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diff --git a/bin/ed/ed.1 b/bin/ed/ed.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..335dbd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/bin/ed/ed.1 @@ -0,0 +1,1005 @@ +.\" $FreeBSD$ +.Dd July 3, 2004 +.Dt ED 1 +.Os +.Sh NAME +.Nm ed , +.Nm red +.Nd text editor +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm +.Op Fl +.Op Fl sx +.Op Fl p Ar string +.Op Ar file +.Nm red +.Op Fl +.Op Fl sx +.Op Fl p Ar string +.Op Ar file +.Sh DESCRIPTION +The +.Nm +utility is a line-oriented text editor. +It is used to create, display, modify and otherwise manipulate text +files. +When invoked as +.Nm red , +the editor runs in +.Qq restricted +mode, in which the only difference is that the editor restricts the +use of filenames which start with +.Ql \&! +(interpreted as shell commands by +.Nm ) +or contain a +.Ql \&/ . +Note that editing outside of the current directory is only prohibited +if the user does not have write access to the current directory. +If a user has write access to the current directory, then symbolic +links can be created in the current directory, in which case +.Nm red +will not stop the user from editing the file that the symbolic link +points to. +.Pp +If invoked with a +.Ar file +argument, then a copy of +.Ar file +is read into the editor's buffer. +Changes are made to this copy and not directly to +.Ar file +itself. +Upon quitting +.Nm , +any changes not explicitly saved with a +.Em w +command are lost. +.Pp +Editing is done in two distinct modes: +.Em command +and +.Em input . +When first invoked, +.Nm +is in command mode. +In this mode commands are read from the standard input and +executed to manipulate the contents of the editor buffer. +A typical command might look like: +.Pp +.Sm off +.Cm ,s No / Em old Xo +.No / Em new +.No / Cm g +.Xc +.Sm on +.Pp +which replaces all occurrences of the string +.Em old +with +.Em new . +.Pp +When an input command, such as +.Em a +(append), +.Em i +(insert) or +.Em c +(change), is given, +.Nm +enters input mode. +This is the primary means +of adding text to a file. +In this mode, no commands are available; +instead, the standard input is written +directly to the editor buffer. +Lines consist of text up to and +including a +.Em newline +character. +Input mode is terminated by +entering a single period +.Pq Em .\& +on a line. +.Pp +All +.Nm +commands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines; e.g., +the +.Em d +command deletes lines; the +.Em m +command moves lines, and so on. +It is possible to modify only a portion of a line by means of replacement, +as in the example above. +However even here, the +.Em s +command is applied to whole lines at a time. +.Pp +In general, +.Nm +commands consist of zero or more line addresses, followed by a single +character command and possibly additional parameters; i.e., +commands have the structure: +.Pp +.Sm off +.Xo +.Op Ar address Op , Ar address +.Ar command Op Ar parameters +.Xc +.Sm on +.Pp +The address(es) indicate the line or range of lines to be affected by the +command. +If fewer addresses are given than the command accepts, then +default addresses are supplied. +.Sh OPTIONS +The following options are available: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Fl s +Suppress diagnostics. +This should be used if +.Nm Ns 's +standard input is from a script. +.It Fl x +Prompt for an encryption key to be used in subsequent reads and writes +(see the +.Em x +command). +.It Fl p Ar string +Specify a command prompt. +This may be toggled on and off with the +.Em P +command. +.It Ar file +Specify the name of a file to read. +If +.Ar file +is prefixed with a +bang (!), then it is interpreted as a shell command. +In this case, +what is read is +the standard output of +.Ar file +executed via +.Xr sh 1 . +To read a file whose name begins with a bang, prefix the +name with a backslash (\\). +The default filename is set to +.Ar file +only if it is not prefixed with a bang. +.El +.Sh LINE ADDRESSING +An address represents the number of a line in the buffer. +The +.Nm +utility maintains a +.Em current address +which is +typically supplied to commands as the default address when none is specified. +When a file is first read, the current address is set to the last line +of the file. +In general, the current address is set to the last line +affected by a command. +.Pp +A line address is +constructed from one of the bases in the list below, optionally followed +by a numeric offset. +The offset may include any combination +of digits, operators (i.e., +.Em + , +.Em - +and +.Em ^ ) +and whitespace. +Addresses are read from left to right, and their values are computed +relative to the current address. +.Pp +One exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is the +address +.Em 0 +(zero). +This means "before the first line," +and is legal wherever it makes sense. +.Pp +An address range is two addresses separated either by a comma or +semi-colon. +The value of the first address in a range cannot exceed the +value of the second. +If only one address is given in a range, then +the second address is set to the given address. +If an +.Em n Ns -tuple +of addresses is given where +.Em "n\ >\ 2" , +then the corresponding range is determined by the last two addresses in +the +.Em n Ns -tuple . +If only one address is expected, then the last address is used. +.Pp +Each address in a comma-delimited range is interpreted relative to the +current address. +In a semi-colon-delimited range, the first address is +used to set the current address, and the second address is interpreted +relative to the first. +.Pp +The following address symbols are recognized: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It . +The current line (address) in the buffer. +.It $ +The last line in the buffer. +.It n +The +.Em n Ns th +line in the buffer +where +.Em n +is a number in the range +.Em [0,$] . +.It - or ^ +The previous line. +This is equivalent to +.Em -1 +and may be repeated with cumulative effect. +.It -n or ^n +The +.Em n Ns th +previous line, where +.Em n +is a non-negative number. +.It + +The next line. +This is equivalent to +.Em +1 +and may be repeated with cumulative effect. +.It +n +The +.Em n Ns th +next line, where +.Em n +is a non-negative number. +.It , or % +The first through last lines in the buffer. +This is equivalent to +the address range +.Em 1,$ . +.It ; +The current through last lines in the buffer. +This is equivalent to +the address range +.Em .,$ . +.It /re/ +The next line containing the regular expression +.Em re . +The search wraps to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to the +current line, if necessary. +// repeats the last search. +.It ?re? +The +previous line containing the regular expression +.Em re . +The search wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to the +current line, if necessary. +?? repeats the last search. +.It 'lc +The +line previously marked by a +.Em k +(mark) command, where +.Em lc +is a lower case letter. +.El +.Sh REGULAR EXPRESSIONS +Regular expressions are patterns used in selecting text. +For example, the command: +.Pp +.Sm off +.Cm g No / Em string Xo +.No / +.Xc +.Sm on +.Pp +prints all lines containing +.Em string . +Regular expressions are also +used by the +.Em s +command for selecting old text to be replaced with new. +.Pp +In addition to a specifying string literals, regular expressions can +represent +classes of strings. +Strings thus represented are said to be matched +by the corresponding regular expression. +If it is possible for a regular expression +to match several strings in a line, then the left-most longest match is +the one selected. +.Pp +The following symbols are used in constructing regular expressions: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It c +Any character +.Em c +not listed below, including +.Ql \&{ , +.Ql \&} , +.Ql \&( , +.Ql \&) , +.Ql < +and +.Ql > , +matches itself. +.It Pf \e c +Any backslash-escaped character +.Em c , +except for +.Ql \&{ , +.Ql \&} , +.Ql \&( , +.Ql \&) , +.Ql < +and +.Ql > , +matches itself. +.It . +Match any single character. +.It Op char-class +Match any single character in +.Em char-class . +To include a +.Ql \&] +in +.Em char-class , +it must be the first character. +A range of characters may be specified by separating the end characters +of the range with a +.Ql - , +e.g., +.Ql a-z +specifies the lower case characters. +The following literal expressions can also be used in +.Em char-class +to specify sets of characters: +.Pp +.Bl -column "[:alnum:]" "[:cntrl:]" "[:lower:]" "[:xdigit:]" -compact +.It [:alnum:] Ta [:cntrl:] Ta [:lower:] Ta [:space:] +.It [:alpha:] Ta [:digit:] Ta [:print:] Ta [:upper:] +.It [:blank:] Ta [:graph:] Ta [:punct:] Ta [:xdigit:] +.El +.Pp +If +.Ql - +appears as the first or last +character of +.Em char-class , +then it matches itself. +All other characters in +.Em char-class +match themselves. +.Pp +Patterns in +.Em char-class +of the form: +.Pp +.Bl -item -compact -offset 2n +.It +.Op \&. Ns Ar col-elm Ns .\& +or, +.It +.Op = Ns Ar col-elm Ns = +.El +.Pp +where +.Ar col-elm +is a +.Em collating element +are interpreted according to the current locale settings +(not currently supported). +See +.Xr regex 3 +and +.Xr re_format 7 +for an explanation of these constructs. +.It Op ^char-class +Match any single character, other than newline, not in +.Em char-class . +.Em Char-class +is defined +as above. +.It ^ +If +.Em ^ +is the first character of a regular expression, then it +anchors the regular expression to the beginning of a line. +Otherwise, it matches itself. +.It $ +If +.Em $ +is the last character of a regular expression, it +anchors the regular expression to the end of a line. +Otherwise, it matches itself. +.It Pf \e < +Anchor the single character regular expression or subexpression +immediately following it to the beginning of a word. +(This may not be available) +.It Pf \e > +Anchor the single character regular expression or subexpression +immediately following it to the end of a word. +(This may not be available) +.It Pf \e (re\e) +Define a subexpression +.Em re . +Subexpressions may be nested. +A subsequent backreference of the form +.Pf \e Em n , +where +.Em n +is a number in the range [1,9], expands to the text matched by the +.Em n Ns th +subexpression. +For example, the regular expression +.Ql \e(.*\e)\e1 +matches any string +consisting of identical adjacent substrings. +Subexpressions are ordered relative to +their left delimiter. +.It * +Match the single character regular expression or subexpression +immediately preceding it zero or more times. +If +.Em * +is the first +character of a regular expression or subexpression, then it matches +itself. +The +.Em * +operator sometimes yields unexpected results. +For example, the regular expression +.Ql b* +matches the beginning of +the string +.Ql abbb +(as opposed to the substring +.Ql bbb ) , +since a null match +is the only left-most match. +.It \e{n,m\e} or \e{n,\e} or \e{n\e} +Match the single character regular expression or subexpression +immediately preceding it at least +.Em n +and at most +.Em m +times. +If +.Em m +is omitted, then it matches at least +.Em n +times. +If the comma is also omitted, then it matches exactly +.Em n +times. +.El +.Pp +Additional regular expression operators may be defined depending on the +particular +.Xr regex 3 +implementation. +.Sh COMMANDS +All +.Nm +commands are single characters, though some require additional parameters. +If a command's parameters extend over several lines, then +each line except for the last +must be terminated with a backslash (\\). +.Pp +In general, at most one command is allowed per line. +However, most commands accept a print suffix, which is any of +.Em p +(print), +.Em l +(list), +or +.Em n +(enumerate), +to print the last line affected by the command. +.Pp +An interrupt (typically ^C) has the effect of aborting the current command +and returning the editor to command mode. +.Pp +The +.Nm +utility +recognizes the following commands. +The commands are shown together with +the default address or address range supplied if none is +specified (in parenthesis). +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It (.)a +Append text to the buffer after the addressed line. +Text is entered in input mode. +The current address is set to last line entered. +.It (.,.)c +Change lines in the buffer. +The addressed lines are deleted +from the buffer, and text is appended in their place. +Text is entered in input mode. +The current address is set to last line entered. +.It (.,.)d +Delete the addressed lines from the buffer. +If there is a line after the deleted range, then the current address is set +to this line. +Otherwise the current address is set to the line +before the deleted range. +.It e Ar file +Edit +.Ar file , +and sets the default filename. +If +.Ar file +is not specified, then the default filename is used. +Any lines in the buffer are deleted before +the new file is read. +The current address is set to the last line read. +.It e Ar !command +Edit the standard output of +.Ar !command , +(see +.Ar !command +below). +The default filename is unchanged. +Any lines in the buffer are deleted before the output of +.Ar command +is read. +The current address is set to the last line read. +.It E Ar file +Edit +.Ar file +unconditionally. +This is similar to the +.Em e +command, +except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. +The current address is set to the last line read. +.It f Ar file +Set the default filename to +.Ar file . +If +.Ar file +is not specified, then the default unescaped filename is printed. +.It (1,$)g/re/command-list +Apply +.Ar command-list +to each of the addressed lines matching a regular expression +.Ar re . +The current address is set to the +line currently matched before +.Ar command-list +is executed. +At the end of the +.Em g +command, the current address is set to the last line affected by +.Ar command-list . +.Pp +Each command in +.Ar command-list +must be on a separate line, +and every line except for the last must be terminated by a backslash +(\\). +Any commands are allowed, except for +.Em g , +.Em G , +.Em v , +and +.Em V . +A newline alone in +.Ar command-list +is equivalent to a +.Em p +command. +.It (1,$)G/re/ +Interactively edit the addressed lines matching a regular expression +.Ar re . +For each matching line, +the line is printed, +the current address is set, +and the user is prompted to enter a +.Ar command-list . +At the end of the +.Em G +command, the current address +is set to the last line affected by (the last) +.Ar command-list . +.Pp +The format of +.Ar command-list +is the same as that of the +.Em g +command. +A newline alone acts as a null command list. +A single +.Ql & +repeats the last non-null command list. +.It H +Toggle the printing of error explanations. +By default, explanations are not printed. +It is recommended that ed scripts begin with this command to +aid in debugging. +.It h +Print an explanation of the last error. +.It (.)i +Insert text in the buffer before the current line. +Text is entered in input mode. +The current address is set to the last line entered. +.It (.,.+1)j +Join the addressed lines. +The addressed lines are +deleted from the buffer and replaced by a single +line containing their joined text. +The current address is set to the resultant line. +.It (.)klc +Mark a line with a lower case letter +.Em lc . +The line can then be addressed as +.Em 'lc +(i.e., a single quote followed by +.Em lc ) +in subsequent commands. +The mark is not cleared until the line is +deleted or otherwise modified. +.It (.,.)l +Print the addressed lines unambiguously. +If a single line fills more than one screen (as might be the case +when viewing a binary file, for instance), a +.Dq Li --More-- +prompt is printed on the last line. +The +.Nm +utility waits until the RETURN key is pressed +before displaying the next screen. +The current address is set to the last line +printed. +.It (.,.)m(.) +Move lines in the buffer. +The addressed lines are moved to after the +right-hand destination address, which may be the address +.Em 0 +(zero). +The current address is set to the +last line moved. +.It (.,.)n +Print the addressed lines along with +their line numbers. +The current address is set to the last line +printed. +.It (.,.)p +Print the addressed lines. +The current address is set to the last line +printed. +.It P +Toggle the command prompt on and off. +Unless a prompt was specified by with command-line option +.Fl p Ar string , +the command prompt is by default turned off. +.It q +Quit +.Nm . +.It Q +Quit +.Nm +unconditionally. +This is similar to the +.Em q +command, +except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. +.It ($)r Ar file +Read +.Ar file +to after the addressed line. +If +.Ar file +is not specified, then the default +filename is used. +If there was no default filename prior to the command, +then the default filename is set to +.Ar file . +Otherwise, the default filename is unchanged. +The current address is set to the last line read. +.It ($)r Ar !command +Read +to after the addressed line +the standard output of +.Ar !command , +(see the +.Ar !command +below). +The default filename is unchanged. +The current address is set to the last line read. +.It (.,.)s/re/replacement/ +.It (.,.)s/re/replacement/g +.It (.,.)s/re/replacement/n +Replace text in the addressed lines +matching a regular expression +.Ar re +with +.Ar replacement . +By default, only the first match in each line is replaced. +If the +.Em g +(global) suffix is given, then every match to be replaced. +The +.Em n +suffix, where +.Em n +is a positive number, causes only the +.Em n Ns th +match to be replaced. +It is an error if no substitutions are performed on any of the addressed +lines. +The current address is set the last line affected. +.Pp +.Ar \&Re +and +.Ar replacement +may be delimited by any character other than space and newline +(see the +.Em s +command below). +If one or two of the last delimiters is omitted, then the last line +affected is printed as though the print suffix +.Em p +were specified. +.Pp +An unescaped +.Ql & +in +.Ar replacement +is replaced by the currently matched text. +The character sequence +.Em \em , +where +.Em m +is a number in the range [1,9], is replaced by the +.Em m th +backreference expression of the matched text. +If +.Ar replacement +consists of a single +.Ql % , +then +.Ar replacement +from the last substitution is used. +Newlines may be embedded in +.Ar replacement +if they are escaped with a backslash (\\). +.It (.,.)s +Repeat the last substitution. +This form of the +.Em s +command accepts a count suffix +.Em n , +or any combination of the characters +.Em r , +.Em g , +and +.Em p . +If a count suffix +.Em n +is given, then only the +.Em n Ns th +match is replaced. +The +.Em r +suffix causes +the regular expression of the last search to be used instead of the +that of the last substitution. +The +.Em g +suffix toggles the global suffix of the last substitution. +The +.Em p +suffix toggles the print suffix of the last substitution +The current address is set to the last line affected. +.It (.,.)t(.) +Copy (i.e., transfer) the addressed lines to after the right-hand +destination address, which may be the address +.Em 0 +(zero). +The current address is set to the last line +copied. +.It u +Undo the last command and restores the current address +to what it was before the command. +The global commands +.Em g , +.Em G , +.Em v , +and +.Em V . +are treated as a single command by undo. +.Em u +is its own inverse. +.It (1,$)v/re/command-list +Apply +.Ar command-list +to each of the addressed lines not matching a regular expression +.Ar re . +This is similar to the +.Em g +command. +.It (1,$)V/re/ +Interactively edit the addressed lines not matching a regular expression +.Ar re . +This is similar to the +.Em G +command. +.It (1,$)w Ar file +Write the addressed lines to +.Ar file . +Any previous contents of +.Ar file +is lost without warning. +If there is no default filename, then the default filename is set to +.Ar file , +otherwise it is unchanged. +If no filename is specified, then the default +filename is used. +The current address is unchanged. +.It (1,$)wq Ar file +Write the addressed lines to +.Ar file , +and then executes a +.Em q +command. +.It (1,$)w Ar !command +Write the addressed lines to the standard input of +.Ar !command , +(see the +.Em !command +below). +The default filename and current address are unchanged. +.It (1,$)W Ar file +Append the addressed lines to the end of +.Ar file . +This is similar to the +.Em w +command, expect that the previous contents of file is not clobbered. +The current address is unchanged. +.It x +Prompt for an encryption key which is used in subsequent reads and +writes. +If a newline alone is entered as the key, then encryption is +turned off. +Otherwise, echoing is disabled while a key is read. +Encryption/decryption is done using the +.Xr bdes 1 +algorithm. +.It Pf (.+1)z n +Scroll +.Ar n +lines at a time starting at addressed line. +If +.Ar n +is not specified, then the current window size is used. +The current address is set to the last line printed. +.It !command +Execute +.Ar command +via +.Xr sh 1 . +If the first character of +.Ar command +is +.Ql \&! , +then it is replaced by text of the +previous +.Ar !command . +The +.Nm +utility does not process +.Ar command +for backslash (\\) escapes. +However, an unescaped +.Em % +is replaced by the default filename. +When the shell returns from execution, a +.Ql \&! +is printed to the standard output. +The current line is unchanged. +.It ($)= +Print the line number of the addressed line. +.It (.+1)newline +Print the addressed line, and sets the current address to +that line. +.El +.Sh FILES +.Bl -tag -width /tmp/ed.* -compact +.It Pa /tmp/ed.* +buffer file +.It Pa ed.hup +the file to which +.Nm +attempts to write the buffer if the terminal hangs up +.El +.Sh DIAGNOSTICS +When an error occurs, +.Nm +prints a +.Ql \&? +and either returns to command mode +or exits if its input is from a script. +An explanation of the last error can be +printed with the +.Em h +(help) command. +.Pp +Since the +.Em g +(global) command masks any errors from failed searches and substitutions, +it can be used to perform conditional operations in scripts; e.g., +.Pp +.Sm off +.Cm g No / Em old Xo +.No / Cm s +.No // Em new +.No / +.Xc +.Sm on +.Pp +replaces any occurrences of +.Em old +with +.Em new . +If the +.Em u +(undo) command occurs in a global command list, then +the command list is executed only once. +.Pp +If diagnostics are not disabled, attempting to quit +.Nm +or edit another file before writing a modified buffer +results in an error. +If the command is entered a second time, it succeeds, +but any changes to the buffer are lost. +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr bdes 1 , +.Xr sed 1 , +.Xr sh 1 , +.Xr vi 1 , +.Xr regex 3 +.Pp +USD:12-13 +.Rs +.%A B. W. Kernighan +.%A P. J. Plauger +.%B Software Tools in Pascal +.%O Addison-Wesley +.%D 1981 +.Re +.Sh LIMITATIONS +The +.Nm +utility processes +.Ar file +arguments for backslash escapes, i.e., in a filename, +any characters preceded by a backslash (\\) are +interpreted literally. +.Pp +If a text (non-binary) file is not terminated by a newline character, +then +.Nm +appends one on reading/writing it. +In the case of a binary file, +.Nm +does not append a newline on reading/writing. +.Pp +per line overhead: 4 ints +.Sh HISTORY +An +.Nm +command appeared in +Version 1 AT&T UNIX. +.Sh BUGS +The +.Nm +utility does not recognize multibyte characters. |
