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Diffstat (limited to 'contrib/less/less.man')
| -rw-r--r-- | contrib/less/less.man | 780 |
1 files changed, 390 insertions, 390 deletions
diff --git a/contrib/less/less.man b/contrib/less/less.man index e917d54..5455849 100644 --- a/contrib/less/less.man +++ b/contrib/less/less.man @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS lleessss ----hheellpp lleessss --VV lleessss ----vveerrssiioonn - lleessss [[--[[++]]aaBBccCCddeeEEffFFggGGiiIIJJmmMMnnNNqqQQrrRRssSSuuUUVVwwWWXX]] - [[--bb _b_u_f_s]] [[--hh _l_i_n_e_s]] [[--jj _l_i_n_e]] [[--kk _k_e_y_f_i_l_e]] + lleessss [[--[[++]]aaBBccCCddeeEEffFFggGGiiIIJJLLmmMMnnNNqqQQrrRRssSSuuUUVVwwWWXX~~]] + [[--bb _s_p_a_c_e]] [[--hh _l_i_n_e_s]] [[--jj _l_i_n_e]] [[--kk _k_e_y_f_i_l_e]] [[--{{ooOO}} _l_o_g_f_i_l_e]] [[--pp _p_a_t_t_e_r_n]] [[--PP _p_r_o_m_p_t]] [[--tt _t_a_g]] [[--TT _t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e]] [[--xx _t_a_b,,......]] [[--yy _l_i_n_e_s]] [[--[[zz]] _l_i_n_e_s]] - [[++[[++]]_c_m_d]] [[----]] [[_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e]]...... + [[--## _s_h_i_f_t]] [[++[[++]]_c_m_d]] [[----]] [[_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e]]...... (See the OPTIONS section for alternate option syntax with long option names.) @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 1 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 1 @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 2 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 2 @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 3 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 3 @@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 4 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 4 @@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 5 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 5 @@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 6 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 6 @@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 7 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 7 @@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 8 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 8 @@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 9 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 9 @@ -603,23 +603,27 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) the last found line; see the -j option). -b_n or --buffers=_n - Specifies the number of buffers _l_e_s_s will use for - each file. Buffers are 1K, and by default 10 - buffers are used for each file (except if the file - is a pipe; see the -B option). The number _n speci - fies a different number of buffers to use. + Specifies the amount of buffer space _l_e_s_s will use + for each file, in units of kilobytes (1024 bytes). + By default 64K of buffer space is used for each + file (unless the file is a pipe; see the -B + option). The -b option specifies instead that _n + kilobytes of buffer space should be used for each + file. If _n is -1, buffer space is unlimited; that + is, the entire file is read into memory. -B or --auto-buffers - By default, when data is read from a pipe, buffers - are allocated automatically as needed. If a large - amount of data is read from the pipe, this can - cause a large amount of memory to be allocated. + By default, when data is read from a pipe, buffers + are allocated automatically as needed. If a large + amount of data is read from the pipe, this can + cause a large amount of memory to be allocated. The -B option disables this automatic allocation of - buffers for pipes, so that only the number of - buffers specified by the -b option are used. Warn - ing: use of -B can result in erroneous display, - since only the most recently viewed part of the - file is kept in memory; any earlier data is lost. + buffers for pipes, so that only 64K (or the amount + of space specified by the -b option) is used for + the pipe. Warning: use of -B can result in erro + neous display, since only the most recently viewed + part of the file is kept in memory; any earlier + data is lost. -c or --clear-screen Causes full screen repaints to be painted from the @@ -637,7 +641,7 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) some important capability, such as the ability to clear the screen or scroll backward. The -d option does not otherwise change the behavior of _l_e_s_s on a - dumb terminal). + dumb terminal. -Dxx_c_o_l_o_r or --color=xx_c_o_l_o_r [MS-DOS only] Sets the color of the text displayed. @@ -649,13 +653,9 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) selects the background color of the text. A single number _N is the same as _N_._0. - -e or --quit-at-eof - Causes _l_e_s_s to automatically exit the second time - it reaches end-of-file. By default, the only way - - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 10 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 10 @@ -664,6 +664,9 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + -e or --quit-at-eof + Causes _l_e_s_s to automatically exit the second time + it reaches end-of-file. By default, the only way to exit _l_e_s_s is via the "q" command. -E or --QUIT-AT-EOF @@ -715,13 +718,10 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) -j_n or --jump-target=_n Specifies a line on the screen where the "target" line is to be positioned. A target line is the - object of a text search, tag search, jump to a line - number, jump to a file percentage, or jump to a - marked position. The screen line is specified by a - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 11 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 11 @@ -730,6 +730,9 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + object of a text search, tag search, jump to a line + number, jump to a file percentage, or jump to a + marked position. The screen line is specified by a number: the top line on the screen is 1, the next is 2, and so on. The number may be negative to specify a line relative to the bottom of the @@ -755,6 +758,13 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) found in a standard place (see KEY BINDINGS), it is also used as a _l_e_s_s_k_e_y file. + -L or --no-lessopen + Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable (see the + INPUT PREPROCESSOR section below). This option can + be set from within _l_e_s_s, but it will apply only to + files opened subsequently, not to the file which is + currently open. + -m or --long-prompt Causes _l_e_s_s to prompt verbosely (like _m_o_r_e), with the percent into the file. By default, _l_e_s_s @@ -775,19 +785,9 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) the current line number to the editor (see also the discussion of LESSEDIT in PROMPTS below). - -N or --LINE-NUMBERS - Causes a line number to be displayed at the begin - ning of each line in the display. - - -o_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e or --log-file=_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - Causes _l_e_s_s to copy its input to the named file as - it is being viewed. This applies only when the - input file is a pipe, not an ordinary file. If the - file already exists, _l_e_s_s will ask for confirmation - - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 12 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 12 @@ -796,6 +796,15 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + -N or --LINE-NUMBERS + Causes a line number to be displayed at the begin + ning of each line in the display. + + -o_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e or --log-file=_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + Causes _l_e_s_s to copy its input to the named file as + it is being viewed. This applies only when the + input file is a pipe, not an ordinary file. If the + file already exists, _l_e_s_s will ask for confirmation before overwriting it. -O_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e or --LOG-FILE=_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e @@ -841,19 +850,10 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) The default is to ring the terminal bell in all such cases. - -Q or --QUIET or --SILENT - Causes totally "quiet" operation: the terminal bell - is never rung. - - -r or --raw-control-chars - Causes "raw" control characters to be displayed. - The default is to display control characters using - the caret notation; for example, a control-A (octal - 001) is displayed as "^A". Warning: when the -r - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 13 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 13 @@ -862,6 +862,15 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + -Q or --QUIET or --SILENT + Causes totally "quiet" operation: the terminal bell + is never rung. + + -r or --raw-control-chars + Causes "raw" control characters to be displayed. + The default is to display control characters using + the caret notation; for example, a control-A (octal + 001) is displayed as "^A". Warning: when the -r option is used, _l_e_s_s cannot keep track of the actual appearance of the screen (since this depends on how the screen responds to each type of control @@ -895,31 +904,22 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) -S or --chop-long-lines Causes lines longer than the screen width to be - chopped rather than folded. That is, the remainder - of a long line is simply discarded. The default is - to fold long lines; that is, display the remainder - on the next line. + chopped rather than folded. That is, the portion + of a long line that does not fit in the screen + width is not shown. The default is to fold long + lines; that is, display the remainder on the next + line. -t_t_a_g or --tag=_t_a_g - The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG, will - edit the file containing that tag. For this to - work, tag information must be available; for exam - ple, there may be a file in the current directory - called "tags", which was previously built by _c_t_a_g_s - (1) or an equivalent command. If the environment - variable LESSGLOBALTAGS is set, it is taken to be - the name of a command compatible with _g_l_o_b_a_l (1), - and that command is executed to find the tag. (See - http://www.gnu.org/software/global/global.html). - The -t option may also be specified from within - _l_e_s_s (using the - command) as a way of examining a - new file. The command ":t" is equivalent to speci - fying -t from within _l_e_s_s_. - + The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG, will + edit the file containing that tag. For this to + work, tag information must be available; for exam + ple, there may be a file in the current directory + called "tags", which was previously built by _c_t_a_g_s - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 14 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 14 @@ -928,32 +928,42 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + (1) or an equivalent command. If the environment + variable LESSGLOBALTAGS is set, it is taken to be + the name of a command compatible with _g_l_o_b_a_l (1), + and that command is executed to find the tag. (See + http://www.gnu.org/software/global/global.html). + The -t option may also be specified from within + _l_e_s_s (using the - command) as a way of examining a + new file. The command ":t" is equivalent to speci + fying -t from within _l_e_s_s_. + -T_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e or --tag-file=_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e Specifies a tags file to be used instead of "tags". -u or --underline-special - Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be - treated as printable characters; that is, they are + Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be + treated as printable characters; that is, they are sent to the terminal when they appear in the input. -U or --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL - Causes backspaces, tabs and carriage returns to be - treated as control characters; that is, they are + Causes backspaces, tabs and carriage returns to be + treated as control characters; that is, they are handled as specified by the -r option. - By default, if neither -u nor -U is given, - backspaces which appear adjacent to an underscore - character are treated specially: the underlined - text is displayed using the terminal's hardware + By default, if neither -u nor -U is given, + backspaces which appear adjacent to an underscore + character are treated specially: the underlined + text is displayed using the terminal's hardware underlining capability. Also, backspaces which appear between two identical characters are treated specially: the overstruck text is printed using the terminal's hardware boldface capability. Other - backspaces are deleted, along with the preceding - character. Carriage returns immediately followed - by a newline are deleted. other carriage returns - are handled as specified by the -r option. Text - which is overstruck or underlined can be searched + backspaces are deleted, along with the preceding + character. Carriage returns immediately followed + by a newline are deleted. other carriage returns + are handled as specified by the -r option. Text + which is overstruck or underlined can be searched for if neither -u nor -U is in effect. -V or --version @@ -961,31 +971,21 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) -w or --hilite-unread Temporarily highlights the first "new" line after a - forward movement of a full page. The first "new" - line is the line immediately following the line + forward movement of a full page. The first "new" + line is the line immediately following the line previously at the bottom of the screen. Also high lights the target line after a g or p command. The - highlight is removed at the next command which - causes movement. The entire line is highlighted, - unless the -J option is in effect, in which case + highlight is removed at the next command which + causes movement. The entire line is highlighted, + unless the -J option is in effect, in which case only the status column is highlighted. -W or --HILITE-UNREAD - Like -w, but temporarily highlights the first new - line after any forward movement command larger than - one line. - - -x_n,... or --tabs=_n,... - Sets tab stops. If only one _n is specified, tab - stops are set at multiples of _n. If multiple val - ues separated by commas are specified, tab stops - are set at those positions, and then continue with - the same spacing as the last two. For example, - _-_x_9_,_1_7 will set tabs at positions 9, 17, 25, 33, + Like -w, but temporarily highlights the first new - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 15 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 15 @@ -994,64 +994,64 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + line after any forward movement command larger than + one line. + + -x_n,... or --tabs=_n,... + Sets tab stops. If only one _n is specified, tab + stops are set at multiples of _n. If multiple val + ues separated by commas are specified, tab stops + are set at those positions, and then continue with + the same spacing as the last two. For example, + _-_x_9_,_1_7 will set tabs at positions 9, 17, 25, 33, etc. The default for _n is 8. -X or --no-init - Disables sending the termcap initialization and - deinitialization strings to the terminal. This is - sometimes desirable if the deinitialization string - does something unnecessary, like clearing the + Disables sending the termcap initialization and + deinitialization strings to the terminal. This is + sometimes desirable if the deinitialization string + does something unnecessary, like clearing the screen. --no-keypad Disables sending the keypad initialization and - deinitialization strings to the terminal. This is - sometimes useful if the keypad strings make the + deinitialization strings to the terminal. This is + sometimes useful if the keypad strings make the numeric keypad behave in an undesirable manner. -y_n or --max-forw-scroll=_n - Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll for - ward. If it is necessary to scroll forward more + Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll for + ward. If it is necessary to scroll forward more than _n lines, the screen is repainted instead. The -c or -C option may be used to repaint from the top - of the screen if desired. By default, any forward + of the screen if desired. By default, any forward movement causes scrolling. -[z]_n or --window=_n - Changes the default scrolling window size to _n - lines. The default is one screenful. The z and w - commands can also be used to change the window - size. The "z" may be omitted for compatibility - with _m_o_r_e_. If the number _n is negative, it indi - cates _n lines less than the current screen size. - For example, if the screen is 24 lines, _-_z_-_4 sets + Changes the default scrolling window size to _n + lines. The default is one screenful. The z and w + commands can also be used to change the window + size. The "z" may be omitted for compatibility + with _m_o_r_e_. If the number _n is negative, it indi + cates _n lines less than the current screen size. + For example, if the screen is 24 lines, _-_z_-_4 sets the scrolling window to 20 lines. If the screen is resized to 40 lines, the scrolling window automati cally changes to 36 lines. - -"_c_c or --quotes=_c_c - Changes the filename quoting character. This may + -_"_c_c or --quotes=_c_c + Changes the filename quoting character. This may be necessary if you are trying to name a file which - contains both spaces and quote characters. Fol + contains both spaces and quote characters. Fol lowed by a single character, this changes the quote - character to that character. Filenames containing + character to that character. Filenames containing a space should then be surrounded by that character - rather than by double quotes. Followed by two - characters, changes the open quote to the first - character, and the close quote to the second char - acter. Filenames containing a space should then be - preceded by the open quote character and followed - by the close quote character. Note that even after - the quote characters are changed, this option - remains -" (a dash followed by a double quote). - - -~ or --tilde - Normally lines after end of file are displayed as a - single tilde (~). This option causes lines after + rather than by double quotes. Followed by two + characters, changes the open quote to the first - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 16 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 16 @@ -1060,72 +1060,81 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + character, and the close quote to the second char + acter. Filenames containing a space should then be + preceded by the open quote character and followed + by the close quote character. Note that even after + the quote characters are changed, this option + remains -" (a dash followed by a double quote). + + -~ or --tilde + Normally lines after end of file are displayed as a + single tilde (~). This option causes lines after end of file to be displayed as blank lines. -# or --shift Specifies the default number of positions to scroll - horizontally in the RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW com - mands. If the number specified is zero, it sets - the default number of positions to one half of the + horizontally in the RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW com + mands. If the number specified is zero, it sets + the default number of positions to one half of the screen width. - -- A command line argument of "--" marks the end of + -- A command line argument of "--" marks the end of option arguments. Any arguments following this are - interpreted as filenames. This can be useful when + interpreted as filenames. This can be useful when viewing a file whose name begins with a "-" or "+". + If a command line option begins with ++, the remain - der of that option is taken to be an initial com - mand to _l_e_s_s_. For example, +G tells _l_e_s_s to start - at the end of the file rather than the beginning, + der of that option is taken to be an initial com + mand to _l_e_s_s_. For example, +G tells _l_e_s_s to start + at the end of the file rather than the beginning, and +/xyz tells it to start at the first occurrence of "xyz" in the file. As a special case, +<number> - acts like +<number>g; that is, it starts the dis + acts like +<number>g; that is, it starts the dis play at the specified line number (however, see the caveat under the "g" command above). If the option - starts with ++, the initial command applies to - every file being viewed, not just the first one. + starts with ++, the initial command applies to + every file being viewed, not just the first one. The + command described previously may also be used - to set (or change) an initial command for every + to set (or change) an initial command for every file. LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG - When entering command line at the bottom of the screen - (for example, a filename for the :e command, or the pat - tern for a search command), certain keys can be used to + When entering command line at the bottom of the screen + (for example, a filename for the :e command, or the pat + tern for a search command), certain keys can be used to manipulate the command line. Most commands have an alter - nate form in [ brackets ] which can be used if a key does - not exist on a particular keyboard. (The bracketed forms - do not work in the MS-DOS version.) Any of these special - keys may be entered literally by preceding it with the - "literal" character, either ^V or ^A. A backslash itself + nate form in [ brackets ] which can be used if a key does + not exist on a particular keyboard. (The bracketed forms + do not work in the MS-DOS version.) Any of these special + keys may be entered literally by preceding it with the + "literal" character, either ^V or ^A. A backslash itself may also be entered literally by entering two backslashes. LEFTARROW [ ESC-h ] Move the cursor one space to the left. - RIGHTARROW [ ESC-l ] - Move the cursor one space to the right. - ^LEFTARROW [ ESC-b or ESC-LEFTARROW ] - (That is, CONTROL and LEFTARROW simultaneously.) - Move the cursor one word to the left. - - ^RIGHTARROW [ ESC-w or ESC-RIGHTARROW ] - (That is, CONTROL and RIGHTARROW simultaneously.) + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 17 - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 17 +LESS(1) LESS(1) -LESS(1) LESS(1) + RIGHTARROW [ ESC-l ] + Move the cursor one space to the right. + ^LEFTARROW [ ESC-b or ESC-LEFTARROW ] + (That is, CONTROL and LEFTARROW simultaneously.) + Move the cursor one word to the left. + ^RIGHTARROW [ ESC-w or ESC-RIGHTARROW ] + (That is, CONTROL and RIGHTARROW simultaneously.) Move the cursor one word to the right. HOME [ ESC-0 ] @@ -1135,18 +1144,18 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) Move the cursor to the end of the line. BACKSPACE - Delete the character to the left of the cursor, or + Delete the character to the left of the cursor, or cancel the command if the command line is empty. DELETE or [ ESC-x ] Delete the character under the cursor. ^BACKSPACE [ ESC-BACKSPACE ] - (That is, CONTROL and BACKSPACE simultaneously.) + (That is, CONTROL and BACKSPACE simultaneously.) Delete the word to the left of the cursor. ^DELETE [ ESC-X or ESC-DELETE ] - (That is, CONTROL and DELETE simultaneously.) + (That is, CONTROL and DELETE simultaneously.) Delete the word under the cursor. UPARROW [ ESC-k ] @@ -1155,35 +1164,26 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) DOWNARROW [ ESC-j ] Retrieve the next command line. - TAB Complete the partial filename to the left of the - cursor. If it matches more than one filename, the - first match is entered into the command line. - Repeated TABs will cycle thru the other matching - filenames. If the completed filename is a direc - tory, a "/" is appended to the filename. (On MS- - DOS systems, a "\" is appended.) The environment - variable LESSSEPARATOR can be used to specify a - different character to append to a directory name. + TAB Complete the partial filename to the left of the + cursor. If it matches more than one filename, the + first match is entered into the command line. + Repeated TABs will cycle thru the other matching + filenames. If the completed filename is a direc + tory, a "/" is appended to the filename. (On MS- + DOS systems, a "\" is appended.) The environment + variable LESSSEPARATOR can be used to specify a + different character to append to a directory name. BACKTAB [ ESC-TAB ] Like, TAB, but cycles in the reverse direction thru the matching filenames. - ^L Complete the partial filename to the left of the - cursor. If it matches more than one filename, all - matches are entered into the command line (if they - fit). + ^L Complete the partial filename to the left of the + cursor. If it matches more than one filename, all - ^U (Unix and OS/2) or ESC (MS-DOS) - Delete the entire command line, or cancel the com - mand if the command line is empty. If you have - changed your line-kill character in Unix to some - thing other than ^U, that character is used instead - of ^U. - - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 18 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 18 @@ -1192,64 +1192,64 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + matches are entered into the command line (if they + fit). + + ^U (Unix and OS/2) or ESC (MS-DOS) + Delete the entire command line, or cancel the com + mand if the command line is empty. If you have + changed your line-kill character in Unix to some + thing other than ^U, that character is used instead + of ^U. + + KKEEYY BBIINNDDIINNGGSS You may define your own _l_e_s_s commands by using the program _l_e_s_s_k_e_y (1) to create a lesskey file. This file specifies - a set of command keys and an action associated with each - key. You may also use _l_e_s_s_k_e_y to change the line-editing + a set of command keys and an action associated with each + key. You may also use _l_e_s_s_k_e_y to change the line-editing keys (see LINE EDITING), and to set environment variables. If the environment variable LESSKEY is set, _l_e_s_s uses that as the name of the lesskey file. Otherwise, _l_e_s_s looks in - a standard place for the lesskey file: On Unix systems, - _l_e_s_s looks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/.less". On - MS-DOS and Windows systems, _l_e_s_s looks for a lesskey file - called "$HOME/_less", and if it is not found there, then - looks for a lesskey file called "_less" in any directory - specified in the PATH environment variable. On OS/2 sys - tems, _l_e_s_s looks for a lesskey file called + a standard place for the lesskey file: On Unix systems, + _l_e_s_s looks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/.less". On + MS-DOS and Windows systems, _l_e_s_s looks for a lesskey file + called "$HOME/_less", and if it is not found there, then + looks for a lesskey file called "_less" in any directory + specified in the PATH environment variable. On OS/2 sys + tems, _l_e_s_s looks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/less.ini", and if it is not found, then looks for a - lesskey file called "less.ini" in any directory specified - in the INIT environment variable, and if it not found - there, then looks for a lesskey file called "less.ini" in - any directory specified in the PATH environment variable. + lesskey file called "less.ini" in any directory specified + in the INIT environment variable, and if it not found + there, then looks for a lesskey file called "less.ini" in + any directory specified in the PATH environment variable. See the _l_e_s_s_k_e_y manual page for more details. - A system-wide lesskey file may also be set up to provide + A system-wide lesskey file may also be set up to provide key bindings. If a key is defined in both a local lesskey - file and in the system-wide file, key bindings in the - local file take precedence over those in the system-wide - file. If the environment variable LESSKEY_SYSTEM is set, - _l_e_s_s uses that as the name of the system-wide lesskey - file. Otherwise, _l_e_s_s looks in a standard place for the + file and in the system-wide file, key bindings in the + local file take precedence over those in the system-wide + file. If the environment variable LESSKEY_SYSTEM is set, + _l_e_s_s uses that as the name of the system-wide lesskey + file. Otherwise, _l_e_s_s looks in a standard place for the system-wide lesskey file: On Unix systems, the system-wide lesskey file is /usr/local/etc/sysless. (However, if _l_e_s_s - was built with a different sysconf directory than - /usr/local/etc, that directory is where the sysless file + was built with a different sysconf directory than + /usr/local/etc, that directory is where the sysless file is found.) On MS-DOS and Windows systems, the system-wide lesskey file is c:\_sysless. On OS/2 systems, the system- wide lesskey file is c:\sysless.ini. IINNPPUUTT PPRREEPPRROOCCEESSSSOORR - You may define an "input preprocessor" for _l_e_s_s_. Before - _l_e_s_s opens a file, it first gives your input preprocessor - a chance to modify the way the contents of the file are - displayed. An input preprocessor is simply an executable - program (or shell script), which writes the contents of - the file to a different file, called the replacement file. - The contents of the replacement file are then displayed in - place of the contents of the original file. However, it - will appear to the user as if the original file is opened; - that is, _l_e_s_s will display the original filename as the - name of the current file. - - An input preprocessor receives one command line argument, - the original filename, as entered by the user. It should - create the replacement file, and when finished, print the + You may define an "input preprocessor" for _l_e_s_s_. Before + _l_e_s_s opens a file, it first gives your input preprocessor + a chance to modify the way the contents of the file are + displayed. An input preprocessor is simply an executable - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 19 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 19 @@ -1258,32 +1258,43 @@ IINNPPUUTT PPRREEPPRROOCCEESSSSOORR LESS(1) LESS(1) - name of the replacement file to its standard output. If + program (or shell script), which writes the contents of + the file to a different file, called the replacement file. + The contents of the replacement file are then displayed in + place of the contents of the original file. However, it + will appear to the user as if the original file is opened; + that is, _l_e_s_s will display the original filename as the + name of the current file. + + An input preprocessor receives one command line argument, + the original filename, as entered by the user. It should + create the replacement file, and when finished, print the + name of the replacement file to its standard output. If the input preprocessor does not output a replacement file - name, _l_e_s_s uses the original file, as normal. The input - preprocessor is not called when viewing standard input. + name, _l_e_s_s uses the original file, as normal. The input + preprocessor is not called when viewing standard input. To set up an input preprocessor, set the LESSOPEN environ - ment variable to a command line which will invoke your - input preprocessor. This command line should include one - occurrence of the string "%s", which will be replaced by + ment variable to a command line which will invoke your + input preprocessor. This command line should include one + occurrence of the string "%s", which will be replaced by the filename when the input preprocessor command is invoked. When _l_e_s_s closes a file opened in such a way, it will call another program, called the input postprocessor, which may - perform any desired clean-up action (such as deleting the + perform any desired clean-up action (such as deleting the replacement file created by LESSOPEN). This program receives two command line arguments, the original filename - as entered by the user, and the name of the replacement + as entered by the user, and the name of the replacement file. To set up an input postprocessor, set the LESSCLOSE - environment variable to a command line which will invoke - your input postprocessor. It may include two occurrences - of the string "%s"; the first is replaced with the origi - nal name of the file and the second with the name of the + environment variable to a command line which will invoke + your input postprocessor. It may include two occurrences + of the string "%s"; the first is replaced with the origi + nal name of the file and the second with the name of the replacement file, which was output by LESSOPEN. - For example, on many Unix systems, these two scripts will - allow you to keep files in compressed format, but still + For example, on many Unix systems, these two scripts will + allow you to keep files in compressed format, but still let _l_e_s_s view them directly: lessopen.sh: @@ -1302,20 +1313,9 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) #! /bin/sh rm $2 - To use these scripts, put them both where they can be exe - cuted and set LESSOPEN="lessopen.sh %s", and - LESSCLOSE="lessclose.sh %s %s". More complex LESSOPEN and - LESSCLOSE scripts may be written to accept other types of - compressed files, and so on. - - It is also possible to set up an input preprocessor to - pipe the file data directly to _l_e_s_s_, rather than putting - the data into a replacement file. This avoids the need to - decompress the entire file before starting to view it. An - - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 20 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 20 @@ -1324,18 +1324,28 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) - input preprocessor that works this way is called an input - pipe. An input pipe, instead of writing the name of a + To use these scripts, put them both where they can be exe + cuted and set LESSOPEN="lessopen.sh %s", and + LESSCLOSE="lessclose.sh %s %s". More complex LESSOPEN and + LESSCLOSE scripts may be written to accept other types of + compressed files, and so on. + + It is also possible to set up an input preprocessor to + pipe the file data directly to _l_e_s_s_, rather than putting + the data into a replacement file. This avoids the need to + decompress the entire file before starting to view it. An + input preprocessor that works this way is called an input + pipe. An input pipe, instead of writing the name of a replacement file on its standard output, writes the entire - contents of the replacement file on its standard output. - If the input pipe does not write any characters on its - standard output, then there is no replacement file and - _l_e_s_s uses the original file, as normal. To use an input + contents of the replacement file on its standard output. + If the input pipe does not write any characters on its + standard output, then there is no replacement file and + _l_e_s_s uses the original file, as normal. To use an input pipe, make the first character in the LESSOPEN environment variable a vertical bar (|) to signify that the input pre processor is an input pipe. - For example, on many Unix systems, this script will work + For example, on many Unix systems, this script will work like the previous example scripts: lesspipe.sh: @@ -1345,11 +1355,11 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) ;; esac - To use this script, put it where it can be executed and - set LESSOPEN="|lesspipe.sh %s". When an input pipe is - used, a LESSCLOSE postprocessor can be used, but it is - usually not necessary since there is no replacement file - to clean up. In this case, the replacement file name + To use this script, put it where it can be executed and + set LESSOPEN="|lesspipe.sh %s". When an input pipe is + used, a LESSCLOSE postprocessor can be used, but it is + usually not necessary since there is no replacement file + to clean up. In this case, the replacement file name passed to the LESSCLOSE postprocessor is "-". @@ -1360,7 +1370,7 @@ NNAATTIIOONNAALL CCHHAARRAACCTTEERR SSEETTSS can be displayed directly to the screen. control characters - should not be displayed directly, but are expected + should not be displayed directly, but are expected to be found in ordinary text files (such as backspace and tab). @@ -1368,31 +1378,30 @@ NNAATTIIOONNAALL CCHHAARRAACCTTEERR SSEETTSS should not be displayed directly and are not expected to be found in text files. - A "character set" is simply a description of which charac - ters are to be considered normal, control, and binary. - The LESSCHARSET environment variable may be used to select - a character set. Possible values for LESSCHARSET are: - - ascii BS, TAB, NL, CR, and formfeed are control charac - ters, all chars with values between 32 and 126 are - normal, and all others are binary. + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 21 - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 21 +LESS(1) LESS(1) -LESS(1) LESS(1) + A "character set" is simply a description of which charac + ters are to be considered normal, control, and binary. + The LESSCHARSET environment variable may be used to select + a character set. Possible values for LESSCHARSET are: + ascii BS, TAB, NL, CR, and formfeed are control charac + ters, all chars with values between 32 and 126 are + normal, and all others are binary. iso8859 - Selects an ISO 8859 character set. This is the - same as ASCII, except characters between 160 and + Selects an ISO 8859 character set. This is the + same as ASCII, except characters between 160 and 255 are treated as normal characters. latin1 Same as iso8859. @@ -1405,49 +1414,40 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) IBM-1047 Selects an EBCDIC character set used by OS/390 Unix - Services. This is the EBCDIC analogue of latin1. - You get similar results by setting either LESS + Services. This is the EBCDIC analogue of latin1. + You get similar results by setting either LESS CHARSET=IBM-1047 or LC_CTYPE=en_US in your environ ment. koi8-r Selects a Russian character set. - next Selects a character set appropriate for NeXT com + next Selects a character set appropriate for NeXT com puters. utf-8 Selects the UTF-8 encoding of the ISO 10646 charac ter set. - In special cases, it may be desired to tailor _l_e_s_s to use - a character set other than the ones definable by LESS - CHARSET. In this case, the environment variable LESS - CHARDEF can be used to define a character set. It should + In special cases, it may be desired to tailor _l_e_s_s to use + a character set other than the ones definable by LESS + CHARSET. In this case, the environment variable LESS + CHARDEF can be used to define a character set. It should be set to a string where each character in the string rep resents one character in the character set. The character - "." is used for a normal character, "c" for control, and - "b" for binary. A decimal number may be used for repeti - tion. For example, "bccc4b." would mean character 0 is - binary, 1, 2 and 3 are control, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are binary, - and 8 is normal. All characters after the last are taken - to be the same as the last, so characters 9 through 255 + "." is used for a normal character, "c" for control, and + "b" for binary. A decimal number may be used for repeti + tion. For example, "bccc4b." would mean character 0 is + binary, 1, 2 and 3 are control, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are binary, + and 8 is normal. All characters after the last are taken + to be the same as the last, so characters 9 through 255 would be normal. (This is an example, and does not neces sarily represent any real character set.) This table shows the value of LESSCHARDEF which is equiva lent to each of the possible values for LESSCHARSET: - ascii 8bcccbcc18b95.b - dos 8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b. - ebcdic 5bc6bcc7bcc41b.9b7.9b5.b..8b6.10b6.b9.7b - 9.8b8.17b3.3b9.7b9.8b8.6b10.b.b.b. - IBM-1047 4cbcbc3b9cbccbccbb4c6bcc5b3cbbc4bc4bccbc - 191.b - iso8859 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. - koi8-r 8bcccbcc18b95.b128. - - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 22 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 22 @@ -1456,6 +1456,14 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + ascii 8bcccbcc18b95.b + dos 8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b. + ebcdic 5bc6bcc7bcc41b.9b7.9b5.b..8b6.10b6.b9.7b + 9.8b8.17b3.3b9.7b9.8b8.6b10.b.b.b. + IBM-1047 4cbcbc3b9cbccbccbb4c6bcc5b3cbbc4bc4bccbc + 191.b + iso8859 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. + koi8-r 8bcccbcc18b95.b128. latin1 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. next 8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb @@ -1503,17 +1511,9 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTSS A percent sign followed by a single character is expanded according to what the following character is: - %b_X Replaced by the byte offset into the current input - file. The b is followed by a single character - (shown as _X above) which specifies the line whose - byte offset is to be used. If the character is a - "t", the byte offset of the top line in the display - is used, an "m" means use the middle line, a "b" - means use the bottom line, a "B" means use the line - - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 23 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 23 @@ -1522,6 +1522,13 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTSS LESS(1) LESS(1) + %b_X Replaced by the byte offset into the current input + file. The b is followed by a single character + (shown as _X above) which specifies the line whose + byte offset is to be used. If the character is a + "t", the byte offset of the top line in the display + is used, an "m" means use the middle line, a "b" + means use the bottom line, a "B" means use the line just after the bottom line, and a "j" means use the "target" line, as specified by the -j option. @@ -1568,25 +1575,26 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) %s Same as %B. %t Causes any trailing spaces to be removed. Usually - used at the end of the string, but may appear any - where. + used at the end of the string, but may appear - %x Replaced by the name of the next input file in the - list. - If any item is unknown (for example, the file size if - input is a pipe), a question mark is printed instead. + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 24 - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 24 +LESS(1) LESS(1) -LESS(1) LESS(1) + anywhere. + %x Replaced by the name of the next input file in the + list. + + If any item is unknown (for example, the file size if + input is a pipe), a question mark is printed instead. The format of the prompt string can be changed depending on certain conditions. A question mark followed by a sin @@ -1634,25 +1642,25 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) ?p_X True if the percent into the current input file, based on byte offsets, of the specified line is - known. - ?P_X True if the percent into the current input file, - based on line numbers, of the specified line is - known. - ?s Same as "?B". + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 25 - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 25 +LESS(1) LESS(1) + known. -LESS(1) LESS(1) + ?P_X True if the percent into the current input file, + based on line numbers, of the specified line is + known. + ?s Same as "?B". ?x True if there is a next input file (that is, if the current input file is not the last one). @@ -1700,18 +1708,10 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) And here is the default message produced by the = command: ?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) .?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. . - byte %bB?s/%s. ?e(END) :?pB%pB\%..%t - - The prompt expansion features are also used for another - purpose: if an environment variable LESSEDIT is defined, - it is used as the command to be executed when the v com - mand is invoked. The LESSEDIT string is expanded in the - same way as the prompt strings. The default value for - LESSEDIT is: - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 26 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 26 @@ -1720,6 +1720,15 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + byte %bB?s/%s. ?e(END) :?pB%pB\%..%t + + The prompt expansion features are also used for another + purpose: if an environment variable LESSEDIT is defined, + it is used as the command to be executed when the v com + mand is invoked. The LESSEDIT string is expanded in the + same way as the prompt strings. The default value for + LESSEDIT is: + %E ?lm+%lm. %f Note that this expands to the editor name, followed by a + @@ -1765,19 +1774,10 @@ EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS take precedence over variables defined in the system-wide lesskey file. - COLUMNS - Sets the number of columns on the screen. Takes - precedence over the number of columns specified by - the TERM variable. (But if you have a windowing - system which supports TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD, the - window system's idea of the screen size takes - precedence over the LINES and COLUMNS environment - variables.) - - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 27 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 27 @@ -1786,6 +1786,15 @@ EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS LESS(1) LESS(1) + COLUMNS + Sets the number of columns on the screen. Takes + precedence over the number of columns specified by + the TERM variable. (But if you have a windowing + system which supports TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD, the + window system's idea of the screen size takes + precedence over the LINES and COLUMNS environment + variables.) + EDITOR The name of the editor (used for the v command). HOME Name of the user's home directory (used to find a @@ -1831,19 +1840,10 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) acters, such as * and ?, in filenames on Unix sys tems. - LESSEDIT - Editor prototype string (used for the v command). - See discussion under PROMPTS. - - LESSGLOBALTAGS - Name of the command used by the -t option to find - global tags. Normally should be set to "global" if - your system has the _g_l_o_b_a_l (1) command. If not - set, global tags are not used. - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 28 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 28 @@ -1852,6 +1852,16 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) LESS(1) + LESSEDIT + Editor prototype string (used for the v command). + See discussion under PROMPTS. + + LESSGLOBALTAGS + Name of the command used by the -t option to find + global tags. Normally should be set to "global" if + your system has the _g_l_o_b_a_l (1) command. If not + set, global tags are not used. + LESSKEY Name of the default lesskey(1) file. @@ -1896,28 +1906,28 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) TERM The type of terminal on which _l_e_s_s is being run. - VISUAL The name of the editor (used for the v command). -SSEEEE AALLSSOO - lesskey(1) + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 29 -WWAARRNNIINNGGSS - The = command and prompts (unless changed by -P) report - the line numbers of the lines at the top and bottom of the - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 29 +LESS(1) LESS(1) + VISUAL The name of the editor (used for the v command). -LESS(1) LESS(1) +SSEEEE AALLSSOO + lesskey(1) +WWAARRNNIINNGGSS + The = command and prompts (unless changed by -P) report + the line numbers of the lines at the top and bottom of the screen, but the byte and percent of the line after the one at the bottom of the screen. @@ -1954,7 +1964,7 @@ LESS(1) LESS(1) CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT - Copyright (C) 2001 Mark Nudelman + Copyright (C) 2002 Mark Nudelman less is part of the GNU project and is free software. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of @@ -1962,20 +1972,10 @@ CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT the Free Software Foundation; or (2) the Less License. See the file README in the less distribution for more details regarding redistribution. You should have - received a copy of the GNU General Public License along - with the source for less; see the file COPYING. If not, - write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. You should also - have received a copy of the Less License; see the file - LICENSE. - less is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, - but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied war - ranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR - - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 30 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 30 @@ -1984,7 +1984,17 @@ CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT LESS(1) LESS(1) - PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more + received a copy of the GNU General Public License along + with the source for less; see the file COPYING. If not, + write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, + Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. You should also + have received a copy of the Less License; see the file + LICENSE. + + less is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied war + ranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PUR + POSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. @@ -2031,16 +2041,6 @@ AAUUTTHHOORR - - - - - - - - - - - Version 371: 26 Dec 2001 31 + Version 381: 17 Jan 2003 31 |
