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-.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993
-.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-.\"
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-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-.\" are met:
-.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.\"     @(#)execve.2	8.5 (Berkeley) 6/1/94
-.\" $FreeBSD$
-.\"
-.Dd September 21, 2010
-.Dt EXECVE 2
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm execve ,
-.Nm fexecve
-.Nd execute a file
-.Sh LIBRARY
-.Lb libc
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.In unistd.h
-.Ft int
-.Fn execve "const char *path" "char *const argv[]" "char *const envp[]"
-.Ft int
-.Fn fexecve "int fd" "char *const argv[]" "char *const envp[]"
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The
-.Fn execve
-system call
-transforms the calling process into a new process.
-The new process is constructed from an ordinary file,
-whose name is pointed to by
-.Fa path ,
-called the
-.Em new process file .
-The
-.Fn fexecve
-system call is equivalent to
-.Fn execve
-except that the file to be executed is determined by the file
-descriptor
-.Fa fd
-instead of a
-.Fa path .
-This file is either an executable object file,
-or a file of data for an interpreter.
-An executable object file consists of an identifying header,
-followed by pages of data representing the initial program (text)
-and initialized data pages.
-Additional pages may be specified
-by the header to be initialized with zero data; see
-.Xr elf 5
-and
-.Xr a.out 5 .
-.Pp
-An interpreter file begins with a line of the form:
-.Pp
-.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
-.Sy \&#!
-.Em interpreter
-.Bq Em arg
-.Ed
-.Pp
-When an interpreter file is
-.Sy execve Ap d ,
-the system actually
-.Sy execve Ap s
-the specified
-.Em interpreter .
-If the optional
-.Em arg
-is specified, it becomes the first argument to the
-.Em interpreter ,
-and the name of the originally
-.Sy execve Ap d
-file becomes the second argument;
-otherwise, the name of the originally
-.Sy execve Ap d
-file becomes the first argument.
-The original arguments are shifted over to
-become the subsequent arguments.
-The zeroth argument is set to the specified
-.Em interpreter .
-.Pp
-The argument
-.Fa argv
-is a pointer to a null-terminated array of
-character pointers to null-terminated character strings.
-These strings construct the argument list to be made available to the new
-process.
-At least one argument must be present in
-the array; by custom, the first element should be
-the name of the executed program (for example, the last component of
-.Fa path ) .
-.Pp
-The argument
-.Fa envp
-is also a pointer to a null-terminated array of
-character pointers to null-terminated strings.
-A pointer to this array is normally stored in the global variable
-.Va environ .
-These strings pass information to the
-new process that is not directly an argument to the command (see
-.Xr environ 7 ) .
-.Pp
-File descriptors open in the calling process image remain open in
-the new process image, except for those for which the close-on-exec
-flag is set (see
-.Xr close 2
-and
-.Xr fcntl 2 ) .
-Descriptors that remain open are unaffected by
-.Fn execve .
-If any of the standard descriptors (0, 1, and/or 2) are closed at the
-time
-.Fn execve
-is called, and the process will gain privilege as a result of set-id
-semantics, those descriptors will be re-opened automatically.
-No programs, whether privileged or not, should assume that these descriptors
-will remain closed across a call to
-.Fn execve .
-.Pp
-Signals set to be ignored in the calling process are set to be ignored in
-the
-new process.
-Signals which are set to be caught in the calling process image
-are set to default action in the new process image.
-Blocked signals remain blocked regardless of changes to the signal action.
-The signal stack is reset to be undefined (see
-.Xr sigaction 2
-for more information).
-.Pp
-If the set-user-ID mode bit of the new process image file is set
-(see
-.Xr chmod 2 ) ,
-the effective user ID of the new process image is set to the owner ID
-of the new process image file.
-If the set-group-ID mode bit of the new process image file is set,
-the effective group ID of the new process image is set to the group ID
-of the new process image file.
-(The effective group ID is the first element of the group list.)
-The real user ID, real group ID and
-other group IDs of the new process image remain the same as the calling
-process image.
-After any set-user-ID and set-group-ID processing,
-the effective user ID is recorded as the saved set-user-ID,
-and the effective group ID is recorded as the saved set-group-ID.
-These values may be used in changing the effective IDs later (see
-.Xr setuid 2 ) .
-.Pp
-The set-ID bits are not honored if the respective file system has the
-.Cm nosuid
-option enabled or if the new process file is an interpreter file.
-Syscall
-tracing is disabled if effective IDs are changed.
-.Pp
-The new process also inherits the following attributes from
-the calling process:
-.Pp
-.Bl -column parent_process_ID -offset indent -compact
-.It process ID Ta see Xr getpid 2
-.It parent process ID Ta see Xr getppid 2
-.It process group ID Ta see Xr getpgrp 2
-.It access groups Ta see Xr getgroups 2
-.It working directory Ta see Xr chdir 2
-.It root directory Ta see Xr chroot 2
-.It control terminal Ta see Xr termios 4
-.It resource usages Ta see Xr getrusage 2
-.It interval timers Ta see Xr getitimer 2
-.It resource limits Ta see Xr getrlimit 2
-.It file mode mask Ta see Xr umask 2
-.It signal mask Ta see Xr sigaction 2 ,
-.Xr sigprocmask 2
-.El
-.Pp
-When a program is executed as a result of an
-.Fn execve
-system call, it is entered as follows:
-.Bd -literal -offset indent
-main(argc, argv, envp)
-int argc;
-char **argv, **envp;
-.Ed
-.Pp
-where
-.Fa argc
-is the number of elements in
-.Fa argv
-(the ``arg count'')
-and
-.Fa argv
-points to the array of character pointers
-to the arguments themselves.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn fexecve
-ignores the file offset of
-.Fa fd .
-Since execute permission is checked by
-.Fn fexecve ,
-the file descriptor
-.Fa fd
-need not have been opened with the
-.Dv O_EXEC
-flag.
-However, if the file to be executed denies read permission for the process
-preparing to do the exec, the only way to provide the
-.Fa fd
-to
-.Fn fexecve
-is to use the
-.Dv O_EXEC
-flag when opening
-.Fa fd .
-Note that the file to be executed can not be open for writing.
-.Sh RETURN VALUES
-As the
-.Fn execve
-system call overlays the current process image
-with a new process image the successful call
-has no process to return to.
-If
-.Fn execve
-does return to the calling process an error has occurred; the
-return value will be -1 and the global variable
-.Va errno
-is set to indicate the error.
-.Sh ERRORS
-The
-.Fn execve
-system call
-will fail and return to the calling process if:
-.Bl -tag -width Er
-.It Bq Er ENOTDIR
-A component of the path prefix is not a directory.
-.It Bq Er ENAMETOOLONG
-A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters,
-or an entire path name exceeded 1023 characters.
-.It Bq Er ENOEXEC
-When invoking an interpreted script, the length of the first line,
-inclusive of the
-.Sy \&#!
-prefix and terminating newline, exceeds
-.Dv MAXSHELLCMDLEN
-characters.
-.It Bq Er ENOENT
-The new process file does not exist.
-.It Bq Er ELOOP
-Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname.
-.It Bq Er EACCES
-Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix.
-.It Bq Er EACCES
-The new process file is not an ordinary file.
-.It Bq Er EACCES
-The new process file mode denies execute permission.
-.It Bq Er ENOEXEC
-The new process file has the appropriate access
-permission, but has an invalid magic number in its header.
-.It Bq Er ETXTBSY
-The new process file is a pure procedure (shared text)
-file that is currently open for writing by some process.
-.It Bq Er ENOMEM
-The new process requires more virtual memory than
-is allowed by the imposed maximum
-.Pq Xr getrlimit 2 .
-.It Bq Er E2BIG
-The number of bytes in the new process' argument list
-is larger than the system-imposed limit.
-This limit is specified by the
-.Xr sysctl 3
-MIB variable
-.Dv KERN_ARGMAX .
-.It Bq Er EFAULT
-The new process file is not as long as indicated by
-the size values in its header.
-.It Bq Er EFAULT
-The
-.Fa path ,
-.Fa argv ,
-or
-.Fa envp
-arguments
-point
-to an illegal address.
-.It Bq Er EIO
-An I/O error occurred while reading from the file system.
-.El
-.Pp
-In addition, the
-.Fn fexecve
-will fail and return to the calling process if:
-.Bl -tag -width Er
-.It Bq Er EBADF
-The
-.Fa fd
-argument is not a valid file descriptor open for executing.
-.El
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr ktrace 1 ,
-.Xr _exit 2 ,
-.Xr fork 2 ,
-.Xr open 2 ,
-.Xr execl 3 ,
-.Xr exit 3 ,
-.Xr sysctl 3 ,
-.Xr a.out 5 ,
-.Xr elf 5 ,
-.Xr fdescfs 5 ,
-.Xr environ 7 ,
-.Xr mount 8
-.Sh STANDARDS
-The
-.Fn execve
-system call conforms to
-.St -p1003.1-2001 ,
-with the exception of reopening descriptors 0, 1, and/or 2 in certain
-circumstances.
-A future update of the Standard is expected to require this behavior,
-and it may become the default for non-privileged processes as well.
-.\" NB: update this caveat when TC1 is blessed.
-The support for executing interpreted programs is an extension.
-The
-.Fn fexecve
-system call conforms to The Open Group Extended API Set 2 specification.
-.Sh HISTORY
-The
-.Fn execve
-system call appeared in
-.Bx 4.2 .
-The
-.Fn fexecve
-system call appeared in
-.Fx 8.0 .
-.Sh CAVEATS
-If a program is
-.Em setuid
-to a non-super-user, but is executed when
-the real
-.Em uid
-is ``root'', then the program has some of the powers
-of a super-user as well.
-.Pp
-When executing an interpreted program through
-.Fn fexecve ,
-kernel supplies
-.Pa /dev/fd/n
-as a second argument to the interpreter,
-where
-.Ar n
-is the file descriptor passed in the
-.Fa fd
-argument to
-.Fn fexecve .
-For this construction to work correctly, the
-.Xr fdescfs 5
-filesystem shall be mounted on
-.Pa /dev/fd .