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Diffstat (limited to 'contrib/perl5/pod/perlmodlib.pod')
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diff --git a/contrib/perl5/pod/perlmodlib.pod b/contrib/perl5/pod/perlmodlib.pod deleted file mode 100644 index 90bdb43..0000000 --- a/contrib/perl5/pod/perlmodlib.pod +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2042 +0,0 @@ -# Generated by perlmodlib.PL DO NOT EDIT! - -=head1 NAME - -perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones - -=head1 DESCRIPTION - -=head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY - -Many modules are included the Perl distribution. These are described -below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library -file (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be -autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated -by the installation process. You may also discover files in the -library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are -old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still -run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard -modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up -as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may -already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.) -The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion, -but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof. - -=head2 Pragmatic Modules - -They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they -tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually -work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these -are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them -by saying: - - no integer; - no strict 'refs'; - no warnings; - -which lasts until the end of that BLOCK. - -Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the -C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead, -like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a -variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than -just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file -for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no -vars> or C<no subs>. - -The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation). - -=over 12 - -=item attributes - -Get/set subroutine or variable attributes - -=item attrs - -Set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated) - -=item autouse - -Postpone load of modules until a function is used - -=item base - -Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time - -=item blib - -Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package - -=item bytes - -Force byte semantics rather than character semantics - -=item charnames - -Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escape. - -=item constant - -Declare constants - -=item diagnostics - -Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning diagnostics - -=item fields - -Compile-time class fields - -=item filetest - -Control the filetest permission operators - -=item integer - -Use integer arithmetic instead of floating point - -=item less - -Request less of something from the compiler - -=item lib - -Manipulate @INC at compile time - -=item locale - -Use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations - -=item open - -Set default disciplines for input and output - -=item ops - -Restrict unsafe operations when compiling - -=item overload - -Package for overloading perl operations - -=item re - -Alter regular expression behaviour - -=item sigtrap - -Enable simple signal handling - -=item strict - -Restrict unsafe constructs - -=item subs - -Predeclare sub names - -=item utf8 - -Enable/disable UTF-8 in source code - -=item vars - -Predeclare global variable names (obsolete) - -=item warnings - -Control optional warnings - -=item warnings::register - -Warnings import function - -=back - -=head2 Standard Modules - -Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined -manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the -Exporter module. See their own documentation for details. - -=over 12 - -=item AnyDBM_File - -Provide framework for multiple DBMs - -=item AutoLoader - -Load subroutines only on demand - -=item AutoSplit - -Split a package for autoloading - -=item B - -The Perl Compiler - -=item B::Asmdata - -Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode - -=item B::Assembler - -Assemble Perl bytecode - -=item B::Bblock - -Walk basic blocks - -=item B::Bytecode - -Perl compiler's bytecode backend - -=item B::C - -Perl compiler's C backend - -=item B::CC - -Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend - -=item B::Concise - -Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops - -=item B::Debug - -Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops - -=item B::Deparse - -Perl compiler backend to produce perl code - -=item B::Disassembler - -Disassemble Perl bytecode - -=item B::Lint - -Perl lint - -=item B::Showlex - -Show lexical variables used in functions or files - -=item B::Stackobj - -Helper module for CC backend - -=item B::Stash - -Show what stashes are loaded - -=item B::Terse - -Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops - -=item B::Xref - -Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs - -=item Benchmark - -Benchmark running times of Perl code - -=item ByteLoader - -Load byte compiled perl code - -=item CGI - -Simple Common Gateway Interface Class - -=item CGI::Apache - -Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm - -=item CGI::Carp - -CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log - -=item CGI::Cookie - -Interface to Netscape Cookies - -=item CGI::Fast - -CGI Interface for Fast CGI - -=item CGI::Pretty - -Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code - -=item CGI::Push - -Simple Interface to Server Push - -=item CGI::Switch - -Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch - -=item CGI::Util - -Internal utilities used by CGI module - -=item CPAN - -Query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites - -=item CPAN::FirstTime - -Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization - -=item CPAN::Nox - -Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module - -=item Carp - -Warn of errors (from perspective of caller) - -=item Carp::Heavy - -Carp guts - -=item Class::Struct - -Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes - -=item Cwd - -Get pathname of current working directory - -=item DB - -Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft, subject to - -=item DB_File - -Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x - -=item Devel::SelfStubber - -Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module - -=item DirHandle - -Supply object methods for directory handles - -=item Dumpvalue - -Provides screen dump of Perl data. - -=item English - -Use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables - -=item Env - -Perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays - -=item Exporter - -Implements default import method for modules - -=item Exporter::Heavy - -Exporter guts - -=item ExtUtils::Command - -Utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc. - -=item ExtUtils::Embed - -Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications - -=item ExtUtils::Install - -Install files from here to there - -=item ExtUtils::Installed - -Inventory management of installed modules - -=item ExtUtils::Liblist - -Determine libraries to use and how to use them - -=item ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - -Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker - -=item ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - -Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker - -=item ExtUtils::MM_Unix - -Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker - -=item ExtUtils::MM_VMS - -Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker - -=item ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - -Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker - -=item ExtUtils::MakeMaker - -Create an extension Makefile - -=item ExtUtils::Manifest - -Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file - -=item ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - -Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader - -=item ExtUtils::Mksymlists - -Write linker options files for dynamic extension - -=item ExtUtils::Packlist - -Manage .packlist files - -=item ExtUtils::testlib - -Add blib/* directories to @INC - -=item Fatal - -Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die - -=item Fcntl - -Load the C Fcntl.h defines - -=item File::Basename - -Split a pathname into pieces - -=item File::CheckTree - -Run many filetest checks on a tree - -=item File::Compare - -Compare files or filehandles - -=item File::Copy - -Copy files or filehandles - -=item File::DosGlob - -DOS like globbing and then some - -=item File::Find - -Traverse a file tree - -=item File::Path - -Create or remove directory trees - -=item File::Spec - -Portably perform operations on file names - -=item File::Spec::Epoc - -Methods for Epoc file specs - -=item File::Spec::Functions - -Portably perform operations on file names - -=item File::Spec::Mac - -File::Spec for MacOS - -=item File::Spec::OS2 - -Methods for OS/2 file specs - -=item File::Spec::Unix - -Methods used by File::Spec - -=item File::Spec::VMS - -Methods for VMS file specs - -=item File::Spec::Win32 - -Methods for Win32 file specs - -=item File::Temp - -Return name and handle of a temporary file safely - -=item File::stat - -By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions - -=item FileCache - -Keep more files open than the system permits - -=item FileHandle - -Supply object methods for filehandles - -=item FindBin - -Locate directory of original perl script - -=item GDBM_File - -Perl5 access to the gdbm library. - -=item Getopt::Long - -Extended processing of command line options - -=item Getopt::Std - -Process single-character switches with switch clustering - -=item I18N::Collate - -Compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale - -=item IO - -Load various IO modules - -=item IPC::Open2 - -Open a process for both reading and writing - -=item IPC::Open3 - -Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling - -=item Math::BigFloat - -Arbitrary length float math package - -=item Math::BigInt - -Arbitrary size integer math package - -=item Math::Complex - -Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions - -=item Math::Trig - -Trigonometric functions - -=item Net::Ping - -Check a remote host for reachability - -=item Net::hostent - -By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions - -=item Net::netent - -By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions - -=item Net::protoent - -By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions - -=item Net::servent - -By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions - -=item O - -Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends - -=item Opcode - -Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code - -=item POSIX - -Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1 - -=item Pod::Checker - -Check pod documents for syntax errors - -=item Pod::Find - -Find POD documents in directory trees - -=item Pod::Html - -Module to convert pod files to HTML - -=item Pod::InputObjects - -Objects representing POD input paragraphs, commands, etc. - -=item Pod::LaTeX - -Convert Pod data to formatted Latex - -=item Pod::Man - -Convert POD data to formatted *roff input - -=item Pod::ParseUtils - -Helpers for POD parsing and conversion - -=item Pod::Parser - -Base class for creating POD filters and translators - -=item Pod::Plainer - -Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod. - -=item Pod::Select - -Extract selected sections of POD from input - -=item Pod::Text - -Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text - -=item Pod::Text::Color - -Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text - -=item Pod::Text::Overstrike - -Convert POD data to formatted overstrike text - -=item Pod::Text::Termcap - -Convert POD data to ASCII text with format escapes - -=item Pod::Usage - -Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation - -=item SDBM_File - -Tied access to sdbm files - -=item Safe - -Compile and execute code in restricted compartments - -=item Search::Dict - -Search for key in dictionary file - -=item SelectSaver - -Save and restore selected file handle - -=item SelfLoader - -Load functions only on demand - -=item Shell - -Run shell commands transparently within perl - -=item Socket - -Load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators - -=item Symbol - -Manipulate Perl symbols and their names - -=item Term::ANSIColor - -Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences - -=item Term::Cap - -Perl termcap interface - -=item Term::Complete - -Perl word completion module - -=item Term::ReadLine - -Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If - -=item Test - -Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts - -=item Test::Harness - -Run perl standard test scripts with statistics - -=item Text::Abbrev - -Create an abbreviation table from a list - -=item Text::ParseWords - -Parse text into an array of tokens or array of arrays - -=item Text::Soundex - -Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described by Knuth - -=item Text::Tabs - -Expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and unexpand(1) - -=item Text::Wrap - -Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs - -=item Thread - -Manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to change) - -=item Thread::Queue - -Thread-safe queues - -=item Thread::Semaphore - -Thread-safe semaphores - -=item Thread::Signal - -Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably - -=item Thread::Specific - -Thread-specific keys - -=item Tie::Array - -Base class for tied arrays - -=item Tie::Handle - -Base class definitions for tied handles - -=item Tie::Hash - -Base class definitions for tied hashes - -=item Tie::RefHash - -Use references as hash keys - -=item Tie::Scalar - -Base class definitions for tied scalars - -=item Tie::SubstrHash - -Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing - -=item Time::Local - -Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time - -=item Time::gmtime - -By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function - -=item Time::localtime - -By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function - -=item Time::tm - -Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime - -=item UNIVERSAL - -Base class for ALL classes (blessed references) - -=item User::grent - -By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions - -=item User::pwent - -By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions - -=item Win32 - -Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions - -=back - -To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including -those without documentation or outside the standard release, -just do this: - - % find `perl -e 'print "@INC"'` -name '*.pm' -print - -They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible -via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find> -program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which -generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you -have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have -to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no -system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program. - -=head2 Extension Modules - -Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They -are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them, -but may also be be linked in statically. Supported extension modules -include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX. - -Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not -completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time -for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of -platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to -look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines -like Alta Vista or Deja News. - -=head1 CPAN - -CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally -replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style -guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and -occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for -CPAN can be found at http://cpan.perl.com/ and at -http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_perl/cpan-search.pl . - -Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules, -some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of -modules are: - -=over - -=item * - -Language Extensions and Documentation Tools - -=item * - -Development Support - -=item * - -Operating System Interfaces - -=item * - -Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication - -=item * - -Data Types and Data Type Utilities - -=item * - -Database Interfaces - -=item * - -User Interfaces - -=item * - -Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages - -=item * - -File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles) - -=item * - -String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching - -=item * - -Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing - -=item * - -Internationalization and Locale - -=item * - -Authentication, Security, and Encryption - -=item * - -World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME - -=item * - -Server and Daemon Utilities - -=item * - -Archiving and Compression - -=item * - -Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing - -=item * - -Mail and Usenet News - -=item * - -Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc) - -=item * - -File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities - -=item * - -Miscellaneous Modules - -=back - -Registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the following. -You should try to choose one close to you: - -=head2 Africa - -=over 4 - -=item * - -South Africa - - ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftpza.co.za/pub/mirrors/cpan/ - ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/ - -=back - -=head2 Asia - -=over 4 - -=item * - -China - - ftp://freesoft.cei.gov.cn/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - http://www2.linuxforum.net/mirror/CPAN/ - http://cpan.shellhung.org/ - ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/CPAN - -=item * - -Hong Kong - - http://CPAN.pacific.net.hk/ - ftp://ftp.pacific.net.hk/pub/mirror/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Indonesia - - http://piksi.itb.ac.id/CPAN/ - ftp://mirrors.piksi.itb.ac.id/CPAN/ - http://CPAN.mweb.co.id/ - ftp://ftp.mweb.co.id/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Israel - - http://www.iglu.org.il:/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.iglu.org.il/pub/CPAN/ - http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Japan - - ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/CPAN/ - http://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/ - ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/ - ftp://ftp.meisei-u.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Saudi Arabia - - ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Singapore - - http://cpan.hjc.edu.sg - http://ftp.nus.edu.sg/unix/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.nus.edu.sg/pub/unix/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -South Korea - - http://CPAN.bora.net/ - ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/ - http://ftp.kornet.net/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.kornet.net/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Taiwan - - ftp://coda.nctu.edu.tw/UNIX/perl/CPAN - ftp://ftp.ee.ncku.edu.tw/pub/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Thailand - - http://download.nectec.or.th/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/languages/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ - -=back - -=head2 Central America - -=over 4 - -=item * - -Costa Rica - - ftp://ftp.linux.co.cr/mirrors/CPAN/ - http://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/Unix/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/ - -=back - -=head2 Europe - -=over 4 - -=item * - -Austria - - ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Belgium - - http://ftp.easynet.be/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.easynet.be/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Bulgaria - - ftp://ftp.ntrl.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Croatia - - ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Czech Republic - - http://www.fi.muni.cz/pub/perl/ - ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/perl/ - ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Denmark - - ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - http://www.cpan.dk/CPAN/ - ftp://www.cpan.dk/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ - -=item * - -England - - http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN - ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/CPAN/ - http://mirror.uklinux.net/CPAN/ - ftp://mirror.uklinux.net/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://usit.shef.ac.uk/pub/packages/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Estonia - - ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Finland - - ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -France - - ftp://cpan.ftp.worldonline.fr/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/ - ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Germany - - ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN - ftp://ftp.gigabell.net/pub/CPAN/ - http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/comp/general/programming/languages/script/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Greece - - ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN - ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/ - -=item * - -Hungary - - http://cpan.artifact.hu/ - ftp://cpan.artifact.hu/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Iceland - - http://cpan.gm.is/ - ftp://ftp.gm.is/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Ireland - - http://cpan.indigo.ie/ - ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/ - http://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ - ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ - -=item * - -Italy - - http://cpan.nettuno.it/ - http://gusp.dyndns.org/CPAN/ - ftp://gusp.dyndns.org/pub/CPAN - http://softcity.iol.it/cpan - ftp://softcity.iol.it/pub/cpan - ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.edisontel.it/pub/CPAN_Mirror/ - ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Latvia - - http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Netherlands - - ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/ - http://www.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Norway - - ftp://sunsite.uio.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/ - -=item * - -Poland - - ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.mega.net.pl/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.com/ - ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/ - ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Portugal - - ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://perl.di.uminho.pt/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.ist.utl.pt/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.netc.pt/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Romania - - ftp://archive.logicnet.ro/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/cpan/ - ftp://ftp.opsynet.com/cpan/ - ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.timisoara.roedu.net/mirrors/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Russia - - ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ - http://cpan.rinet.ru/ - ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.aha.ru/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Slovakia - - ftp://ftp.entry.sk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Slovenia - - ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Spain - - ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/ - -=item * - -Sweden - - http://ftp.du.se/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.du.se/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Switzerland - - ftp://ftp.danyk.ch/CPAN/ - ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Turkey - - ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/ - -=back - -=head2 North America - -=over 4 - -=item * - -Canada - -=over 8 - -=item * - -Alberta - - http://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/ - ftp://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Manitoba - - http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Nova Scotia - - ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Ontario - - ftp://ftp.crc.ca/pub/packages/lang/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Mexico - - http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/ - -=back - -=item * - -United States - -=over 8 - -=item * - -Alabama - - http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ - ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ - -=item * - -California - - http://www.cpan.org/ - ftp://ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ - ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/plan/perl/CPAN/ - http://www.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/cpan/ - ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/cpan/ - http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ - http://download.sourceforge.net/mirrors/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Colorado - - ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Florida - - ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Georgia - - ftp://ftp.twoguys.org/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Illinois - - http://www.neurogames.com/mirrors/CPAN - http://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Indiana - - ftp://ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ - http://cpan.nitco.com/ - ftp://cpan.nitco.com/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://cpan.in-span.net/ - http://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN - ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN - -=item * - -Kentucky - - http://cpan.uky.edu/ - ftp://cpan.uky.edu/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Massachusetts - - ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.iguide.com/pub/mirrors/packages/perl/CPAN/ - -=item * - -New Jersey - - ftp://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -New York - - ftp://ftp.freesoftware.com/pub/perl/CPAN/ - http://www.deao.net/mirrors/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.deao.net/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.stealth.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ - http://mirror.nyc.anidea.com/CPAN/ - ftp://mirror.nyc.anidea.com/pub/CPAN/ - http://www.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ - ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ - ftp://mirrors.cloud9.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ - -=item * - -North Carolina - - ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/ - -=item * - -Ohio - - ftp://ftp.loaded.net/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Oklahoma - - ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Oregon - - ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/packages/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Pennsylvania - - http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/ - ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Tennessee - - ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Texas - - http://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ - http://jhcloos.com/pub/mirror/CPAN/ - ftp://jhcloos.com/pub/mirror/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Utah - - ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Virginia - - http://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ - ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ - ftp://ruff.cs.jmu.edu/pub/CPAN/ - http://perl.Liquidation.com/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Washington - - http://cpan.llarian.net/ - ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.spu.edu/pub/CPAN/ - -=back - -=back - -=head2 Oceania - -=over 4 - -=item * - -Australia - - http://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/ - -=item * - -New Zealand - - ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/ - -=back - -=head2 South America - -=over 4 - -=item * - -Argentina - - ftp://mirrors.bannerlandia.com.ar/mirrors/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Brazil - - ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/ - ftp://cpan.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/CPAN/ - -=item * - -Chile - - ftp://ftp.psinet.cl/pub/programming/perl/CPAN/ - ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/lang/perl/ - -=back - -For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, -see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES . - -=head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse - -(The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules -file, available at your nearest CPAN site.) - -Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a -package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a -namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be -used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its -first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods), -or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods). - -A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same -name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be -called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of -its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be -totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module -might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on -demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to -exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perltoot>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about -the AUTOLOAD mechanism. - -=head2 Guidelines for Module Creation - -=over 4 - -=item * - -Do similar modules already exist in some form? - -If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or -by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not -practical try to get together with the module authors to work on -extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules. -A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing -with command line options. - -If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of -modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It -helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction -scheme as the original author. - -=item * - -Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse. - -Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>). -Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks -of code that need less warnings. - -Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless -into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor, -e.g.,: - - sub new { - my $class = shift; - return bless {}, $class; - } - -or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static -or a virtual method. - - sub new { - my $self = shift; - my $class = ref($self) || $self; - return bless {}, $class; - } - -Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later -(it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where -appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones. -Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate. - -Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>. -Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all. -Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired -class names as far as possible. - -Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and -C<< $r->func() >> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details). - -Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a -burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to -the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying: - - eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller(); - -Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say -C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able -to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example, -does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;> -into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ? - -Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it -difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state -information in objects. - -Always use B<-w>. - -Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>). -Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks -of code that need less strictness. - -Always use B<-w>. - -Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual. - -Always use B<-w>. - -=item * - -Some simple style guidelines - -The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points. - -Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their -style over several years as they learn what helps them write and -maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that -seem to be widely used by experienced developers: - -Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read -$var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for -non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works -consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS. - -Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally -reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer -and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and -use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable). - -You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope -or nature of a variable. For example: - - $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars) - $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static - $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables - -Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase. -e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>. - -You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or -function should not be used outside the package that defined it. - -=item * - -Select what to export. - -Do NOT export method names! - -Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason! - -Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must -export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid -short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes. - -Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the -module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>) -syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to -indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use. - -(It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: -C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that -directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol -table.) - -As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented -then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then -@EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. - -=item * - -Select a name for the module. - -This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as -possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or -more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special -about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use -nested module names to group informally or categorize a module. -There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name. -Module names should begin with a capital letter. - -Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone -(though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-). -Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others. -If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc. - -If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good -practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will -avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View, -Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide. - -If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's -standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in -those modules. - -If developing modules for private internal or project specific use, -that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure -that their names will not clash with any future public module. You -can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by -using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*. - -To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to -11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is -unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier. - -=item * - -Have you got it right? - -How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you -picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have -you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions? - -The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions, -is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about -all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask. - -All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its -purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is -probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored -by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!) - -Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be -ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting -others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you! - -=item * - -README and other Additional Files. - -It's well known that software developers usually fully document the -software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of -your software and there is not enough time to write the full -documentation please at least provide a README file containing: - -=over 10 - -=item * - -A description of the module/package/extension etc. - -=item * - -A copyright notice - see below. - -=item * - -Prerequisites - what else you may need to have. - -=item * - -How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc. - -=item * - -How to install it. - -=item * - -Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities - -=item * - -Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future. - -=back - -If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to -split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL, -Copying, ToDo etc. - -=over 4 - -=item Adding a Copyright Notice. - - -How you choose to license your work is a personal decision. -The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make -a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work. - -Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU -GPL and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and -Artistic). Larry has good reasons for NOT just using the GNU GPL. - -My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the -Perl community at large is to state something simply like: - - Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved. - This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or - modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. - -This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may -also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files. -Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright. - -=item * - -Give the module a version/issue/release number. - -To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you -should store your module's version number in a non-my package -variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point -number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths, -e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version. -See L<Exporter> for details. - -It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number. -Use the number in announcements and archive file names when -releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z). -See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details. - -=item * - -How to release and distribute a module. - -It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your -module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce -Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off -distribution. - -If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should -include details of its location in your announcement. - -Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file -name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories -will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your -file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification -message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get -deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed -and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its -location. - -FTP Archives for Perl Modules: - -Follow the instructions and links on: - - http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html - http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html - -or upload to one of these sites: - - https://pause.kbx.de/pause/ - http://pause.perl.org/pause/ - -and notify <modules@perl.org>. - -By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror -your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on -CPAN! - -Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list! - -=item * - -Take care when changing a released module. - -Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions. -Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the -old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes. - -=back - -=back - -=head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules - -=over 4 - -=item * - -There is no requirement to convert anything. - -If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should -continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor -changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but -there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that. - -=item * - -Consider the implications. - -All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to -be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is -it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time? - -=item * - -Make the most of the opportunity. - -If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the -opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module -creation above include many of the issues you should consider. - -=item * - -The pl2pm utility will get you started. - -This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write -corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following: - -=over 10 - -=item * - -Adds the standard Module prologue lines - -=item * - -Converts package specifiers from ' to :: - -=item * - -Converts die(...) to croak(...) - -=item * - -Several other minor changes - -=back - -Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted -code will need careful checking, especially any package statements. -Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works! - -=back - -=head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code - -=over 4 - -=item * - -Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library. - -=item * - -Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused. - -Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy -to reuse. - -=item * - -Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files. - -=item * - -Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces. - -=item * - -In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small - -fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases -the application could invoked as: - - % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ... -or - % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher) - -=back - -=head1 NOTE - -Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may -have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl -doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer -that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not -because it has a shotgun. - -The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law, -and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is -that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The -written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other -provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that -you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences. |
