.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lprm/lprm.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lptest/lptest.1 -/usr/src/bin/ls/ls.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/lsvfs/lsvfs.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/m4/m4.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/mail/mail.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/mailq.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/make/make.1 -/usr/src/sbin/md5/md5.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/rcs/merge/merge.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/mesg/mesg.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/mkdep/mkdep.1 -/usr/src/bin/mkdir/mkdir.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/mkfifo/mkfifo.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/mklocale/mklocale.1 -/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/cvs/mkmodules/mkmodules.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/mkstr/mkstr.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/more/more.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/tn3270/mset/mset.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/msgs/msgs.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/mt/mt.1 -/usr/src/bin/mv/mv.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/ncftp/ncftp.1 -/usr/src/usr.bin/netstat/netstat.1 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/newaliases.1 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-/usr/src/sbin/mount/mount.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mount_cd9660/mount_cd9660.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mount_fdesc/mount_fdesc.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mount_kernfs/mount_kernfs.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mount_lfs/mount_lfs.8 -/usr/src/sbin/i386/mount_msdos/mount_msdos.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mount_nfs/mount_nfs.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mount_null/mount_null.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mount_portal/mount_portal.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mount_procfs/mount_procfs.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mount_umap/mount_umap.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mount_union/mount_union.8 -/usr/src/sbin/mountd/mountd.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/mrouted/mrouted.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/mtree/mtree.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/named/xfer/named-xfer.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/named/named.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/named/tools/named.reload/named.reload.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/named/tools/named.restart/named.restart.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/ncrcontrol/ncrcontrol.8 -/usr/src/sbin/newfs/newfs.8 -/usr/src/sbin/newlfs/newlfs.8 -/usr/src/sbin/nfsd/nfsd.8 -/usr/src/sbin/nfsiod/nfsiod.8 -/usr/src/sbin/nologin/nologin.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/nslookup/nslookup.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/xntpd/doc/ntpdate.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/xntpd/doc/ntpq.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/xntpd/doc/ntptrace.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/pac/pac.8 -/usr/src/sbin/ping/ping.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/portmap/portmap.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/pppd/pppd.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/pppstats/pppstats.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/pstat/pstat.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/pwd_mkdb/pwd_mkdb.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/quot/quot.8 -/usr/src/sbin/quotacheck/quotacheck.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/quotaon/quotaon.8 -/usr/src/libexec/rbootd/rbootd.8 -/usr/src/share/man/man8/rc.8 -/usr/src/sbin/rdisc/rdisc.8 -/usr/src/sbin/reboot/reboot.8 -/usr/src/eBones/registerd/registerd.8 -/usr/src/usr.bin/renice/renice.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/repquota/repquota.8 -/usr/src/sbin/restore/restore.8 -/usr/src/libexec/rexecd/rexecd.8 -/usr/src/libexec/rlogind/rlogind.8 -/usr/src/bin/rmail/rmail.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/rmt/rmt.8 -/usr/src/sbin/route/route.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/routed/routed.8 -/usr/src/libexec/rpc.rstatd/rpc.rstatd.8 -/usr/src/libexec/rpc.rusersd/rpc.rusersd.8 -/usr/src/libexec/rpc.rwalld/rpc.rwalld.8 -/usr/src/usr.bin/rpcinfo/rpcinfo.8 -/usr/src/libexec/rshd/rshd.8 -/usr/src/lib/libc/rpc/rstat_svc.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/rwhod/rwhod.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/sa/sa.8 -/usr/src/sbin/savecore/savecore.8 -/usr/src/sbin/scsiformat/scsiformat.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/sendmail.8 -/usr/src/usr.bin/showmount/showmount.8 -/usr/src/sbin/shutdown/shutdown.8 -/usr/src/sbin/slattach/slattach.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/sliplogin/sliplogin.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/slstat/slstat.8 -/usr/src/share/man/man8/sticky.8 -/usr/src/games/fortune/strfile/strfile.8 -/usr/src/sbin/swapon/swapon.8 -/usr/src/bin/sync/sync.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/sysctl/sysctl.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/syslogd/syslogd.8 -/usr/src/libexec/talkd/talkd.8 -/usr/src/libexec/telnetd/telnetd.8 -/usr/src/secure/libexec/telnetd/telnetd.8 -/usr/src/libexec/tftpd/tftpd.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/timed/timed/timed.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/timed/timedc/timedc.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/traceroute/traceroute.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/trpt/trpt.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/trsp/trsp.8 -/usr/src/sbin/tunefs/tunefs.8 -/usr/src/sbin/umount/umount.8 -/usr/src/gnu/libexec/uucp/uucico/uucico.8 -/usr/src/gnu/libexec/uucp/uuxqt/uuxqt.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/vipw/vipw.8 -/usr/src/usr.bin/vmstat/vmstat.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/vnconfig/vnconfig.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/xntpd/doc/xntpd.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/xntpd/doc/xntpdc.8 -/usr/src/libexec/xtend/xtend.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/zic/zdump.8 -/usr/src/usr.sbin/zic/zic.8 diff --git a/share/man/man0/title.prm b/share/man/man0/title.prm deleted file mode 100644 index 3444539..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/title.prm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,191 +0,0 @@ -.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 Regents of the University of California. -.\" All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software -.\" must display the following acknowledgement: -.\" This product includes software developed by the University of -.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. -.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -.\" without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -.\" SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" @(#)title.prm 8.1 (Berkeley) 7/19/93 -.\" -.ps 18 -.vs 22 -.sp 2.75i -.ft B -.ce 2 -FreeBSD Programmer's Reference Manual -(PRM) -.ps 14 -.vs 16 -.sp |4i -.ce 2 -For FreeBSD version 2.1 -.sp |5.75i -.ft R -.pt 12 -.vs 16 -.ce -June, 1993 -.sp |8.2i -.ce 5 -The FreeBSD Project -<hackers@FreeBSD.ORG> -.bp -\& -.sp |1i -.hy 0 -.ps 10 -.vs 12p -Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1993 -The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -.sp 2 -Other than the specific manual pages and documents listed below -as copyrighted by AT&T, -redistribution and use of this manual in source and binary forms, -with or without modification, are permitted provided that the -following conditions are met: -.sp 0.5 -.in +0.2i -.ta 0.2i -.ti -0.2i -1) Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright -notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.ti -0.2i -2) Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must -reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and -the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials -provided with the distribution. -.ti -0.2i -3) All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software -must display the following acknowledgement: -``This product includes software developed by the University of -California, Berkeley and its contributors.'' -.ti -0.2i -4) Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -without specific prior written permission. -.in -0.2i -.sp -\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP -.sp 2 -The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American -National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have -given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. -.sp -In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions -of the system documentation. -.sp 0.5 -``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in -electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE -Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments -(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics -Engineers, Inc. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions -and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee -document.'' -.sp -In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions -of the system documentation. -.sp 0.5 -``This material is reproduced with permission from American National -Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems. Computer and -Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW, -Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178. The developmental work of -Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.'' -.sp 2 -The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the -authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, -either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California. -.br -.ll 6.5i -.lt 6.5i -.po .75i -.in 0i -.af % i -.ds ET\" -.de HD -.po 0 -.lt 7.4i -.tl '''' -.lt -.po -'sp 18p -.if o .tl '\\*(ET''\\*(OT' -.if e .tl '\\*(OT''\\*(ET' -'sp 18p -.ns -.. -.de FO -'sp 18p -.if e .tl '\s9\\*(Dt''\\*(Ed\s0' -.if o .tl '\s9\\*(Ed''\\*(Dt\s0' -'bp -.. -.wh 0 HD -.wh -60p FO -.bp -.ds ET \s9\f2Table \|of \|Contents\fP\s0 -.ds OT - % - -.ce -\f3TABLE \|OF \|CONTENTS\fP -.nr x .5i -.in +\nxu -.nf -.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR -.de xx -\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2 -.. -.de t -.sp 1v -.ne .5i -.cs 3 -.ti -.5i -.ss 18 -\f3\s9\\$2. \\$3\s0\fP -.ss 12 -.if t .sp .5v -.cs 3 36 -.ds Ed Section \\$2 -.ds Dt \\$3 -.so \\$1 -.. -.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc2 2 "System Calls" -.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines" -.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc4 4 "Special Files" -.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc5 5 "File Formats" -.in -.5i -.cs 3 -.if n .ta 8n 16n 24n 32n 40n 48n 56n 64n 72n 80n -.if t .ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i diff --git a/share/man/man0/title.urm b/share/man/man0/title.urm deleted file mode 100644 index 6b094b5..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/title.urm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1911 +0,0 @@ -.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 Regents of the University of California. -.\" All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software -.\" must display the following acknowledgement: -.\" This product includes software developed by the University of -.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. -.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -.\" without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -.\" SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" @(#)title.urm 8.7 (Berkeley) 4/20/94 -.\" $FreeBSD$ -.\" -.af % i -.EH '''' -.OH '''' -.OF '''\s10- % -\s0' -.EF '\s10- % -\s0''' -\& -.sp |2.75i -.nr PS 24 -.nr VS 28 -.LP -.ft B -.ce 2 -FreeBSD User's Reference Manual -(URM) -.nr LL 5.5i -.nr PO 1.5i -.bp -\& -.sp |1.5i -.nr PS 11 -.nr VS 13 -.LP -This stiff doesn't really belong here... -The USENIX Association, -the UNIX and Advanced Computing Systems professional and technical organization, -is a not-for-profit membership association of individuals and -institutions with an interest in UNIX and UNIX-like systems, -and, by extension, C++, X Window System, and other programming tools. -It is dedicated to: -.IP \(bu -fostering innovation and communicating research and technological developments, -.IP \(bu -sharing ideas and experience relevant to UNIX, -UNIX-related, and advanced computing systems, and -.IP \(bu -providing a neutral forum for the exercise of critical -thought and airing of technical issues. -.LP -USENIX publishes a journal (\fBComputing Systems\fP), -Conference and Workshop Proceedings, and a Book Series. -.nr LL 6i -.nr PO 1i -.bp -\& -.sp |2.75i -.nr PS 18 -.nr VS 22 -.LP -.ft B -.ce 2 -FreeBSD User's Reference Manual -(URM) -.sp |4i -.ce 2 -For FreeBSD version 2.1 -(March, 1995) -.sp 3 -.nr PS 15 -.nr VS 18 -.LP -.ce 2 -The FreeBSD Project -<hackers@FreeBSD.ORG> -.sp |8.2i -.nr PS 12 -.nr VS 15 -.LP -.ce 4 -foo - publisher? -.bp -.hy 0 -.nr PS 9 -.nr VS 11 -.LP -First Printing, 1995 -.sp 1 -.LP -Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1993 -The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -.sp 1 -.LP -Other than the specific manual pages and documents listed below -as copyrighted by AT&T, -redistribution and use of this manual in source and binary forms, -with or without modification, are permitted provided that the -following conditions are met: -.IP 1) -Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright -notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.IP 2) -Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must -reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and -the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials -provided with the distribution. -.IP 3) -All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software -must display the following acknowledgement: -``This product includes software developed by the University of -California, Berkeley and its contributors.'' -.IP 4) -Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -without specific prior written permission. -.LP -\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP -.sp 1 -.LP -The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American -National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have -given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. -.sp 0.5 -.LP -In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions -of the system documentation. -.LP -``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in -electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE -Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments -(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics -Engineers, Inc. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions -and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee -document.'' -.sp 0.5 -.LP -In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions -of the system documentation. -.LP -``This material is reproduced with permission from American National -Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems. Computer and -Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW, -Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178. The developmental work of -Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.'' -.sp 1 -.LP -The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the -authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, -either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California. -.sp 1 -.LP -This book was printed and bound in the United States of America. -.bp -\& -.sp |1.5i -.nr PS 11 -.nr VS 13 -.LP -.ce 1 -\s+4\fBContents\fP\s-4 -.sp 3 -.TS -expand; -l r. -The Computer Systems Research Group, 1979\-1993 vii -Prefaces xi -Introduction xvii -List of Manual Pages xxiii -Permuted Index xli -Reference Manual Sections 1, 6, 7 tabbed pages -List of Documents inside back cover -.TE -.if o .bp -\& -.bp -.\" -.\" The contributor list below is derived from the file that resides in -.\" vangogh:~admin/contrib/contrib: -.\" -.\" @(#)contrib 5.54 (Berkeley) 4/17/94 -.\" -.\" This file should not be editted, rather the original contrib file -.\" should be used to recrete this one following the directions at its top. -.\" Contrib starts here and continues to the comment `END OF CONTRIB'. -.\" -\& -.sp |1i -.ps 16 -.ce -\fBThe Computer Systems Research Group 1979 \- 1993\fP -.sp 3 -.nr PS 11 -.nr VS 12 -.LP -.nf -.in +0.5i -\fBCSRG Technical Staff\fP -.sp 1 -.in +1i -Jim Bloom -Keith Bostic -Ralph Campbell -Kevin Dunlap -William N. Joy -Michael J. Karels -Samuel J. Leffler -Marshall Kirk McKusick -Miriam Amos Nihart -Keith Sklower -Marc Teitelbaum -Michael Toy -.in -1i -.sp 3 -\fBCSRG Administration and Support\fP -.sp 1 -.in +1i -Robert Fabry -Domenico Ferrari -Susan L. Graham -Bob Henry -Anne Hughes -Bob Kridle -David Mosher -Pauline Schwartz -Mark Seiden -Jean Wood -.in -1i -.fi -.sp 3 -\fBOrganizations that funded the CSRG with grants, -gifts, personnel, and/or hardware.\fP -.sp 1 -.nf -.in +1i -Center for Advanced Aviation System Development, The MITRE Corp. -Compaq Computer Corporation -Cray Research Inc. -Department of Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) -Digital Equipment Corporation -The Hewlett-Packard Company -NASA Ames Research Center -The National Science Foundation -The Open Software Foundation -UUNET Technologies Inc. -.in -1.5i -.fi -.bp -.nr PS 10 -.nr VS 11 -.LP -\fBThe following are people and organizations that provided a -large subsystem for the BSD releases.\fP -.sp -.TS -l l. -ANSI C library Chris Torek -ANSI C prototypes Donn Seeley and John Kohl -Autoconfiguration Robert Elz -C library documentation American National Standards Committee X3 -CCI 6/32 support Computer Consoles Inc. -DEC 3000/5000 support Ralph Campbell -Disklabels Symmetric Computer Systems -Documentation Cynthia Livingston and The USENIX Association -Franz Lisp Richard Fateman, John Foderaro, Keith Sklower, Kevin Layer -GCC, GDB The Free Software Foundation -Groff James Clark (The FSF) -HP300 support Jeff Forys, Mike Hibler, Jay Lepreau, Donn Seeley and the Systems - Programming Group; University of Utah Computer Science Department -ISODE Marshall Rose -Ingres Mike Stonebraker, Gene Wong, and the Berkeley Ingres Research Group -Intel 386/486 support Bill Jolitz and TeleMuse -Job control Jim Kulp -Kerberos Project Athena and MIT -Kernel support Bill Shannon and Sun Microsystems Inc. -LFS Margo Seltzer, Mendel Rosenblum, Carl Staelin -MIPS support Trent Hein -Math library K.C. Ng, Zhishun Alex Liu, S. McDonald, P. Tang and W. Kahan -NFS Rick Macklem -NFS automounter Jan-Simon Pendry -Network device drivers Micom-Interlan and Excelan -Omron Luna support Akito Fujita and Shigeto Mochida -Quotas Robert Elz -RPC support Sun Microsystems Inc. -Shared library support Rob Gingell and Sun Microsystems Inc. -Sony News 3400 support Kazumasa Utashiro -Sparc I/II support Computer Systems Engineering Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory -Stackable filesystems John Heidemann -Stdio Chris Torek -System documentation The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. -TCP/IP Rob Gurwitz and Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. -Timezone support Arthur David Olson -Transport/Network OSI layers IBM Corporation and the University of Wisconsin -Kernel XNS assistance William Nesheim, J. Q. Johnson, Chris Torek, and James O'Toole -User level XNS Cornell University -VAX 3000 support Mt. Xinu and Tom Ferrin -VAX BI support Chris Torek -VAX device support Digital Equipment Corporation and Helge Skrivervik -Versatec printer/plotter support University of Toronto -Virtual memory implementation Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young, - and the Carnegie-Mellon University Mach project -X25 University of British Columbia -.TE -.bp -.LP -\fBThe following are people and organizations that provided a specific -item, program, library routine or program maintenance for the BSD system. -(Their contribution may not be part of the final 4.4BSD release.)\fP -.sp 0.4 -.nr PS 9 -.nr VS 10 -.ps 9 -.vs 10 -.TS -l l. -386 device drivers Carnegie-Mellon University Mach project -386 device drivers Don Ahn, Sean Fagan and Tim Tucker -HCX device drivers Harris Corporation -Kernel enhancements Robert Elz, Peter Ivanov, Ian Johnstone, Piers Lauder, - John Lions, Tim Long, Chris Maltby, Greg Rose and John Wainwright -ISO-9660 filesystem Pace Willisson, Atsushi Murai -.TE -.TS -l l l l. -adventure(6) Don Woods log(3) Peter McIlroy -adventure(6) Jim Gillogly look(1) David Hitz -adventure(6) Will Crowther ls(1) Elan Amir -apply(1) Rob Pike ls(1) Michael Fischbein -ar(1) Hugh A. Smith lsearch(3) Roger L. Snyder -arithmetic(6) Eamonn McManus m4(1) Ozan Yigit -arp(8) Sun Microsystems Inc. mail(1) Kurt Schoens -at(1) Steve Wall make(1) Adam de Boor -atc(6) Ed James me(7) Eric Allman -awk(1) Arnold Robbins mergesort(3) Peter McIlroy -awk(1) David Trueman mh(1) Marshall Rose -backgammon(6) Alan Char mh(1) The Rand Corporation -banner(1) Mark Horton mille(6) Ken Arnold -battlestar(6) David Riggle mknod(8) Kevin Fall -bcd(6) Steve Hayman monop(6) Ken Arnold -bdes(1) Matt Bishop more(1) Eric Shienbrood -berknet(1) Eric Schmidt more(1) Mark Nudleman -bib(1) Dain Samples mountd(8) Herb Hasler -bib(1) Gary M. Levin mprof(1) Ben Zorn -bib(1) Timothy A. Budd msgs(1) David Wasley -bitstring(3) Paul Vixie multicast Stephen Deering -boggle(6) Barry Brachman mv(1) Ken Smith -bpf(4) Steven McCanne named/bind(8) Douglas Terry -btree(3) Mike Olson named/bind(8) Kevin Dunlap -byte-range locking Scooter Morris news(1) Rick Adams (and a cast of thousands) -caesar(6) John Eldridge nm(1) Hans Huebner -caesar(6) Stan King pascal(1) Kirk McKusick -cal(1) Kim Letkeman pascal(1) Peter Kessler -cat(1) Kevin Fall paste(1) Adam S. Moskowitz -chess(6) Stuart Cracraft (The FSF) patch(1) Larry Wall -ching(6) Guy Harris pax(1) Keith Muller -cksum(1) James W. Williams phantasia(6) C. Robertson -clri(8) Rich $alz phantasia(6) Edward A. Estes -col(1) Michael Rendell ping(8) Mike Muuss -comm(1) Case Larsen pom(6) Keith E. Brandt -compact(1) Colin L. McMaster pr(1) Keith Muller -compress(1) James A. Woods primes(6) Landon Curt Noll -compress(1) Joseph Orost qsort(3) Doug McIlroy -compress(1) Spencer Thomas qsort(3) Earl Cohen -courier(1) Eric Cooper qsort(3) Jon Bentley -cp(1) David Hitz quad(3) Chris Torek -cpio(1) AT&T quiz(6) Jim R. Oldroyd -crypt(3) Tom Truscott quiz(6) Keith Gabryelski -csh(1) Christos Zoulas radixsort(3) Dan Bernstein -csh(1) Len Shar radixsort(3) Peter McIlroy -curses(3) Elan Amir rain(6) Eric P. Scott -curses(3) Ken Arnold ranlib(1) Hugh A. Smith -cut(1) Adam S. Moskowitz rcs(1) Walter F. Tichy -cut(1) Marciano Pitargue rdist(1) Michael Cooper -dbx(1) Mark Linton regex(3) Henry Spencer -dd(1) Keith Muller robots(6) Ken Arnold -dd(1) Lance Visser rogue(6) Timothy C. Stoehr -des(1) Jim Gillogly rs(1) John Kunze -des(1) Phil Karn sail(6) David Riggle -des(1) Richard Outerbridge sail(6) Edward Wang -dipress(1) Xerox Corporation sccs(1) Eric Allman -disklabel(8) Symmetric Computer Systems scsiformat(1) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory -du(1) Chris Newcomb sdb(1) Howard Katseff -dungeon(6) R.M. Supnik sed(1) Diomidis Spinellis -ed(1) Rodney Ruddock sendmail(8) Eric Allman -emacs(1) Richard Stallman setmode(3) Dave Borman -erf(3) Peter McIlroy, K.C. Ng sh(1) Kenneth Almquist -error(1) Robert R. Henry slattach(8) Rick Adams -ex(1) Mark Horton slip(8) Rick Adams -factor(6) Landon Curt Noll spms(1) Peter J. Nicklin -file(1) Ian Darwin strtod(3) David M. Gay -find(1) Cimarron Taylor swab(3) Jeffrey Mogul -finger(1) Tony Nardo sysconf(3) Sean Eric Fagan -fish(6) Muffy Barkocy sysline(1) J.K. Foderaro -fmt(1) Kurt Schoens syslog(3) Eric Allman -fnmatch(3) Guido van Rossum systat(1) Bill Reeves -fold(1) Kevin Ruddy systat(1) Robert Elz -fortune(6) Ken Arnold tail(1) Edward Sze-Tyan Wang -fpr(1) Robert Corbett talk(1) Clem Cole -fsdb(8) Computer Consoles Inc. talk(1) Kipp Hickman -fsplit(1) Asa Romberger talk(1) Peter Moore -fsplit(1) Jerry Berkman telnet(1) Dave Borman -gcc/groff integration UUNET Technologies, Inc. telnet(1) Paul Borman -gcore(1) Eric Cooper termcap(5) John A. Kunze -getcap(3) Casey Leedom termcap(5) Mark Horton -glob(3) Guido van Rossum test(1) Kenneth Almquist -gprof(1) Peter Kessler tetris(6) Chris Torek -gprof(1) Robert R. Henry tetris(6) Darren F. Provine -hack(6) Andries Brouwer (and a cast of thousands) timed(8) Riccardo Gusella -hangman(6) Ken Arnold timed(8) Stefano Zatti -hash(3) Margo Seltzer tn3270(1) Gregory Minshall -heapsort(3) Elmer Yglesias tr(1) Igor Belchinskiy -heapsort(3) Kevin Lew traceroute(8) Van Jacobson -heapsort(3) Ronnie Kon trek(6) Eric Allman -hunt(6) Conrad Huang tset(1) Eric Allman -hunt(6) Greg Couch tsort(1) Michael Rendell -icon(1) Bill Mitchell unifdef(1) Dave Yost -icon(1) Ralph Griswold uniq(1) Case Larsen -indent(1) David Willcox uucpd(8) Rick Adams -indent(1) Eric Schmidt uudecode(1) Mark Horton -indent(1) James Gosling uuencode(1) Mark Horton -indent(1) Sun Microsystems uuq(1) Lou Salkind -init(1) Donn Seeley uuq(1) Rick Adams -j0(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. uusnap(8) Randy King -j1(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. uusnap(8) Rick Adams -jn(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. vacation(1) Eric Allman -join(1) David Goodenough vi(1) Steve Kirkendall -join(1) Michiro Hikida which(1) Peter Kessler -join(1) Steve Hayman who(1) Michael Fischbein -jot(1) John Kunze window(1) Edward Wang -jove(1) Jonathon Payne worm(6) Michael Toy -kermit(1) Columbia University worms(6) Eric P. Scott -kvm(3) Peter Shipley write(1) Craig Leres -kvm(3) Steven McCanne write(1) Jef Poskanzer -lam(1) John Kunze wump(6) Dave Taylor -larn(6) Noah Morgan X25/Ethernet Univ. of Erlangen-Nuremberg -lastcomm(1) Len Edmondson X25/LLC2 Dirk Husemann -lex(1) Vern Paxson xargs(1) John B. Roll Jr. -libm(3) Peter McIlroy xneko(6) Masayuki Koba -libm(3) UUNET Technologies, Inc. XNSrouted(1) Bill Nesheim -locate(1) James A. Woods xroach(6) J.T. Anderson -lock(1) Bob Toxen yacc(1) Robert Paul Corbett -.TE -.\" -.\" END OF CONTRIB: Contrib ends here. -.\" -.if o .bp -\& -.bp -.nr PS 10 -.nr VS 12 -\& -.sp |1.5i -.LP -.ce -\fB\s+4PREFACE\s-4\fP -.sp 3 -.NH 1 -Introduction -.PP -The major new facilities available in the 4.4BSD release are -a new virtual memory system, -the addition of ISO/OSI networking support, -a new virtual filesystem interface supporting filesystem stacking, -a freely redistributable implementation of NFS, -a log-structured filesystem, -enhancement of the local filesystems to support -files and filesystems that are up to 2^63 bytes in size, -enhanced security and system management support, -and the conversion to and addition of the IEEE Std1003.1 (``POSIX'') -facilities and many of the IEEE Std1003.2 facilities. -In addition, many new utilities and additions have been made to the C-library. -The kernel sources have been reorganized to collect all machine-dependent -files for each architecture under one directory, -and most of the machine-independent code is now free of code -conditional on specific machines. -The user structure and process structure have been reorganized -to eliminate the statically-mapped user structure and to make most -of the process resources shareable by multiple processes. -The system and include files have been converted to be compatible -with ANSI C, including function prototypes for most of the exported -functions. -There are numerous other changes throughout the system. -.NH 1 -Changes in the Kernel -.PP -This release includes several important structural kernel changes. -The kernel uses a new internal system call convention; -the use of global (``u-dot'') variables for parameters and error returns -has been eliminated, -and interrupted system calls no longer abort using non-local goto's (longjmp's). -A new sleep interface separates signal handling from scheduling priority, -returning characteristic errors to abort or restart the current system call. -This sleep call also passes a string describing the process state, -which is used by the ps(1) program. -The old sleep interface can be used only for non-interruptible sleeps. -.PP -Many data structures that were previously statically allocated -are now allocated dynamically. -These structures include mount entries, file entries, -user open file descriptors, the process entries, the vnode table, -the name cache, and the quota structures. -.PP -The 4.4BSD distribution adds support for several new architectures including -SPARC-based Sparcstations 1 and 2, -MIPS-based Decstation 3100 and 5000 and Sony NEWS, -68000-based Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 and Omron Luna, and -386-based Personal Computers. -Both the HP300 and SPARC ports feature the ability to run binaries -built for the native operating system (HP-UX or SunOS) by emulating -their system calls. -Though this native operating system compatibility was provided by the -developers as needed for their purposes and is by no means complete, -it is complete enough to run several non-trivial applications including -those that require HP-UX or SunOS shared libraries. -For example, the vendor supplied X11 server and windowing environment -can be used on both the HP300 and SPARC. -.NH 2 -Virtual memory changes -.PP -The new virtual memory implementation is derived from the MACH -operating system developed at Carnegie-Mellon, -and was ported to the BSD kernel at the University of Utah. -The MACH virtual memory system call interface has been replaced with the -``mmap''-based interface described in the ``Berkeley Software -Architecture Manual''. -The interface is similar to the interfaces shipped -by several commercial vendors such as Sun, USL, and Convex Computer Corp. -The integration of the new virtual memory is functionally complete, -but, like most MACH-based virtual memory systems, -still has serious performance problems under heavy memory load. -.NH 2 -Networking additions and changes -.PP -The ISO/OSI Networking consists of a kernel implementation of -transport class 4 (TP-4), -connectionless networking protocol (CLNP), -and 802.3-based link-level support (hardware-compatible with Ethernet*). -.FS -*Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation. -.FE -We also include support for ISO Connection-Oriented Network Service, -X.25, TP-0. -The session and presentation layers are provided outside -the kernel by the ISO development environment (ISODE). -Included in this development environment are file -transfer and management (FTAM), virtual terminals (VT), -a directory services implementation (X.500), and miscellaneous other utilities. -.PP -Several important enhancements have been added to the TCP/IP -protocols including TCP header prediction and -serial line IP (SLIP) with header compression. -The routing implementation has been completely rewritten -to use a hierarchical routing tree with a mask per route -to support the arbitrary levels of routing found in the ISO protocols. -The routing table also stores and caches route characteristics -to speed the adaptation of the throughput and congestion avoidance -algorithms. -.NH 2 -Additions and changes to filesystems -.PP -The 4.4BSD distribution contains most of the interfaces -specified in the IEEE Std1003.1 system interface standard. -Filesystem additions include IEEE Std1003.1 FIFOs, -byte-range file locking, and saved user and group identifiers. -.PP -A new virtual filesystem interface has been added to the -kernel to support multiple filesystems. -In comparison with other interfaces, -the Berkeley interface has been structured for more efficient support -of filesystems that maintain state (such as the local filesystem). -The interface has been extended with support for stackable -filesystems done at UCLA. -These extensions allow for filesystems to be layered on top of each -other and allow new vnode operations to be added without requiring -changes to existing filesystem implementations. -For example, the umap filesystem -is used to mount a sub-tree of an existing filesystem -that uses a different set of uids and gids than the local system. -Such a filesystem could be mounted from a remote site via NFS or it -could be a filesystem on removable media brought from some foreign -location that uses a different password file. -.PP -In addition to the local ``fast filesystem'', -we have added an implementation of the network filesystem (NFS) -that fully interoperates with the NFS shipped by Sun and its licensees. -Because our NFS implementation was implemented using only the -publicly available NFS specification, -it does not require a license from Sun to use in source or binary form. -By default it runs over UDP to be compatible with Sun's implementation. -However, it can be configured on a per-mount basis to run over TCP. -Using TCP allows it to be used quickly and efficiently through -gateways and over long-haul networks. -Using an extended protocol, it supports Leases to allow a limited -callback mechanism that greatly reduces the network traffic necessary -to maintain cache consistency between the server and its clients. -.PP -A new log-structured filesystem has been added that provides -near disk-speed output and fast crash recovery. -It is still experimental in the 4.4BSD release, -so we do not recommend it for production use. -We have also added a memory-based filesystem that runs in -pageable memory, allowing large temporary filesystems without -requiring dedicated physical memory. -.PP -The local ``fast filesystem'' has been enhanced to do -clustering which allows large pieces of files to be -allocated contiguously resulting in near doubling -of filesystem throughput. -The filesystem interface has been extended to allow -files and filesystems to grow to 2^63 bytes in size. -The quota system has been rewritten to support both -user and group quotas (simultaneously if desired). -Quota expiration is based on time rather than -the previous metric of number of logins over quota. -This change makes quotas more useful on fileservers -onto which users seldom login. -.PP -The system security has been greatly enhanced by the -addition of additional file flags that permit a file to be -marked as immutable or append only. -Once set, these flags can only be cleared by the super-user -when the system is running single user. -To protect against indiscriminate reading or writing of kernel -memory, all writing and most reading of kernel data structures -must be done using a new ``sysctl'' interface. -The information to be access is described through an extensible -``Management Information Base'' (MIB). -.NH 2 -POSIX terminal driver changes -.PP -The biggest area of change is a new terminal driver. -The terminal driver is similar to the System V terminal driver -with the addition of the necessary extensions to get the -functionality previously available in the 4.3BSD terminal driver. -4.4BSD also adds the IEEE Std1003.1 job control interface, -which is similar to the 4.3BSD job control interface, -but adds a security model that was missing in the -4.3BSD job control implementation. -A new system call, \fIsetsid\fP, -creates a job-control session consisting of a single process -group with one member, the caller, that becomes a session leader. -Only a session leader may acquire a controlling terminal. -This is done explicitly via a \s-1TIOCSCTTY\s+1 \fIioctl\fP call, -not implicitly by an \fIopen\fP call. -The call fails if the terminal is in use. -.PP -For backward compatibility, -both the old \fIioctl\fP -calls and old options to \fIstty\fP -are emulated. -.NH 1 -Changes to the utilities -.PP -There are several new tools and utilities included in this release. -A new version of ``make'' allows much-simplified makefiles for the -system software and allows compilation for multiple architectures -from the same source tree (which may be mounted read-only). -Notable additions to the libraries include functions to traverse a -filesystem hierarchy, database interfaces to btree and hashing functions, -a new, fast implementation of stdio and a radix sort function. -The additions to the utility suite include greatly enhanced versions of -programs that display system status information, implementations of -various traditional tools described in the IEEE Std1003.2 standard, -and many others. -.PP -We have been tracking the IEEE Std1003.2 shell and utility work -and have included prototypes of many of the proposed utilities. -Most of the traditional utilities have been replaced -with implementations conformant to the POSIX standards. -Almost the entire manual suite has been rewritten to -reflect the POSIX defined interfaces. -In rewriting this software, we have generally -been rewarded with significant performance improvements. -Most of the libraries and header files have been converted -to be compliant with ANSI C. -The system libraries and utilities all compile -with either ANSI or traditional C. -.PP -The Kerberos (version 4) authentication software has been -integrated into much of the system (including NFS) to provide -the first real network authentication on BSD. -.PP -A new implementation of the \fIex/vi\fP text editors is available -in this release. -It is intended as a bug-for-bug compatible version of the editors. -It also has a few new features: 8-bit clean data, lines and files -limited only by memory and disk space, split screens, tags stacks -and left-right scrolling among them. -\fINex/nvi\fP -is not yet production quality; future versions of this software may -be retrieved by anonymous ftp from ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the -directory ucb/4bsd. -.PP -The \fIfind\fP -utility has two new options that are important to be aware of if you -intend to use NFS. -The ``fstype'' and ``prune'' options can be used together to prevent -find from crossing NFS mount points. -.NH 2 -Additions and changes to the libraries -.PP -The \fIcurses\fP -library has been largely rewritten. -Important additional features include support -for scrolling and \fItermios\fP. -.PP -An application front-end editing library, named libedit, has been -added to the system. -.PP -A superset implementation of the SunOS kernel memory interface library, -\fIlibkvm\fP, has been integrated into the system. -.PP -Nearly the entire C-library has been rewritten. -Some highlights of the changes to the 4.4BSD C-library: -.IP \(bu -The newly added \fIfts\fP -functions will do either physical or logical traversal of -a file hierarchy as well as handle essentially infinite depth -filesystems and filesystems with cycles. -All the utilities in 4.4BSD that traverse file hierarchies -have been converted to use \fIfts\fP. -The conversion has always resulted in a significant performance -gain, often of four or five to one in system time. -.IP \(bu -The newly added \fIdbopen\fP -functions are intended to be a family of database access methods. -Currently, they consist of \fIhash\fP, -an extensible, dynamic hashing scheme, -\fIbtree\fP, a sorted, balanced tree structure (B+tree's), and -\fIrecno\fP, a flat-file interface for fixed or variable length records -referenced by logical record number. -Each of the access methods stores associated key/data pairs and -uses the same record oriented interface for access. -Future versions of this software may be retrieved by anonymous ftp -from ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the directory ucb/4bsd. -.IP \(bu -The \fIqsort\fP -function has been rewritten for additional performance. -In addition, three new types of sorting functions, -\fIheapsort\fP, \fImergesort\fP, and \fIradixsort\fP -have been added to the system. -The \fImergesort\fP -function is optimized for data with pre-existing order, -in which case it usually significantly outperforms \fIqsort\fP. -The \fIradixsort\fP -functions are variants of most-significant-byte radix sorting. -They take time linear to the number of bytes to be -sorted, usually significantly outperforming \fIqsort\fP -on data that can be sorted in this fashion. -An implementation of the POSIX 1003.2 standard \fIsort\fP -based on \fIradixsort\fP is included in 4.4BSD. -.IP \(bu -The floating point support in the C-library has been replaced -and is now accurate. -.IP \(bu -The C functions specified by both ANSI C, POSIX 1003.1 and -1003.2 are now part of the C-library. -This includes support for file name matching, shell globbing -and both basic and extended regular expressions. -.IP \(bu -ANSI C multibyte and wide character support has been integrated. -The rune functionality from the Bell Labs' Plan 9 system is provided -as well. -.IP \(bu -The \fItermcap\fP -functions have been generalized and replaced with a general -purpose interface named \fIgetcap\fP. -.IP \(bu -The \fIstdio\fP -routines have been replaced, and are usually much faster. -In addition, the \fIfunopen\fP -interface permits applications to provide their own I/O stream -function support. -.NH 1 -Acknowledgements -.PP -We were greatly assisted by the past employees of the Computer Systems -Research Group: Mike Karels, Keith Sklower, and Marc Tietelbaum. -Our distribution coordinator, Pauline Schwartz, has reliably managed -the finances and the mechanics of shipping distributions for -nearly the entire fourteen years of the group's existence. -Without the help of lawyers Mary MacDonald, Joel Linzner, -and Carla Shapiro, the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution would never -have seen the light of day. -Much help was provided by Chris Demetriou in getting bug fixes -from NetBSD integrated back into the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution. -.PP -The vast majority of the 4.4BSD distribution comes from the numerous -people in the UNIX community that provided their time and energy in -creating the software contained in this release. -We dedicate this distribution to them. -.sp 1 -.in 4i -.nf -M. K. McKusick -K. Bostic -.fi -.in 0 -.sp 3 -.nr PS 9 -.nr VS 10 -.LP -.ne 1i -.ce -\fIPreface to the 4.3 Berkeley distribution\fP -.sp 1 -.LP -This update to the 4.2 distribution of August 1983 provides -substantially improved performance, reliability, and security, -the addition of Xerox Network System (NS) to the set of networking domains, -and partial support for the VAX 8600 and MICROVAXII. -.LP -We were greatly assisted by the DEC UNIX Engineering group who -provided two full time employees, Miriam Amos and Kevin Dunlap, -to work at Berkeley. They were responsible for developing and -debugging the distributed domain based name server -and integrating it into the mail system. -Mt Xinu provided the bug list distribution service as well as -donating their MICROVAXII port to 4.3BSD. -Drivers for the MICROVAXII were done by Rick Macklem -at the University of Guelph. -Sam Leffler provided valuable assistance and advice with many projects. -Keith Sklower coordinated with William Nesheim and J. Q. Johnson at Cornell, -and Chris Torek and James O'Toole at the University of Maryland -to do the Xerox Network Systems implementation. -Robert Elz at the University of Melbourne contributed greatly -to the performance work in the kernel. -Donn Seeley and Jay Lepreau at the University of Utah -relentlessly dealt with a myriad of details; -Donn completed the unfinished performance work on Fortran 77 -and fixed numerous C compiler bugs. -Ralph Campbell handled innumerable questions and problem reports -and had time left to write rdist. -George Goble was invaluable in shaking out the bugs on his -production systems long before we were confident enough to -inflict it on our users. -Bill Shannon at Sun Microsystems has been helpful in -providing us with bug fixes and improvements. -Tom Ferrin, in his capacity as Board Member of Usenix Association, -handled the logistics of large-scale reproduction -of the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals. -Mark Seiden helped with the typesetting and indexing of the 4.3BSD manuals. -Special mention goes to Bob Henry for keeping ucbvax running -in spite of new and improved software and -an ever increasing mail, news, and uucp load. -.LP -Numerous others contributed their time and energy in creating -the user contributed software for the release. -As always, we are grateful to the UNIX user community for -encouragement and support. -.LP -Once again, the financial support of the Defense Advanced Research -Projects Agency is gratefully acknowledged. -.sp 1 -.in 4i -.nf -M. K. McKusick -M. J. Karels -J. M. Bloom -.fi -.in 0 -.sp 2 -.ne 2i -.ce -\fIPreface to the 4.2 Berkeley distribution\fP -.sp 1 -This update to the 4.1 distribution of June 1981 provides support -for the VAX 11/730, full networking and interprocess communication -support, an entirely new filesystem, and many other new features. -It is certainly the most ambitious release of software ever prepared -here and represents many man-years of work. -Bill Shannon (both at DEC and at Sun Microsystems) -and Robert Elz of the University -of Melbourne contributed greatly to this distribution -through new device drivers and painful debugging episodes. -Rob Gurwitz of BBN wrote the initial version of the code upon -which the current networking support is based. -Eric Allman of Britton-Lee donated countless hours to the mail system. -Bill Croft (both at SRI and Sun Microsystems) aided in the -debugging and development of the networking facilities. -Dennis Ritchie of Bell Laboratories also -contributed greatly to this distribution, providing -valuable advise and guidance. Helge Skrivervik -worked on the device drivers which enabled -the distribution to be delivered with a TU58 -console cassette and RX01 console flopppy disk, and -rewrote major portions of the standalone i/o system -to support formatting of non-DEC peripherals. -.LP -Numerous others contributed their time and energy in organizing -the user software for release, while many groups of people on -campus suffered patiently through the low spots of development. -As always, we are grateful to the UNIX user community for -encouragement and support. -.LP -Once again, the financial support of the Defense Advanced Research -Projects Agency is gratefully acknowledged. -.sp 1 -.in 4i -.nf -S. J. Leffler -W. N. Joy -M. K. McKusick -.fi -.in 0 -.sp 2 -.ne 1i -.ce -\fIPreface to the 4.1 Berkeley distribution\fP -.sp 1 -This update to the fourth distribution of November 1980 provides -support for the VAX 11/750 and for the full interconnect architecture -of the VAX 11/780. Robert Elz of the University of Melbourne contributed -greatly to this distribution especially in the boot-time system -configuration code; Bill Shannon of DEC supplied us with the -implementation of DEC standard bad block handling. The research -group at Bell Laboratories and DEC Merrimack provided us with access -to 11/750's in order to debug its support. -.LP -Other individuals too numerous to mention provided us with bug reports, -fixes and other enhancements which are reflected in the system. We -are grateful to the UNIX user community for encouragement and -support. -.LP -The financial support of the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency -in support of this work is gratefully acknowledged. -.sp 1 -.in 4i -.nf -W. N. Joy -R. S. Fabry -K. Sklower -.fi -.in 0 -.sp 2 -.ne 1i -.ce -\fIPreface to the Fourth Berkeley distribution\fP -.sp 1 -This manual reflects the Berkeley system mid-October, 1980. -A large amount of tuning has been done in the system since the last release; -we hope this provides as noticeable an improvement for you as it did for us. -This release finds the system in transition; a number of facilities -have been added in experimental versions (job control, resource limits) -and the implementation of others is imminent (shared-segments, higher -performance from the filesystem, etc.). -Applications which use facilities that are in transition should be aware -that some of the system calls and library routines will change -in the near future. We have tried to be conscientious and make it -very clear where this is likely. -.LP -A new group has been formed -at Berkeley, to assume responsibility for the future -development and support of a version of UNIX on the VAX. -The group has received funding from the -Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) -to supply a standard version of the system to DARPA contractors. -The same version of the system will be made available to other licensees -of UNIX on the VAX for a duplication charge. -We gratefully acknowledge -the support of this contract. -.LP -We wish to acknowledge the contribution of a number of individuals to -the system. -.LP -We would especially like to thank -Jim Kulp of IIASA, -Laxenburg Austria and his colleagues, -who first put job control facilities into UNIX; -Eric Allman, Robert Henry, Peter Kessler and Kirk McKusick, who -contributed major new pieces of software; -Mark Horton, who contributed to the improvement of facilities and -substantially improved the quality of our bit-mapped fonts, -our hardware support staff: -Bob Kridle, -Anita Hirsch, -Len Edmondson -and -Fred Archibald, -who helped us to debug a number of new peripherals; -Ken Arnold who did much of the leg-work in getting this version of the -manual prepared, and did the final editing of sections 2-6, -some special individuals within Bell Laboratories: -Greg Chesson, -Stuart Feldman, -Dick Haight, -Howard Katseff, -Brian Kernighan, -Tom London, -John Reiser, -Dennis Ritchie, -Ken Thompson, -and -Peter Weinberger -who helped out by answering questions; -our excellent local DEC field service people, -Kevin Althaus and Frank Chargois -who kept our machine running virtually all the time, and fixed it quickly -when things broke; -and, -Mike Accetta of Carnegie-Mellon University, -Robert Elz of the University of Melbourne, -George Goble of Purdue University, -and -David Kashtan of the Stanford Research Institute -for their technical advice and support. -.LP -Special thanks to Bill Munson of DEC who helped by augmenting -our computing facility -and to Eric Allman for carefully proofreading the -``last'' draft of the manual and finding the bugs which we knew were -there but couldn't see. -.LP -We dedicate this to the memory of David Sakrison, late chairman of our -department, who gave his support to the establishment of our VAX -computing facility, and to our department as a whole. -.sp 1 -.in 4i -.nf -W. N. Joy -\v'-3p'\h'2p'\*:\v'3p'\h'-2p'O. Babao\*~glu -R. S. Fabry -K. Sklower -.fi -.in 0 -.sp 2 -.ne 1i -.ce -\fIPreface to the Third Berkeley distribution\fP -.sp 1 -This manual reflects the state of the Berkeley system, December 1979. -We would like to thank all the people at Berkeley who have contributed to -the system, and particularly thank -Prof. Richard Fateman for creating and administrating a hospitable environment, -Mark Horton who helped prepare this manual, and -Eric Allman, Bob Kridle, Juan Porcar -and Richard Tuck for their contributions to the kernel. -.LP -The cooperation of Bell Laboratories in providing us with an early version of -\s-2UNIX\s0/32V is greatly appreciated. We would especially like to thank -Dr. Charles Roberts of Bell Laboratories for helping us obtain this release, -and acknowledge -T. B. London, -J. F. Reiser, -K. Thompson, -D. M. Ritchie, -G. Chesson and -H. P. Katseff -for their advice and support. -.sp 1 -.in 4i -W. N. Joy -.br -\v'-3p'\h'2p'\*:\v'3p'\h'-2p'O. Babao\*~glu -.in 0 -.sp 2 -.ne 1i -.ce -\fIPreface to the UNIX/32V distribution\fP -.sp 1 -The -.UX -operating system for the VAX*-11 -.FS -*VAX and PDP are Trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. -.FE -provides substantially the same facilities as the -\s-2UNIX\s0 -system for the PDP*-11. -.LP -We acknowledge the work of many who came before us, and particularly thank -G. K. Swanson, W. M. Cardoza, D. K. Sharma, and J. F. Jarvis for assistance -with the implementation for the VAX-11/780. -.sp 1 -.in 4i -T. B. London -.br -J. F. Reiser -.in 0 -.sp 2 -.ne 1i -.ce -\fIPreface to the Seventh Edition\fP -.sp 1 -.LP -Although this Seventh Edition no longer bears their byline, -Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie remain the fathers -and preceptors of the -\s-2UNIX\s0 -time-sharing system. -Many of the improvements here described bear their mark. -Among many, many other people who have contributed to -the further flowering of -\s-2UNIX\s0, -we wish especially to -acknowledge the contributions of -A. V. Aho, -S. R. Bourne, -L. L. Cherry, -G. L. Chesson, -S. I. Feldman, -C. B. Haley, -R. C. Haight, -S. C. Johnson, -M. E. Lesk, -T. L. Lyon, -L. E. McMahon, -R. Morris, -R. Muha, -D. A. Nowitz, -L. Wehr, -and -P. J. Weinberger. -We appreciate also -the effective advice and criticism of -T. A. Dolotta, -A. G. Fraser, -J. F. Maranzano, -and -J. R. Mashey; -and we remember the important work of -the late Joseph F. Ossanna. -.sp 1 -.in 4i -B. W. Kernighan -.br -M. D. McIlroy -.in 0 -.if o .bp -\& -.bp -.de IR -\fI\\$1\^\fR\\$2 -.. -.de RI -\fR\\$1\fI\\$2\^\fR\\$3 -.. -.ce -\fB\s+4INTRODUCTION\s-4\fP -.sp 1 -.nr PS 10 -.nr VS 12 -.LP -The documentation for 4.4BSD is in a format similar -to the one used for the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals. -It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes. -The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets; -the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis. -.DS -I. User's Documents - User's Reference Manual [URM] - Commands (1) - Games (6) - Macro packages and language conventions (7) - User's Supplementary Documents [USD] - Getting Started - Basic Utilities - Communicating with the World - Text Editing - Document Preparation - Amusements - -II. Programmer's Documents - Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM] - System calls (2) - Subroutines (3) - Special files (4) - File formats and conventions (5) - Programmer's Supplementary Documents [PSD] - Documents of Historic Interest - Languages in common use - Programming Tools - Programming Libraries - General Reference - -III. System Manager's Manual [SMM] - Maintenance commands (8) - System Installation and Administration -.DE -.LP -References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'', -thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary -Documents''. -References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus -.IR sh (1) -refers to the shell manual entry in section 1. -.LP -The manual pages give descriptions of the features of the -4.4BSD system, as developed at the University of California at Berkeley. -They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the -4.4BSD operating system, its facilities, or its implementation. -Various documents on those topics are contained in the -``\s-1UNIX\s+1 User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the -``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PSD), -and ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 System Manager's Manual'' (SMM). -In particular, for an overview see ``The \s-1UNIX\s+1 Time-Sharing System'' (PSD:1) -by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see -``\s8\s-1UNIX\s+1\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan, -and for an guide to the new features of this latest version, see -``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' (PSD:5). -.LP -Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete -and concise. Where the latter two objectives conflict, -the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity. -It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be. -Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date. -.LP -Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by -the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are -intended to be called by the user's programs. -User commands are described in URM section 1. -Commands generally reside in directory -.I /bin -(for -.IR bin \|ary -programs). -Some programs also reside in -.I -/\|usr/\|bin, -.R -to save space in -.I /\|bin. -.R -These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters. -Additional directories that may be of interest include -.I -/\|usr/\|contrib/\|bin, -.R -which has contributed software -.I -/\|usr/\|old/\|bin, -.R -which has old but sometimes still useful software and -.I -/\|usr/\|local/\|bin, -.R -which contains software local to your site. -.LP -Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and -.I -/\|usr/\|games, -.R -to keep them from contaminating -the more staid information of URM section 1. -.LP -Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for -writing in various specialized languages such as character codes, -macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7. -.LP -System calls are entries into the BSD kernel. -The system call interface is identical to a C language -procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2. -.LP -An assortment of subroutines is available; -they are described in PRM section 3. -The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in -.IR intro (3). -The functions are described in terms of C. -.LP -PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of -each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device. -The names in this section refer to the HP300 device names for the hardware, -instead of the names of the special files themselves. -.LP -The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5) -documents the structure of particular kinds of files; -for example, the form of the output of the loader and -assembler is given. Excluded are files used by only one command, -for example the assembler's intermediate files. -.LP -Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the -system administrator are described in SMM section 8. -The files described here are almost all kept in the directory -.I /\|etc. -The system administration binaries reside in -.I -/\|sbin, -.R -and -.I -/\|usr/\|sbin. -.LP -Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each. -The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages, -together with the section number. -Entries within each section are alphabetized. -The page numbers of each entry start at 1; -it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of -a document like this that is republished in many variant forms. -.LP -All entries are based on a common format; -not all subsections always appear. -.RS -.LP -The -.I name -subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines -covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose. -.LP -The -.IR synopsis "" -summarizes the use of the program being described. -A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection: -.LP -.RS -.B Boldface -words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear. -.LP -Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional. -When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name. -.LP -Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype -may be repeated. -.LP -A final convention is used by the commands themselves. -An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an -option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where -a file name could appear. Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose -names begin with ``\-''. -.LP -.RE -The -.IR description "" -subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand. -.LP -The -.IR files "" -subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program. -.LP -A -.I -see also -.R -subsection gives pointers to related information. -.LP -A -.I diagnostics -subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced. -Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed. -.LP -The -.IR bugs "" -subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies. -Occasionally the suggested fix is also described. -.LP -.RE -At the beginning of URM is a table of contents, -organized by section and alphabetically within each section. -There is also a permuted index derived from the table of contents. -Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which -it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses. -This fact is important because there is considerable -name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that -exist only to exercise a particular system call. -Finally, there is a list of documents on the inside back cover of each volume. -.SH -HOW TO GET STARTED -.LP -This section sketches the basic information you need to get started on \s-1UNIX\s+1; -how to log in and log out, how to communicate through your terminal, -and how to run a program. -See ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 for Beginners'' in (USD:1) for a -more complete introduction to the system. -.LP -.I -Logging in.\ \ -.R -Almost any ASCII terminal capable of -full duplex operation and generating -the entire character set can be used. -You must have a valid user name, -which may be obtained from the system administration. -If you will be accessing \s-1UNIX\s+1 remotely, you will also -need to obtain the telephone number for the system that you will be using. -.LP -After a data connection is established, -the login procedure depends on what type of terminal you are using -and local system conventions. -If your terminal is directly connected to the computer, -it generally runs at 9600 or 19200 baud. -If you are using a modem running over a phone line, -the terminal must be set at the speed appropriate for the modem you are using, -typically 1200, 2400, or 9600 baud. -The half/full duplex switch should always be set at full-duplex. -(This switch will often have to be changed -since many other systems require half-duplex). -.LP -When a connection is established, the system types ``login:''; -you type your user name, followed by the ``return'' key. -If you have a password, the system asks for it -and suppresses echo to the terminal so the password will not appear. -After you have logged in, the ``return'', ``new line'', or ``linefeed'' keys -will give exactly the same results. -A message-of-the-day usually greets you before your first prompt. -.LP -If the system types out a few garbage characters -after you have established a data connection -(the ``login:'' message at the wrong speed), -depress the ``break'' (or ``interrupt'') key. -This is a speed-independent signal to \s-1UNIX\s+1 -that a different speed terminal is in use. -The system then will type ``login:,'' this time at another speed. -Continue depressing the break key until ``login:'' appears clearly, -then respond with your user name. -.LP -For all these terminals, it is important -that you type your name in lower-case if possible; if you type -upper-case letters, -\s-1UNIX\s+1 will assume that your terminal cannot generate lower-case -letters and will translate all subsequent lower-case letters to upper case. -.LP -The evidence that you have successfully logged in is that a shell program -will type a prompt (``$'' or ``%'') to you. -(The shells are described below under ``How to run a program.'') -.LP -For more information, consult -.IR tset (1), -and -.IR stty (1), -which tell how to adjust terminal behavior; -.IR getty (8) -discusses the login sequence in more detail, and -.IR tty (4) -discusses terminal I/O. -.LP -.I -Logging out.\ \ -.R -There are three ways to log out: -.IP -By typing ``logout'' or an end-of-file -indication (EOT character, control-D) to the shell. -The shell will terminate and the ``login:'' message will appear again. -.IP -You can log in directly as another user by giving a -.IR login (1) -command. -.IP -If worse comes to worse, -you can simply hang up the phone; but beware \- some machines may -lack the necessary hardware to detect that the phone has been hung up. -Ask your system administrator if this is a problem on your machine. -.LP -.I -How to communicate through your terminal.\ \ -.R -When you type characters, a gnome deep in the system -gathers your characters and saves them in a secret place. -The characters will not be given to a program -until you type a return (or newline), as described above in -.I -Logging in. -.R -.LP -\s-1UNIX\s+1 terminal I/O is full-duplex. -It has full read-ahead, which means that you can type at any time, -even while a program is typing at you. -Of course, if you type during output, the printed output will -have the input characters interspersed. -However, whatever you type will be saved up and interpreted in correct sequence. -There is a limit to the amount of read-ahead, -but it is generous and not likely to be exceeded unless -the system is in trouble. -When the read-ahead limit is exceeded, the system -throws away all the saved characters (or beeps, if your prompt was a ``%''). -.LP -The ^U (control-U) character in typed input kills all the -preceding characters in the line, -so typing mistakes can be repaired on a single line. -Also, the delete character (DEL) or sometimes the -backspace character (control-H) erases the last character typed. -.IR Tset (1) -or -.IR stty (1) -can be used to change these defaults. -Successive uses of delete (or backspace) erases characters back to, but -not beyond, the beginning of the line. -DEL and ^U (control-U) can be transmitted to a program by preceding them with -^V (control-V). -(So, to erase ^V (control-V), you need two deletes or backspaces). -.LP -An -.I -interrupt signal -.R -is sent to a program by typing ^C (control-C) or the ``break'' key -which is not passed to programs. -This signal generally causes whatever program you are running to terminate. -It is typically used to stop a long printout that you do not want. -However, programs can arrange either to ignore this signal altogether, -or to be notified when it happens (instead of being terminated). -The editor, for example, catches interrupts and stops what it is doing, -instead of terminating, so that an interrupt can -be used to halt an editor printout without losing the file being edited. -The interrupt character can also be changed with -.IR tset (1) -or -.IR stty (1). -.LP -It is also possible to suspend output temporarily using ^S (control-S) -and later resume output with ^Q (control-Q). -Output can be thrown away without interrupting -the program by typing ^O (control-O); see -.IR tty (4). -.LP -The -.IR quit "" -signal is generated by typing the \s8ASCII\s10 FS character. -(FS appears many places on different terminals, most commonly -as control-\e or control-\^|\^.) -It not only causes a running program to terminate -but also generates a file with the core image of the terminated process. -Quit is useful for debugging. -.LP -Besides adapting to the speed of the terminal, -\s-1UNIX\s+1 tries to be intelligent about whether -you have a terminal with the newline function -or whether it must be simulated with carriage-return and line-feed. -In the latter case, all input carriage returns -are turned to newline characters (the standard line delimiter) -and both a carriage return and a line feed are echoed to the terminal. -If you get into the wrong mode, the -.IR reset (1) -command will rescue you. -If the terminal does not appear to be echoing anything that you type, -it may be stuck in ``no-echo'' or ``raw'' mode. -Try typing ``(control-J)reset(control-J)'' to recover. -.LP -Tab characters are used freely in \s-1UNIX\s+1 source programs. -If your terminal does not have the tab function, -you can arrange to have them turned into spaces -during output, and echoed as spaces during input. -The system assumes that tabs are set every eight columns. -Again, the -.IR tset (1) -or -.IR stty (1) -command can be used to change these defaults. -.IR Tset (1) -can be used to set the tab stops automatically when necessary. -.LP -.I -How to run a program; the shells.\ \ -.R -When you have successfully logged in, a program -called a shell is listening to your terminal. -The shell reads typed-in lines, splits them up -into a command name and arguments, and executes the command. -A command is simply an executable program. -The shell looks in several system directories to find the command. -You can also place commands in your own directory and -have the shell find them there. -There is nothing special about system-provided -commands except that they are kept in a directory where the shell can find them. -.LP -The command name is always the first word on an input line; -it and its arguments are separated from one another by spaces. -.LP -When a program terminates, the shell will ordinarily regain control and type -a prompt at you to show that it is ready for another command. -.LP -The shells have many other capabilities, that are described in detail in -sections -.IR sh (1) -and -.IR csh (1). -If the shell prompts you with ``$'', then it is an instance of -.IR sh (1), -the original \s-1UNIX\s+1 shell. -If it prompts with ``%'' then it is an instance of -.IR csh (1), -a shell written at Berkeley. -The shells are different for all but the most simple terminal usage. -Most users at Berkeley choose -.IR csh (1) -because of the -.I history -mechanism and the -.I alias -feature, that greatly enhance its power when used interactively. -.I Csh -also supports the job-control facilities; -see -.IR csh (1) -or the Csh introduction in USD:4 for details. -.LP -You can change from one shell to the other by using the -.I chpass (1) -command, which takes effect at your next login. -.LP -.I -The current directory.\ \ -.R -\s-1UNIX\s+1 has a filesystem arranged as a hierarchy of directories. -When the system administrator gave you a user name, -they also created a directory for you (ordinarily -with the same name as your user name). -When you log in, any file name you type is by default in this directory. -Since you are the owner of this directory, you have -full permission to read, write, alter, or destroy its contents. -Permissions to have your will with other directories -and files will have been granted or denied to you by their owners. -As a matter of observed fact, few \s-1UNIX\s+1 -users protect their files from perusal by other users. -.LP -To change the current directory (but not the set of permissions you -were endowed with at login) use -.IR cd (1). -.LP -.I -Path names.\ \ -.R -To refer to files not in the current directory, you must use a path name. -Full path names begin with ``/\|'', the name of the root directory of the -whole filesystem. -After the slash comes the name of each directory containing the next -sub-directory (followed by a ``/\|'') until finally the file name is reached. -For example, -.I -/\^var/\^tmp/\^filex -.R -refers to the file -.I -filex -.R -in the directory -.I -tmp; tmp -.R -is itself a subdirectory of -.I -var; var -.R -springs directly from the root directory. -.LP -If your current directory has subdirectories, -the path names of files therein begin with -the name of the subdirectory with no prefixed ``/\|''. -.LP -A path name may be used anywhere a file name is required. -.LP -Important commands that modify the contents of files are -.IR cp (1), -.IR mv (1), -and -.IR rm (1), -which respectively copy, move (i.e. rename) and remove files. -To find out the status of files or directories, use -.IR ls (1). -See -.IR mkdir (1) -for making directories and -.IR rmdir (1) -for destroying them. -.LP -For a fuller discussion of the filesystem, see -``A Fast File System for \s-1UNIX\s+1'' (SMM:5) -by McKusick, Joy, Leffler, and Fabry. -It may also be useful to glance through PRM section 2, -that discusses system calls, even if you do not intend -to deal with the system at that level. -.LP -.I -Writing a program.\ \ -.R -To enter the text of a source program into a \s-1UNIX\s+1 file, -use the standard display editor -.IR vi (1) -or its \s-1WYSIWYG\s+1 counterparts -.IR jove (1) -and -.IR emacs (1). -(The old standard editor -.IR ed (1) -is also available.) -The principle language in \s-1UNIX\s+1 is provided by the C compiler -.IR cc (1). -User contributed software in the latest -release of the system supports the programming languages perl and C++. -After the program text has been entered through the editor -and written to a file, you can give the file -to the appropriate language processor as an argument. -The output of the language processor -will be left on a file in the current directory named ``a.out''. -If the output is precious, use -.IR mv (1) -to move it to a less exposed name after successful compilation. -.LP -When you have finally gone through this entire process -without provoking any diagnostics, the resulting program -can be run by giving its name to the shell -in response to the shell (``$'' or ``%'') prompt. -.LP -Your programs can receive arguments from the command line -just as system programs do, -see ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programming - Second Edition'' (PSD:4), -or for a more terse description -.IR execve (2). -.LP -.I -Text processing.\ \ -.R -Almost all text is entered through an editor such as -.IR vi (1), -.IR jove (1), -or -.IR emacs (1). -The commands most often used to write text on a terminal are: -.IR cat (1), -.IR more (1), -and -.IR nroff (1). -.LP -The -.IR cat (1) -command simply dumps \s8ASCII\s10 text -on the terminal, with no processing at all. -.IR More (1) -is useful for preventing the output of a command from -scrolling off the top of your screen. -It is also well suited to perusing files. -.IR Nroff (1) -is an elaborate text formatting program. -Used naked, it requires careful forethought, but for -ordinary documents it has been tamed; see -.IR me (7) -and -.IR ms (7). -.LP -.IR Groff (1) -converts documents to postscript for output to a -Laserwriter or Phototypesetter. -It is similar to -.IR nroff (1), -and often works from exactly the same source text. -It was used to produce this manual. -.LP -.IR Script (1) -lets you keep a record of your session in a file, -which can then be printed, mailed, etc. -It provides the advantages of a hard-copy terminal -even when using a display terminal. -.LP -.I -Status inquiries.\ \ -.R -Various commands exist to provide you with useful information. -.IR w (1) -prints a list of users currently logged in, and what they are doing. -.IR date (1) -prints the current time and date. -.IR ls (1) -will list the files in your directory or give -summary information about particular files. -.LP -.I -Surprises.\ \ -.R -Certain commands provide inter-user communication. -Even if you do not plan to use them, it would be -well to learn something about them, because someone else may aim them at you. -.LP -To communicate with another user currently logged in, -.IR write (1) -or -.IR talk (1) -is used; -.IR mail (1) -will leave a message whose presence will be announced -to another user when they next log in. -The write-ups in the manual also suggest how to respond to -the these commands if you are a target. -.LP -If you use -.IR csh (1) -the key ^Z (control-Z) will cause jobs to ``stop''. -If this happens before you learn about it, -you can simply continue by saying ``fg'' (for foreground) to bring -the job back. -.LP -We hope that you will come to enjoy using the BSD system. -Although it is very large and contains many commands, -you can become very productive using only a small subset of them. -As your needs expand to doing new tasks, -you will almost always find that the system has the facilities -that you need to accomplish them easily and quickly. -.LP -Most importantly, the source code to the BSD system -is cheaply available to anyone that wants it. -On many BSD systems, it can be found in the directory -.IR /\|usr/\|src . -You may simply want to find out how something works -or fix some important bug without waiting months for -your vendor to respond. -It is also particularly useful if you -want to grab another piece of code to bootstrap a new project. -Provided that you retain the copyrights and acknowledgements -at the top of each file, you are free to redistribute your -work for fun or profit. -Naturally, we hope that you will allow others to also redistribute -your code, though you are not required to do so unless you -use copyleft code (which is primarily found in the software -contributed from the Free Software Foundation and is -clearly identified). -.LP -Good luck and enjoy BSD. -.OH '''\s10- % -\s0' -.EH '\s10- % -\s0''' -.if o .bp -\& -.bp -.EF '\s9\\\\*(Dt''\\\\*(Ed\s0' -.OF '\s9\\\\*(Ed''\\\\*(Dt\s0' -.ce -\s+4\fBLIST \|OF \|MANUAL \|PAGES\fP\s-4 -.nr x 0.5 -.in +\nxi -.nf -.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR -.de xx -\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2 -.. -.de t -.sp 1v -.ne .5i -.cs 3 -.ti -\\nxi -.ss 18 -\f3\s9\\$2. \\$3\s0\fP -.ss 12 -.if t .sp .5v -.cs 3 36 -.ds Ed Section \\$2 -.ds Dt \\$3 -.so \\$1 -.. -.t toc1 1 "Commands and Application Programs" -.t toc2 2 "System Calls" -.t toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines" -.t toc4 4 "Special Files" -.t toc5 5 "File Formats" -.t toc6 6 "Games" -.t toc7 7 "Miscellaneous" -.t toc8 8 "System Maintenance" -.in -\nxi -.cs 3 -.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i -.if o .bp -\& -.bp -\& -.OH '\s9\fIPermuted Index\fP''- % -\s0' -.EH '\s9- % -''\fIPermuted Index\fP\s0' -.ds Ed 4.4BSD -.ds Dt June \|1993 -.ce -\s+4\fBPERMUTED \|INDEX\fP\s-4 -.sp 1 -.nr PS 8 -.nr VS 9 -.LP -.\" backup from slotput 1, slot, 2 -.tr ~ -.nf -.cs 3 36 -.de xx -.ds s1\" -.if \w\\$2 .ds s1 ~~\" -.ds s2 ~~~\" -.ds s3\" -.if \w\\$4 .ds s3 ~~\" -.ds s4 ~~\" -.ds s5 ~~\" -.ds y \\*(s4\f3\fP\\*(s5 -.ta 6i-\w\\*(s5u -\h"3i-\w\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2u"\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2\\$3\\*(s3\\$4\\*y\\$5 -.. -.so ptxx -.cs 3 -.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i diff --git a/share/man/man0/tocrc b/share/man/man0/tocrc deleted file mode 100755 index 41b43f7..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/tocrc +++ /dev/null @@ -1,74 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/sh - -# -# Copyright (c) 1993 -# The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -# -# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -# are met: -# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -# 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software -# must display the following acknowledgement: -# This product includes software developed by the University of -# California, Berkeley and its contributors. -# 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -# may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -# without specific prior written permission. -# -# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -# SUCH DAMAGE. -# -# @(#)tocrc 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/29/93 -# -tmp=/tmp/toc$$ -trap "rm $tmp ; exit" 2 3 15 -: tocx files for all sections and everything else - -if [ ! -f tocx8 ]; then - for x in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; do - /usr/libexec/getNAME -t `cat man$x` | - sed \ - -e 's/.s-2//g' \ - -e 's/.s-1//g' \ - -e 's/.s0//g' \ - -e 's/.s+1//g' \ - -e 's/ *.- */: /' \ - -e 's/ *$/./' \ - -e 's/.TH.* //' \ - > tocx$x - done -fi -: permuted index and toc files - -cat tocx* cshcmd > /tmp/cattoc - -ptx -G -r -t -b break -f -w 108 -i ignore /tmp/cattoc ptxx - -for x in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; do - grep '^intro' <tocx$x >$tmp - sed \ - -e '2,${' \ - -e '/^intro/d' \ - -e '}' \ - -e 's/ .*://' \ - -e 's/.$//' \ - -e 's/([^)]*) /" "/' \ - -e 's/.*/.xx "&"/' \ - -e '/""/d' \ - $tmp tocx$x \ - >toc$x -done -exit diff --git a/share/man/man0/xrs.pl b/share/man/man0/xrs.pl deleted file mode 100755 index feb6b5f..0000000 --- a/share/man/man0/xrs.pl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,84 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/perl -# Copyright (c) 1996 Wolfram Schneider <wosch@FreeBSD.org>. Berlin. -# All rights reserved. -# -# xrs - detect unsorted cross references in section SEE ALSO -# -# Cross references in the SEE ALSO section should -# be sorted by section number, and then placed in alphabetical -# order and comma separated. For example: -# -# ls(1), ps(1), group(5), passwd(5). -# -# The last entry may be finished with a dot `.' -# -# or a source example:. -# .Sh SEE ALSO -# .Xr foo 1 , -# .Xr bla 2 , -# .Xr foobar 8 -# .Sh HISTORY -# -# usage: xrs manpages ... -# -# $FreeBSD$ - -sub mysort { - - local(@c) = split($",$a); - local(@d) = split($",$b); - - local($ret) = ($c[2] <=> $d[2]); - - return $ret if $ret; - return $c[1] cmp $d[1]; -} - -sub usage { die "usage: xrs manpages ...\n"; } - -sub compare { - local(*a, *b) = @_; - - return 1 if ($#a != $#b); - - for($i = 0; $i <= $#a; $i++) { - return 1 if - $a[$i] ne $b[$i]; - } - - for ($i = 0; $i < $#a; $i++) { - return 1 if $a[$i] !~ /\s,\s*$/; - } - - return 1 if $a[$#a] =~ /\s,\s*$/; - return 1 if $a[$#a] =~ /^.Xr\s+\S+\s+\S+\s+[^.\s]/; - return 0; -} - -&usage if $#ARGV >= 0 && $ARGV[0] =~ /^-\?|h/; - -while(<>) { - if (/^\.Sh\s/ && /"?SEE\s+ALSO"?/) { - $file = $ARGV; - @a = (); - while(<>) { - last if $file ne $ARGV; - - next if /^\.\\"\s/; # " ignore comments - # next if m%^/[^/]+/%; # ignore absolute path names - if (!/^\.(Xr|Fn)\s/) { - if (!/^\.(Sh|Rs|\\"|Pp|br)\s*/ && !/^\s*$/) { - warn "Oops: $ARGV $_"; - } - last; - } - tr/A-Z/a-z/; - push(@a, $_); - } - @b = sort mysort @a; - if (&compare(*a,*b)) { - print "$file\n"; - } - } - last if eof(); -} |
