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-.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
-.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-.\" are met:
-.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
-.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
-.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
-.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
-.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.\"     @(#)popen.3	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
-.\"
-.Dd May 3, 1995
-.Dt POPEN 3
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm popen ,
-.Nm pclose
-.Nd process
-.Tn I/O
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.Fd #include <stdio.h>
-.Ft FILE *
-.Fn popen "const char *command" "const char *type"
-.Ft int
-.Fn pclose "FILE *stream"
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The
-.Fn popen
-function
-.Dq opens
-a process by creating a bidirectional pipe
-forking,
-and invoking the shell.
-Historically,
-.Nm popen
-was implemented with a unidirectional pipe;
-hence many implementations of
-.Nm popen
-only allow the
-.Fa type
-argument to specify reading or writing, not both.
-Since
-.Nm popen
-is now implemented using a bidirectional pipe, the
-.Fa type
-argument may request a bidirectional data flow.
-The
-.Fa type
-argument is a pointer to a null-terminated string
-which must be
-.Ql r
-for reading,
-.Ql w
-for writing, or
-.Ql r+
-for reading and writing.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fa command
-argument is a pointer to a null-terminated string
-containing a shell command line.
-This command is passed to
-.Pa /bin/sh
-using the
-.Fl c
-flag; interpretation, if any, is performed by the shell.
-.Pp
-The return value from
-.Fn popen
-is a normal standard
-.Tn I/O
-stream in all respects
-save that it must be closed with
-.Fn pclose
-rather than
-.Fn fclose .
-Writing to such a stream
-writes to the standard input of the command;
-the command's standard output is the same as that of the process that called
-.Fn popen ,
-unless this is altered by the command itself.
-Conversely, reading from a
-.Dq popened
-stream reads the command's standard output, and
-the command's standard input is the same as that of the process that called
-.Fn popen .
-.Pp
-Note that output
-.Fn popen
-streams are fully buffered by default.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn pclose
-function waits for the associated process to terminate
-and returns the exit status of the command
-as returned by
-.Fn wait4 .
-.Sh RETURN VALUE
-The
-.Fn popen
-function returns
-.Dv NULL
-if the
-.Xr fork 2
-or
-.Xr pipe 2
-calls fail,
-or if it cannot allocate memory.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn pclose
-function
-returns \-1 if
-.Fa stream
-is not associated with a
-.Dq popened
-command, if
-.Fa stream
-already
-.Dq pclosed ,
-or if
-.Xr wait4
-returns an error.
-.Sh ERRORS
-The
-.Fn popen
-function does not reliably set
-.Va errno .
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr sh 1 ,
-.Xr fork 2 ,
-.Xr pipe 2 ,
-.Xr wait4 2 ,
-.Xr fclose 3 ,
-.Xr fflush 3 ,
-.Xr fopen 3 ,
-.Xr stdio 3 ,
-.Xr system 3
-.Sh BUGS
-Since the standard input of a command opened for reading
-shares its seek offset with the process that called
-.Fn popen ,
-if the original process has done a buffered read,
-the command's input position may not be as expected.
-Similarly, the output from a command opened for writing
-may become intermingled with that of the original process.
-The latter can be avoided by calling
-.Xr fflush 3
-before
-.Fn popen .
-.Pp
-Failure to execute the shell
-is indistinguishable from the shell's failure to execute command,
-or an immediate exit of the command.
-The only hint is an exit status of 127.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn popen
-argument
-always calls
-.Xr sh 1 ,
-never calls
-.Xr csh 1 .
-.Sh HISTORY
-A
-.Fn popen
-and a
-.Fn pclose
-function appeared in
-.At v7 .