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-.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation       \-*-Text-*-
-.\" See section COPYING for conditions for redistribution
-.TH cpp 1 "30, April 1993" "FreeBSD" "GNU Tools"
-.SH NAME
-cpp \- Compiler Preprocessor.
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.hy 0
-.na
-.TP
-.B cpp
-.RB "[\|" \-$ "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-A \c
-.I predicate\c
-.RB [ (\c
-.I value\c
-.BR ) ]\|]
-.RB "[\|" \-C "\|]" 
-.RB "[\|" \-D \c
-.I name\c
-.RB [ =\c
-.I definition\c
-\&]\|]
-.RB "[\|" \-dD "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-dM "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" "\-I\ "\c
-.I directory\c
-\&\|]
-.RB "[\|" \-H "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-I\- "\|]" 
-.RB "[\|" "\-imacros\ "\c
-.I file\c
-\&\|]
-.RB "[\|" "\-include\ "\c
-.I file\c
-\&\|]
-.RB "[\|" "\-idirafter\ "\c
-.I dir\c
-\&\|]
-.RB "[\|" "\-iprefix\ "\c
-.I prefix\c
-\&\|]
-.RB "[\|" "\-iwithprefix\ "\c
-.I dir\c
-\&\|]
-.RB "[\|" \-lang\-c "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-lang\-c++ "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-lang\-objc "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-lang\-objc++ "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-lint "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-M\  [ \-MG "\|]]"
-.RB "[\|" \-MM\  [ \-MG "\|]]"
-.RB "[\|" \-MD\  \c
-.I file\ \c
-\&\|]
-.RB "[\|" \-MMD\  \c
-.I file\ \c
-\&\|]
-.RB "[\|" \-nostdinc "\|]" 
-.RB "[\|" \-nostdinc++ "\|]" 
-.RB "[\|" \-P "\|]" 
-.RB "[\|" \-pedantic "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-pedantic\-errors "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-traditional "\|]" 
-.RB "[\|" \-trigraphs "\|]" 
-.RB "[\|" \-U \c
-.I name\c
-\&\|]
-.RB "[\|" \-undef "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-Wtrigraphs "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-Wcomment "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-Wall "\|]"
-.RB "[\|" \-Wtraditional "\|]"
-.br
-.RB "[\|" \c
-.I infile\c
-.RB | \- "\|]" 
-.RB "[\|" \c
-.I outfile\c
-.RB | \- "\|]"  
-.ad b
-.hy 1
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-The C preprocessor is a \c
-.I macro processor\c
-\& that is used automatically by
-the C compiler to transform your program before actual compilation.  It is
-called a macro processor because it allows you to define \c
-.I macros\c
-\&,
-which are brief abbreviations for longer constructs.
-
-The C preprocessor provides four separate facilities that you can use as
-you see fit:
-.TP
-\(bu
-Inclusion of header files.  These are files of declarations that can be
-substituted into your program.
-.TP
-\(bu
-Macro expansion.  You can define \c
-.I macros\c
-\&, which are abbreviations
-for arbitrary fragments of C code, and then the C preprocessor will
-replace the macros with their definitions throughout the program.
-.TP
-\(bu
-Conditional compilation.  Using special preprocessor commands, you
-can include or exclude parts of the program according to various
-conditions.
-.TP
-\(bu
-Line control.  If you use a program to combine or rearrange source files into
-an intermediate file which is then compiled, you can use line control
-to inform the compiler of where each source line originally came from.
-.PP
-C preprocessors vary in some details.  For a full explanation of the
-GNU C preprocessor, see the
-.B info
-file `\|\c
-.B cpp.info\c
-\&\|', or the manual
-.I The C Preprocessor\c
-\&.  Both of these are built from the same documentation source file, `\|\c
-.B cpp.texinfo\c
-\&\|'.  The GNU C
-preprocessor provides a superset of the features of ANSI Standard C.
-
-ANSI Standard C requires the rejection of many harmless constructs commonly
-used by today's C programs.  Such incompatibility would be inconvenient for
-users, so the GNU C preprocessor is configured to accept these constructs
-by default.  Strictly speaking, to get ANSI Standard C, you must use the
-options `\|\c
-.B \-trigraphs\c
-\&\|', `\|\c
-.B \-undef\c
-\&\|' and `\|\c
-.B \-pedantic\c
-\&\|', but in
-practice the consequences of having strict ANSI Standard C make it
-undesirable to do this.  
-
-Most often when you use the C preprocessor you will not have to invoke it
-explicitly: the C compiler will do so automatically.  However, the
-preprocessor is sometimes useful individually.
-
-The C preprocessor expects two file names as arguments, \c
-.I infile\c
-\& and
-\c
-.I outfile\c
-\&.  The preprocessor reads \c
-.I infile\c
-\& together with any other
-files it specifies with `\|\c
-.B #include\c
-\&\|'.  All the output generated by the
-combined input files is written in \c
-.I outfile\c
-\&.
-
-Either \c
-.I infile\c
-\& or \c
-.I outfile\c
-\& may be `\|\c
-.B \-\c
-\&\|', which as \c
-.I infile\c
-\&
-means to read from standard input and as \c
-.I outfile\c
-\& means to write to
-standard output.  Also, if \c
-.I outfile\c
-\& or both file names are omitted,
-the standard output and standard input are used for the omitted file names.
-.SH OPTIONS
-Here is a table of command options accepted by the C preprocessor.  
-These options can also be given when compiling a C program; they are
-passed along automatically to the preprocessor when it is invoked by
-the compiler. 
-.TP
-.B \-P
-Inhibit generation of `\|\c
-.B #\c
-\&\|'-lines with line-number information in
-the output from the preprocessor.  This might be
-useful when running the preprocessor on something that is not C code
-and will be sent to a program which might be confused by the
-`\|\c
-.B #\c
-\&\|'-lines.
-.TP
-.B \-C
-Do not discard comments: pass them through to the output file.
-Comments appearing in arguments of a macro call will be copied to the
-output before the expansion of the macro call.
-.TP
-.B \-traditional
-Try to imitate the behavior of old-fashioned C, as opposed to ANSI C.
-.TP
-.B \-trigraphs
-Process ANSI standard trigraph sequences.  These are three-character
-sequences, all starting with `\|\c
-.B ??\c
-\&\|', that are defined by ANSI C to
-stand for single characters.  For example, `\|\c
-.B ??/\c
-\&\|' stands for
-`\|\c
-.BR "\e" "\|',"
-so `\|\c
-.B '??/n'\c
-\&\|' is a character constant for a newline.
-Strictly speaking, the GNU C preprocessor does not support all
-programs in ANSI Standard C unless `\|\c
-.B \-trigraphs\c
-\&\|' is used, but if
-you ever notice the difference it will be with relief.
-
-You don't want to know any more about trigraphs.
-.TP
-.B \-pedantic
-Issue warnings required by the ANSI C standard in certain cases such
-as when text other than a comment follows `\|\c
-.B #else\c
-\&\|' or `\|\c
-.B #endif\c
-\&\|'.
-.TP
-.B \-pedantic\-errors
-Like `\|\c
-.B \-pedantic\c
-\&\|', except that errors are produced rather than
-warnings.
-.TP
-.B \-Wtrigraphs
-Warn if any trigraphs are encountered (assuming they are enabled).
-.TP
-.B \-Wcomment
-.TP
-.B \-Wcomments
-Warn whenever a comment-start sequence `\|\c
-.B /*\c
-\&\|' appears in a comment.
-(Both forms have the same effect).
-.TP
-.B \-Wall
-Requests both `\|\c
-.B \-Wtrigraphs\c
-\&\|' and `\|\c
-.B \-Wcomment\c
-\&\|' (but not
-`\|\c
-.B \-Wtraditional\c
-\&\|'). 
-.TP
-.B \-Wtraditional
-Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in traditional and
-ANSI C.
-.TP
-.BI "\-I " directory\c
-\&
-Add the directory \c
-.I directory\c
-\& to the end of the list of
-directories to be searched for header files.
-This can be used to override a system header file, substituting your
-own version, since these directories are searched before the system
-header file directories.  If you use more than one `\|\c
-.B \-I\c
-\&\|' option,
-the directories are scanned in left-to-right order; the standard
-system directories come after.
-.TP
-.B \-I\-
-Any directories specified with `\|\c
-.B \-I\c
-\&\|' options before the `\|\c
-.B \-I\-\c
-\&\|'
-option are searched only for the case of `\|\c
-.B #include "\c
-.I file\c
-\&"\c
-\&\|';
-they are not searched for `\|\c
-.B #include <\c
-.I file\c
-\&>\c
-\&\|'.
-
-If additional directories are specified with `\|\c
-.B \-I\c
-\&\|' options after
-the `\|\c
-.B \-I\-\c
-\&\|', these directories are searched for all `\|\c
-.B #include\c
-\&\|'
-directives.
-
-In addition, the `\|\c
-.B \-I\-\c
-\&\|' option inhibits the use of the current
-directory as the first search directory for `\|\c
-.B #include "\c
-.I file\c
-\&"\c
-\&\|'.
-Therefore, the current directory is searched only if it is requested
-explicitly with `\|\c
-.B \-I.\c
-\&\|'.  Specifying both `\|\c
-.B \-I\-\c
-\&\|' and `\|\c
-.B \-I.\c
-\&\|'
-allows you to control precisely which directories are searched before
-the current one and which are searched after.
-.TP
-.B \-nostdinc
-Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
-Only the directories you have specified with `\|\c
-.B \-I\c
-\&\|' options
-(and the current directory, if appropriate) are searched.
-.TP
-.B \-nostdinc++
-Do not search for header files in the C++ specific standard
-directories, but do still search the other standard directories.
-(This option is used when building libg++.)
-.TP
-.BI "\-D " "name"\c
-\&
-Predefine \c
-.I name\c
-\& as a macro, with definition `\|\c
-.B 1\c
-\&\|'.
-.TP
-.BI "\-D " "name" = definition
-\&
-Predefine \c
-.I name\c
-\& as a macro, with definition \c
-.I definition\c
-\&.
-There are no restrictions on the contents of \c
-.I definition\c
-\&, but if
-you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like program
-you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect characters
-such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.  If you use more than
-one `\|\c
-.B \-D\c
-\&\|' for the same
-.I name\c
-\&, the rightmost definition takes effect.
-.TP
-.BI "\-U " "name"\c
-\&
-Do not predefine \c
-.I name\c
-\&.  If both `\|\c
-.B \-U\c
-\&\|' and `\|\c
-.B \-D\c
-\&\|' are
-specified for one name, the `\|\c
-.B \-U\c
-\&\|' beats the `\|\c
-.B \-D\c
-\&\|' and the name
-is not predefined.
-.TP
-.B \-undef
-Do not predefine any nonstandard macros.
-.TP
-.BI "\-A " "name(" value )
-Assert (in the same way as the \c
-.B #assert\c
-\& command)
-the predicate \c
-.I name\c
-\& with tokenlist \c
-.I value\c
-\&.  Remember to escape or quote the parentheses on
-shell command lines.
-
-You can use `\|\c
-.B \-A-\c
-\&\|' to disable all predefined assertions; it also
-undefines all predefined macros.
-.TP
-.B \-dM
-Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a list of
-`\|\c
-.B #define\c
-\&\|' commands for all the macros defined during the
-execution of the preprocessor, including predefined macros.  This gives
-you a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the
-preprocessor; assuming you have no file `\|\c
-.B foo.h\c
-\&\|', the command
-.sp
-.br
-touch\ foo.h;\ cpp\ \-dM\ foo.h
-.br
-.sp
-will show the values of any predefined macros.
-.TP
-.B \-dD
-Like `\|\c
-.B \-dM\c
-\&\|' except in two respects: it does \c
-.I not\c
-\& include the
-predefined macros, and it outputs \c
-.I both\c
-\& the `\|\c
-.B #define\c
-\&\|'
-commands and the result of preprocessing.  Both kinds of output go to
-the standard output file.
-.PP
-.TP
-.BR \-M\  [ \-MG ]
-Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
-suitable for \c
-.B make\c
-\& describing the dependencies of the main
-source file.  The preprocessor outputs one \c
-.B make\c
-\& rule containing
-the object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of
-all the included files.  If there are many included files then the
-rule is split into several lines using `\|\c
-.B \\\\\c
-\&\|'-newline.
-
-`\|\c
-.B \-MG\c
-\&\|' says to treat missing header files as generated files and assume \c
-they live in the same directory as the source file.  It must be specified \c
-in addition to `\|\c
-.B \-M\c
-\&\|'.
-
-This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.
-.TP
-.BR \-MM\  [ \-MG ]
-Like `\|\c
-.B \-M\c
-\&\|' but mention only the files included with `\|\c
-.B #include
-"\c
-.I file\c
-\&"\c
-\&\|'.  System header files included with `\|\c
-.B #include
-<\c
-.I file\c
-\&>\c
-\&\|' are omitted.
-.TP
-.BI \-MD\  file
-Like `\|\c
-.B \-M\c
-\&\|' but the dependency information is written to `\|\c
-.I file\c
-\&\|'.  This is in addition to compiling the file as
-specified\(em\&`\|\c
-.B \-MD\c
-\&\|' does not inhibit ordinary compilation the way
-`\|\c
-.B \-M\c
-\&\|' does.
-
-When invoking gcc, do not specify the `\|\c
-.I file\c
-\&\|' argument.  Gcc will create file names made by replacing `\|\c
-.B .c\c
-\&\|' with `\|\c
-.B .d\c
-\&\|' at the end of the input file names.
-
-In Mach, you can use the utility \c
-.B md\c
-\& to merge multiple files
-into a single dependency file suitable for using with the `\|\c
-.B make\c
-\&\|'
-command.
-.TP
-.BI \-MMD\  file
-Like `\|\c
-.B \-MD\c
-\&\|' except mention only user header files, not system
-header files.
-.TP
-.B \-H
-Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other normal
-activities.
-.TP
-.BI "\-imacros " "file"\c
-\&
-Process \c
-.I file\c
-\& as input, discarding the resulting output, before
-processing the regular input file.  Because the output generated from
-\c
-.I file\c
-\& is discarded, the only effect of `\|\c
-.B \-imacros \c
-.I file\c
-\&\c
-\&\|' is to
-make the macros defined in \c
-.I file\c
-\& available for use in the main
-input.  The preprocessor evaluates any `\|\c
-.B \-D\c
-\&\|' and `\|\c
-.B \-U\c
-\&\|' options
-on the command line before processing `\|\c
-.B \-imacros \c
-.I file\c
-\&\|' \c
-\&.
-.TP
-.BI "\-include " "file"
-Process 
-.I file
-as input, and include all the resulting output,
-before processing the regular input file.  
-.TP
-.BI "-idirafter " "dir"\c
-\&
-Add the directory \c
-.I dir\c
-\& to the second include path.  The directories
-on the second include path are searched when a header file is not found
-in any of the directories in the main include path (the one that
-`\|\c
-.B \-I\c
-\&\|' adds to).
-.TP
-.BI "-iprefix " "prefix"\c
-\&
-Specify \c
-.I prefix\c
-\& as the prefix for subsequent `\|\c
-.B \-iwithprefix\c
-\&\|'
-options.
-.TP
-.BI "-iwithprefix " "dir"\c
-\&
-Add a directory to the second include path.  The directory's name is
-made by concatenating \c
-.I prefix\c
-\& and \c
-.I dir\c
-\&, where \c
-.I prefix\c
-\&
-was specified previously with `\|\c
-.B \-iprefix\c
-\&\|'.
-.TP
-.B \-lang-c
-.TP
-.B \-lang-c++
-.TP
-.B \-lang-objc
-.TP
-.B \-lang-objc++
-Specify the source language.  `\|\c
-.B \-lang-c++\c
-\&\|' makes the preprocessor
-handle C++ comment syntax, and includes extra default include
-directories for C++, and `\|\c
-.B \-lang-objc\c
-\&\|' enables the Objective C
-`\|\c
-.B #import\c
-\&\|' directive.  `\|\c
-.B \-lang-c\c
-\&\|' explicitly turns off both of
-these extensions, and `\|\c
-.B \-lang-objc++\c
-\&\|' enables both.
-
-These options are generated by the compiler driver \c
-.B gcc\c
-\&, but not
-passed from the `\|\c
-.B gcc\c
-\&\|' command line.
-.TP
-.B \-lint
-Look for commands to the program checker \c
-.B lint\c
-\& embedded in
-comments, and emit them preceded by `\|\c
-.B #pragma lint\c
-\&\|'.  For example,
-the comment `\|\c
-.B /* NOTREACHED */\c
-\&\|' becomes `\|\c
-.B #pragma lint
-NOTREACHED\c
-\&\|'.
-
-This option is available only when you call \c
-.B cpp\c
-\& directly;
-\c
-.B gcc\c
-\& will not pass it from its command line.
-.TP
-.B \-$
-Forbid the use of `\|\c
-.B $\c
-\&\|' in identifiers.  This is required for ANSI
-conformance.  \c
-.B gcc\c
-\& automatically supplies this option to the
-preprocessor if you specify `\|\c
-.B \-ansi\c
-\&\|', but \c
-.B gcc\c
-\& doesn't
-recognize the `\|\c
-.B \-$\c
-\&\|' option itself\(em\&to use it without the other
-effects of `\|\c
-.B \-ansi\c
-\&\|', you must call the preprocessor directly.
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.RB "`\|" Cpp "\|'"
-entry in
-.B info\c
-\&;
-.I The C Preprocessor\c
-, Richard M. Stallman.
-.br
-.BR gcc "(" 1 ");"
-.RB "`\|" Gcc "\|'"
-entry in 
-.B info\c
-\&;
-.I 
-Using and Porting GNU CC (for version 2.0)\c
-, Richard M. Stallman.
-.SH COPYING
-Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-.PP
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
-this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
-.PP
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
-entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
-permission notice identical to this one.
-.PP
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
-manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
-versions, except that this permission notice may be included in
-translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in
-the original English.