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+.\" Copyright (c) 1986, 1993
+.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\" without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" @(#)0.t 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
+.\"
+.EQ
+delim $$
+.EN
+.if n .ND
+.TL
+A Fast File System for UNIX*
+.EH 'SMM:05-%''A Fast File System for \s-2UNIX\s+2'
+.OH 'A Fast File System for \s-2UNIX\s+2''SMM:05-%'
+.AU
+Marshall Kirk McKusick, William N. Joy\(dg,
+Samuel J. Leffler\(dd, Robert S. Fabry
+.AI
+Computer Systems Research Group
+Computer Science Division
+Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
+University of California, Berkeley
+Berkeley, CA 94720
+.AB
+.FS
+* UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.
+.FE
+.FS
+\(dg William N. Joy is currently employed by:
+Sun Microsystems, Inc, 2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043
+.FE
+.FS
+\(dd Samuel J. Leffler is currently employed by:
+Lucasfilm Ltd., PO Box 2009, San Rafael, CA 94912
+.FE
+.FS
+This work was done under grants from
+the National Science Foundation under grant MCS80-05144,
+and the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DoD) under
+ARPA Order No. 4031 monitored by Naval Electronic System Command under
+Contract No. N00039-82-C-0235.
+.FE
+A reimplementation of the UNIX file system is described.
+The reimplementation provides substantially higher throughput
+rates by using more flexible allocation policies
+that allow better locality of reference and can
+be adapted to a wide range of peripheral and processor characteristics.
+The new file system clusters data that is sequentially accessed
+and provides two block sizes to allow fast access to large files
+while not wasting large amounts of space for small files.
+File access rates of up to ten times faster than the traditional
+UNIX file system are experienced.
+Long needed enhancements to the programmers'
+interface are discussed.
+These include a mechanism to place advisory locks on files,
+extensions of the name space across file systems,
+the ability to use long file names,
+and provisions for administrative control of resource usage.
+.sp
+.LP
+Revised February 18, 1984
+.AE
+.LP
+.sp 2
+CR Categories and Subject Descriptors:
+D.4.3
+.B "[Operating Systems]":
+File Systems Management \-
+.I "file organization, directory structures, access methods";
+D.4.2
+.B "[Operating Systems]":
+Storage Management \-
+.I "allocation/deallocation strategies, secondary storage devices";
+D.4.8
+.B "[Operating Systems]":
+Performance \-
+.I "measurements, operational analysis";
+H.3.2
+.B "[Information Systems]":
+Information Storage \-
+.I "file organization"
+.sp
+Additional Keywords and Phrases:
+UNIX,
+file system organization,
+file system performance,
+file system design,
+application program interface.
+.sp
+General Terms:
+file system,
+measurement,
+performance.
+.bp
+.ce
+.B "TABLE OF CONTENTS"
+.LP
+.sp 1
+.nf
+.B "1. Introduction"
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B "2. Old file system
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B "3. New file system organization
+3.1. Optimizing storage utilization
+3.2. File system parameterization
+3.3. Layout policies
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B "4. Performance
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B "5. File system functional enhancements
+5.1. Long file names
+5.2. File locking
+5.3. Symbolic links
+5.4. Rename
+5.5. Quotas
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B Acknowledgements
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B References
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