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+.\" Copyright (c) 1985 The Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\" without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" @(#)1.t 5.1 (Berkeley) 4/17/91
+.\"
+.ds RH Introduction
+.af PN 1
+.bp 1
+.NH
+Introduction
+.PP
+The Berkeley Software Distributions of
+.UX
+for the VAX have added many new capabilities that were
+previously unavailable under
+.UX .
+The development effort for 4.2BSD concentrated on providing new
+facilities, and in getting them to work correctly.
+Many new data structures were added to the system to support
+these new capabilities.
+In addition,
+many of the existing data structures and algorithms
+were put to new uses or their old functions placed under increased demand.
+The effect of these changes was that
+mechanisms that were well tuned under 4.1BSD
+no longer provided adequate performance for 4.2BSD.
+The increased user feedback that came with the release of
+4.2BSD and a growing body of experience with the system
+highlighted the performance shortcomings of 4.2BSD.
+.PP
+This paper details the work that we have done since
+the release of 4.2BSD to measure the performance of the system,
+detect the bottlenecks,
+and find solutions to remedy them.
+Most of our tuning has been in the context of the real
+timesharing systems in our environment.
+Rather than using simulated workloads,
+we have sought to analyze our tuning efforts under
+realistic conditions.
+Much of the work has been done in the machine independent parts
+of the system, hence these improvements could be applied to
+other variants of UNIX with equal success.
+All of the changes made have been included in 4.3BSD.
+.PP
+Section 2 of the paper describes the tools and techniques
+available to us for measuring system performance.
+In Section 3 we present the results of using these tools, while Section 4
+has the performance improvements
+that have been made to the system based on our measurements.
+Section 5 highlights the functional enhancements that have
+been made to Berkeley UNIX 4.2BSD.
+Section 6 discusses some of the security problems that
+have been addressed.
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