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diff --git a/docs/LibTooling.rst b/docs/LibTooling.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9c24c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/LibTooling.rst @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +========== +LibTooling +========== + +LibTooling is a library to support writing standalone tools based on Clang. +This document will provide a basic walkthrough of how to write a tool using +LibTooling. + +For the information on how to setup Clang Tooling for LLVM see +:doc:`HowToSetupToolingForLLVM` + +Introduction +------------ + +Tools built with LibTooling, like Clang Plugins, run ``FrontendActions`` over +code. + +.. See FIXME for a tutorial on how to write FrontendActions. + +In this tutorial, we'll demonstrate the different ways of running Clang's +``SyntaxOnlyAction``, which runs a quick syntax check, over a bunch of code. + +Parsing a code snippet in memory +-------------------------------- + +If you ever wanted to run a ``FrontendAction`` over some sample code, for +example to unit test parts of the Clang AST, ``runToolOnCode`` is what you +looked for. Let me give you an example: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + #include "clang/Tooling/Tooling.h" + + TEST(runToolOnCode, CanSyntaxCheckCode) { + // runToolOnCode returns whether the action was correctly run over the + // given code. + EXPECT_TRUE(runToolOnCode(new clang::SyntaxOnlyAction, "class X {};")); + } + +Writing a standalone tool +------------------------- + +Once you unit tested your ``FrontendAction`` to the point where it cannot +possibly break, it's time to create a standalone tool. For a standalone tool +to run clang, it first needs to figure out what command line arguments to use +for a specified file. To that end we create a ``CompilationDatabase``. There +are different ways to create a compilation database, and we need to support all +of them depending on command-line options. There's the ``CommonOptionsParser`` +class that takes the responsibility to parse command-line parameters related to +compilation databases and inputs, so that all tools share the implementation. + +Parsing common tools options +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +``CompilationDatabase`` can be read from a build directory or the command line. +Using ``CommonOptionsParser`` allows for explicit specification of a compile +command line, specification of build path using the ``-p`` command-line option, +and automatic location of the compilation database using source files paths. + +.. code-block:: c++ + + #include "clang/Tooling/CommonOptionsParser.h" + + using namespace clang::tooling; + + int main(int argc, const char **argv) { + // CommonOptionsParser constructor will parse arguments and create a + // CompilationDatabase. In case of error it will terminate the program. + CommonOptionsParser OptionsParser(argc, argv); + + // Use OptionsParser.getCompilations() and OptionsParser.getSourcePathList() + // to retrieve CompilationDatabase and the list of input file paths. + } + +Creating and running a ClangTool +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Once we have a ``CompilationDatabase``, we can create a ``ClangTool`` and run +our ``FrontendAction`` over some code. For example, to run the +``SyntaxOnlyAction`` over the files "a.cc" and "b.cc" one would write: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + // A clang tool can run over a number of sources in the same process... + std::vector<std::string> Sources; + Sources.push_back("a.cc"); + Sources.push_back("b.cc"); + + // We hand the CompilationDatabase we created and the sources to run over into + // the tool constructor. + ClangTool Tool(OptionsParser.getCompilations(), Sources); + + // The ClangTool needs a new FrontendAction for each translation unit we run + // on. Thus, it takes a FrontendActionFactory as parameter. To create a + // FrontendActionFactory from a given FrontendAction type, we call + // newFrontendActionFactory<clang::SyntaxOnlyAction>(). + int result = Tool.run(newFrontendActionFactory<clang::SyntaxOnlyAction>()); + +Putting it together --- the first tool +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Now we combine the two previous steps into our first real tool. This example +tool is also checked into the clang tree at +``tools/clang-check/ClangCheck.cpp``. + +.. code-block:: c++ + + // Declares clang::SyntaxOnlyAction. + #include "clang/Frontend/FrontendActions.h" + #include "clang/Tooling/CommonOptionsParser.h" + #include "clang/Tooling/Tooling.h" + // Declares llvm::cl::extrahelp. + #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h" + + using namespace clang::tooling; + using namespace llvm; + + // CommonOptionsParser declares HelpMessage with a description of the common + // command-line options related to the compilation database and input files. + // It's nice to have this help message in all tools. + static cl::extrahelp CommonHelp(CommonOptionsParser::HelpMessage); + + // A help message for this specific tool can be added afterwards. + static cl::extrahelp MoreHelp("\nMore help text..."); + + int main(int argc, const char **argv) { + CommonOptionsParser OptionsParser(argc, argv); + ClangTool Tool(OptionsParser.getCompilations(), + OptionsParser.getSourcePathList()); + return Tool.run(newFrontendActionFactory<clang::SyntaxOnlyAction>()); + } + +Running the tool on some code +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +When you check out and build clang, clang-check is already built and available +to you in bin/clang-check inside your build directory. + +You can run clang-check on a file in the llvm repository by specifying all the +needed parameters after a "``--``" separator: + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ cd /path/to/source/llvm + $ export BD=/path/to/build/llvm + $ $BD/bin/clang-check tools/clang/tools/clang-check/ClangCheck.cpp -- \ + clang++ -D__STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS -D__STDC_LIMIT_MACROS \ + -Itools/clang/include -I$BD/include -Iinclude \ + -Itools/clang/lib/Headers -c + +As an alternative, you can also configure cmake to output a compile command +database into its build directory: + +.. code-block:: bash + + # Alternatively to calling cmake, use ccmake, toggle to advanced mode and + # set the parameter CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS from the UI. + $ cmake -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON . + +This creates a file called ``compile_commands.json`` in the build directory. +Now you can run :program:`clang-check` over files in the project by specifying +the build path as first argument and some source files as further positional +arguments: + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ cd /path/to/source/llvm + $ export BD=/path/to/build/llvm + $ $BD/bin/clang-check -p $BD tools/clang/tools/clang-check/ClangCheck.cpp + + +.. _libtooling_builtin_includes: + +Builtin includes +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Clang tools need their builtin headers and search for them the same way Clang +does. Thus, the default location to look for builtin headers is in a path +``$(dirname /path/to/tool)/../lib/clang/3.3/include`` relative to the tool +binary. This works out-of-the-box for tools running from llvm's toplevel +binary directory after building clang-headers, or if the tool is running from +the binary directory of a clang install next to the clang binary. + +Tips: if your tool fails to find ``stddef.h`` or similar headers, call the tool +with ``-v`` and look at the search paths it looks through. + +Linking +^^^^^^^ + +For a list of libraries to link, look at one of the tools' Makefiles (for +example `clang-check/Makefile +<http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/cfe/trunk/tools/clang-check/Makefile?view=markup>`_). |