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+package fields;
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+fields - compile-time class fields
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+ {
+ package Foo;
+ use fields qw(foo bar _private);
+ }
+ ...
+ my Foo $var = new Foo;
+ $var->{foo} = 42;
+
+ # This will generate a compile-time error.
+ $var->{zap} = 42;
+
+ {
+ package Bar;
+ use base 'Foo';
+ use fields 'bar'; # hides Foo->{bar}
+ use fields qw(baz _private); # not shared with Foo
+ }
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The C<fields> pragma enables compile-time verified class fields. It
+does so by updating the %FIELDS hash in the calling package.
+
+If a typed lexical variable holding a reference is used to access a
+hash element and the %FIELDS hash of the given type exists, then the
+operation is turned into an array access at compile time. The %FIELDS
+hash map from hash element names to the array indices. If the hash
+element is not present in the %FIELDS hash, then a compile-time error
+is signaled.
+
+Since the %FIELDS hash is used at compile-time, it must be set up at
+compile-time too. This is made easier with the help of the 'fields'
+and the 'base' pragma modules. The 'base' pragma will copy fields
+from base classes and the 'fields' pragma adds new fields. Field
+names that start with an underscore character are made private to a
+class and are not visible to subclasses. Inherited fields can be
+overridden but will generate a warning if used together with the C<-w>
+switch.
+
+The effect of all this is that you can have objects with named fields
+which are as compact and as fast arrays to access. This only works
+as long as the objects are accessed through properly typed variables.
+For untyped access to work you have to make sure that a reference to
+the proper %FIELDS hash is assigned to the 0'th element of the array
+object (so that the objects can be treated like an pseudo-hash). A
+constructor like this does the job:
+
+ sub new
+ {
+ my $class = shift;
+ no strict 'refs';
+ my $self = bless [\%{"$class\::FIELDS"], $class;
+ $self;
+ }
+
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<base>,
+L<perlref/Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash>
+
+=cut
+
+use strict;
+no strict 'refs';
+use vars qw(%attr $VERSION);
+
+$VERSION = "0.02";
+
+# some constants
+sub _PUBLIC () { 1 }
+sub _PRIVATE () { 2 }
+sub _INHERITED () { 4 }
+
+# The %attr hash holds the attributes of the currently assigned fields
+# per class. The hash is indexed by class names and the hash value is
+# an array reference. The array is indexed with the field numbers
+# (minus one) and the values are integer bit masks (or undef). The
+# size of the array also indicate the next field index too assign for
+# additional fields in this class.
+
+sub import {
+ my $class = shift;
+ my $package = caller(0);
+ my $fields = \%{"$package\::FIELDS"};
+ my $fattr = ($attr{$package} ||= []);
+
+ foreach my $f (@_) {
+ if (my $fno = $fields->{$f}) {
+ require Carp;
+ if ($fattr->[$fno-1] & _INHERITED) {
+ Carp::carp("Hides field '$f' in base class") if $^W;
+ } else {
+ Carp::croak("Field name '$f' already in use");
+ }
+ }
+ $fields->{$f} = @$fattr + 1;
+ push(@$fattr, ($f =~ /^_/) ? _PRIVATE : _PUBLIC);
+ }
+}
+
+sub inherit # called by base.pm
+{
+ my($derived, $base) = @_;
+
+ if (defined %{"$derived\::FIELDS"}) {
+ require Carp;
+ Carp::croak("Inherited %FIELDS can't override existing %FIELDS");
+ } else {
+ my $base_fields = \%{"$base\::FIELDS"};
+ my $derived_fields = \%{"$derived\::FIELDS"};
+
+ $attr{$derived}[@{$attr{$base}}-1] = undef;
+ while (my($k,$v) = each %$base_fields) {
+ next if $attr{$base}[$v-1] & _PRIVATE;
+ $attr{$derived}[$v-1] = _INHERITED;
+ $derived_fields->{$k} = $v;
+ }
+ }
+
+}
+
+sub _dump # sometimes useful for debugging
+{
+ for my $pkg (sort keys %attr) {
+ print "\n$pkg";
+ if (defined @{"$pkg\::ISA"}) {
+ print " (", join(", ", @{"$pkg\::ISA"}), ")";
+ }
+ print "\n";
+ my $fields = \%{"$pkg\::FIELDS"};
+ for my $f (sort {$fields->{$a} <=> $fields->{$b}} keys %$fields) {
+ my $no = $fields->{$f};
+ print " $no: $f";
+ my $fattr = $attr{$pkg}[$no-1];
+ if (defined $fattr) {
+ my @a;
+ push(@a, "public") if $fattr & _PUBLIC;
+ push(@a, "private") if $fattr & _PRIVATE;
+ push(@a, "inherited") if $fattr & _INHERITED;
+ print "\t(", join(", ", @a), ")";
+ }
+ print "\n";
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+1;
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