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diff --git a/contrib/groff/doc/pic.ms b/contrib/groff/doc/pic.ms index 627a84f..9206526 100644 --- a/contrib/groff/doc/pic.ms +++ b/contrib/groff/doc/pic.ms @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ .\" There is no hope that this will ever look right under nroff. .\" .\" Comments beginning with %% are cut lines so portions of this - \" document can be automatically extracted. %%TUTORIAL%% begins the +.\" document can be automatically extracted. %%TUTORIAL%% begins the .\" tutorial part; %%REFERENCE%% the reference part. %%POSTLUDE%% the - \" bibliography and end matter after the reference part. +.\" bibliography and end matter after the reference part. .\" .\" This document was written for free use and redistribution by .\" Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com> in August 1995. .\" -.\" $Id: pic.ms,v 1.4 2001/06/24 13:03:27 wlemb Exp $ +.\" $Id: pic.ms,v 1.19 2002/09/20 12:14:56 wlemb Exp $ .\" .\" Set a proper TeX .ie t .ds tx T\h'-.1667m'\v'.224m'E\v'-.224m'\h'-.125m'X @@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ Making Pictures With GNU PIC .AU Eric S. Raymond .AI -<esr@snark.thyrsus.com> +\[la]\fIesr@snark.thyrsus.com\fP\[ra] .AB The \fBpic\fP language is a \fBtroff\fP extension that makes it easy to create and alter box-and-arrow diagrams of the kind frequently used in technical papers and textbooks. This paper is both an introduction -to and reference for \fIgpic\fP(1), the implementation distributed by -the Free Software Foundation for use with \fIgroff\fP(1). +to and reference for \fIgpic\/\fP(1), the implementation distributed by +the Free Software Foundation for use with \fIgroff\/\fP(1). .AE .\"%%TUTORIAL%% .NH 1 @@ -50,44 +50,42 @@ layouts, and other kinds of illustration involving repetitive uses of simple geometric forms and splines. Because these descriptions are procedural and object-based, they are both compact and easy to modify. .PP -The \fIgpic\fP(1) implementation of \fBpic\fP is distributed by the -Free Software Foundation for use with their \fIgroff\fP(1) +The \fIgpic\/\fP(1) implementation of \fBpic\fP is distributed by the +Free Software Foundation for use with their \fIgroff\/\fP(1) implementation of \fBtroff\fP. Because both implementations are widely available in source form for free, they are good bets for writing very portable documentation. .NH 2 PIC Versions .PP -The original 1984 pre-\fIditroff\fP(1) version of \fBpic\fP is long +The original 1984 pre-\fIditroff\/\fP(1) version of \fBpic\fP is long obsolete. The rewritten 1991 version is still available as part of the Documenter's Work Bench module of System V. .PP Where differences between Documenter's Work Bench (1991) \fBpic\fP and GNU \fBpic\fP need to be described, original \fBpic\fP is referred to as -"DWB pic". Details on the history of the program are given at the end -of this document. +\[lq]DWB pic\[rq]. Details on the history of the program are given at the +end of this document. .PP -In this document, the \fIgpic\fP(1) extensions will be marked as such. +In this document, the \fIgpic\/\fP(1) extensions will be marked as such. .NH 1 Invoking PIC .PP Every \fBpic\fP description is a little program, which gets compiled -by \fIpic\fP(1) into \fIgtroff\fP(1) macros. Programs that process or -display \fIgtroff\fP(1) output need not know or care that parts of the +by \fIpic\/\fP(1) into \fIgtroff\/\fP(1) macros. Programs that process or +display \fIgtroff\/\fP(1) output need not know or care that parts of the image began life as \fBpic\fP descriptions. .PP -The \fIpic\fP(1) program tries to translate anything between \fB.PS\fP +The \fIpic\/\fP(1) program tries to translate anything between \fB.PS\fP and \fB.PE\fP markers, and passes through everything else. The normal definitions of \fB.PS\fP and \fB.PE\fP in the \fIms\fP macro package and elsewhere have also the side-effect of centering the \fBpic\fP output on the page. -.PP -Other details of the \fI[gt]roff\fP(1) interface .NH 2 PIC Error Messages .PP -If you make a \fBpic\fP syntax error, \fIgpic\fP(1) will issue an -error message in the standard \fIgcc\fP(1)-like syntax. A typical +If you make a \fBpic\fP syntax error, \fIgpic\/\fP(1) will issue an +error message in the standard \fIgcc\/\fP(1)-like syntax. A typical error message looks like this, .KS .DS @@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ pic:pic.ms:<nnn>: giving up on this picture .R .KE .LP -where <nnn> is a line number, and <token> is a token near (usually +where \[la]nnn\[ra] is a line number, and \[la]token\[ra] is a token near (usually just after) the error location. .NH 1 Basic PIC Concepts @@ -112,11 +110,11 @@ flow of data in \fBpic\fP processing: .PS ellipse "document"; arrow; -box "\fIgpic\fP(1)" +box width 0.6 "\fIgpic\/\fP(1)" arrow; -box width 1.2 "\fIgtbl\fP(1) or \fIgeqn\fP(1)" "(optional)" dashed; +box width 1.1 "\fIgtbl\/\fP(1) or \fIgeqn\/\fP(1)" "(optional)" dashed; arrow; -box "\fIgtroff\fP(1)"; +box width 0.6 "\fIgtroff\/\fP(1)"; arrow; ellipse "PostScript" .PE @@ -125,17 +123,19 @@ ellipse "PostScript" This was produced from the following \fBpic\fP program: .KS .DS +.ps -1 +.vs -1 .CW \&.PS -\&ellipse "document"; -\&arrow; -\&box "\\fIpic\\fP(1)" -\&arrow; -\&box width 1.2 "\\fIgtbl\\fP(1) or \\fIgeqn\\fP(1)" "(optional)" dashed; -\&arrow; -\&box "\\fIgtroff\\fP(1)"; -\&arrow; -\&ellipse "PostScript" +ellipse "document"; +arrow; +box width 0.6 "\efIpic\e/\efP(1)" +arrow; +box width 1.1 "\efIgtbl\e/\efP(1) or \efIgeqn\e/\efP(1)" "(optional)" dashed; +arrow; +box width 0.6 "\efIgtroff\e/\efP(1)"; +arrow; +ellipse "PostScript" \&.PE .DE .R @@ -152,8 +152,9 @@ this facility in detail in the next section). We also get to see \fBpic\fP's simple syntax. Statements are ended by newlines or semicolons. String quotes are required around all text arguments, whether or not they contain spaces. In general, the order -of command arguments and modifiers like "width 1.2" or "dashed" doesn't -matter, except that the order of text arguments is significant. +of command arguments and modifiers like \[lq]width 1.2\[rq] or +\[lq]dashed\[rq] doesn't matter, except that the order of text arguments +is significant. .PP Here are all but one of the basic \fBpic\fP objects at their default sizes: .KS @@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ to collect objects into \fIblock composites\fP which allows you to treat the whole group as a single object (resembling a box) for many purposes. We'll describe both of these later on. .PP -The box, ellipse, circle, and block composite objects are \fIclosed\fR; +The box, ellipse, circle, and block composite objects are \fIclosed\/\fR; lines, arrows, arcs and splines are \fIopen\fP. This distinction will often be important in explaining command modifiers. .PP @@ -187,17 +188,17 @@ which introduces some more basic concepts: .DS .CW \&.PS -\&box "box"; -\&move; -\&line "line" ""; -\&move; -\&arrow "arrow" ""; -\&move; -\&circle "circle"; -\&move; -\&ellipse "ellipse"; -\&move; -\&arc; down; move; "arc" +box "box"; +move; +line "line" ""; +move; +arrow "arrow" ""; +move; +circle "circle"; +move; +ellipse "ellipse"; +move; +arc; down; move; "arc" \&.PE .DE .ft R @@ -264,7 +265,8 @@ arc cw; move; "arc"; .PE .CE "6: Result of \fBarc cw; move; \"arc\"\fP" .PP -All we've done differently here is specify "cw" for a clockwise arc. +All we've done differently here is specify \[lq]cw\[rq] for a clockwise arc +(\[lq]ccw\[rq] specifies counter-clockwise direction). Observe how it changes the default direction to down, rather than up. .PP Another good way to see this via with the following program: @@ -283,7 +285,7 @@ line; arc; arc cw; line; .PE .CE "7: Result of \fBline; arc; arc cw; line\fP" .LP -Notice that we did not have to specify "up" for the second arc to be +Notice that we did not have to specify \[lq]up\[rq] for the second arc to be joined to the end of the first. .PP Finally, observe that a string, alone, is treated as text to be @@ -297,16 +299,14 @@ Sizes and Spacing Sizes are specified in inches. If you don't like inches, it's possible to set a global style variable \fBscale\fP that changes the unit. Setting \fBscale = 2.54\fP will effectively change the internal -unit to centimeters (all other size variable valuess will be scaled +unit to centimeters (all other size variable values will be scaled correspondingly). .NH 2 Default Sizes of Objects .PP Here are the default sizes for \fBpic\fP objects: -.RS -.KS -.TS -tab(@), linesize(2); +.TS H +center, tab(@), linesize(2); lb | lb l | l. .sp 2p @@ -314,6 +314,7 @@ Object@Default Size .sp 2p _ .sp 2p +.TH box@0.75" wide by 0.5" high circle@0.5" diameter ellipse@0.75" wide by 0.5" high @@ -323,8 +324,6 @@ arrow@0.5" long .sp 5p _ .TE -.KE -.RE .PP The simplest way to think about these defaults is that they make the other basic objects fit snugly into a default-sized box. @@ -333,19 +332,19 @@ Objects Do Not Stretch! .PP Text is rendered in the current font with normal troff line spacing. Boxes, circles, and ellipses do \fInot\fP automatically resize to fit -enclosed text. Thus, if you say \fBbox "text far too long"\fP -you'll get this: +enclosed text. Thus, if you say \fBbox "this text far too long for a +default box"\fP you'll get this: .KS .PS box "this text is far too long for a default box" .PE .CE "1: Boxes do not automatically resize" -.PP +.LP which is probably not the effect you want. .NH 2 Resizing Boxes .PP -To change the box size, you can specify a box width with the "width" +To change the box size, you can specify a box width with the \[lq]width\[rq] modifier: .KS .PS @@ -353,16 +352,15 @@ box width 3 "this text is far too long for a default box" .PE .CE "2: Result of \fBbox width 3 \"text far too long\"\fP" .PP -This modifier takes a dimension in inches. There is also a "height" +This modifier takes a dimension in inches. There is also a \[lq]height\[rq] modifier that will change a box's height. The \fBwidth\fP keyword may -be abbreviated to \fBewid\fP; the \fBheight\fP keyword to -\fBheight\fP. +be abbreviated to \fBwid\fP; the \fBheight\fP keyword to \fBht\fP. .NH 2 Resizing Other Object Types .PP -To change the size of a circle, give it a \fBrad\fP or \fBdiam\fP -modifier; this changes the radius or diameter of the circle, according -to the numeric argument that follows. +To change the size of a circle, give it a \fBrad[ius]\fP or +\fBdiam[eter]\fP modifier; this changes the radius or diameter of the +circle, according to the numeric argument that follows. .KS .PS {circle rad 0.1; move down 0.2 from last circle .s; "0.1"}; @@ -376,8 +374,8 @@ it how many inches to move in the current direction. Ellipses are sized to fit in the rectangular box defined by their axes, and can be resized with \fBwidth\fP and \fBheight\fP like boxes. .PP -You can also change the radius of curvature of an arc with \fBrad\fP -(which specifies the radius of the circle of which the arc is a segnmment). +You can also change the radius of curvature of an arc with \fBrad[ius]\fP +(which specifies the radius of the circle of which the arc is a segment). Larger values yield flatter arcs. .KS .PS @@ -401,7 +399,7 @@ of its type. As an example, the program .DS .CW \&.PS -\&box; box wid 1 ht 1; box same; box +box; box wid 1 ht 1; box same; box \&.PE .R .DE @@ -428,19 +426,23 @@ of the drawing area as being gridded with standard-sized boxes. # Draw a demonstration up left arrow with grid box overlay define gridarrow { + move right 0.1 [ {arrow up left $1;} box wid 0.5 ht 0.5 dotted with .nw at last arrow .end; - for i = 2 to ($1 / 0.5) do - { + for i = 2 to ($1 / 0.5) do { box wid 0.5 ht 0.5 dotted with .sw at last box .se; } move down from last arrow .center; [ - if ( $1 == boxht ) then { "\fBline up left\fP" } else { sprintf("\fBarrow up left %g\fP", $1) }; + if ( $1 == boxht ) then { + "\fBline up left\fP" + } else { + sprintf("\fBarrow up left %g\fP", $1) + } ] ] - move right from last [] .e; + move right 0.1 from last [] .e; } gridarrow(0.5); gridarrow(1); @@ -452,9 +454,10 @@ undef gridarrow .NH 2 Multi-Segment Line Objects .PP -A "line" or "arrow" object may actually be a path consisting of any number of -segments of varying lengths and directions. To describe a path, -connect several line or arrow commands with the keyword \fBthen\fP. +A \[lq]line\[rq] or \[lq]arrow\[rq] object may actually be a path +consisting of any number of segments of varying lengths and directions. +To describe a path, connect several line or arrow commands with the +keyword \fBthen\fP. .KS .PS define zigzag { $1 right 1 then down .5 left 1 then right 1 } @@ -487,7 +490,7 @@ undef zigzag; .CE "3: \fBspline right 1 then down .5 left 1 then right 1\fP" .PP You can describe many natural-looking but irregular curves this -way. For example: +way. For example: .KS .PS [spline right then up then left then down ->;] @@ -499,18 +502,18 @@ move up 0.2; [spline left then up right then down right ->;] .PE .CE "4: Two more spline examples" -.PP +.LP Note the arrow decorations. Arrowheads can be applied naturally to any path-based object, line or spline. We'll see how in the next section. .NH 1 -Decorating Objects. +Decorating Objects .NH 2 Dashed Objects .PP We've already seen that the modifier \fBdashed\fP can change the line style of an object from solid to dashed. GNU \fBgpic\fP permits you to -dot or dash ellipses, circles, and arcs (and splines in \(*tx mode +dot or dash ellipses, circles, and arcs (and splines in \*[tx] mode only); some versions of DWB may only permit dashing of lines and boxes. It's possible to change the dash interval by specifying a number after the modifier. @@ -532,7 +535,7 @@ box dashed 0.2 "0.2"; Dotted Objects .PP Another available qualifier is \fBdotted\fP. GNU \fBgpic\fP permits -you to dot or dash ellipses, circles, and arcs (and splines in \(*tx +you to dot or dash ellipses, circles, and arcs (and splines in \*[tx] mode only); some versions of DWB may only permit dashing of lines and boxes. It too can be suffixed with a number to specify the interval between dots: @@ -553,20 +556,20 @@ box dotted 0.2 "0.2"; Rounding Box Corners .PP It is also possible, in GNU \fBgpic\fP only, to modify a box so it has -rounded corners +rounded corners: .KS .PS box rad 0.05 "rad 0.05"; move; box rad 0.1 "rad 0.1"; move; -box rad 0.15 "rad=0.15"; +box rad 0.15 "rad 0.15"; move; -box rad 0.2 "rad=0.2"; +box rad 0.2 "rad 0.2"; move; -box rad 0.25 "rad=0.25"; +box rad 0.25 "rad 0.25"; .PE -.CE "3: \fBbox rad\fP with increasing radius values;" +.CE "3: \fBbox rad\fP with increasing radius values" .PP Radius values higher than half the minimum box dimension are silently truncated to that value. @@ -584,29 +587,30 @@ line <- -> .PP In fact, the \fBarrow\fP command is just shorthand for \fBline ->\fP. And there is a double-head modifier <->, so the figure above could have been made -with \fCWline <->\fP. +with \fBline <->\fP. .PP Arrowheads have a \fBwidth\fP attribute, the distance across the rear; and a \fBheight\fP attribute, the length of the arrowhead along the shaft. .PP Arrowhead style is controlled by the style variable \fBarrowhead\fP. The DWB and GNU versions interpret it differently. DWB defaults to -open arrowheads and an \fBarrowhead\fP value of 2; the Kernighan -paper says a value of 7 will make solid arrowheads. GNU \fBgpic\fP -defaults to solid arrowheads and an \fBarrowhead\fP value of 1; a -value of 0 will produce open arrowheads. +open arrowheads and an \fBarrowhead\fP value of\~2; the Kernighan +paper says a value of\~7 will make solid arrowheads. GNU \fBgpic\fP +defaults to solid arrowheads and an \fBarrowhead\fP value of\~1; a +value of\~0 will produce open arrowheads. Note that solid arrowheads are +always filled with the current outline color. .NH 2 Line Thickness .PP It's also possible to change the line thickness of an object (this is -a GNU extension, DWB \fBpic\fP doesn't support it.). +a GNU extension, DWB \fBpic\fP doesn't support it). The default thickness of the lines used to draw objects is controlled by the .B linethick variable. This gives the thickness of lines in points. A negative value means use the default thickness: -in \(*tx output mode, this means use a thickness of 8 milliinches; -in \(*tx output mode with the +in \*[tx] output mode, this means use a thickness of 8 milliinches; +in \*[tx] output mode with the .B -c option, this means use the line thickness specified by .B .ps @@ -624,10 +628,10 @@ line. .NH 2 Invisible Objects .PP -The modifier \fBinvis\fP makes an object entirely invisible. This +The modifier \fBinvis[ible]\fP makes an object entirely invisible. This used to be useful for positioning text in an invisible object that is properly joined to neighboring ones. Newer DWB versions and GNU -\fBpic\fP treat standalone text in exactly this way. +\fBpic\fP treat stand-alone text in exactly this way. .NH 2 Filled Objects .PP @@ -640,9 +644,9 @@ and different defaults. DWB \fBfillval\fP defaults to 0.3 and smaller values are darker; GNU \fBfillval\fP uses 0 for white and 1 for black. .KS .PS -circle fill; move; circle fill 0.4; move; circle fill 0.2; +circle fill; move; circle fill 0.4; move; circle fill 0.9; .PE -.CE "5: \fBcircle fill; move; circle fill 0.4; move; circle fill 0.9;\fB" +.CE "5: \fBcircle fill; move; circle fill 0.4; move; circle fill 0.9;\fR" .PP GNU \fBgpic\fP makes some additional guarantees. A fill value greater than 1 can also be used: this means fill with the shade of gray that @@ -652,16 +656,40 @@ The invisible attribute does not affect the filling of objects. Any text associated with a filled object will be added after the object has been filled, so that the text will not be obscured by the filling. .PP -The closed-object modifier \fBsolid\fR is equivalent to \fBfill\fR -with the darkest fill value (DWB \fBpic\fR had this capability but -mentioned it only in a reference opinion). +The closed-object modifier \fBsolid\fP is equivalent to \fBfill\fP +with the darkest fill value (DWB \fBpic\fP had this capability but +mentioned it only in a reference section). +.NH 2 +Colored Objects +.PP +As a GNU extension, three additional modifiers are available to specify +colored objects. \fBoutline\fP sets the color of the outline, \fBshaded\fP +the fill color, and \fBcolor\fP sets both. All three keywords expect a +suffix specifying the color. Example: +.KS +.PS +box color "yellow"; arrow color "cyan"; circle shaded "green" outline "black"; +.PE +.CE "6: \fBbox color ""yellow""; arrow color ""cyan""; \ +circle shaded ""green"" outline ""black"";\fR" +.PP +Alternative spellings are \fBcolour\fP, \fBcolored\fP, \fBcoloured\fP, +and \fBoutlined\fP. +.PP +Currently, color support is not available in \*[tx] mode. Predefined color +names for \fIgroff\/\fP(1) are in the device macro files, for example +\f(CWps.tmac\fP; additional colors can be defined with the \fB.defcolor\fP +request (see the manual page of GNU \fItroff\/\fP(1) for more details). +.PP +\fBpic\fP assumes that at the beginning of a picture both glyph and fill +color are set to the default value. .NH 1 More About Text Placement .PP By default, text is centered at the geometric center of the object it is -associated with. The modifier \fBljust\fR causes the left end to be +associated with. The modifier \fBljust\fP causes the left end to be at the specified point (which means that the text lies to the right of -the specified place!), The modifier \fBrjust\fP puts the right end at +the specified place!), the modifier \fBrjust\fP puts the right end at the place. The modifiers \fBabove\fP and \fBbelow\fP center the text one half line space in the given direction. .PP @@ -678,10 +706,10 @@ move; .PE .CE "1: Text attributes" .PP -What actually happens is that n text strings are centered in a box +What actually happens is that \fIn\fP text strings are centered in a box that is \fBtextwid\fP wide by \fBtextht\fP high. Both these variables are initially zero (that is \fBpic\fR's way of not making assumptions -about \fI[tg]roff\fP(1)'s default point size). +about \fI[tg]roff\/\fP(1)'s default point size). .PP In GNU \fBgpic\fR, objects can have an .B aligned @@ -746,14 +774,14 @@ in the obvious way: .PS box; arrow; circle; down; arrow; ellipse .PE -.CE "3: \fBbox; arrow; circle; down; arrow; ellipse\fP +.CE "3: \fBbox; arrow; circle; down; arrow; ellipse\fP" .LP You might have expected that program to yield this: .KS .PS box; arrow; circle; move to last circle .s; down; arrow; ellipse .PE -.CE "4: More intuitive? +.CE "4: More intuitive?" .LP But, in fact, to get Figure \*[SN]3 you have to do this: .KS @@ -771,6 +799,7 @@ ellipse .R .DE .KE +.LP Why is this? Because the exit point for the current direction is already set when you draw the object. The second arrow in Figure \*[SN]2 dropped downwards from the circle's attachment point for an @@ -792,22 +821,23 @@ Naming Objects By Order Of Drawing The simplest (and generally the most useful) way to name an object is with a \fBlast\fP clause. It needs to be followed by an object type name; \fBbox\fP, \fBcircle\fP, \fBellipse\fP, \fBline\fP, \fBarrow\fP, -\fBspline\fP or \fB[]\fP (the last type refers to a \fIcomposite +\fBspline\fP, \fB""\fP, or \fB[]\fP (the last type refers to a \fIcomposite object\fP which we'll discuss later). So, for example, the \fBlast circle\fP clause in the program attached to Figure \*[SN]3 refers to the last circle drawn. .PP More generally, objects of a given type are implicitly numbered -(starting from 1). You can refer to (say) the third ellipse in the +(starting from\~1). You can refer to (say) the third ellipse in the current picture with \fB3rd ellipse\fP, or to the first box as \fB1st -box\fP, or to the fifth line as \fB5th line\fP. +box\fP, or to the fifth text string (which isn't an attribute to another +object) as \fB5th ""\fP. .PP -Objects are also numbered backwards by type from the last one of +Objects are also numbered backwards by type from the last one. You can say \fB2nd last box\fP to get the second-to-last box, or -\fB3rd last ellipse\fP to get the third-to-last box. +\fB3rd last ellipse\fP to get the third-to-last ellipse. .PP -In places where \fIn\fBth\fR is allowed, \fB`\fIexpr\fB'th\fR is also allowed. -Note that +In places where \fIn\/\fBth\fR is allowed, \fB`\fIexpr\/\fB'th\fR is +also allowed. Note that .B 'th is a single token: no space is allowed between the .B ' @@ -815,13 +845,13 @@ and the \fBth\fP. For example, .IP .KS -.R .DS +.CW for i = 1 to 4 do { line from `i'th box.nw to `i+1'th box.se } -.R .DE +.R .KE .NH 2 Naming Objects With Labels @@ -838,7 +868,7 @@ A: box "first" "object" move; B: ellipse "second" "object" move; -arrow left at A; +arrow right at A .r; \&.PE .R .DE @@ -852,7 +882,7 @@ A: box "first" "object" move; B: ellipse "second" "object" move; -arrow left at A .l; +arrow right at A .r; .PE .CE "1: Example of label use" The \fBat\fP statement in the fourth line uses the label \fBA\fP (the @@ -883,7 +913,7 @@ and Y increases upwards). An absolute location may always be written in the conventional form as two comma-separated numbers surrounded by parentheses (and this is recommended for clarity). In contexts where it creates no ambiguity, the pair of X and Y coordinates suffices -without punctuation. +without parentheses. .PP It is a good idea to avoid absolute coordinates, however. They tend to make picture descriptions difficult to understand and modify. @@ -893,7 +923,7 @@ relative to \fBpic\fP objects and previous locations. .NH 2 Locations Relative to Objects .PP -The symbol \fBhere\fP always refers to the position of the last object +The symbol \fBHere\fP always refers to the position of the last object drawn or the destination of the last \fBmove\fP. .PP Alone and unqualified, a \fBlast circle\fP or any other way of @@ -945,10 +975,13 @@ explanation of Figure 7.3's program is now complete. \&\fB.s\fP, \fB.e\fP, and \fB.w\fP respectively; they can even be abbreviated to \fB.t\fP, \fB.b\fP, \fB.l\fP and \fB.r\fP). .PP -The names \fBcenter\fP, \fBtop\fP, \fBbottom\fP, \fBleft\fP and -\fBright\fP can also be used (without the leading dot) in a prefix -form marked by \fBof\fP; thus, \fBcenter of last circle\fP and -\fBtop of 2nd last ellipse\fP are both valid object references. +The names \fBcenter\fP, \fBtop\fP, \fBbottom\fP, \fBleft\fP, \fBright\fP, +\fBnorth\fP, \fBsouth\fP, \fBeast\fP, and \fBwest\fP can also be used +(without the leading dot) in a prefix form marked by \fBof\fP; thus, +\fBcenter of last circle\fP and \fBtop of 2nd last ellipse\fP are both +valid object references. Finally, the names \fBleft\fP and \fBright\fP +can be prefixed with \fBupper\fP and \fBlower\fP which both have the +obvious meaning. .PP Arc objects also have compass point; they are the compass points of the implied circle. @@ -956,26 +989,25 @@ the implied circle. Locations Relative to Open Objects .PP Every open object (line, arrow, arc, or spline) has three named -points; \fB.start\fP, \fB.center\fP, and \fB.end\fP. They can -also be used without leading dots in the \fBof\fP prefix form. +points: \fB.start\fP, \fB.center\fP (or \fB.c\fP), and \fB.end\fP. They +can also be used without leading dots in the \fBof\fP prefix form. The center of an arc is the center of its circle, but the center of a line, path, or spline is halfway between its endpoints. .KS .PS define critical { [ ME: $1; - dot(ME.c); ".center" rjust at ME.center + (-0.1, 0.1) - dot(ME.start); ".start" rjust at ME.start + (-0.1, 0.1) - dot(ME.end); ".end" rjust at ME.end + (-0.1, 0.1) + dot(ME.c); "\fB.center\fP" rjust at ME.center + (-0.1, 0.1) + dot(ME.start); "\fB.start\fP" rjust at ME.start + (-0.1, 0.1) + dot(ME.end); "\fB.end\fP" rjust at ME.end + (-0.1, 0.1) ] - move down 0.2 from last [] .s; } critical(line up right 1); -move right from last [] .e; +move right 1 from last [] .e; critical(arc rad 0.5 cw); -move right from last [] .e; +move down 0.5 from 2nd last [] .s; critical(line right 1 then down .5 left 1 then right 1); -move right from last [] .e; +move right 1 from last [] .e; critical(spline right 1 then up right then left then left 1); .PE .CE "2: Special points on open objects" @@ -988,7 +1020,9 @@ combine them to specify new positions. .NH 3 Vector Sums and Displacements .PP -Any two positions may be added or subtracted to yield a new position. +Positions may be added or subtracted to yield a new position (to be +more precise, you can only add a position and an expression pair; the +latter must be on the right side of the addition or subtraction sign). The result is the conventional vector sum or difference of coordinates. For example, \fBlast box .ne + (0.1, 0)\fP is a valid position. This example illustrates a common use, to define a position slightly offset @@ -998,12 +1032,12 @@ Interpolation Between Positions .PP A position may be interpolated between any two positions. The syntax is `\fIfraction\fP \fBof the way between\fP \fIposition1\fP \fBand\fP -\fIposition2\fP.' For example, you can say \fB1/3 of the way between +\fIposition2\fP'. For example, you can say \fB1/3 of the way between here and last ellipse .ne\fP. The fraction may be in numerator/denominator form or may be an ordinary number (values are -\&\fInot\fP restricted to [0,1]). As an alternative to this verbose -syntax, you can say `\fIfraction\fP \fB<\fP\fIposition1\fP \fB,\fP -\fIposition2\fP\fB>\fP.'; thus, the example could also be written +\fInot\fP restricted to [0,1]). As an alternative to this verbose +syntax, you can say `\fIfraction\fP \fB<\,\fP\fIposition1\fP \fB,\fP +\fIposition2\/\fP\fB>\fP'; thus, the example could also be written as \fB1/3 <here, last ellipse>\fP. .KS .PS @@ -1013,10 +1047,11 @@ dot(P); move right 0.1; "P"; .PE .CE "3: \fBP: 1/3 of the way between last arrow .start and last arrow .end\fP" .PP -This facility can be used, for example, to double connections. +This facility can be used, for example, to draw double connections. .KS .PS -A: box "yin"; move; B: box "yang"; +A: box "yin"; move; +B: box "yang"; arrow right at 1/4 <A.e,A.ne>; arrow left at 1/4 <B.w,B.sw>; .PE @@ -1041,7 +1076,7 @@ Note the use of the short form for interpolating points. Projections of Points .PP Given two positions \fIp\fP and \fIq\fP, the position -\fB(\fP\fIp\fP\fB,\fP \fIq\fP\fB)\fP has the X coordinate of \fIp\fP +\fB(\,\fP\fIp\fP\fB,\fP \fIq\fP\fB)\fP has the X coordinate of \fIp\fP and the Y coordinate of \fIq\fP. This can be helpful in placing an object at one of the corners of the virtual box defined by two other objects. @@ -1079,7 +1114,7 @@ mechanism for connecting objects. For example, the following program box "from" move 0.75; ellipse "to" -arc cw from 1/3 of the way \\ +arc cw from 1/3 of the way \e between last box .n and last box .ne to last ellipse .n; \&.PE .R @@ -1092,36 +1127,46 @@ yields: box "from" move 0.75; ellipse "to" -arc cw from 1/3 of the way between last box .n and last box .ne to last ellipse .n; +arc cw from 1/3 of the way \ + between last box .n and last box .ne to last ellipse .n; .PE .CE "6: A tricky connection specified with English-like syntax" .PP The \fBwith\fP modifier allows you to identify a named attachment -point of an object with another point. This is very useful for connecting -objects in a natural way. For an example, consider these two programs: +point of an object (or a position within the object) with another point. +This is very useful for connecting objects in a natural way. For an +example, consider these two programs: .KS .PS [ - box wid 0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75; - move down from last box .s 0.1; + [ + box wid 0.5 ht 0.5; + box wid 0.75 ht 0.75; + ] + move down 0.3 from last [] .s 0.1; "\fBbox wid 0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75\fP" ] -move from last [].e 2 +move from last [].e 1.5 [ - box wid 0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75 with .sw at last box .se; - move down from last box .s 0.1; - "\fBbox wid 0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75 with .sw at last box .se;\fP" + [ + box wid 0.5 ht 0.5; + box wid 0.75 ht 0.75 with .sw at last box .se; + ] + move down 0.3 from last [] .s 0.1; + box invisible "\fBbox wid 0.5 ht 0.5;\fP" \ + "\fBbox wid 0.75 ht 0.75 with .sw at last box .se;\fP" ] .PE .CE "7: Using the \fBwith\fP modifier for attachments" .NH 2 -The chop modifier +The `chop' Modifier .PP When drawing lines between circles that don't intersect them at a compass point, it is useful to be able to shorten a line by the radius of the circle at either or both ends. Consider the following program: .KS .DS +.CW \&.PS circle "x" circle "y" at 1st circle - (0.4, 0.6) @@ -1131,6 +1176,7 @@ arrow from 2nd circle to 3rd circle chop arrow from 3rd circle to 1st circle chop \&.PE .DE +.R .KE .LP It yields the following: @@ -1146,11 +1192,11 @@ arrow from 3rd circle to 1st circle chop .CE "8: The \fBchop\fR modifier" .LP Notice that the \fBchop\fR attribute moves arrowheads rather than -stepping on them. By default, the \fBchop\fR modifier shortens both +stepping on them. By default, the \fBchop\fR modifier shortens both ends of the line by \fBcirclerad\fR. By suffixing it with a number you can change the amount of chopping. .PP -If you say \fBline ... chop \fIr1\fP chop \fIr2\fP\fR with \fIr1\fP +If you say \fBline .\|.\|.\& chop \fIr1\fP chop \fIr2\fP\fR with \fIr1\fP and \fIr2\fP both numbers, you can vary the amount of chopping at both ends. You can use this in combination with trigonometric functions to write code that will deal with more complex intersections. @@ -1176,15 +1222,15 @@ Here is an example. The program fragment .KS .DS .CW -\&A: [ -\& circle; -\& line up 1 at last circle .n; -\& line down 1 at last circle .s; -\& line right 1 at last circle .e; -\& line left 1 at last circle .w; -\& box dashed with .nw at last circle .se + (0.2, -0.2); -\& Caption: center of last box; -\&] +A: [ + circle; + line up 1 at last circle .n; + line down 1 at last circle .s; + line right 1 at last circle .e; + line left 1 at last circle .w; + box dashed with .nw at last circle .se + (0.2, -0.2); + Caption: center of last box; +] .R .DE .KE @@ -1212,13 +1258,13 @@ compass([junction()]); To refer to one of the composite's attachment points, you can say (for example) \fBA .s\fP. For purposes of object naming, composites are a class. You could write \fBlast [] .s\fP as an equivalent -refrence, usable anywhere a location is needed. This construction is +reference, usable anywhere a location is needed. This construction is very important for putting together large, multi-part diagrams. .PP -Blocks are also a variable-scoping mechanism, like a \fIgroff\fP(1) +Blocks are also a variable-scoping mechanism, like a \fIgroff\/\fP(1) environment. All variable assignments done inside a block are undone at the end of it. To get at values within a block, write a name of -the block followed by a dot, followed by the variable or label you +the block followed by a dot, followed by the label you want. For example, we could refer the the center of the box in the above composite as \fBlast [] .Caption\fP or \fBA.Caption\fP. .PP @@ -1237,6 +1283,30 @@ modifier. This means that the example composite could be placed relative to its caption box by a command containing \fBwith A.Caption at\fP. .PP +Note that both width and height of the block composite object are always +positive: +.KS +.PS +[ + [ + box wid -0.5 ht 0.5 + box wid 0.75 ht 0.75 + ] + move down 0.3 from last [].s 0.1 + "\fBbox wid -0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75\fP" +] +move from last [].e 2 +[ + [ + [ box wid -0.5 ht 0.5 ] + box wid 0.75 ht 0.75 + ] + move down 0.3 from last [].s 0.1 + "\fB[box wid -0.5 ht 0.5]; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75\fP" +] +.PE +.CE "3: Composite block objects always have positive width and height +.PP Blocks may be nested. This means you can use block attachment points to build up complex diagrams hierarchically, from the inside out. Note that \fBlast\fP and the other sequential naming mechanisms @@ -1261,7 +1331,7 @@ the arrow in the last line will be attached to object \fBP\fP, not object \fBQ\fP. .PP In DWB \fBpic\fP, only references one level deep into enclosed blocks -were permitted. GNU \fBgpic\fP removes this restriction. +were permitted. GNU \fBgpic\fP removes this restriction. .PP The combination of block variable scoping, assignability of labels and the macro facility that we'll describe later on can be used to @@ -1275,7 +1345,7 @@ change its overall behavior. We've mentioned several of them in previous sections. They're all described here. For each variable, the default is given. .TS H -tab(@), linesize(2); +center, tab(@), linesize(2); lb | lb | lb l | n | l. .sp 2p @@ -1285,9 +1355,10 @@ _ .sp 2p .TH boxht@0.5@Default height of a box -boxwid@0.75@Default height of a box +boxwid@0.75@Default width of a box lineht@0.5@Default length of vertical line linewid@0.75@Default length of horizontal line +linethick@-1@Default line thickness arcrad @0.25@Default radius of an arc circlerad@0.25@Default radius of a circle ellipseht@0.5@Default height of an ellipse @@ -1320,8 +1391,8 @@ size-related state variables so that their values remain equivalent in the new units. .PP The command \fBreset\fP resets all style variables to their defaults. -You can give it a comma-separated list of variable names as arguments, -in which case it resets only those. +You can give it a list of variable names as arguments (optionally +separated by commas), in which case it resets only those. .PP State variables retain their values across pictures until reset. .NH 1 @@ -1336,18 +1407,35 @@ Anywhere a number is expected, the language will also accept a variable. Variables may be the built-in style variable described in the last section, or new variables created by assignment. .PP -DWB \fBpic\fP supports only the ordinary assignment via =, defines the -variable in the current block if it is not already defined there, and -then changes the value in the current block. -GNU \fBgpic\fP supports an alternate form of assignment using :=. The -.I variable -(right side) must already be defined, -and the value of -.I variable -will be changed only in the innermost block in which it is defined. +DWB \fBpic\fP supports only the ordinary assignment via \fB=\fP, which +defines the variable (on the left side of the equal sign) in the current +block if it is not already defined there, and then changes the value (on +the right side) in the current block. The variable is not visible outside +of the block. This is similar to the C\~programming language where a +variable within a block shadows a variable with the same name outside of +the block. +.PP +GNU \fBgpic\fP supports an alternate form of assignment using \fB:=\fP. +The variable must already be defined, and the value will be assigned to +that variable without creating a variable local to the current block. +For example, this +.KS +.DS +.CW +x=5 +y=5 +[ + x:=3 + y=3 +] +print x " " y +.DE +.KE +.LP +prints \fB3 5\fP. .PP You can use the height, width, radius, and x and y coordinates of any -object or corner in expressions If \fBA\fP is an object label or name, +object or corner in expressions. If \fBA\fP is an object label or name, all the following are valid: .KS .DS @@ -1360,30 +1448,34 @@ A.ht # and its height .R .DE .KE +.LP Note the second expression, showing how to extract a corner coordinate. .PP -Basic arithmetic resembling those of C operators are available; +, *, --, /, and %. So is ^ for exponentiation. Grouping is permitted in -the usual way using parentheses. GNU \fBgpic\fP allows logical -operators to appear in expressions; ! (logical negation, not -factorial), &&, ||, ==, !=, >=, <=, <, >. +Basic arithmetic resembling those of C operators are available; \fB+\fP, +\fB*\fP, \fB-\fP, \fB/\fP, and \fB%\fP. So is \fB^\fP for exponentiation. +Grouping is permitted in the usual way using parentheses. GNU \fBgpic\fP +allows logical operators to appear in expressions; \fB!\&\fP (logical +negation, not factorial), \fB&&\fP, \fB|\||\fP, \fB==\fP, \fB!=\fP, +\fB>=\fP, \fB<=\fP, \fB<\fP, \fB>\fP. .PP Various built-in functions are supported: \fBsin(\fIx\fB)\fR, \fBcos(\fIx\fB)\fR, \fBlog(\fIx\fB)\fR, \fBexp(\fIx\fB)\fR, \fBsqrt(\fIx\fB)\fR, \fBmax(\fIx\fB,\fIy\fB)\fR, \fBatan2(\fIx\fB,\fIy\fB)\fR, \fBmin(\fIx\fB,\fIy\fB)\fR, -\fBint(\fIx\fB)\fR, and \fBrand()\fP. +\fBint(\fIx\fB)\fR, \fBrand()\fP, and \fBsrand()\fP. Both \fBexp\fP and \fBlog\fP are -base 10; \fBint\fP does integer truncation; and \fBrand()\fP returns a -random number in [0-1). +base\~10; \fBint\fP does integer truncation; \fBrand()\fP returns a +random number in [0-1), and \fBsrand()\fP sets the seed for +a new sequence of pseudo-random numbers to be returned by \fBrand()\fP +(\fBsrand()\fP is a GNU extension). .PP GNU \fBgpic\fP also documents a one-argument form or rand, \fBrand(\fIx\fB)\fR, which returns a random number between 1 and \fIx\fP, but this is deprecated and may be removed in a future version. .PP -The function \fBsprintf()\fP behaves like a C \fIsprintf\fP(3) that -only takes %, %e, %f, and %g format strings. +The function \fBsprintf()\fP behaves like a C \fIsprintf\/\fP(3) +function that only takes %, %e, %f, and %g format strings. .NH 1 Macros .PP @@ -1402,65 +1494,71 @@ This defines \fIname\fR as a macro to be replaced by the replacement text (not including the braces). The macro may be called as .DS .CW -\fIname\fB(\fIarg1, arg2, ... argn\fB)\fR +\fIname\fB(\fIarg1, arg2, \|.\|.\|.\& argn\fB)\fR .R .DE .LP -The arguments (if any) will be substituted for tokens $1, $2 ... $n +The arguments (if any) will be substituted for tokens \fB$1\fP, \fB$2\fP +\&.\|.\|.\& \fB$n\fP appearing in the replacement text. .PP -As an example of macro use, consider the following: +As an example of macro use, consider this: .KS .DS .CW +.ps -1 +.vs -1 \&.PS -\&# Plot a single jumper in a $1 by $2 box, $3 is the on-off state -\&define jumper { [ -\& shrinkfactor = 0.8; -\& Outer: box invis wid 0.5 ht 1; -\& -\& # Count on end ] to reset these -\& boxwid = Outer.wid * shrinkfactor / 2; -\& boxht = Outer.ht * shrinkfactor / 2; -\& -\& box fill (!$1) with .s at center of Outer; -\& box fill ($1) with .n at center of Outer; -\&] } -\& -\&# Plot a block of six jumpers -\&define jumperblock { -\& jumper($1); -\& jumper($2); -\& jumper($3); -\& jumper($4); -\& jumper($5); -\& jumper($6); -\& -\& jwidth = last [].Outer.wid; -\& jheight = last [].Outer.ht; -\& -\& box with .nw at 6th last [].nw wid 6*jwidth ht jheight; -\& -\& # Use {} to avoid changing position from last box draw. -\& # This is necessary so move in any direction will work as expected -\& {"Jumpers in state $1$2$2$3$4$5$6" at last box .s + (0, -0.2);} -\&} -\& -\&# Sample macro invocations -\&jumperblock(1,1,0,0,1,0); -\&move; -\&jumperblock(1,0,1,0,1,1); -.PE +# Plot a single jumper in a box, $1 is the on-off state. +define jumper { [ + shrinkfactor = 0.8; + Outer: box invis wid 0.45 ht 1; + + # Count on end ] to reset these + boxwid = Outer.wid * shrinkfactor / 2; + boxht = Outer.ht * shrinkfactor / 2; + + box fill (!$1) with .s at center of Outer; + box fill ($1) with .n at center of Outer; +] } + +# Plot a block of six jumpers. +define jumperblock { + jumper($1); + jumper($2); + jumper($3); + jumper($4); + jumper($5); + jumper($6); + + jwidth = last [].Outer.wid; + jheight = last [].Outer.ht; + + box with .nw at 6th last [].nw wid 6*jwidth ht jheight; + + # Use {} to avoid changing position from last box draw. + # This is necessary so move in any direction will work as expected + {"Jumpers in state $1$2$3$4$5$6" at last box .s + (0, -0.2);} +} + +# Sample macro invocations. +jumperblock(1,1,0,0,1,0); +move; +jumperblock(1,0,1,0,1,1); +\&.PE +.ps +.vs .R .DE .KE +.LP It yields the following: .KS .PS -# Plot a single jumper in a $1 by $2 box, $3 is the on-off state +# Plot a single jumper in a box, $1 is the on-off state. define jumper { [ shrinkfactor = 0.8; - Outer: box invis wid 0.5 ht 1; + Outer: box invis wid 0.45 ht 1; # Count on end ] to reset these boxwid = Outer.wid * shrinkfactor / 2; @@ -1486,12 +1584,12 @@ define jumperblock { # Use {} to avoid changing position from last box draw. # This is necessary so move in any direction will work as expected - {"Jumpers in state $1$2$2$3$4$5$6" at last box .s + (0, -0.2);} + {"Jumpers in state $1$2$3$4$5$6" at last box .s + (0, -0.2);} } # Sample macro invocations jumperblock(1,1,0,0,1,0); -move; +move 0.25; jumperblock(1,0,1,0,1,1); .PE .CE "1: Sample use of a macro" @@ -1500,9 +1598,10 @@ This macro example illustrates how you can combine [], brace grouping, and variable assignment to write true functions. .PP One detail the example above does not illustrate is the fact that -macro argument parsing is not token-oriented. If you call \fBjumper( -1 )\fP, the value of $1 will be \fB" 1 "\fP. You could even call -\fBjumper(big string)\fP to give $1 the value \fB"big string"\fP. +macro argument parsing is not token-oriented. If you call +\fBjumper(\ 1\ )\fP, the value of $1 will be \fB"\ 1\ "\fP. You could +even call \fBjumper(big\ string)\fP to give $1 the value +\fB"big\ string"\fP. .PP If you want to pass in a coordinate pair, you can avoid getting tripped up by the comma by wrapping the pair in parentheses. @@ -1527,37 +1626,39 @@ The statement .DS \f(CWcopy\fP \fIfilename\fR .DE +.LP inserts the contents of \fIfilename\fR in the \fBpic\fP input stream. -Any .PS/.PE pair in the file will be ignored. This, you can use this -to include pre-generated images. +Any \fB.PS\fP/\fB.PE\fP pair in the file will be ignored. This, you +can use this to include pre-generated images. .PP A variant of this statement replicates the \fBcopy thru\fP feature of -\fIgrap\fP(1). If you say +\fIgrap\fP(1). The call .DS \f(CWcopy\fP \fIfilename\fR \f(CWthru\fP \fImacro\fP .DE .LP -calls the \fImacro\fP (which may be either a name or replacement text) +calls \fImacro\fP (which may be either a name or replacement text) on the arguments obtained by breaking each line of the file into -blank-separated fields. The macro may have up to 9 arguments. The +blank-separated fields. The macro may have up to 9\~arguments. The replacement text may be delimited by braces or by a pair of instances of any character not appearing in the rest of the text. .PP If you write .DS -\f(CWcopy thru\fP \fImacro\fP +\f(CWcopy\fP \f(CWthru\fP \fImacro\fP .DE .LP omitting the filename, lines to be parsed are taken from the input -source up to the next .PE. +source up to the next \fB.PE\fP. .PP -In either of the \fBcopy\fP commands, GNU \fBgpic\fP permits a -trailing `\fBuntil\fP \fIword\fP' clause to be added which terminates +In either of the last two \fBcopy\fP commands, GNU \fBgpic\fP permits a +trailing `\fBuntil\fP \fIword\/\fP' clause to be added which terminates the copy when the first word matches the argument (the default behavior is therefore equivalent to \fBuntil .PE\fP). .PP Accordingly, the command .RS +.KS .IP .ft CW .nf @@ -1571,10 +1672,12 @@ box \&.PE .R .fi +.KE .RE .LP is equivalent to .RS +.KS .IP .ft CW .nf @@ -1586,14 +1689,14 @@ box \&.PE .R .fi +.KE .RE .NH 2 Debug Messages .PP -The command \fBprint\fR accepts any number of comma-separated -arguments, concatenates their output forms, and writes the result to -standard error. Each argument must be an expression, a position, or -a text string. +The command \fBprint\fR accepts any number of arguments, concatenates +their output forms, and writes the result to standard error. Each +argument must be an expression, a position, or a text string. .NH 2 Escape to Post-Processor .PP @@ -1603,23 +1706,23 @@ If you write .DE .LP \fBpic\fP concatenates the arguments and pass them through as a line -to troff or \*(tx. Each +to troff or \*[tx]. Each .I arg must be an expression, a position, or text. This has a similar effect to a line beginning with .B . or -\fB\e\fR, +\fB\e\fR\|, but allows the values of variables to be passed through. .NH 2 Executing Shell Commands .PP The command .DS -\f(CWsh { \fIanything...\fP }\fP +\f(CWsh\fP \f(CW{\fP \fIanything.\|.\|.\fP \f(CW}\fP .DE .LP -macroexpands the text in braces, then executes it as a shell command. +macro-expands the text in braces, then executes it as a shell command. This could be used to generate images or data tables for later inclusion. The delimiters shown as {} here may also be two copies of any one character not present in the shell command text. In either @@ -1657,12 +1760,12 @@ for i = 0 to 2 * pi by 0.1 do { .LP The syntax of the \fBfor\fP statement is: .DS -\fBfor\fR \fIvariable\fR \fB=\fR \fIexpr1\fR \fBto\fR \fIexpr2\fR \ -[\fBby\fR [\fB*\fR]\fIexpr3\fR] \fBdo\fR \fIX\fR \fIbody\fR \fIX\fR +\fBfor\fR \fIvariable\fR \fB=\fR \fIexpr1\/\fR \fBto\fR \fIexpr2\/\fR \ +[\fBby\fR [\fB*\fR]\fIexpr3\/\fR] \fBdo\fR \fIX\fR \fIbody\fR \fIX\fR .DE The semantics are as follows: Set .I variable -to \fIexpr\fR1 . +to \fIexpr1\fR. While the value of .I variable is less than or equal to @@ -1677,10 +1780,10 @@ if .B by is not given, increment .I variable -by 1. +by\~1. If .I expr3 -is prefixed by +is prefixed by\~\c .B * then .I variable @@ -1688,12 +1791,13 @@ will instead be multiplied by \fIexpr3\fR. .I X can be any character not occurring in -\fIbody\fR; or the two Xs may be paired braces (as in the \fBsh\fR command). +\fIbody\fR; or the two \fIX\/\fPs may be paired braces (as in the +\fBsh\fR command). .PP The syntax of the \fBif\fP statement is as follows: .DS \fBif\fR \fIexpr\fR \fBthen\fR \fIX\fR \fIif-true\fR \fIX\fR \ -[\fBelse\fR \fIY\fR \fIif-false\fR \fIY\fR] +[\fBelse\fR \fIY\fR \fIif-false\fR \fIY\/\fR] .DE Its semantics are as follows: Evaluate \fIexpr\fR; @@ -1708,81 +1812,91 @@ can be any character not occurring in can be any character not occurring in \fIif-false\fR. .PP -Eithe or both of the X or Y pairs may instead be balanced pairs of -braces ({ and }) as in the \fBsh\fR command. In either case, the +Eithe or both of the +.I X +or +.I Y +pairs may instead be balanced pairs of +braces ({ and\~}) as in the \fBsh\fR command. In either case, the \fIif-true\fR may contain balanced pairs of braces. None of these delimiters will be seen inside strings. .PP All the usual relational operators my be used in conditional expressions; -! (logical negation, not factorial), &&, ||, ==, !=, >=, <=, <, >. +\fB!\&\fP (logical negation, not factorial), \fB&&\fP, \fB|\||\fP, \fB==\fP, +\fB!=\fP, \fB>=\fP, \fB<=\fP, \fB<\fP, \fB>\fP. .PP -String comparison is also supported using == and !=. String +String comparison is also supported using \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP. String comparisons may need to be parenthesized to avoid syntactic ambiguities. .NH 1 Interface To [gt]roff .PP The output of \fBpic\fP is \fB[gt]roff\fP drawing commands. The GNU -\fIgpic\fP(1) command warns that it relies on drawing extensions -present in \fIgroff\fP(1) that are not present in \fItroff\fP(1). +\fIgpic\/\fP(1) command warns that it relies on drawing extensions +present in \fIgroff\/\fP(1) that are not present in \fItroff\/\fP(1). .NH 2 Scaling Arguments .PP -The DWB \fIpic\fP(1) program will accept one or two arguments to +The DWB \fIpic\/\fP(1) program will accept one or two arguments to \&\fB.PS\fP, which is interpreted as a width and height in inches to -which the results of \fIpic\fP(1) should be scaled (width and height +which the results of \fIpic\/\fP(1) should be scaled (width and height scale independently). If there is only one argument, it is interpreted as a width to scale the picture to, and height will be scaled by the same proportion. .PP GNU \fBgpic\fP is less general; it will accept a single width to scale to, or a zero width and a maximum height to scale to. With -two nonzero arguments, it will scale to the maximum height. +two non-zero arguments, it will scale to the maximum height. .NH 2 How Scaling is Handled .PP -When \fBpic\fP processes a picture description on input, it passes .PS -and .PE through to the postprocessor. The .PS gets decorated with two -numeric arguments which are the X and Y dimensions of the picture in -inches. The post-processor can use these to reserve space for the -picture and center it. +When \fBpic\fP processes a picture description on input, it passes +\fB.PS\fP and \fB.PE\fP through to the postprocessor. The \fB.PS\fP +gets decorated with two numeric arguments which are the X and +Y\~dimensions of the picture in inches. The post-processor can use +these to reserve space for the picture and center it. .PP -The \fBmgs\fP macros, for example, include the following definitions: +The GNU incarnation of the \fBms\fP macro package, for example, includes +the following definitions: .KS .DS +.ps -1 +.vs -1 .CW \&.de PS \&.br -\&.sp \\n[DD]u -\&.ie \\n[.$]<2 .@error bad arguments to PS (not preprocessed with pic?) -\&.el \{\ -\&. ds@need (u;\\$1)+1v -\&. in +(u;\\n[.l]-\\n[.i]-\\$2/2>?0) -\&.\} +\&.sp \e\en[DD]u +\&.ie \e\en[.$]<2 .@error bad arguments to PS (not preprocessed with pic?) +\&.el \e{\e +\&. ds@need (u;\e\e$1)+1v +\&. in +(u;\e\en[.l]-\e\en[.i]-\e\e$2/2>?0) +\&.\e} \&.. \&.de PE \&.par@reset -\&.sp \\n[DD]u+.5m +\&.sp \e\en[DD]u+.5m \&.. .R .DE +.ps +.vs .KE .LP -Equivalent definition will be supplied by GNU \fIpic\fP(1) if you use -the -mpic option; this should make it usable with macro pages other -than \fIms\fR(1). +Equivalent definition will be supplied by GNU \fIpic\/\fP(1) if you use +the \-mpic option; this should make it usable with macro pages other +than \fIms\/\fR(1). .PP -if .PF is used instead of .PE, the \fBtroff\fP position is restored to -what it was at the picture start (Kernighan notes that the F stands -for "flyback"). +If \fB.PF\fP is used instead of \fB.PE\fP, the \fBtroff\fP position is +restored to what it was at the picture start (Kernighan notes that +the\~F stands for \[lq]flyback\[rq]). .PP The invocation .DS -\&\fB.PS <\fP\fIfile\fP +\&\fB.PS <\,\fP\fIfile\fP .DE .LP -causes the contents of \fIfile\fP to replace the .PS line. This -feature is deprecated; use \fBcopy file\fR instead). +causes the contents of \fIfile\fP to replace the \fB.PS\fP line. This +feature is deprecated; use `\fBcopy\fP \fIfile\fR' instead). .PP By default, input lines that begin with a period are passed to the postprocessor, embedded at the corresponding point in the output. @@ -1796,10 +1910,10 @@ The state of \fB[gt]roff\fP's fill mode is preserved across pictures. .PP The Kernighan paper notes that there is a subtle problem with complicated equations inside \fBpic\fR pictures; they come out wrong if -\fIeqn\fP(1) has to leave extra vertical space for the equation. +\fIeqn\/\fP(1) has to leave extra vertical space for the equation. If your equation involves more than subscripts and superscripts, you must add to the beginning of each equation the extra information -\f(CWspace 0\fP. He gives the following example: +\fBspace\~0\fP. He gives the following example: .KS .DS .CW @@ -1823,16 +1937,16 @@ arrow Interface to TeX .PP .PP -\*(tx mode is enabled by the +\*[tx] mode is enabled by the .B \-t option. -In \*(tx mode, pic will define a vbox called +In \*[tx] mode, pic will define a vbox called .B \egraph for each picture. You must yourself print that vbox using, for example, the command .RS .LP -.B +.CW \ecenterline{\ebox\egraph} .RE .LP @@ -1840,15 +1954,15 @@ Actually, since the vbox has a height of zero this will produce slightly more vertical space above the picture than below it; .RS .LP -.B +.CW \ecenterline{\eraise 1em\ebox\egraph} .RE .LP would avoid this. .PP -You must use a \*(tx driver that supports the +You must use a \*[tx] driver that supports the .B tpic -specials, version 2. +specials, version\~2. .PP Lines beginning with .B \e @@ -1856,16 +1970,16 @@ are passed through transparently; a .B % is added to the end of the line to avoid unwanted spaces. You can safely use this feature to change fonts or to -change the value of \fI\ebaselineskip\fR. +change the value of \fB\ebaselineskip\fR. Anything else may well produce undesirable results; use at your own risk. Lines beginning with a period are not given any special treatment. .PP -The \(*tx mode of \fIpic\fP(1) will \fInot\fP translate \fBtroff\fP +The \*[tx] mode of \fIpic\/\fP(1) will \fInot\fP translate \fBtroff\fP font and size changes included in text strings! .NH 1 Obsolete Commands .PP -GNU \fIgpic\fP(1) has a command +GNU \fIgpic\/\fP(1) has a command .DS \fBplot\fR \fIexpr\fR [\fB"\fItext\fB"\fR] .DE @@ -1876,7 +1990,7 @@ with an argument of \fIexpr\fP. If .I text -is omitted a format string of "%g" is used. +is omitted a format string of \fB"%g"\fP is used. Attributes can be specified in the same way as for a normal text object. Be very careful that you specify an appropriate format string; @@ -1887,44 +2001,51 @@ This is deprecated in favour of Some Larger Examples .PP Here are a few larger examples, with complete source code. -.PP One of our earlier examples is generated in an instructive way using a for loop: .KS .DS +.ps -1 +.vs -1 .CW \&.PS -\&# Draw a demonstration up left arrow with grid box overlay -\&define gridarrow -\&{ -\& [ -\& {arrow up left $1;} -\& box wid 0.5 ht 0.5 dotted with .nw at last arrow .end; -\& for i = 2 to ($1 / 0.5) do -\& { -\& box wid 0.5 ht 0.5 dotted with .sw at last box .se; -\& } -\& move down from last arrow .center; -\& [ -\& if ( $1 == boxht ) then { "\\fBline up left\\fP" } else { sprintf("\\fBarrow up left %g\\fP", $1) }; -\& ] -\& ] -\& move right from last [] .e; -\&} -\&gridarrow(0.5); -\&gridarrow(1); -\&gridarrow(1.5); -\&gridarrow(2); -\&undef gridarrow +# Draw a demonstration up left arrow with grid box overlay +define gridarrow +{ + move right 0.1 + [ + {arrow up left $1;} + box wid 0.5 ht 0.5 dotted with .nw at last arrow .end; + for i = 2 to ($1 / 0.5) do + { + box wid 0.5 ht 0.5 dotted with .sw at last box .se; + } + move down from last arrow .center; + [ + if ( $1 == boxht ) \e + then { "\efBline up left\efP" } \e + else { sprintf("\efBarrow up left %g\efP", $1) }; + ] + ] + move right 0.1 from last [] .e; +} +gridarrow(0.5); +gridarrow(1); +gridarrow(1.5); +gridarrow(2); +undef gridarrow \&.PE .R .DE +.ps +.vs .KE .KS .PS # Draw a demonstration up left arrow with grid box overlay define gridarrow { + move right 0.1 [ {arrow up left $1;} box wid 0.5 ht 0.5 dotted with .nw at last arrow .end; @@ -1934,10 +2055,12 @@ define gridarrow } move down from last arrow .center; [ - if ( $1 == boxht ) then { "\fBline up left\fP" } else { sprintf("\fBarrow up left %g\fP", $1) }; + if ( $1 == boxht ) \ + then { "\fBline up left\fP" } \ + else { sprintf("\fBarrow up left %g\fP", $1) }; ] ] - move right from last [] .e; + move right 0.1 from last [] .e; } gridarrow(0.5); gridarrow(1); @@ -1951,71 +2074,75 @@ Here's an example concocted to demonstrate layout of a large, multiple-part pattern: .KS .DS +.ps -1 +.vs -1 .CW \&.PS -\&define filter {box ht 0.25 rad 0.125} -\&lineht = 0.25; -\&Top: [ -\& right; -\& box "\\fBms\\fR" "sources"; -\& move; -\& box "\\fBHTML\\fR" "sources"; -\& move; -\& box "\\fBlinuxdoc-sgml\\fP" "sources" wid 1.5; -\& move; -\& box "\\fBTexinfo\\fP" "sources"; -\& -\& line down from 1st box .s lineht; -\& A: line down; -\& line down from 2nd box .s; filter "\\fBhtml2ms\\fP"; -\& B: line down; -\& line down from 3rd box .s; filter "\\fBformat\\fP"; -\& C: line down; -\& line down from 4th box .s; filter "\\fBtexi2roff\\fP"; -\& D: line down; -\&] -\&move down 1 from last [] .s; -\&Anchor: box wid 1 ht 0.75 "\\fBms\\fR" "intermediate" "form"; -\&arrow from Top.A.end to Anchor.nw; -\&arrow from Top.B.end to 1/3 of the way between Anchor.nw and Anchor.ne; -\&arrow from Top.C.end to 2/3 of the way between Anchor.nw and Anchor.ne; -\&arrow from Top.D.end to Anchor.ne -\&{ -\& # PostScript column -\& move to Anchor .sw; -\& line down left then down ->; -\& filter "\\fBpic\\fP"; -\& arrow; -\& filter "\\fBeqn\\fP"; -\& arrow; -\& filter "\\fBtbl\\fP"; -\& arrow; -\& filter "\\fBgroff\\fP"; -\& arrow; -\& box "PostScript"; -\& -\& # HTML column -\& move to Anchor .se; -\& line down right then down ->; -\& A: filter dotted "\\fBpic2img\\fP"; -\& arrow; -\& B: filter dotted "\\fBeqn2html\\fP"; -\& arrow; -\& C: filter dotted "\\fBtbl2html\\fP"; -\& arrow; -\& filter "\\fBms2html\\fP"; -\& arrow; -\& box "HTML"; -\& -\& # Nonexistence caption -\& box dashed wid 1 at B + (2, 0) "These tools" "don't yet exist"; -\& line chop 0 chop 0.1 dashed from last box .nw to A.e ->; -\& line chop 0 chop 0.1 dashed from last box .w to B.e ->; -\& line chop 0 chop 0.1 dashed from last box .sw to C.e ->; -\&} +define filter {box ht 0.25 rad 0.125} +lineht = 0.25; +Top: [ + right; + box "\efBms\efR" "sources"; + move; + box "\efBHTML\efR" "sources"; + move; + box "\efBlinuxdoc-sgml\efP" "sources" wid 1.5; + move; + box "\efBTexinfo\efP" "sources"; + + line down from 1st box .s lineht; + A: line down; + line down from 2nd box .s; filter "\efBhtml2ms\efP"; + B: line down; + line down from 3rd box .s; filter "\efBformat\efP"; + C: line down; + line down from 4th box .s; filter "\efBtexi2roff\efP"; + D: line down; +] +move down 1 from last [] .s; +Anchor: box wid 1 ht 0.75 "\efBms\efR" "intermediate" "form"; +arrow from Top.A.end to Anchor.nw; +arrow from Top.B.end to 1/3 of the way between Anchor.nw and Anchor.ne; +arrow from Top.C.end to 2/3 of the way between Anchor.nw and Anchor.ne; +arrow from Top.D.end to Anchor.ne +{ + # PostScript column + move to Anchor .sw; + line down left then down ->; + filter "\efBpic\efP"; + arrow; + filter "\efBeqn\efP"; + arrow; + filter "\efBtbl\efP"; + arrow; + filter "\efBgroff\efP"; + arrow; + box "PostScript"; + + # HTML column + move to Anchor .se; + line down right then down ->; + A: filter dotted "\efBpic2img\efP"; + arrow; + B: filter dotted "\efBeqn2html\efP"; + arrow; + C: filter dotted "\efBtbl2html\efP"; + arrow; + filter "\efBms2html\efP"; + arrow; + box "HTML"; + + # Nonexistence caption + box dashed wid 1 at B + (2, 0) "These tools" "don't yet exist"; + line chop 0 chop 0.1 dashed from last box .nw to A.e ->; + line chop 0 chop 0.1 dashed from last box .w to B.e ->; + line chop 0 chop 0.1 dashed from last box .sw to C.e ->; +} \&.PE .R .DE +.ps +.vs .KE .KS .PS @@ -2086,7 +2213,7 @@ arrow from Top.D.end to Anchor.ne .NH 1 PIC Reference .PP -This is an annotated grammar of PIC. +This is an annotated grammar of \fBpic\fP. .NH 2 Lexical Items .PP @@ -2094,42 +2221,68 @@ In general, \fBpic\fP is a free-format, token-oriented language that ignores whitespace outside strings. But certain lines and contructs are specially interpreted at the lexical level: .PP -A comment begins with # and continues to \en (comments may also follow -text in a line). A line beginning with a period or backslash may be -interpreted as text to be passed through to the post-processor, -depending on command-line options. An end-of-line backslash is -interpreted as a request to continue the line; the backslash and -following newline are ignored. -.LP +A comment begins with \fB#\fP and continues to \fB\en\fP (comments may +also follow text in a line). A line beginning with a period or +backslash may be interpreted as text to be passed through to the +post-processor, depending on command-line options. An end-of-line +backslash is interpreted as a request to continue the line; the +backslash and following newline are ignored. +.PP +.RS Here are the grammar terminals: -.IP <number> -A decimal numeric constant. May contain a decimal point or be -expressed in scientific notation in the style of \fIprintf\fP(3)'s %e -escape. (All variables are represented internally in floating-point.) -.IP <string> -Any ASCII characters surrounded by a pair of double quotes. May -contain a double quote if preceded by a backslash. -.IP <variable> -A lower-case alphabetic character, followed by any number of -alphanumerics. (Values of variables are preserved across pictures.) -.IP <label> -An upper-case alphabetic character, followed by any number of -alphanumerics. +.IP \s[-1]INT\s[0] +A positive integer. +.IP \s[-1]NUMBER\s[0] +A floating point numeric constant. May contain a decimal point or be +expressed in scientific notation in the style of \fIprintf\/\fP(3)'s %e +escape. A trailing `i' or `I' (indicating the unit `inch') is ignored. +.IP \s[-1]TEXT\s[0] +A string enclosed in double quotes. A double quote within \s[-1]TEXT\s[0] +must be preceded by a backslash. Instead of \s[-1]TEXT\s[0] you can use +.DS +.CW +sprintf ( TEXT [, <expr> ...] ) +.R +.DE +.IP +except after the `until' and `last' keywords, and after all ordinal +keywords (`th' and friends). +.IP \s[-1]VARIABLE\s[0] +A string starting with a character from the set [a-z], optionally +followed by one or more characters of the set [a-zA-Z0-9_]. +(Values of variables are preserved across pictures.) +.IP \s[-1]LABEL\s[0] +A string starting with a character from the set [A-Z], optionally +followed by one or more characters of the set [a-zA-Z0-9_]. +.IP \s[-1]COMMAND-LINE\s[0] +A line starting with a command character (`.' in groff mode, `\e' in +\*[tx] mode). +.IP \s[-1]BALANCED-TEXT\s[0] +A string either enclosed by `{' and `}' or with \fIX\fP and \fIX\fP, +where \fIX\fP doesn't occur in the string. +.IP \s[-1]BALANCED-BODY\s[0] +Delimiters as in \s[-1]BALANCED-TEXT\s[0]; the body will be interpreted as +`\fB\[la]command\[ra].\|.\|.\fP'. +.IP \s[-1]FILENAME\s[0] +The name of a file. This has the same semantics as \s[-1]TEXT\s[0]. +.IP \s[-1]MACRONAME\s[0] +Either \s[-1]VARIABLE\s[0] or \s[-1]LABEL\s[0]. +.RE .NH 2 Semi-Formal Grammar .PP -Tokens not enclosed in <> are literals, except: +Tokens not enclosed in \[la]\|\[ra] are literals, except: .IP 1. -\en is a newline +\fB\en\fP is a newline. .IP 2. -three dots is a suffix meaning \&`replace with 0 or more repetitions -of the preceding element. +Three dots is a suffix meaning `replace with 0 or more repetitions +of the preceding element(s). .IP 3. -enclosure in square brackets has its usual meaning of `this clause is +An enclosure in square brackets has its usual meaning of `this clause is optional'. .IP 4. Square-bracket-enclosed portions within tokens are optional. Thus, -\fBh[eigh]t\fR matches either `height' or `ht'. +`h\^[eigh]\^t' matches either `height' or `ht'. .LP If one of these special tokens has to be referred to literally, it is surrounded with single quotes. @@ -2137,169 +2290,351 @@ surrounded with single quotes. The top-level \fBpic\fP object is a picture. .DS .CW -<picture> ::= .PS [width [height]]\en - <statement> ... - .PE \en +<picture> ::= + .PS [NUMBER [NUMBER]]\en + <statement> ... + .PE \en .R .DE -.LP -The \fIwidth\fP and \fIheight\fP arguments, if present, cause -\fBpic\fR to attempt to scale the picture to the given dimensions in -inches. In no case, however, will the X and Y dimensions of the -picture exceed the values of the style variables \fBmaxpswid\fP, -\fBmaxpsheight\fP (which default to the normal 8.5 by 11 page size)\fP. -.LP -If the ending .PS is replaced by .PF, the page vertical position is -restored to its value at the time .PS was encountered. Another -alternate form of invocation is \f(CW.PS <\fIfilename\fR, which -replaces the .PS line with a file to be interpreted by \fBpic\fR (but +.PP +The arguments, if present, represent the width and height of the picture, +causing \fBpic\fR to attempt to scale it to the given dimensions in +inches. In no case, however, will the X and Y\~dimensions of the +picture exceed the values of the style variables \fBmaxpswid\fP and +\fBmaxpsheight\fP (which default to the normal 8.5\^i by 11\^i page size). +.PP +If the ending `.PE' is replaced by `.PF', the page vertical position is +restored to its value at the time `.PS' was encountered. Another +alternate form of invocation is `.PS\ <\s[-1]FILENAME\s[0]', which +replaces the `.PS' line with a file to be interpreted by \fBpic\fR (but this feature is deprecated). -.LP -The .PS, .PE, and .PF macros to perform centering and scaling are +.PP +The `.PS', `.PE', and `.PF' macros to perform centering and scaling are normally supplied by the post-processor. +.PP +In the following, either `|' or a new line starts an alternative. .DS .CW - -<statement> ::= <command> ; - <command> \en - -<command> ::= <primitive> <modifier>... - <label> : <command> - <label> : <position> - <variable> = <expr> - <direction> - { <command> ... } - '[' <command> ... ']' - for <var> = <expr> to <expr> [by <expr>] do { <command> ... } - if <expr> then { <command> ... } [else { <command> ... }] - copy <filename> [until <word>] - copy <filename> thru <macroname> [until <word>] - sh <balanced-text> - print <print-item> - reset [ <variable> ... ] +<statement> ::= + <command> ; + <command> \en .R .DE -.LP -The current position and direction are saved on entry to a { } and -restored on exit from it. -.LP -Drawn objects within [ ] are treated as a single composite object with -a rectangular shape (that of the bounding box of all the elements). -Variable and label assignments within a block are local to the block. -Current direction of motion is restored to the value at start of block -upon exit. Position is \fInot\fR restored (unlike { }) instead, the -current position becomes the exit position for the current direction -on the block's bounding box. .DS .CW -<primitive> ::= box \fR# Closed object -- rectangle\fP - circle \fR# Closed object -- circle\fP - ellipse \fR# Closed object -- ellipse\fP - arc \fR# Open object -- quarter-circle\fP - line \fR# Open object -- line\fP - arrow \fR# Open object -- line with arrowhead\fP - spline \fR# Open object -- spline curve\fP - move - <text> <text> ... \fR# Text within invisible box\fP - -<attribute> ::= h[eigh]t <expr> \fR# Set height of closed figure \fP - wid[th] <expr> \fR# Set width of closed figure \fP - rad[ius] <expr> \fR# Set radius of circle/arc \fP - diam[eter] <expr> \fR# Set diameter of circle/arc \fP - up [ <expr> ] \fR# Move up \fP - down [ <expr> ] \fR# Move down \fP - left [ <expr> ] \fR# Move left \fP - right [ <expr> ] \fR# Move right \fP - from <position> \fR# Set from position of open figure\fP - to <position> \fR# Set to position of open figure\fP - at <position> \fR# Set center of open figure\fP - with <corner> \fR# Fix corner at specified location\fP - by <expr> <expr> \fR# Set object's attachment point\fP - then \fR# Sequential segment composition\fP - dotted [ <expr> ] \fR# Set dotted line style\fP - dashed [ <expr> ] \fR# Set dashed line style\fP - chop [ <expr> ] \fR# Chop end(s) of segment\fP - -> \fR# Decorate with "to" arrow\fP - <- \fR# Decorate with "from" arrow\fP - <-> \fR# Decorate with both arrows\fP - invis \fR# Make primitive invisible\fP - solid \fR# Make closed figure solid\fP - fill <expr> \fR# Set fill density for figure\fP - same \fR# Copy size of previous object\fP - <text> <text> ... \fR# Text within object\fP - <expr> \fR# Motion in the current direction\fR +<command> ::= + <primitive> [<attribute>] + LABEL : [;] <command> + LABEL : [;] <command> [<position>] + { <command> ... } + VARIABLE [:] = <any-expr> + up | down | left | right + COMMAND-LINE + command <print-arg> ... + print <print-arg> ... + sh BALANCED-TEXT + copy FILENAME + copy [FILENAME] thru MACRONAME [until TEXT] + copy [FILENAME] thru BALANCED-BODY [until TEXT] + for VARIABLE = <expr> to <expr> [by [*] <expr>] do BALANCED-BODY + if <any-expr> then BALANCED-BODY [else BALANCED-BODY] + reset [VARIABLE [[,] VARIABLE ...]] +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<print-arg> ::= + TEXT + <expr> + <position> .R .DE -.LP -Missing attributes are supplied from defaults; inappropriate ones are -silently ignored. For lines, splines, and arcs, height and width -refer to arrowhead size. .PP -The \f(CWat\fP primitive sets the center of the current object. The -\f(CWwith\fP attribute fixes the specified feature of the given object -to a specified location. +The current position and direction are saved on entry to a `{\ .\|.\|.\ }' +construction and restored on exit from it. .PP -The \f(CWby\fR primitive is not documented in the tutorial portion of -the Kernighan paper, and should probably be considered unreliable. +Note that in `if' constructions, newlines can only occur in +\s[-1]BALANCED-BODY\s[0]. This means that +.DS +.CW +if +{ ... } +else +{ ... } +.R +.DE .PP -The primitive \fBarrow\fR is a synonym for \fBline ->\fR. +will fail. You have to use the braces on the same line as the keywords: .DS .CW -<text> ::= <string> [ <placement> ... ] - sprintf("format", <expr> ...) [ <placement> ... ] - -<placement> ::= center | ljust | rjust | above | below +if { +\&... +} else { +\&... +} .R .DE -.LP +.PP +This restriction doesn't hold for the body after the `do' in a `for' +construction. +.DS +.CW +<any-expr> ::= + <expr> + <text-expr> + <any-expr> <logical-op> <any-expr> + ! <any-expr> +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<logical-op> ::= + == | != | && | '||' +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<text-expr> ::= + TEXT == TEXT + TEXT != TEXT +.R +.DE +.PP +Logical operators are handled specially by \fBpic\fP since they can +deal with text strings also. \fBpic\fP uses \%\fIstrcmp\/\fP(3) to test +for equality of strings; an empty string is considered as `false' for +`&&' and `|\||'. +.DS +.CW +<primitive> ::= + box \fR# closed object \[em] rectangle\fP + circle \fR# closed object \[em] circle\fP + ellipse \fR# closed object \[em] ellipse\fP + arc \fR# open object \[em] quarter-circle\fP + line \fR# open object \[em] line\fP + arrow \fR# open object \[em] line with arrowhead\fP + spline \fR# open object \[em] spline curve\fP + move + TEXT TEXT ... \fR# text within invisible box\fP + plot <expr> TEXT \fR# formatted text\fP + '[' <command> ... ']' +.R +.DE +.PP +Drawn objects within `[\ .\|.\|.\ ]' are treated as a single composite +object with a rectangular shape (that of the bounding box of all the +elements). Variable and label assignments within a block are local to +the block. Current direction of motion is restored to the value at start +of block upon exit. Position is \fInot\fR restored (unlike `{\ }'); +instead, the current position becomes the exit position for the current +direction on the block's bounding box. +.DS +.CW +<attribute> ::= + h[eigh]t <expr> \fR# set height of closed figure \fP + wid[th] <expr> \fR# set width of closed figure \fP + rad[ius] <expr> \fR# set radius of circle/arc \fP + diam[eter] <expr> \fR# set diameter of circle/arc \fP + up [<expr>] \fR# move up \fP + down [<expr>] \fR# move down \fP + left [<expr>] \fR# move left \fP + right [<expr>] \fR# move right \fP + from <position> \fR# set from position of open figure\fP + to <position> \fR# set to position of open figure\fP + at <position> \fR# set center of open figure\fP + with <path> \fR# fix corner/named point at specified location\fP + with <position> \fR# fix position of object at specified location\fP + by <expr-pair> \fR# set object's attachment point\fP + then \fR# sequential segment composition\fP + dotted [<expr>] \fR# set dotted line style\fP + dashed [<expr>] \fR# set dashed line style\fP + thick[ness] <expr> \fR# set thickness of lines\fP + chop [<expr>] \fR# chop end(s) of segment\fP + '->' | '<-' | '<->' \fR# decorate with arrows\fP + invis[ible] \fR# make primitive invisible\fP + solid \fR# make closed figure solid\fP + fill[ed] [<expr>] \fR# set fill density for figure\fP + colo[u]r[ed] TEXT \fR# set fill and outline color for figure\fP + outline[d] TEXT \fR# set outline color for figure\fP + shaded TEXT \fR# set fill color for figure\fP + same \fR# copy size of previous object\fP + cw | ccw \fR# set orientation of curves\fP + ljust | rjust \fR# adjust text horizontally\fP + above | below \fR# adjust text vertically\fP + aligned \fR# align parallel to object\fP + TEXT TEXT ... \fR# text within object\fP + <expr> \fR# motion in the current direction\fR +.R +.DE +.PP +Missing attributes are supplied from defaults; inappropriate ones are +silently ignored. For lines, splines, and arcs, height and width +refer to arrowhead size. +.PP +The `at' primitive sets the center of the current object. The +`with' attribute fixes the specified feature of the given object +to a specified location. (Note that `with' is incorrectly described +in the Kernighan paper.) +.PP +The `by' primitive is not documented in the tutorial portion of +the Kernighan paper, and should probably be considered unreliable. +.PP +The primitive `arrow' is a synonym for `line\ ->'. +.PP Text is normally an attribute of some object, in which case successive strings are vertically stacked and centered on the object's center by default. Standalone text is treated as though placed in an invisible box. .PP A text item consists of a string or sprintf-expression, optionally -followed by positioning information. Text or format strings may -contain {gtn}roff font changes, size changes, and local motions, -provided those changes are undone before the end of the current item. +followed by positioning information. Text (or strings specified with +`sprintf' may contain [gtn]roff font changes, size changes, and local +motions, provided those changes are undone before the end of the current +item. .PP -A position is an (x, y) coordinate pair. There are lots of different +A position is an (x,y) coordinate pair. There are lots of different ways to specify positions: .DS .CW -<position> ::= <expr> , <expr> - <place> {+-} <expr> , <expr> - <place> {+-} ( <expr> , <expr> ) - ( <position> , <position> ) - <expr> [of the way] between <position> and <position> - <expr> '<' <position> , <position> '>' - ( <position> ) - -<place> ::= <label> [ <dot-corner> ] - <corner> of <label> - [0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9]th [last] <primitive> <dot-corner> - <expr>'th [last]<primitive> <dot-corner> - <corner> of [0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9]th [last] <primitive> - <corner> of <expr>'th [last] <primitive> - Here - -<dot-corner> ::= .n | .e | .w | .s | .ne | .nw | .se | .sw | .c | .start | .end - -<corner> ::= top | bot | left | right | start | end +<position> ::= + <position-not-place> + <place> .R .DE -.LP -As Kernighan notes, "since barbarisms like \fB1th\fP and \fB3th\fP are -barbaric, synonyms like \fB1st\fP and \fB3rd\fP are accepted as well". +.DS +.CW +<position-not-place> ::= + <expr-pair> + <position> + <expr-pair> + <position> - <expr-pair> + ( <position> , <position> ) + <expr> [of the way] between <position> and <position> + <expr> '<' <position> , <position> '>' +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<expr-pair> ::= + <expr> , <expr> + ( expr-pair ) +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<place> ::= + <label> + <label> <corner> + <corner> [of] <label> + Here +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<label> ::= + LABEL [. LABEL ...] + <nth-primitive> +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<corner> ::= + .n | .e | .w | .s + .ne | .se | .nw | .sw + .c[enter] | .start | .end + .t[op] | .b[ot[tom]] | .l[eft] | .r[ight] + left | right | <top-of> | <bottom-of> + <north-of> | <south-of> | <east-of> | <west-of> + <center-of> | <start-of> | <end-of> + upper left | lower left | upper right | lower right +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<xxx-of> ::= + xxx \fR# followed by `of'\fP +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<nth-primitive> ::= + <ordinal> <object-type> + [<ordinal>] last <object-type> +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<ordinal> ::= + INT th + INT st | INT nd | INT rd + ` <any-expr> 'th +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<object-type> ::= + box + circle + ellipse + arc + line + arrow + spline + '[]' + TEXT +.R +.DE +.PP +As Kernighan notes, \[lq]since barbarisms like \fB1th\fP and \fB3th\fP are +barbaric, synonyms like \fB1st\fP and \fB3rd\fP are accepted as well.\[rq] Objects of a given type are numbered from 1 upwards in order of declaration; the \fBlast\fP modifier counts backwards. .PP -The "'th" form (which allows you to select a previous object with an -expression, as opposed to a numeric literal) is not documented in DWB -\fBpic\fR(1). +The \[lq]'th\[rq] form (which allows you to select a previous object with +an expression, as opposed to a numeric literal) is not documented in DWB's +\fIpic\/\fR(1). +.PP +The \[la]\|\fIxxx\fP-of\|\[ra] rule is special: The lexical parser checks whether +\fIxxx\fP is followed by the token `of' without eliminating it so that +the grammar parser can still see `of'. Valid examples of specifying a +place with corner and label are thus +.DS +.CW +A .n +\&.n of A +\&.n A +north of A +.R +.DE +.LP +while +.DS +.CW +north A +A north +.R +.DE +both cause a syntax error. (DWB \fBpic\fP also allows the weird form +`A\ north\ of'.) +.PP +Here the special rules for the `with' keyword using a path: +.DS +.CW +<path> ::= + <relative-path> + ( <relative-path> , <relative-path> ) +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<relative-path> ::= + <corner> + . LABEL [. LABEL ...] [<corner>] +.R +.DE .PP The following style variables control output: .TS H -tab(@), linesize(2); +center tab(@), linesize(2); lb | lb | lb l | n | l. .sp 2p @@ -2332,40 +2667,51 @@ fillval@0.5@Default fill value _ .TE Any of these can be set by assignment, or reset using the \fBreset\fP -statement. Style variables assigned within [] blocks are restored to +statement. Style variables assigned within `[\ ]' blocks are restored to their beginning-of-block value on exit; top-level assignments persist across pictures. Dimensions are divided by \fBscale\fR on output. .PP All \fBpic\fP expressions are evaluated in floating point; units -default to inches. Expressions have the following simple grammar, -with semantics very similar to C expressions: +are always inches (a trailing `i' or `I' is ignored). Expressions have +the following simple grammar, with semantics very similar to +C\~expressions: .DS .CW -<expr> ::= <expr> <op> <expr> - ! <expr> - ( <expr> ) - - <expr> - <variable> - <number> - <place> .x - <place> .y - <place> .ht - <place> .wid - <place> .rad - sin(<expr>) - cos(<expr>) - log(<expr>) - exp(<expr>) - sqrt(<expr>) - max(<expr>, <expr>...) - atan2(<expr>, <expr>) - min(<expr>, <expr>...) - int(<expr>) - rand() - -<op> := + | - | * | / | % | ^ | - != | == | '<' | '>' | >= | <= | - '||' | && +<expr> ::= + VARIABLE + NUMBER + <place> <place-attribute> + <expr> <op> <expr> + - <expr> + ( <any-expr> ) + ! <expr> + <func1> ( <any-expr> ) + <func2> ( <any-expr> , <any-expr> ) + rand ( ) +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<place-attribute> + .x | .y | .h[eigh]t | .wid[th] | .rad +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<op> ::= + + | - | * | / | % | ^ | '<' | '>' | '<=' | '>=' +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<func1> ::= + sin | cos | log | exp | sqrt | int | rand | srand +.R +.DE +.DS +.CW +<func2> ::= + atan2 | max | min .R .DE .LP @@ -2377,7 +2723,7 @@ of the grammar (they behave as pre-processor macros to the language). These may be used to define pseudo-functions. .DS .CW -\fBdefine\fP \fIname\fP \fB{\fP \fIreplacement text \fB}\fP +\fBdefine\fP \fIname\fP \fB{\fP \fIreplacement-text\fP \fB}\fP .R .DE .LP @@ -2385,49 +2731,58 @@ This defines \fIname\fR as a macro to be replaced by the replacement text (not including the braces). The macro may be called as .DS .CW -\fIname\fB(\fIarg1, arg2, ... argn\fB)\fR +\fIname\/\fB(\,\fIarg1, arg2, .\|.\|., argn\fB\/)\fR .R .DE .LP -The arguments (if any) will be substituted for tokens $1, $2 ... $n -appearing in the replacement text. To undefine a macro, say \fBundef\fP +The arguments (if any) will be substituted for tokens $1, $2 .\|.\|.\& $n +appearing in the replacement text. To undefine a macro, say \fBundef\fP \fIname\fR, specifying the name to be undefined. .\"%%POSTLUDE%% .NH 1 History and Acknowledgements .PP Original \fBpic\fP was written to go with Joseph Ossanna's original -\&\fItroff\fP(1) by Brian Kernighan, and later re-written by Kernighan +\fItroff\/\fP(1) by Brian Kernighan, and later re-written by Kernighan with substantial enhancements (apparently as part of the evolution of -\&\fItroff\fP(1) into \&\fIditroff\fP(1) to generate +\fItroff\/\fP(1) into \fIditroff\/\fP(1) to generate device-independent output). .PP The language had been inspired by some earlier graphics languages including \fBideal\fP and \fBgrap\fP. Kernighan credits Chris van Wyk (the designer of \fBideal\fP) with many of the ideas that went into \fBpic\fP. +.PP +.\" the original definitions of EQ and EN cause insertion of vertical +.\" space which is not appropriate here +.de EQ +.. +.de EN +.. .EQ delim $$ .EN -.PP The \fBpic\fP language was originally described by Brian Kernighan in Bell Labs Computing Science Technical Report #116 (you can obtain a PostScript copy of the revised version, [1], by sending a mail message to -\&\fInetlib@research.att.com\fP with a body of \&`send 116 from -research/cstr'.). There have been two revisions, in 1984 and 1991. +\fInetlib@research.att.com\fP with a body of `send 116 from +research/cstr'). There have been two revisions, in 1984 and 1991. .PP The document you are reading effectively subsumes Kernighan's -description; it was written to fill in lacunae in the exposition and -integrate in descriptions of the GNU \fIgpic\fP(1) features. +description; it was written to fill in lacun\[ae] in the exposition and +integrate in descriptions of the GNU \fIgpic\/\fP(1) features. .PP -The GNU \fBgpic\fR implementation was written and is maintained by -James Clark \fI<jjc@jclark.com>\fP. +The GNU \fBgpic\fR implementation was written by James Clark +\[la]\,\fIjjc@jclark.com\/\fP\[ra]. It is currently maintained by Werner +Lemberg \[la]\,\fIwl@gnu.org\/\fP\[ra]. .NH 1 Bibliography .IP 1. -Kernighan, B. W. \fBPIC -- A Graphics Language for Typesetting -(Revised User Manual)\fP Bell Labs Computing Science Technical Report +Kernighan, B. W. \fBPIC \[em] A Graphics Language for Typesetting +(Revised User Manual)\fP. Bell Labs Computing Science Technical Report #116, December 1991. .IP 2. -Van Wyk, C.J. \fBA high-level language for specifying pictures\fP \fIACM -Transactions On Graphics\fP 1,2 (1982) 163-182. +Van Wyk, C. J. \fBA high-level language for specifying pictures\fP. +\fIACM Transactions On Graphics\fP 1,2 (1982) 163-182. +. +.\" end of pic.ms |
