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diff --git a/share/doc/usd/19.memacros/intro.me b/share/doc/usd/19.memacros/intro.me deleted file mode 100644 index c5e2012..0000000 --- a/share/doc/usd/19.memacros/intro.me +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2348 +0,0 @@ -.\" Copyright (c) 1986, 1993 -.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software -.\" must display the following acknowledgement: -.\" This product includes software developed by the University of -.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. -.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -.\" without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -.\" SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" @(#)intro.me 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93 -.\" $FreeBSD$ -.\" -.UC 7 -.ll 6.5i -.lt 6.5i -.pn 0 -.ds MO 2.27\" version of -me to which this applies -.nr si 3n -\".he 'USING NROFF AND \-ME''%' -.eh 'USD:19-%''Writing Papers with NROFF using \-me' -.oh 'Writing Papers with NROFF using \-me''USD:19-%' -.ds U \s-1UNIX\s0 -.ds N \s-1NROFF\s0 -.ds T \s-1TROFF\s0 -.+c -.(l C -.sz 14 -.b "Writing Papers with NROFF using \-me" -.sz -.sp 2 -.ul -Eric P. Allman* -.(f -*Author's current address: -Computer Science Division, -EECS, -University of California, -Berkeley, California 94720. -.)f -.sp -Project INGRES -Electronics Research Laboratory -University of California, Berkeley -Berkeley, California 94720 -.)l -.sp 4 -.pp -This document describes -the text processing facilities -available on the \*U\(dg -.(f -\(dg\*U is a trademark -of AT&T Bell Laboratories -.)f -operating system -via \*N\(dg and the -\-me -macro package. -It is assumed -that the reader -already is generally familiar -with the \*U operating system -and a text editor -such as -.b ex . -This is intended to be a casual introduction, -and -as such not all material is covered. -In particular, -many variations and additional features -of the \-me macro package -are not explained. -For a complete discussion of this -and other issues, -see -.ul -The \-me Reference Manual -and -.ul -The \*N/\*T Reference Manual. -.pp -\*N, a computer program -that runs on the \*U operating system, -reads an input file -prepared by the user -and outputs a formatted paper -suitable for publication or framing. -The input consists of -.i text , -or words to be printed, -and -.i requests , -which give instructions -to the \*N program -telling how to format the printed copy. -.pp -Section 1 -describes the basics -of text processing. -Section 2 -describes the basic requests. -Section 3 -introduces displays. -Annotations, -such as footnotes, -are handled in -section 4. -The more complex requests -which are not discussed in section 2 -are covered in section 5. -Finally, -section 6 -discusses things you will need -to know -if you want to typeset documents. -If you are a novice, -you probably won't want to read beyond section 4 -until you have tried some of the basic features out. -.pp -When you have your raw text ready, -call the \*N formatter by typing -as a request to the \*U shell: -.(b -nroff \-me \-T\c -.i "type files" -.)b -where -.i type -describes the type of terminal -you are outputting to. -Common values are -.b dtc -for a DTC 300s -(daisy-wheel type) -printer and -.b lpr -for the line printer. -If the -.b \-T -flag is omitted, -a -.q "lowest common denominator" -terminal is assumed; -this is good for previewing output -on most terminals. -A complete description of options -to the \*N command can be found in -.ul -The \*N/\*T Reference Manual. -.pp -The word -.i argument -is used in this manual -to mean a word or number -which appears on the same line -as a request -which modifies the meaning -of that request. -For example, -the request -.(b -\&.sp -.)b -spaces one line, -but -.(b -\&.sp 4 -.)b -spaces four lines. -The number -.b 4 -is an -.i argument -to the -.b .sp -request -which says to space four lines -instead of one. -Arguments are separated from the request -and from each other -by spaces. -.sh 1 "Basics of Text Processing" -.pp -The primary function -of \*N -is to -.i collect -words from input lines, -.i fill -output lines with those words, -.i justify -the right hand margin by inserting extra spaces -in the line, -and output the result. -For example, -the input: -.(b -Now is the time -for all good men -to come to the aid -of their party. -Four score and seven -years ago,... -.)b -will be read, -packed onto output lines, -and justified -to produce: -.(b F -Now is the time -for all good men -to come to the aid -of their party. -Four score and seven -years ago,... -.)b -Sometimes you may want to start a new output line -even though the line you are on -is not yet full; -for example, -at the end of a paragraph. -To do this -you can cause a -.i break , -which -starts a new output line. -Some requests -cause a break automatically, -as do blank input lines -and input lines beginning with a space. -.pp -Not all input lines -are text to be formatted. -Some of the input lines -are -.i requests -which describe -how to format the text. -Requests always have a period -or an apostrophe -(\c -.q "\|\(aa\|" ) -as the first character -of the input line. -.pp -The text formatter -also does more complex things, -such as automatically numbering pages, -skipping over page folds, -putting footnotes in the correct place, -and so forth. -.pp -I can offer you a few hints -for preparing text -for input to \*N. -First, -keep the input lines short. -Short input lines are easier to edit, -and \*N will pack words onto longer lines -for you anyhow. -In keeping with this, -it is helpful -to begin a new line -after every period, -comma, -or phrase, -since common corrections -are to add or delete sentences -or phrases. -Second, -do not put spaces at the end of lines, -since this can sometimes confuse the \*N -processor. -Third, -do not hyphenate words at the end of lines -(except words that should have hyphens in them, -such as -.q mother-in-law ); -\*N is smart enough to hyphenate words -for you as needed, -but is not smart enough -to take hyphens out -and join a word back together. -Also, -words such as -.q mother-in-law -should not be broken -over a line, -since then you will get a space -where not wanted, -such as -.tr @- -.nh -.q "mother@\ in@law" . -.br -.tr @@ -.hy 14 -.sh 1 "Basic Requests" -.sh 2 "Paragraphs" -.pp -Paragraphs are begun -by using the -.b .pp -request. -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.pp -Now is the time for all good men -to come to the aid of their party. -Four score and seven years ago,... -.)b -produces a blank line -followed by an indented first line. -The result is: -.(b F -.ti +\n(piu -Now is the time for all good men -to come to the aid of their party. -Four score and seven years ago,... -.)b -.pp -Notice that the sentences -of the paragraphs -.i "must not" -begin with a space, -since blank lines -and lines beginning with spaces -cause a break. -For example, -if I had typed: -.(b -\&.pp -Now is the time for all good men - to come to the aid of their party. -Four score and seven years ago,... -.)b -The output would be: -.(b F -.ti +\n(piu -Now is the time for all good men - to come to the aid of their party. -Four score and seven years ago,... -.)b -A new line begins after the word -.q men -because the second line began with a space character. -.pp -There are many -fancier -types of paragraphs, -which will be described later. -.sh 2 "Headers and Footers" -.pp -Arbitrary headers and footers -can be put -at the top and bottom -of every page. -Two requests -of the form -.b .he \ \c -.i title -and -.b .fo \ \c -.i title -define the titles to put at the head and the foot -of every page, -respectively. -The titles are called -.i three-part -titles, -that is, -there is a left-justified part, -a centered part, -and a right-justified part. -To separate these three parts -the first character of -.i title -(whatever it may be) -is used as a delimiter. -Any character may be used, -but -backslash -and double quote marks -should be avoided. -The percent sign -is replaced by the current page number -whenever found in the title. -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.he \(aa\(aa%\(aa\(aa -\&.fo \(aaJane Jones\(aa\(aaMy Book\(aa -.)b -results in the page number -centered at the top -of each page, -.q "Jane Jones" -in the lower left corner, -and -.q "My Book" -in the lower right corner. -.sh 2 "Double Spacing" -.pp -.ls 2 -\*N will double space output text automatically if you -use the request -.b ".ls\ 2" , -as is done in this section. -You can revert to single spaced mode -by typing -.b ".ls\ 1" . -.ls 1 -.sh 2 "Page Layout" -.pp -A number of requests allow -you to change the way the printed copy looks, -sometimes called the -.i layout -of the output page. -Most of these requests adjust the placing -of -.q "white space" -(blank lines or spaces). -In these explanations, -characters in italics -should be replaced with values you wish to use; -bold characters -represent characters which should actually be typed. -.pp -The -.b .bp -request -starts a new page. -.pp -The request -.b .sp \ \c -.i N -leaves -.i N -lines of blank space. -.i N -can be omitted -(meaning skip a single line) -or can be of the form -.i N \^\c -.b i -(for -.i N -inches) -or -.i N \^\c -.b c -(for -.i N -centimeters). -For example, the input: -.(b -\&.sp 1.5i -My thoughts on the subject -\&.sp -.)b -leaves one and a half inches of space, -followed by the line -.q "My thoughts on the subject" , -followed by a single blank line. -.pp -The -.b .in \ \c -.i +N -request -changes the amount of white space -on the left of the page -(the -.i indent ). -The argument -.i N -can be of the form -.b + \c -.i N -(meaning leave -.i N -spaces more than you are already leaving), -.b \- \c -.i N -(meaning leave less than you do now), -or just -.i N -(meaning leave exactly -.i N -spaces). -.i N -can be of the form -.i N \^\c -.b i -or -.i N \^\c -.b c -also. -For example, -the input: -.(b -initial text -\&.in 5 -some text -\&.in +1i -more text -\&.in \-2c -final text -.)b -produces -.q "some text" -indented exactly five spaces -from the left margin, -.q "more text" -indented five spaces -plus one inch -from the left margin -(fifteen spaces -on a pica typewriter), -and -.q "final text" -indented five spaces -plus one inch -minus two centimeters -from the margin. -That is, -the output is: -.(b -initial text -.in +5 -some text -.in +1i -more text -.in -2c -final text -.)b -.pp -The -.b .ti \ \c -.i +N -(temporary indent) -request is used like -.b .in \ \c -.i +N -when the indent -should apply to one line only, -after which it should revert -to the previous indent. -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.in 1i -\&.ti 0 -Ware, James R. The Best of Confucius, -Halcyon House, 1950. -An excellent book containing translations of -most of Confucius\(aa most delightful sayings. -A definite must for anyone interested in the early foundations -of Chinese philosophy. -.)b -produces: -.in 1i+\n($iu -.ti \n($iu -Ware, James R. The Best of Confucius, -Halcyon House, 1950. -An excellent book containing translations of -most of Confucius' most delightful sayings. -A definite must for anyone interested in the early foundations -of Chinese philosophy. -.pp -Text lines can be centered -by using the -.b .ce -request. -The line after the -.b .ce -is centered -(horizontally) -on the page. -To center more than one line, -use -.b .ce \ \c -.i N -(where -.i N -is the number of lines to center), -followed by the -.i N -lines. -If you want to center many lines -but don't want to count them, -type: -.(b -\&.ce 1000 -lines to center -\&.ce 0 -.)b -The -.b ".ce\ 0" -request tells \*N to center zero more lines, -in other words, -stop centering. -.pp -All of these requests -cause a break; -that is, -they always start -a new line. -If you want to start a new line -without performing any other action, -use -.b .br . -.sh 2 "Underlining" -.pp -Text can be underlined -using the -.b .ul -request. -The -.b .ul -request -causes the next input line -to be underlined when output. -You can underline multiple lines -by stating a count of -.i input -lines to underline, -followed by those lines -(as with the -.b .ce -request). -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.ul 2 -Notice that these two input lines -are underlined. -.)b -will underline those eight words in \*N. -(In \*T they will be set in italics.) -.sh 1 "Displays" -.pp -Displays are sections of text -to be set off -from the body of the paper. -Major quotes, -tables, -and figures -are types of displays, -as are all the examples -used in this document. -All displays -except centered blocks -are output -single spaced. -.sh 2 "Major Quotes" -.pp -Major quotes -are quotes which are several lines long, -and hence are set in from the rest -of the text -without quote marks -around them. -These can be generated -using the commands -.b .(q -and -.b .)q -to surround the quote. -For example, -the input: -.(b -As Weizenbaum points out: -\&.(q -It is said that to explain is to explain away. -This maxim is nowhere so well fulfilled -as in the areas of computer programming,... -\&.)q -.)b -generates as output: -.lp -As Weizenbaum points out: -.(q -It is said that to explain is to explain away. -This maxim is nowhere so well fulfilled -as in the areas of computer programming,... -.)q -.sh 2 "Lists" -.pp -A -.i list -is an indented, -single spaced, -unfilled display. -Lists should be used -when the material to be printed -should not be filled and justified -like normal text, -such as columns of figures -or the examples used in this paper. -Lists are surrounded -by the requests -.b .(l -and -.b .)l . -For example, -type: -.(b -Alternatives to avoid deadlock are: -\&.(l -Lock in a specified order -Detect deadlock and back out one process -Lock all resources needed before proceeding -\&.)l -.)b -will produce: -.br -Alternatives to avoid deadlock are: -.(l -Lock in a specified order -Detect deadlock and back out one process -Lock all resources needed before proceeding -.)l -.sh 2 "Keeps" -.pp -A -.i keep -is a display of lines -which are kept on a single page -if possible. -An example of where you would use a keep -might be a diagram. -Keeps differ from lists -in that lists may be broken -over a page boundary -whereas keeps will not. -.pp -Blocks are the basic kind of keep. -They begin with the request -.b .(b -and end with the request -.b .)b . -If there is not room on the current page -for everything in the block, -a new page is begun. -This has the unpleasant effect -of leaving blank space -at the bottom of the page. -When this is not appropriate, -you can use the alternative, -called -.i "floating keeps" . -.pp -.i "Floating keeps" -move relative to the text. -Hence, -they are good for things -which will be referred to -by name, -such as -.q "See figure 3" . -A floating keep will appear -at the bottom of the current page -if it will fit; -otherwise, -it will appear at the top -of the next page. -Floating keeps begin with the line -.b .(z -and end with the line -.b .)z . -For an example of a floating keep, -see figure 1. -.(z -.in 1i -.xl -1i -.hl -\&.(z -\&.hl -Text of keep to be floated. -\&.sp -\&.ce -Figure 1. Example of a Floating Keep. -\&.hl -\&.)z -.sp -.ce -Figure 1. Example of a Floating Keep. -.hl -.)z -The -.b .hl -request is used -to draw a horizontal line -so that the figure -stands out from the text. -.sh 2 "Fancier Displays" -.pp -Keeps and lists are normally collected in -.i nofill -mode, -so that they are good for tables and such. -If you want a display -in fill mode -(for text), -type -.b ".(l\ F" -(Throughout this section, -comments applied to -.b .(l -also apply to -.b .(b -and -.b .(z ). -This kind of display -will be indented from both margins. -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.(l F -And now boys and girls, -a newer, bigger, better toy than ever before! -Be the first on your block to have your own computer! -Yes kids, you too can have one of these modern -data processing devices. -You too can produce beautifully formatted papers -without even batting an eye! -\&.)l -.)b -will be output as: -.(b F -And now boys and girls, -a newer, bigger, better toy than ever before! -Be the first on your block to have your own computer! -Yes kids, you too can have one of these modern -data processing devices. -You too can produce beautifully formatted papers -without even batting an eye! -.)b -.pp -Lists and blocks are also normally indented -(floating keeps are normally left justified). -To get a left-justified list, -type -.b ".(l\ L" . -To get a list centered -line-for-line, -type -.b ".(l C" . -For example, -to get a filled, -left justified list, enter: -.(b -\&.(l L F -text of block -\&.)l -.)b -The input: -.(b -\&.(l -first line of unfilled display -more lines -\&.)l -.)b -produces the indented text: -.(b -first line of unfilled display -more lines -.)b -Typing the character -.b L -after the -.b .(l -request produces the left justified result: -.(b L -first line of unfilled display -more lines -.)b -Using -.b C -instead of -.b L -produces the line-at-a-time centered output: -.(b C -first line of unfilled display -more lines -.)b -.pp -Sometimes it may be -that you want to center several lines -as a group, -rather than centering them -one line at a time. -To do this -use centered blocks, -which are surrounded by the requests -.b .(c -and -.b .)c . -All the lines are centered as a unit, -such that the longest line is centered -and the rest are -lined up around that line. -Notice that lines -do not move -relative to each other -using centered blocks, -whereas they do -using the -.b C -argument to keeps. -.pp -Centered blocks are -.i not -keeps, -and may be used -in conjunction -with keeps. -For example, -to center a group of lines -as a unit -and keep them -on one page, -use: -.(b -\&.(b L -\&.(c -first line of unfilled display -more lines -\&.)c -\&.)b -.)b -to produce: -.(b L -.(c -first line of unfilled display -more lines -.)c -.)b -If the block requests -(\c -.b .(b -and -.b .)b ) -had been omitted -the result would have been the same, -but with no guarantee -that the lines of the centered block -would have all been on one page. -Note the use of the -.b L -argument to -.b .(b ; -this causes the centered block -to center within the entire line -rather than within the line -minus the indent. -Also, -the center requests -must -be nested -.i inside -the keep requests. -.sh 1 "Annotations" -.pp -There are a number of requests -to save text -for later printing. -.i Footnotes -are printed at the bottom of the current page. -.i "Delayed text" -is intended to be a variant form -of footnote; -the text is printed only -when explicitly called for, -such as at the end of each chapter. -.i Indexes -are a type of delayed text -having a tag -(usually the page number) -attached to each entry -after a row of dots. -Indexes are also saved -until called for explicitly. -.sh 2 "Footnotes" -.pp -Footnotes begin with the request -.b .(f -and end with the request -.b .)f . -The current footnote number is maintained -automatically, -and can be used by typing \e**, -to produce a footnote number\**. -.(f -\**Like this. -.)f -The number is automatically incremented -after every footnote. -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.(q -A man who is not upright -and at the same time is presumptuous; -one who is not diligent and at the same time is ignorant; -one who is untruthful and at the same time is incompetent; -such men I do not count among acquaintances.\e** -\&.(f -\e**James R. Ware, -\&.ul -The Best of Confucius, -Halcyon House, 1950. -Page 77. -\&.)f -\&.)q -.)b -generates the result: -.(q -A man who is not upright -and at the same time is presumptuous; -one who is not diligent and at the same time is ignorant; -one who is untruthful and at the same time is incompetent; -such men I do not count among acquaintances.\** -.(f -\**James R. Ware, -.ul -The Best of Confucius, -Halcyon House, 1950. -Page 77. -.)f -.)q -It is important -that the footnote -appears -.i inside -the quote, -so that you can be sure -that the footnote -will appear -on the same page -as the quote. -.sh 2 "Delayed Text" -.pp -Delayed text -is very similar to a footnote -except that it is printed -when called for explicitly. -This allows a list of -references to -appear -(for example) -at the end of each chapter, -as is the convention in some disciplines. -Use -.b \e*# -on delayed text -instead of -.b \e** -as on footnotes. -.pp -If you are using delayed text -as your standard reference mechanism, -you can still use footnotes, -except that you may want to reference them -with special characters* -.(f -*Such as an asterisk. -.)f -rather than numbers. -.sh 2 "Indexes" -.pp -An -.q index -(actually more like a table of contents, -since the entries are not sorted alphabetically) -resembles delayed text, -in that it is saved until called for. -However, -each entry has the page number -(or some other tag) -appended to the last line -of the index entry -after a row of dots. -.pp -Index entries begin with the request -.b .(x -and end with -.b .)x . -The -.b .)x -request may have a argument, -which is the value to print -as the -.q "page number" . -It defaults to the current page number. -If the page number given is an underscore -(\c -.q _ ) -no page number -or line of dots -is printed at all. -To get the line of dots -without a page number, -type -.b ".)x """"" , -which specifies an explicitly null page number. -.pp -The -.b .xp -request prints the index. -.pp -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.(x -Sealing wax -\&.)x -\&.(x -Cabbages and kings -\&.)x _ -\&.(x -Why the sea is boiling hot -\&.)x 2.5a -\&.(x -Whether pigs have wings -\&.)x "" -\&.(x -This is a terribly long index entry, such as might be used -for a list of illustrations, tables, or figures; I expect it to -take at least two lines. -\&.)x -\&.xp -.)b -generates: -.(x -Sealing wax -.)x -.(x -Cabbages and kings -.)x _ -.(x -Why the sea is boiling hot -.)x 2.5a -.(x -Whether pigs have wings -.)x "" -.(x -This is a terribly long index entry, such as might be used -for a list of illustrations, tables, or figures; I expect it to -take at least two lines. -.)x -.xp -.pp -The -.b .(x -request may have a single character -argument, -specifying the -.q name -of the index; -the normal index is -.b x . -Thus, -several -.q indices -may be maintained simultaneously -(such as a list of tables, table of contents, etc.). -.pp -Notice that the index must be printed -at the -.i end -of the paper, -rather than at the beginning -where it will probably appear -(as a table of contents); -the pages may have to be physically rearranged -after printing. -.sh 1 "Fancier Features" -.pp -A large number of fancier requests -exist, -notably requests to provide other sorts of paragraphs, -numbered sections of the form -.b 1.2.3 -(such as used in this document), -and multicolumn output. -.sh 2 "More Paragraphs" -.pp -Paragraphs generally start with -a blank line -and with the first line -indented. -It is possible to get -left-justified block-style paragraphs -by using -.b .lp -instead of -.b .pp , -as demonstrated by the next paragraph. -.lp -Sometimes you want to use paragraphs -that have the -.i body -indented, -and the first line -exdented -(opposite of indented) -with a label. -This can be done with the -.b .ip -request. -A word specified on the same line as -.b .ip -is printed in the margin, -and the body is lined up -at a prespecified position -(normally five spaces). -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.ip one -This is the first paragraph. -Notice how the first line -of the resulting paragraph lines up -with the other lines in the paragraph. -\&.ip two -And here we are at the second paragraph already. -You may notice that the argument to \c -.b .ip -appears -in the margin. -\&.lp -We can continue text... -.)b -produces as output: -.ip one -This is the first paragraph. -Notice how the first line of the resulting paragraph lines up -with the other lines in the paragraph. -.ip two -And here we are at the second paragraph already. -You may notice that the argument to -.b .ip -appears -in the margin. -.lp -We can continue text without starting a new indented -paragraph -by using the -.b .lp -request. -.pp -If you have spaces in the label of a -.b .ip -request, -you must use an -.q "unpaddable space" -instead of a regular space. -This is typed as a backslash character -(\c -.q \e ) -followed by a space. -For example, -to print the label -.q "Part 1" , -enter: -.(b -\&.ip "Part\e 1" -.)b -.pp -If a label of an indented paragraph -(that is, the argument to -.b .ip ) -is longer than the space allocated for the label, -.b .ip -will begin a new line after the label. -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.ip longlabel -This paragraph had a long label. -The first character of text on the first line -will not line up with the text on second and subsequent lines, -although they will line up with each other. -.)b -will produce: -.ip longlabel -This paragraph had a long label. -The first character of text on the first line -will not line up with the text on second and subsequent lines, -although they will line up with each other. -.pp -It is possible to change the size of the label -by using a second argument -which is the size of the label. -For example, -the above example could be done correctly -by saying: -.(b -\&.ip longlabel 10 -.)b -which will make the paragraph indent -10 spaces for this paragraph only. -If you have many paragraphs to indent -all the same amount, -use the -.i "number register" -.b ii . -For example, to leave one inch of space -for the label, -type: -.(b -\&.nr ii 1i -.)b -somewhere before the first call to -.b .ip . -Refer to the reference manual -for more information. -.pp -If -.b .ip -is used -with no argument at all -no hanging tag will be printed. -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.ip [a] -This is the first paragraph of the example. -We have seen this sort of example before. -\&.ip -This paragraph is lined up with the previous paragraph, -but it has no tag in the margin. -.)b -produces as output: -.ip [a] -This is the first paragraph of the example. -We have seen this sort of example before. -.ip -This paragraph is lined up with the previous paragraph, -but it has no tag in the margin. -.pp -A special case of -.b .ip -is -.b .np , -which automatically -numbers paragraphs sequentially from 1. -The numbering is reset at the next -.b .pp , -.b .lp , -or -.b .sh -(to be described in the next section) -request. -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.np -This is the first point. -\&.np -This is the second point. -Points are just regular paragraphs -which are given sequence numbers automatically -by the .np request. -\&.pp -This paragraph will reset numbering by .np. -\&.np -For example, -we have reverted to numbering from one now. -.)b -generates: -.np -This is the first point. -.np -This is the second point. -Points are just regular paragraphs -which are given sequence numbers automatically -by the .np request. -.pp -This paragraph will reset numbering by .np. -.np -For example, -we have reverted to numbering from one now. -.pp -The -.b .bu -request gives lists of this sort that are identified with -bullets rather than numbers. -The paragraphs are also crunched together. -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.bu -\&One egg yolk -\&.bu -\&One tablespoon cream or top milk -\&.bu -\&Salt, cayenne, and lemon juice to taste -\&.bu -\&A generous two tablespoonfuls of butter -.)b -produces\**: -.(f -\**By the way, -if you put the first three ingredients in a heavy, deep pan -and whisk the ingredients madly over a medium flame -(never taking your hand off the handle of the pot) -until the mixture reaches the consistency of custard -(just a minute or two), -then mix in the butter off-heat, -you will have a wonderful Hollandaise sauce. -.)f -.bu -One egg yolk -.bu -One tablespoon cream or top milk -.bu -Salt, cayenne, and lemon juice to taste -.bu -A generous two tablespoonfuls of butter -.sh 2 "Section Headings" -.pp -Section numbers -(such as the ones used in this document) -can be automatically generated -using the -.b .sh -request. -You must tell -.b .sh -the -.i depth -of the section number -and a section title. -The depth -specifies how many numbers -are to appear -(separated by decimal points) -in the section number. -For example, -the section number -.b 4.2.5 -has a depth of three. -.pp -Section numbers -are incremented -in a fairly intuitive fashion. -If you add a number -(increase the depth), -the new number starts out -at one. -If you subtract section numbers -(or keep the same number) -the final number is incremented. -For example, -the input: -.(b -\&.sh 1 "The Preprocessor" -\&.sh 2 "Basic Concepts" -\&.sh 2 "Control Inputs" -\&.sh 3 -\&.sh 3 -\&.sh 1 "Code Generation" -\&.sh 3 -.)b -produces as output the result: -.(b -.b -1. The Preprocessor -1.1. Basic Concepts -1.2. Control Inputs -1.2.1. -1.2.2. -2. Code Generation -2.1.1. -.)b -.pp -You can specify the section number to begin -by placing the section number after the section title, -using spaces instead of dots. -For example, -the request: -.(b -\&.sh 3 "Another section" 7 3 4 -.)b -will begin the section numbered -.b 7.3.4 ; -all subsequent -.b .sh -requests will number relative to this number. -.pp -There are more complex features -which will cause each section to be indented -proportionally to the depth of the section. -For example, if you enter: -.(b -\&.nr si \c -.i N -.)b -each section will be indented by an amount -.i N . -.i N -must have a scaling factor attached, -that is, it must be of the form -.i Nx , -where -.i x -is a character telling what units -.i N -is in. -Common values for -.i x -are -.b i -for inches, -.b c -for centimeters, -and -.b n -for -.i ens -(the width of a single character). -For example, -to indent each section -one-half inch, -type: -.(b -\&.nr si 0.5i -.)b -After this, -sections will be indented by -one-half inch -per level of depth in the section number. -For example, -this document was produced -using the request -.(b -\&.nr si 3n -.)b -at the beginning of the input file, -giving three spaces of indent -per section depth. -.pp -Section headers without automatically generated numbers -can be done using: -.(b -\&.uh "Title" -.)b -which will do a section heading, -but will put no number on the section. -.sh 2 "Parts of the Basic Paper" -.pp -There are some requests -which assist in setting up -papers. -The -.b .tp -request -initializes for a title page. -There are no headers or footers -on a title page, -and unlike other pages -you can space down -and leave blank space -at the top. -For example, -a typical title page might appear as: -.(b -\&.tp -\&.sp 2i -\&.(l C -THE GROWTH OF TOENAILS -IN UPPER PRIMATES -\&.sp -by -\&.sp -Frank N. Furter -\&.)l -\&.bp -.)b -.pp -The request -.b .th -sets up the environment -of the \*N processor -to do a thesis, -using the rules established at Berkeley. -It defines the correct headers and footers -(a page number in the upper right hand corner only), -sets the margins correctly, -and double spaces. -.pp -The -.b .+c \ \c -.i T -request can be used -to start chapters. -Each chapter is automatically numbered -from one, -and a heading is printed at the top of each chapter -with the chapter number -and the chapter name -.i T . -For example, -to begin a chapter called -.q Conclusions , -use the request: -.(b -\&.+c "CONCLUSIONS" -.)b -which will produce, -on a new page, -the lines -.(b C -CHAPTER 5 -CONCLUSIONS -.)b -with appropriate spacing for a thesis. -Also, the header is moved to the foot of the page -on the first page of a chapter. -Although the -.b .+c -request was not designed to work only with the -.b .th -request, -it is tuned for the format acceptable -for a PhD thesis -at Berkeley. -.pp -If the -title parameter -.i T -is omitted from the -.b .+c -request, -the result is a chapter with no heading. -This can also be used at the beginning -of a paper; -for example, -.b .+c -was used to generate page one -of this document. -.pp -Although -papers traditionally have the abstract, -table of contents, -and so forth at the front of the paper, -it is more convenient to format -and print them last -when using \*N. -This is so that index entries -can be collected and then printed -for the table of contents -(or whatever). -At the end of the paper, -issue the -.b ".++ P" -request, -which begins the preliminary part -of the paper. -After issuing this request, -the -.b .+c -request will begin a preliminary section -of the paper. -Most notably, -this prints the page number -restarted from one -in lower case Roman numbers. -.b .+c -may be used repeatedly -to begin different parts of the -front material -for example, -the abstract, -the table of contents, -acknowledgments, -list of illustrations, -etc. -The request -.b ".++ B" -may also be used -to begin the bibliographic section -at the end of the paper. -For example, -the paper might appear -as outlined in figure 2. -(In this figure, -comments begin with the sequence -.b \e" .) -.(z -.hl -.if t .in 0.5i -.if t .ta 2i -.if n .ta 3i -\&.th \e" set for thesis mode -\&.fo \(aa\(aaDRAFT\(aa\(aa \e" define footer for each page -\&.tp \e" begin title page -\&.(l C \e" center a large block -THE GROWTH OF TOENAILS -IN UPPER PRIMATES -\&.sp -by -\&.sp -Frank Furter -\&.)l \e" end centered part -\&.+c INTRODUCTION \e" begin chapter named "INTRODUCTION" -\&.(x t \e" make an entry into index `t' -Introduction -\&.)x \e" end of index entry -text of chapter one -\&.+c "NEXT CHAPTER" \e" begin another chapter -\&.(x t \e" enter into index `t' again -Next Chapter -\&.)x -text of chapter two -\&.+c CONCLUSIONS -\&.(x t -Conclusions -\&.)x -text of chapter three -\&.++ B \e" begin bibliographic information -\&.+c BIBLIOGRAPHY \e" begin another `chapter' -\&.(x t -Bibliography -\&.)x -text of bibliography -\&.++ P \e" begin preliminary material -\&.+c "TABLE OF CONTENTS" -\&.xp t \e" print index `t' collected above -\&.+c PREFACE \e" begin another preliminary section -text of preface -.sp 2 -.in 0 -.ce -Figure 2. Outline of a Sample Paper -.hl -.)z -.sh 2 "Equations and Tables" -.pp -Two special \*U programs exist -to format special types of material. -.b Eqn -and -.b neqn -set equations -for the phototypesetter -and \*N respectively. -.b Tbl -arranges to print -extremely pretty tables -in a variety of formats. -This document will only describe -the embellishments -to the standard features; -consult the reference manuals -for those processors -for a description of their use. -.pp -The -.b eqn -and -.b neqn -programs are described fully -in the document -.ul -Typesetting Mathematics \- User's Guide -by Brian W. Kernighan -and Lorinda L. Cherry. -Equations are centered, -and are kept on one page. -They are introduced by the -.b .EQ -request and terminated by the -.b .EN -request. -.pp -The -.b .EQ -request may take an -equation number as an -optional argument, -which is printed vertically centered -on the right hand side -of the equation. -If the equation becomes too long -it should be split -between two lines. -To do this, type: -.(b -\&.EQ (eq 34) -text of equation 34 -\&.EN C -\&.EQ -continuation of equation 34 -\&.EN -.)b -The -.b C -on the -.b .EN -request -specifies that the equation -will be continued. -.pp -The -.b tbl -program produces tables. -It is fully described -(including numerous examples) -in the document -.ul -Tbl \- A Program to Format Tables -by M. E. Lesk. -Tables begin with the -.b .TS -request -and end with the -.b .TE -request. -Tables are normally kept on a single page. -If you have a table which is too big -to fit on a single page, -so that you know it will extend -to several pages, -begin the table with the request -.b ".TS\ H" -and put the request -.b .TH -after the part of the table -which you want -duplicated at the top of every page -that the table is printed on. -For example, a table definition -for a long table might look like: -.ds TA \|\h'.4n'\v'-.2n'\s-4\zT\s0\v'.2n'\h'-.4n'\(ci\| -.if n .ds TA \ \o'-T'\ \" -.(b -\&.TS H -c s s -n n n. -THE TABLE TITLE -\&.TH -text of the table -\&.TE -.)b -.pp -.sh 2 "Two Column Output" -.pp -You can get two column output -automatically -by using the request -.b .2c . -This causes everything after it -to be output in two-column form. -The request -.b .bc -will start a new column; -it differs from -.b .bp -in that -.b .bp -may leave a totally blank column -when it starts a new page. -To revert to single column output, -use -.b .1c . -.sh 2 "Defining Macros" -.pp -A -.i macro -is a collection of requests and text -which may be used -by stating a simple request. -Macros begin with the line -.b ".de" \ \c -.i xx -(where -.i xx -is the name of the macro to be defined) -and end with the line consisting of two dots. -After defining the macro, -stating the line -.b . \c -.i xx -is the same as stating all the other lines. -For example, -to define a macro -that spaces 3 lines -and then centers the next input line, -enter: -.(b -\&.de SS -\&.sp 3 -\&.ce -\&.. -.)b -and use it by typing: -.(b -\&.SS -\&Title Line -(beginning of text) -.)b -.pp -Macro names may be one or two characters. -In order to avoid conflicts -with names in \-me, -always use upper case letters as names. -The only names to avoid are -.b TS , -.b TH , -.b TE , -.b EQ , -and -.b EN . -.sh 2 "Annotations Inside Keeps" -.pp -Sometimes you may want to put -a footnote -or index entry inside a keep. -For example, -if you want to maintain a -.q "list of figures" -you will want to do something like: -.(b -\&.(z -\&.(c -text of figure -\&.)c -\&.ce -Figure 5. -\&.(x f -Figure 5 -\&.)x -\&.)z -.)b -which you may hope -will give you a figure -with a label -and an entry in the index -.b f -(presumably a list of figures index). -Unfortunately, -the -index entry -is read and interpreted -when the keep is read, -not when it is printed, -so the page number in the index is likely to be wrong. -The solution is to use the magic string -.b \e! -at the beginning of all the lines dealing with the index. -In other words, -you should use: -.(b -\&.(z -\&.(c -Text of figure -\&.)c -\&.ce -Figure 5. -\e!.(x f -\e!Figure 5 -\e!.)x -\&.)z -.)b -which will defer the processing of the index -until the figure is output. -This will guarantee -that the page number in the index -is correct. -The same comments apply -to -blocks -(with -.b .(b -and -.b .)b ) -as well. -.sh 1 "\*T and the Photosetter" -.pp -With a little care, -you can prepare -documents that -will print nicely -on either a regular terminal -or when phototypeset -using the \*T formatting program. -.sh 2 "Fonts" -.pp -A -.i font -is a style of type. -There are three fonts -that are available simultaneously, -Times Roman, -Times Italic, -and Times Bold, -plus the special math font. -The normal font is Roman. -Text which would be underlined in \*N -with the -.b .ul -request -is set in italics -in \*T. -.pp -There are ways of switching between fonts. -The requests -.b .r , -.b .i , -and -.b .b -switch to Roman, -italic, -and bold fonts respectively. -You can set a single word -in some font -by typing (for example): -.(b -\&.i word -.)b -which will set -.i word -in italics -but does not affect the surrounding text. -In \*N, -italic and bold text -is underlined. -.pp -Notice that if you are setting more than one word -in whatever font, -you must surround that word with double quote marks -(`\|"\|') -so that it will appear to the \*N processor as a single word. -The quote marks will not appear in the formatted text. -If you do want a quote mark to appear, -you should quote the entire string -(even if a single word), -and use -.i two -quote marks where you want one to appear. -For example, -if you want to produce the text: -.(b -.i """Master Control\|""" -.)b -in italics, you must type: -.(b -\&.i """Master Control\e|""" -.)b -The -.b \e| -produces a very narrow space -so that the -.q l -does not overlap the quote sign in \*T, -like this: -.(b -.i """Master Control""" -.)b -.pp -There are also several -.q pseudo-fonts -available. -The input: -.(b -\&.(b -\&.u underlined -\&.bi "bold italics" -\&.bx "words in a box" -\&.)b -.)b -generates -.(b -.u underlined -.bi "bold italics" -.bx "words in a box" -.)b -In \*N these all just underline -the text. -Notice that pseudo font requests -set only the single parameter in the pseudo font; -ordinary font requests will begin setting all text -in the special font -if you do not provide a parameter. -No more than one word -should appear -with these three font requests -in the middle of lines. -This is because -of the way \*T justifies text. -For example, -if you were to issue the requests: -.(b -\&.bi "some bold italics" -and -\&.bx "words in a box" -.)b -in the middle of a line -\*T would produce -.bi "some bold italics" -and -.bx "words in a box" ,\c -.if t \p -.if n \& \" -.if t which I think you will agree does not look good. -.if n which would look really lousy in \*T. -.pp -The second parameter -of all font requests -is set in the original font. -For example, -the font request: -.(b -\&.b bold face -.)b -generates -.q bold -in bold font, -but sets -.q face -in the font of the surrounding text, -resulting in: -.(b -.b bold face. -.)b -To set the two words -.b bold -and -.b face -both in -.b "bold face" , -type: -.(b -\&.b "bold face" -.)b -.pp -You can mix fonts in a word by using the -special sequence -.b \ec -at the end of a line -to indicate -.q "continue text processing" ; -this allows input lines -to be joined together -without a space between them. -For example, the input: -.(b -\&.u under \ec -\&.i italics -.)b -generates -.u under \c -.i italics , -but if we had typed: -.(b -\&.u under -\&.i italics -.)b -the result would have been -.u under -.i italics -as two words. -.sh 2 "Point Sizes" -.pp -The phototypesetter -supports different sizes of type, -measured in points. -The default point size -is 10 points -for most text, -8 points for footnotes. -To change the pointsize, -type: -.(b -\&.sz \c -.i +N -.)b -where -.i N -is the size wanted in points. -The -.i "vertical spacing" -(distance between the bottom of most letters -(the -.i baseline ) -between adjacent lines) -is set to be proportional -to the type size. -.pp -These pointsize changes are -.i temporary !!! -For example, -to reset the pointsize of basic text to twelve point, use: -.(b -\&.nr pp 12 -\&.nr sp 12 -\&.nr tp 12 -.)b -to reset the default pointsize of -paragraphs, -section headers, -and titles respectively. -If you only want to set the names of sections in a larger pointsize, -use: -.(b -\&.nr sp 11 -.)b -alone \*- this sets section titles -(e.g., -.b "Point Sizes" -above) -in a larger font than the default. -.pp -A single word or phrase can be set in a smaller pointsize -than the surrounding text -using the -.b .sm -request. -This is especially convenient for words that are all capitals, -due to the optical illusion that makes them look even larger -than they actually are. -For example: -.(b -\&.sm UNIX -.)b -prints as -.sm UNIX -rather than -UNIX. -.pp -Warning: -changing point sizes -on the phototypesetter -is a slow mechanical operation. -On laser printers it may require loading new fonts. -Size changes -should be considered carefully. -.sh 2 "Quotes" -.pp -It is conventional when using -the typesetter to -use pairs of grave and acute accents -to generate double quotes, -rather than the -double quote character -(`\|"\|'). -This is because it looks better -to use grave and acute accents; -for example, compare -"quote" to -``quote''. -.pp -In order to make quotes compatible -between the typesetter and terminals, -you may use the sequences -.b \e*(lq -and -.b \e*(rq -to stand for the left and right quote -respectively. -These both appear as -.b """" -on most terminals, -but are typeset as -.b `` -and -.b '' -respectively. -For example, -use: -.(b -\e*(lqSome things aren\(aat true -even if they did happen.\e*(rq -.)b -to generate the result: -.(b -.q "Some things aren't true even if they did happen." -.)b -As a shorthand, -the special font request: -.(b -\&.q "quoted text" -.)b -will generate -.q "quoted text" . -Notice that you must surround -the material to be quoted -with double quote marks -if it is more than one word. -.sh 0 -.sp 1i -.b Acknowledgments -.pp -I would like to thank -Bob Epstein, -Bill Joy, -and Larry Rowe -for having the courage -to use the \-me macros -to produce non-trivial papers -during the development stages; -Ricki Blau, -Pamela Humphrey, -and Jim Joyce -for their help with the documentation phase; -peter kessler -for numerous complaints years after I was -.q done -with this project, -most accompanied by fixes -(hence forcing me to fix several small bugs); -and the plethora of people who have contributed ideas -and have given support for the project. -.sp 1i -This document was -.if n \*N'ed -.if t \*T'ed -on \*(td -and applies to version -\*(MO -of the \-me macros. |
