diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | secure/usr.bin/bdes/Makefile | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1 | 304 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.c | 1046 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.ps | 2945 |
4 files changed, 4300 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/Makefile b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9166f72 --- /dev/null +++ b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# @(#)Makefile 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93 + +PROG= bdes + +.include <bsd.prog.mk> diff --git a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1 b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eecd81b --- /dev/null +++ b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1 @@ -0,0 +1,304 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by +.\" Matt Bishop of Dartmouth College. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)bdes.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/29/93 +.\" +.TH BDES 1 "June 29, 1993" +.UC 6 +.SH NAME +bdes \- encrypt/decrypt using the Data Encryption Standard +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +.ft B +bdes [ \-abdp ] [ \-F N ] [ \-f N ] [ \-k key ] +.ti +5 +[ \-m N ] [ \-o N ] [ \-v vector ] +.ft R +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.I Bdes +implements all DES modes of operation described in FIPS PUB 81, +including alternative cipher feedback mode and both authentication +modes. +.I Bdes +reads from the standard input and writes to the standard output. +By default, the input is encrypted using cipher block chaining mode. +Using the same key for encryption and decryption preserves plain text. +.PP +All modes but the electronic code book mode require an initialization +vector; if none is supplied, the zero vector is used. +If no +.I key +is specified on the command line, the user is prompted for one (see +.IR getpass (3) +for more details). +.PP +The options are as follows: +.TP +\-a +The key and initialization vector strings are to be taken as ASCII, +suppressing the special interpretation given to leading ``0X'', ``0x'', +``0B'', and ``0b'' characters. +This flag applies to +.I both +the key and initialization vector. +.TP +\-b +Use electronic code book mode. +.TP +\-d +Decrypt the input. +.TP +\-F +Use +.IR N -bit +alternative cipher feedback mode. +Currently +.I N +must be a multiple of 7 between 7 and 56 inclusive (this does not conform +to the alternative CFB mode specification). +.TP +\-f +Use +.IR N -bit +cipher feedback mode. +Currently +.I N +must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and 64 inclusive (this does not conform +to the standard CFB mode specification). +.TP +\-k +Use +.I key +as the cryptographic key. +.TP +\-m +Compute a message authentication code (MAC) of +.I N +bits on the input. +The value of +.I N +must be between 1 and 64 inclusive; if +.I N +is not a multiple of 8, enough 0 bits will be added to pad the MAC length +to the nearest multiple of 8. +Only the MAC is output. +MACs are only available in cipher block chaining mode or in cipher feedback +mode. +.TP +\-o +Use +.IR N -bit +output feedback mode. +Currently +.I N +must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and 64 inclusive (this does not conform +to the OFB mode specification). +.TP +\-p +Disable the resetting of the parity bit. +This flag forces the parity bit of the key to be used as typed, rather than +making each character be of odd parity. +It is used only if the key is given in ASCII. +.TP +\-v +Set the initialization vector to +.IR vector ; +the vector is interpreted in the same way as the key. +The vector is ignored in electronic codebook mode. +.PP +The key and initialization vector are taken as sequences of ASCII +characters which are then mapped into their bit representations. +If either begins with ``0X'' or ``0x'', +that one is taken as a sequence of hexadecimal digits indicating the +bit pattern; +if either begins with ``0B'' or ``0b'', +that one is taken as a sequence of binary digits indicating the bit pattern. +In either case, +only the leading 64 bits of the key or initialization vector +are used, +and if fewer than 64 bits are provided, enough 0 bits are appended +to pad the key to 64 bits. +.PP +According to the DES standard, the low-order bit of each character in the +key string is deleted. +Since most ASCII representations set the high-order bit to 0, simply +deleting the low-order bit effectively reduces the size of the key space +from 2\u\s-356\s0\d to 2\u\s-348\s0\d keys. +To prevent this, the high-order bit must be a function depending in part +upon the low-order bit; so, the high-order bit is set to whatever value +gives odd parity. +This preserves the key space size. +Note this resetting of the parity bit is +.I not +done if the key is given in binary or hex, and can be disabled for ASCII +keys as well. +.PP +The DES is considered a very strong cryptosystem, and other than table lookup +attacks, key search attacks, and Hellman's time-memory tradeoff (all of which +are very expensive and time-consuming), no cryptanalytic methods for breaking +the DES are known in the open literature. +No doubt the choice of keys and key security are the most vulnerable aspect +of +.IR bdes . +.SH IMPLEMENTATION NOTES +For implementors wishing to write software compatible with this program, +the following notes are provided. +This software is believed to be compatible with the implementation of the +data encryption standard distributed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. +.PP +In the ECB and CBC modes, plaintext is encrypted in units of 64 bits (8 bytes, +also called a block). +To ensure that the plaintext file is encrypted correctly, +.I bdes +will (internally) append from 1 to 8 bytes, the last byte containing an +integer stating how many bytes of that final block are from the plaintext +file, and encrypt the resulting block. +Hence, when decrypting, the last block may contain from 0 to 7 characters +present in the plaintext file, and the last byte tells how many. +Note that if during decryption the last byte of the file does not contain an +integer between 0 and 7, either the file has been corrupted or an incorrect +key has been given. +A similar mechanism is used for the OFB and CFB modes, except that those +simply require the length of the input to be a multiple of the mode size, +and the final byte contains an integer between 0 and one less than the number +of bytes being used as the mode. +(This was another reason that the mode size must be a multiple of 8 for those +modes.) +.PP +Unlike Sun's implementation, unused bytes of that last block are not filled +with random data, but instead contain what was in those byte positions in +the preceding block. +This is quicker and more portable, and does not weaken the encryption +significantly. +.PP +If the key is entered in ASCII, the parity bits of the key characters are set +so that each key character is of odd parity. +Unlike Sun's implementation, it is possible to enter binary or hexadecimal +keys on the command line, and if this is done, the parity bits are +.I not +reset. +This allows testing using arbitrary bit patterns as keys. +.PP +The Sun implementation always uses an initialization vector of 0 +(that is, all zeroes). +By default, +.I bdes +does too, but this may be changed from the command line. +.SH SEE ALSO +crypt(1), crypt(3), getpass(3) +.sp +.IR "Data Encryption Standard" , +Federal Information Processing Standard #46, +National Bureau of Standards, +U.S. Department of Commerce, +Washington DC +(Jan. 1977) +.sp +.IR "DES Modes of Operation" , +Federal Information Processing Standard #81, +National Bureau of Standards, +U.S. Department of Commerce +Washington DC +(Dec. 1980) +.sp +Dorothy Denning, +.IR "Cryptography and Data Security" , +Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., +Reading, MA +\(co1982. +.sp +Matt Bishop, +.IR "Implementation Notes on bdes(1)" , +Technical Report PCS-TR-91-158, +Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, +Dartmouth College, +Hanover, NH 03755 +(Apr. 1991). +.SH DISCLAIMER +.nf +THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +SUCH DAMAGE. +.fi +.SH BUGS +There is a controversy raging over whether the DES will still be secure +in a few years. +The advent of special-purpose hardware could reduce the cost of any of the +methods of attack named above so that they are no longer computationally +infeasible. +.PP +As the key or key schedule is stored in memory, the encryption can be +compromised if memory is readable. +Additionally, programs which display programs' arguments may compromise the +key and initialization vector, if they are specified on the command line. +To avoid this +.I bdes +overwrites its arguments, however, the obvious race cannot currently be +avoided. +.PP +Certain specific keys should be avoided because they introduce potential +weaknesses; these keys, called the +.I weak +and +.I semiweak +keys, are (in hex notation, where p is either 0 or 1, and P is either +e or f): +.sp +.nf +.in +10n +.ta \w'0x0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p\0\0\0'u+5n +0x0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p 0x0p1P0p1P0p0P0p0P +0x0pep0pep0pfp0pfp 0x0pfP0pfP0pfP0pfP +0x1P0p1P0p0P0p0P0p 0x1P1P1P1P0P0P0P0P +0x1Pep1Pep0Pfp0Pfp 0x1PfP1PfP0PfP0PfP +0xep0pep0pfp0pfp0p 0xep1Pep1pfp0Pfp0P +0xepepepepepepepep 0xepfPepfPfpfPfpfP +0xfP0pfP0pfP0pfP0p 0xfP1PfP1PfP0PfP0P +0xfPepfPepfPepfPep 0xfPfPfPfPfPfPfPfP +.fi +.in -10n +.sp +This is inherent in the DES algorithm (see Moore and Simmons, +\*(LqCycle structure of the DES with weak and semi-weak keys,\*(Rq +.I "Advances in Cryptology \- Crypto '86 Proceedings" , +Springer-Verlag New York, \(co1987, pp. 9-32.) diff --git a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.c b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f702e01 --- /dev/null +++ b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.c @@ -0,0 +1,1046 @@ +/*- + * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993 + * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. + * + * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by + * Matt Bishop of Dartmouth College. + * + * The United States Government has rights in this work pursuant + * to contract no. NAG 2-680 between the National Aeronautics and + * Space Administration and Dartmouth College. + * + * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without + * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions + * are met: + * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright + * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. + * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright + * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the + * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. + * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software + * must display the following acknowledgement: + * This product includes software developed by the University of + * California, Berkeley and its contributors. + * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors + * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software + * without specific prior written permission. + * + * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND + * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE + * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE + * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE + * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL + * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS + * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) + * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT + * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY + * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF + * SUCH DAMAGE. + */ + +#ifndef lint +static char copyright[] = +"@(#) Copyright (c) 1991, 1993\n\ + The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.\n"; +#endif /* not lint */ + +#ifndef lint +static char sccsid[] = "@(#)bdes.c 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"; +#endif /* not lint */ + +/* + * BDES -- DES encryption package for Berkeley Software Distribution 4.4 + * options: + * -a key is in ASCII + * -b use ECB (electronic code book) mode + * -d invert (decrypt) input + * -f b use b-bit CFB (cipher feedback) mode + * -F b use b-bit CFB (cipher feedback) alternative mode + * -k key use key as the cryptographic key + * -m b generate a MAC of length b + * -o b use b-bit OFB (output feedback) mode + * -p don't reset the parity bit + * -v v use v as the initialization vector (ignored for ECB) + * note: the last character of the last block is the integer indicating + * how many characters of that block are to be output + * + * Author: Matt Bishop + * Department of Mathematics and Computer Science + * Dartmouth College + * Hanover, NH 03755 + * Email: Matt.Bishop@dartmouth.edu + * ...!decvax!dartvax!Matt.Bishop + * + * See Technical Report PCS-TR91-158, Department of Mathematics and Computer + * Science, Dartmouth College, for a detailed description of the implemen- + * tation and differences between it and Sun's. The DES is described in + * FIPS PUB 46, and the modes in FIPS PUB 81 (see either the manual page + * or the technical report for a complete reference). + */ + +#include <errno.h> +#include <unistd.h> +#include <stdio.h> +#include <ctype.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> + +/* + * BSD and System V systems offer special library calls that do + * block moves and fills, so if possible we take advantage of them + */ +#define MEMCPY(dest,src,len) bcopy((src),(dest),(len)) +#define MEMZERO(dest,len) bzero((dest),(len)) + +/* Hide the calls to the primitive encryption routines. */ +#define FASTWAY +#ifdef FASTWAY +#define DES_KEY(buf) \ + if (des_setkey(buf)) \ + err("des_setkey", 0); +#define DES_XFORM(buf) \ + if (des_cipher(buf, buf, 0L, (inverse ? -1 : 1))) \ + err("des_cipher", 0); +#else +#define DES_KEY(buf) { \ + char bits1[64]; /* bits of key */ \ + expand(buf, bits1); \ + if (setkey(bits1)) \ + err("setkey", 0); \ + } +#define DES_XFORM(buf) { \ + char bits1[64]; /* bits of message */ \ + expand(buf, bits1); \ + if (encrypt(bits1, inverse)) \ + err("encrypt", 0); \ + compress(bits1, buf); \ + } +#endif + +/* + * this does an error-checking write + */ +#define READ(buf, n) fread(buf, sizeof(char), n, stdin) +#define WRITE(buf,n) \ + if (fwrite(buf, sizeof(char), n, stdout) != n) \ + err(bn, NULL); + +/* + * some things to make references easier + */ +typedef char Desbuf[8]; +#define CHAR(x,i) (x[i]) +#define UCHAR(x,i) (x[i]) +#define BUFFER(x) (x) +#define UBUFFER(x) (x) + +/* + * global variables and related macros + */ +#define KEY_DEFAULT 0 /* interpret radix of key from key */ +#define KEY_ASCII 1 /* key is in ASCII characters */ +int keybase = KEY_DEFAULT; /* how to interpret the key */ + +enum { /* encrypt, decrypt, authenticate */ + MODE_ENCRYPT, MODE_DECRYPT, MODE_AUTHENTICATE +} mode = MODE_ENCRYPT; +enum { /* ecb, cbc, cfb, cfba, ofb? */ + ALG_ECB, ALG_CBC, ALG_CFB, ALG_OFB, ALG_CFBA +} alg = ALG_CBC; + +Desbuf ivec; /* initialization vector */ +char bits[] = { /* used to extract bits from a char */ + '\200', '\100', '\040', '\020', '\010', '\004', '\002', '\001' +}; +int inverse; /* 0 to encrypt, 1 to decrypt */ +int macbits = -1; /* number of bits in authentication */ +int fbbits = -1; /* number of feedback bits */ +int pflag; /* 1 to preserve parity bits */ + +main(ac, av) + int ac; /* arg count */ + char **av; /* arg vector */ +{ + extern int optind; /* option (argument) number */ + extern char *optarg; /* argument to option if any */ + register int i; /* counter in a for loop */ + register char *p; /* used to obtain the key */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ + int kflag; /* command-line encryptiooon key */ + int argc; /* the real arg count */ + char **argv; /* the real argument vector */ + + /* + * Hide the arguments from ps(1) by making private copies of them + * and clobbering the global (visible to ps(1)) ones. + */ + argc = ac; + ac = 1; + argv = malloc((argc + 1) * sizeof(char *)); + for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) { + argv[i] = strdup(av[i]); + MEMZERO(av[i], strlen(av[i])); + } + argv[argc] = NULL; + + /* initialize the initialization vctor */ + MEMZERO(ivec, 8); + + /* process the argument list */ + kflag = 0; + while ((i = getopt(argc, argv, "abdF:f:k:m:o:pv:")) != EOF) + switch(i) { + case 'a': /* key is ASCII */ + keybase = KEY_ASCII; + break; + case 'b': /* use ECB mode */ + alg = ALG_ECB; + break; + case 'd': /* decrypt */ + mode = MODE_DECRYPT; + break; + case 'F': /* use alternative CFB mode */ + alg = ALG_CFBA; + if ((fbbits = setbits(optarg, 7)) > 56 || fbbits == 0) + err(-1, "-F: number must be 1-56 inclusive"); + else if (fbbits == -1) + err(-1, "-F: number must be a multiple of 7"); + break; + case 'f': /* use CFB mode */ + alg = ALG_CFB; + if ((fbbits = setbits(optarg, 8)) > 64 || fbbits == 0) + err(-1, "-f: number must be 1-64 inclusive"); + else if (fbbits == -1) + err(-1, "-f: number must be a multiple of 8"); + break; + case 'k': /* encryption key */ + kflag = 1; + cvtkey(BUFFER(msgbuf), optarg); + break; + case 'm': /* number of bits for MACing */ + mode = MODE_AUTHENTICATE; + if ((macbits = setbits(optarg, 1)) > 64) + err(-1, "-m: number must be 0-64 inclusive"); + break; + case 'o': /* use OFB mode */ + alg = ALG_OFB; + if ((fbbits = setbits(optarg, 8)) > 64 || fbbits == 0) + err(-1, "-o: number must be 1-64 inclusive"); + else if (fbbits == -1) + err(-1, "-o: number must be a multiple of 8"); + break; + case 'p': /* preserve parity bits */ + pflag = 1; + break; + case 'v': /* set initialization vector */ + cvtkey(BUFFER(ivec), optarg); + break; + default: /* error */ + usage(); + } + + if (!kflag) { + /* + * if the key's not ASCII, assume it is + */ + keybase = KEY_ASCII; + /* + * get the key + */ + p = getpass("Enter key: "); + /* + * copy it, nul-padded, into the key area + */ + cvtkey(BUFFER(msgbuf), p); + } + + makekey(msgbuf); + inverse = (alg == ALG_CBC || alg == ALG_ECB) && mode == MODE_DECRYPT; + + switch(alg) { + case ALG_CBC: + switch(mode) { + case MODE_AUTHENTICATE: /* authenticate using CBC mode */ + cbcauth(); + break; + case MODE_DECRYPT: /* decrypt using CBC mode */ + cbcdec(); + break; + case MODE_ENCRYPT: /* encrypt using CBC mode */ + cbcenc(); + break; + } + break; + case ALG_CFB: + switch(mode) { + case MODE_AUTHENTICATE: /* authenticate using CFB mode */ + cfbauth(); + break; + case MODE_DECRYPT: /* decrypt using CFB mode */ + cfbdec(); + break; + case MODE_ENCRYPT: /* encrypt using CFB mode */ + cfbenc(); + break; + } + break; + case ALG_CFBA: + switch(mode) { + case MODE_AUTHENTICATE: /* authenticate using CFBA mode */ + err(-1, "can't authenticate with CFBA mode"); + break; + case MODE_DECRYPT: /* decrypt using CFBA mode */ + cfbadec(); + break; + case MODE_ENCRYPT: /* encrypt using CFBA mode */ + cfbaenc(); + break; + } + break; + case ALG_ECB: + switch(mode) { + case MODE_AUTHENTICATE: /* authenticate using ECB mode */ + err(-1, "can't authenticate with ECB mode"); + break; + case MODE_DECRYPT: /* decrypt using ECB mode */ + ecbdec(); + break; + case MODE_ENCRYPT: /* encrypt using ECB mode */ + ecbenc(); + break; + } + break; + case ALG_OFB: + switch(mode) { + case MODE_AUTHENTICATE: /* authenticate using OFB mode */ + err(-1, "can't authenticate with OFB mode"); + break; + case MODE_DECRYPT: /* decrypt using OFB mode */ + ofbdec(); + break; + case MODE_ENCRYPT: /* encrypt using OFB mode */ + ofbenc(); + break; + } + break; + } + exit(0); +} + +/* + * print a warning message and, possibly, terminate + */ +err(n, s) + int n; /* offending block number */ + char *s; /* the message */ +{ + if (n > 0) + (void)fprintf(stderr, "bdes (block %d): ", n); + else + (void)fprintf(stderr, "bdes: "); + (void)fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", s ? s : strerror(errno)); + exit(1); +} + +/* + * map a hex character to an integer + */ +tobinhex(c, radix) + char c; /* char to be converted */ + int radix; /* base (2 to 16) */ +{ + switch(c) { + case '0': return(0x0); + case '1': return(0x1); + case '2': return(radix > 2 ? 0x2 : -1); + case '3': return(radix > 3 ? 0x3 : -1); + case '4': return(radix > 4 ? 0x4 : -1); + case '5': return(radix > 5 ? 0x5 : -1); + case '6': return(radix > 6 ? 0x6 : -1); + case '7': return(radix > 7 ? 0x7 : -1); + case '8': return(radix > 8 ? 0x8 : -1); + case '9': return(radix > 9 ? 0x9 : -1); + case 'A': case 'a': return(radix > 10 ? 0xa : -1); + case 'B': case 'b': return(radix > 11 ? 0xb : -1); + case 'C': case 'c': return(radix > 12 ? 0xc : -1); + case 'D': case 'd': return(radix > 13 ? 0xd : -1); + case 'E': case 'e': return(radix > 14 ? 0xe : -1); + case 'F': case 'f': return(radix > 15 ? 0xf : -1); + } + /* + * invalid character + */ + return(-1); +} + +/* + * convert the key to a bit pattern + */ +cvtkey(obuf, ibuf) + char *obuf; /* bit pattern */ + char *ibuf; /* the key itself */ +{ + register int i, j; /* counter in a for loop */ + int nbuf[64]; /* used for hex/key translation */ + + /* + * just switch on the key base + */ + switch(keybase) { + case KEY_ASCII: /* ascii to integer */ + (void)strncpy(obuf, ibuf, 8); + return; + case KEY_DEFAULT: /* tell from context */ + /* + * leading '0x' or '0X' == hex key + */ + if (ibuf[0] == '0' && (ibuf[1] == 'x' || ibuf[1] == 'X')) { + ibuf = &ibuf[2]; + /* + * now translate it, bombing on any illegal hex digit + */ + for (i = 0; ibuf[i] && i < 16; i++) + if ((nbuf[i] = tobinhex(ibuf[i], 16)) == -1) + err(-1, "bad hex digit in key"); + while (i < 16) + nbuf[i++] = 0; + for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) + obuf[i] = + ((nbuf[2*i]&0xf)<<4) | (nbuf[2*i+1]&0xf); + /* preserve parity bits */ + pflag = 1; + return; + } + /* + * leading '0b' or '0B' == binary key + */ + if (ibuf[0] == '0' && (ibuf[1] == 'b' || ibuf[1] == 'B')) { + ibuf = &ibuf[2]; + /* + * now translate it, bombing on any illegal binary digit + */ + for (i = 0; ibuf[i] && i < 16; i++) + if ((nbuf[i] = tobinhex(ibuf[i], 2)) == -1) + err(-1, "bad binary digit in key"); + while (i < 64) + nbuf[i++] = 0; + for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) + for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) + obuf[i] = (obuf[i]<<1)|nbuf[8*i+j]; + /* preserve parity bits */ + pflag = 1; + return; + } + /* + * no special leader -- ASCII + */ + (void)strncpy(obuf, ibuf, 8); + } +} + +/* + * convert an ASCII string into a decimal number: + * 1. must be between 0 and 64 inclusive + * 2. must be a valid decimal number + * 3. must be a multiple of mult + */ +setbits(s, mult) + char *s; /* the ASCII string */ + int mult; /* what it must be a multiple of */ +{ + register char *p; /* pointer in a for loop */ + register int n = 0; /* the integer collected */ + + /* + * skip white space + */ + while (isspace(*s)) + s++; + /* + * get the integer + */ + for (p = s; *p; p++) { + if (isdigit(*p)) + n = n * 10 + *p - '0'; + else { + err(-1, "bad decimal digit in MAC length"); + } + } + /* + * be sure it's a multiple of mult + */ + return((n % mult != 0) ? -1 : n); +} + +/***************** + * DES FUNCTIONS * + *****************/ +/* + * This sets the DES key and (if you're using the deszip version) + * the direction of the transformation. This uses the Sun + * to map the 64-bit key onto the 56 bits that the key schedule + * generation routines use: the old way, which just uses the user- + * supplied 64 bits as is, and the new way, which resets the parity + * bit to be the same as the low-order bit in each character. The + * new way generates a greater variety of key schedules, since many + * systems set the parity (high) bit of each character to 0, and the + * DES ignores the low order bit of each character. + */ +makekey(buf) + Desbuf buf; /* key block */ +{ + register int i, j; /* counter in a for loop */ + register int par; /* parity counter */ + + /* + * if the parity is not preserved, flip it + */ + if (!pflag) { + for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) { + par = 0; + for (j = 1; j < 8; j++) + if ((bits[j]&UCHAR(buf, i)) != 0) + par++; + if ((par&01) == 01) + UCHAR(buf, i) = UCHAR(buf, i)&0177; + else + UCHAR(buf, i) = (UCHAR(buf, i)&0177)|0200; + } + } + + DES_KEY(UBUFFER(buf)); +} + +/* + * This encrypts using the Electronic Code Book mode of DES + */ +ecbenc() +{ + register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ + register int bn; /* block number */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ + + for (bn = 0; (n = READ(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8)) == 8; bn++) { + /* + * do the transformation + */ + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); + } + /* + * at EOF or last block -- in either ase, the last byte contains + * the character representation of the number of bytes in it + */ + bn++; + MEMZERO(&CHAR(msgbuf, n), 8 - n); + CHAR(msgbuf, 7) = n; + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); + +} + +/* + * This decrypts using the Electronic Code Book mode of DES + */ +ecbdec() +{ + register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ + register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ + register int bn; /* block number */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ + + for (bn = 1; (n = READ(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8)) == 8; bn++) { + /* + * do the transformation + */ + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + /* + * if the last one, handle it specially + */ + if ((c = getchar()) == EOF) { + n = CHAR(msgbuf, 7); + if (n < 0 || n > 7) + err(bn, "decryption failed (block corrupted)"); + } + else + (void)ungetc(c, stdin); + WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), n); + } + if (n > 0) + err(bn, "decryption failed (incomplete block)"); +} + +/* + * This encrypts using the Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES + */ +cbcenc() +{ + register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ + register int bn; /* block number */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ + + /* + * do the transformation + */ + for (bn = 1; (n = READ(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8)) == 8; bn++) { + for (n = 0; n < 8; n++) + CHAR(msgbuf, n) ^= CHAR(ivec, n); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + MEMCPY(BUFFER(ivec), BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); + WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); + } + /* + * at EOF or last block -- in either case, the last byte contains + * the character representation of the number of bytes in it + */ + bn++; + MEMZERO(&CHAR(msgbuf, n), 8 - n); + CHAR(msgbuf, 7) = n; + for (n = 0; n < 8; n++) + CHAR(msgbuf, n) ^= CHAR(ivec, n); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); + +} + +/* + * This decrypts using the Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES + */ +cbcdec() +{ + register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ + Desbuf ibuf; /* temp buffer for initialization vector */ + register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ + register int bn; /* block number */ + + for (bn = 0; (n = READ(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8)) == 8; bn++) { + /* + * do the transformation + */ + MEMCPY(BUFFER(ibuf), BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (c = 0; c < 8; c++) + UCHAR(msgbuf, c) ^= UCHAR(ivec, c); + MEMCPY(BUFFER(ivec), BUFFER(ibuf), 8); + /* + * if the last one, handle it specially + */ + if ((c = getchar()) == EOF) { + n = CHAR(msgbuf, 7); + if (n < 0 || n > 7) + err(bn, "decryption failed (block corrupted)"); + } + else + (void)ungetc(c, stdin); + WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), n); + } + if (n > 0) + err(bn, "decryption failed (incomplete block)"); +} + +/* + * This authenticates using the Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES + */ +cbcauth() +{ + register int n, j; /* number of bytes actually read */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ + Desbuf encbuf; /* encryption buffer */ + + /* + * do the transformation + * note we DISCARD the encrypted block; + * we only care about the last one + */ + while ((n = READ(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8)) == 8) { + for (n = 0; n < 8; n++) + CHAR(encbuf, n) = CHAR(msgbuf, n) ^ CHAR(ivec, n); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(encbuf)); + MEMCPY(BUFFER(ivec), BUFFER(encbuf), 8); + } + /* + * now compute the last one, right padding with '\0' if need be + */ + if (n > 0) { + MEMZERO(&CHAR(msgbuf, n), 8 - n); + for (n = 0; n < 8; n++) + CHAR(encbuf, n) = CHAR(msgbuf, n) ^ CHAR(ivec, n); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(encbuf)); + } + /* + * drop the bits + * we write chars until fewer than 7 bits, + * and then pad the last one with 0 bits + */ + for (n = 0; macbits > 7; n++, macbits -= 8) + (void)putchar(CHAR(encbuf, n)); + if (macbits > 0) { + CHAR(msgbuf, 0) = 0x00; + for (j = 0; j < macbits; j++) + CHAR(msgbuf, 0) |= (CHAR(encbuf, n)&bits[j]); + (void)putchar(CHAR(msgbuf, 0)); + } +} + +/* + * This encrypts using the Cipher FeedBack mode of DES + */ +cfbenc() +{ + register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ + register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ + register int bn; /* block number */ + char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ + + /* + * do things in bytes, not bits + */ + nbytes = fbbits / 8; + /* + * do the transformation + */ + for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (n = 0; n < 8 - nbytes; n++) + UCHAR(ivec, n) = UCHAR(ivec, n+nbytes); + for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) + UCHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+n) = ibuf[n] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, n); + WRITE(&CHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes), nbytes); + } + /* + * at EOF or last block -- in either case, the last byte contains + * the character representation of the number of bytes in it + */ + bn++; + MEMZERO(&ibuf[n], nbytes - n); + ibuf[nbytes - 1] = n; + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) + ibuf[n] ^= UCHAR(msgbuf, n); + WRITE(ibuf, nbytes); +} + +/* + * This decrypts using the Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES + */ +cfbdec() +{ + register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ + register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ + register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ + register int bn; /* block number */ + char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ + char obuf[8]; /* output buffer */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ + + /* + * do things in bytes, not bits + */ + nbytes = fbbits / 8; + /* + * do the transformation + */ + for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (c = 0; c < 8 - nbytes; c++) + CHAR(ivec, c) = CHAR(ivec, c+nbytes); + for (c = 0; c < nbytes; c++) { + CHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+c) = ibuf[c]; + obuf[c] = ibuf[c] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, c); + } + /* + * if the last one, handle it specially + */ + if ((c = getchar()) == EOF) { + n = obuf[nbytes-1]; + if (n < 0 || n > nbytes-1) + err(bn, "decryption failed (block corrupted)"); + } + else + (void)ungetc(c, stdin); + WRITE(obuf, n); + } + if (n > 0) + err(bn, "decryption failed (incomplete block)"); +} + +/* + * This encrypts using the alternative Cipher FeedBack mode of DES + */ +cfbaenc() +{ + register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ + register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ + register int bn; /* block number */ + char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ + char obuf[8]; /* output buffer */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ + + /* + * do things in bytes, not bits + */ + nbytes = fbbits / 7; + /* + * do the transformation + */ + for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (n = 0; n < 8 - nbytes; n++) + UCHAR(ivec, n) = UCHAR(ivec, n+nbytes); + for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) + UCHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+n) = (ibuf[n] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, n)) + |0200; + for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) + obuf[n] = CHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+n)&0177; + WRITE(obuf, nbytes); + } + /* + * at EOF or last block -- in either case, the last byte contains + * the character representation of the number of bytes in it + */ + bn++; + MEMZERO(&ibuf[n], nbytes - n); + ibuf[nbytes - 1] = ('0' + n)|0200; + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) + ibuf[n] ^= UCHAR(msgbuf, n); + WRITE(ibuf, nbytes); +} + +/* + * This decrypts using the alternative Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES + */ +cfbadec() +{ + register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ + register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ + register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ + register int bn; /* block number */ + char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ + char obuf[8]; /* output buffer */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ + + /* + * do things in bytes, not bits + */ + nbytes = fbbits / 7; + /* + * do the transformation + */ + for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (c = 0; c < 8 - nbytes; c++) + CHAR(ivec, c) = CHAR(ivec, c+nbytes); + for (c = 0; c < nbytes; c++) { + CHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+c) = ibuf[c]|0200; + obuf[c] = (ibuf[c] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, c))&0177; + } + /* + * if the last one, handle it specially + */ + if ((c = getchar()) == EOF) { + if ((n = (obuf[nbytes-1] - '0')) < 0 + || n > nbytes-1) + err(bn, "decryption failed (block corrupted)"); + } + else + (void)ungetc(c, stdin); + WRITE(obuf, n); + } + if (n > 0) + err(bn, "decryption failed (incomplete block)"); +} + + +/* + * This encrypts using the Output FeedBack mode of DES + */ +ofbenc() +{ + register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ + register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ + register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ + register int bn; /* block number */ + char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ + char obuf[8]; /* output buffer */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ + + /* + * do things in bytes, not bits + */ + nbytes = fbbits / 8; + /* + * do the transformation + */ + for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (n = 0; n < 8 - nbytes; n++) + UCHAR(ivec, n) = UCHAR(ivec, n+nbytes); + for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) { + UCHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+n) = UCHAR(msgbuf, n); + obuf[n] = ibuf[n] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, n); + } + WRITE(obuf, nbytes); + } + /* + * at EOF or last block -- in either case, the last byte contains + * the character representation of the number of bytes in it + */ + bn++; + MEMZERO(&ibuf[n], nbytes - n); + ibuf[nbytes - 1] = n; + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (c = 0; c < nbytes; c++) + ibuf[c] ^= UCHAR(msgbuf, c); + WRITE(ibuf, nbytes); +} + +/* + * This decrypts using the Output Block Chaining mode of DES + */ +ofbdec() +{ + register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ + register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ + register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ + register int bn; /* block number */ + char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ + char obuf[8]; /* output buffer */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ + + /* + * do things in bytes, not bits + */ + nbytes = fbbits / 8; + /* + * do the transformation + */ + for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (c = 0; c < 8 - nbytes; c++) + CHAR(ivec, c) = CHAR(ivec, c+nbytes); + for (c = 0; c < nbytes; c++) { + CHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+c) = UCHAR(msgbuf, c); + obuf[c] = ibuf[c] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, c); + } + /* + * if the last one, handle it specially + */ + if ((c = getchar()) == EOF) { + n = obuf[nbytes-1]; + if (n < 0 || n > nbytes-1) + err(bn, "decryption failed (block corrupted)"); + } + else + (void)ungetc(c, stdin); + /* + * dump it + */ + WRITE(obuf, n); + } + if (n > 0) + err(bn, "decryption failed (incomplete block)"); +} + +/* + * This authenticates using the Cipher FeedBack mode of DES + */ +cfbauth() +{ + register int n, j; /* number of bytes actually read */ + register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ + char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ + Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ + + /* + * do things in bytes, not bits + */ + nbytes = fbbits / 8; + /* + * do the transformation + */ + while ((n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes) { + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (n = 0; n < 8 - nbytes; n++) + UCHAR(ivec, n) = UCHAR(ivec, n+nbytes); + for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) + UCHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+n) = ibuf[n] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, n); + } + /* + * at EOF or last block -- in either case, the last byte contains + * the character representation of the number of bytes in it + */ + MEMZERO(&ibuf[n], nbytes - n); + ibuf[nbytes - 1] = '0' + n; + MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); + DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); + for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) + ibuf[n] ^= UCHAR(msgbuf, n); + /* + * drop the bits + * we write chars until fewer than 7 bits, + * and then pad the last one with 0 bits + */ + for (n = 0; macbits > 7; n++, macbits -= 8) + (void)putchar(CHAR(msgbuf, n)); + if (macbits > 0) { + CHAR(msgbuf, 0) = 0x00; + for (j = 0; j < macbits; j++) + CHAR(msgbuf, 0) |= (CHAR(msgbuf, n)&bits[j]); + (void)putchar(CHAR(msgbuf, 0)); + } +} + +#ifndef FASTWAY +/* + * change from 8 bits/Uchar to 1 bit/Uchar + */ +expand(from, to) + Desbuf from; /* 8bit/unsigned char string */ + char *to; /* 1bit/char string */ +{ + register int i, j; /* counters in for loop */ + + for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) + for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) + *to++ = (CHAR(from, i)>>(7-j))&01; +} + +/* + * change from 1 bit/char to 8 bits/Uchar + */ +compress(from, to) + char *from; /* 1bit/char string */ + Desbuf to; /* 8bit/unsigned char string */ +{ + register int i, j; /* counters in for loop */ + + for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) { + CHAR(to, i) = 0; + for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) + CHAR(to, i) = ((*from++)<<(7-j))|CHAR(to, i); + } +} +#endif + +/* + * message about usage + */ +usage() +{ + (void)fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", +"usage: bdes [-abdp] [-F bit] [-f bit] [-k key] [-m bit] [-o bit] [-v vector]"); + exit(1); +} diff --git a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.ps b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..471c267 --- /dev/null +++ b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.ps @@ -0,0 +1,2945 @@ +%! +%%BoundingBox: (atend) +%%Pages: (atend) +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%EndComments +% +% FrameMaker PostScript Prolog 2.0, for use with FrameMaker 2.0 +% Copyright (c) 1986,87,89 by Frame Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. +% +% Known Problems: +% Due to bugs in Transcript, the 'PS-Adobe-' is omitted from line 1 +/FMversion (2.0) def +% Set up Color vs. Black-and-White + /FMPrintInColor systemdict /colorimage known def +% Uncomment this line to force b&w on color printer +% /FMPrintInColor false def +/FrameDict 190 dict def +systemdict /errordict known not {/errordict 10 dict def + errordict /rangecheck {stop} put} if +% The readline in 23.0 doesn't recognize cr's as nl's on AppleTalk +FrameDict /tmprangecheck errordict /rangecheck get put +errordict /rangecheck {FrameDict /bug true put} put +FrameDict /bug false put +mark +% Some PS machines read past the CR, so keep the following 3 lines together! +currentfile 5 string readline +00 +0000000000 +cleartomark +errordict /rangecheck FrameDict /tmprangecheck get put +FrameDict /bug get { + /readline { + /gstring exch def + /gfile exch def + /gindex 0 def + { + gfile read pop + dup 10 eq {exit} if + dup 13 eq {exit} if + gstring exch gindex exch put + /gindex gindex 1 add def + } loop + pop + gstring 0 gindex getinterval true + } def + } if +/FMVERSION { + FMversion ne { + /Times-Roman findfont 18 scalefont setfont + 100 100 moveto + (FrameMaker version does not match postscript_prolog!) + dup = + show showpage + } if + } def +/FMLOCAL { + FrameDict begin + 0 def + end + } def + /gstring FMLOCAL + /gfile FMLOCAL + /gindex FMLOCAL + /orgxfer FMLOCAL + /orgproc FMLOCAL + /organgle FMLOCAL + /orgfreq FMLOCAL + /yscale FMLOCAL + /xscale FMLOCAL + /manualfeed FMLOCAL + /paperheight FMLOCAL + /paperwidth FMLOCAL +/FMDOCUMENT { + array /FMfonts exch def + /#copies exch def + FrameDict begin + 0 ne dup {setmanualfeed} if + /manualfeed exch def + /paperheight exch def + /paperwidth exch def + setpapername + manualfeed {true} {papersize} ifelse + {manualpapersize} {false} ifelse + {desperatepapersize} if + /yscale exch def + /xscale exch def + currenttransfer cvlit /orgxfer exch def + currentscreen cvlit /orgproc exch def + /organgle exch def /orgfreq exch def + end + } def + /pagesave FMLOCAL + /orgmatrix FMLOCAL + /landscape FMLOCAL +/FMBEGINPAGE { + FrameDict begin + /pagesave save def + 3.86 setmiterlimit + /landscape exch 0 ne def + landscape { + 90 rotate 0 exch neg translate pop + } + {pop pop} + ifelse + xscale yscale scale + /orgmatrix matrix def + gsave + } def +/FMENDPAGE { + grestore + pagesave restore + end + showpage + } def +/FMDEFINEFONT { + FrameDict begin + findfont + ReEncode + 2 index exch + definefont exch + scalefont + FMfonts 3 1 roll + put + end + } bind def +/FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS { + newpath + 0.0 0.0 moveto + 1 setlinewidth + 0 setlinecap + 0 0 0 sethsbcolor + 0 setgray + } bind def + /fx FMLOCAL + /fy FMLOCAL + /fh FMLOCAL + /fw FMLOCAL + /llx FMLOCAL + /lly FMLOCAL + /urx FMLOCAL + /ury FMLOCAL +/FMBEGINEPSF { + end + /FMEPSF save def + /showpage {} def + FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS + [/fy /fx /fh /fw /ury /urx /lly /llx] {exch def} forall + fx fy translate + rotate + fw urx llx sub div fh ury lly sub div scale + llx neg lly neg translate + } bind def +/FMENDEPSF { + FMEPSF restore + FrameDict begin + } bind def +FrameDict begin +/setmanualfeed { +%%BeginFeature *ManualFeed True + statusdict /manualfeed true put +%%EndFeature + } def +/max {2 copy lt {exch} if pop} bind def +/min {2 copy gt {exch} if pop} bind def +/inch {72 mul} def +/pagedimen { + paperheight sub abs 16 lt exch + paperwidth sub abs 16 lt and + {/papername exch def} {pop} ifelse + } def + /papersizedict FMLOCAL +/setpapername { + /papersizedict 14 dict def + papersizedict begin + /papername /unknown def + /Letter 8.5 inch 11.0 inch pagedimen + /LetterSmall 7.68 inch 10.16 inch pagedimen + /Tabloid 11.0 inch 17.0 inch pagedimen + /Ledger 17.0 inch 11.0 inch pagedimen + /Legal 8.5 inch 14.0 inch pagedimen + /Statement 5.5 inch 8.5 inch pagedimen + /Executive 7.5 inch 10.0 inch pagedimen + /A3 11.69 inch 16.5 inch pagedimen + /A4 8.26 inch 11.69 inch pagedimen + /A4Small 7.47 inch 10.85 inch pagedimen + 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def + papersizedict dup papername known {papername} {/unknown} ifelse get + end + stopped + } def +/desperatepapersize { + statusdict /setpageparams known + { + paperwidth paperheight 0 1 + statusdict begin + {setpageparams} stopped pop + end + } if + } def +/savematrix { + orgmatrix currentmatrix pop + } bind def +/restorematrix { + orgmatrix setmatrix + } bind def +/dmatrix matrix def +/dpi 72 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform + dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def +/freq dpi 18.75 div 8 div round dup 0 eq {pop 1} if 8 mul dpi exch div def +/sangle 1 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform exch atan def +/DiacriticEncoding [ +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /space /exclam /quotedbl +/numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quotesingle /parenleft +/parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash /zero /one +/two /three /four /five /six /seven /eight /nine /colon /semicolon +/less /equal /greater /question /at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G /H /I /J /K +/L /M /N /O /P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W /X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash +/bracketright /asciicircum /underscore /grave /a /b /c /d /e /f /g /h +/i /j /k /l /m /n /o /p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w /x /y /z /braceleft /bar +/braceright /asciitilde /.notdef /Adieresis /Aring /Ccedilla /Eacute +/Ntilde /Odieresis /Udieresis /aacute /agrave /acircumflex /adieresis +/atilde /aring /ccedilla /eacute /egrave /ecircumflex /edieresis +/iacute /igrave /icircumflex /idieresis /ntilde /oacute /ograve +/ocircumflex /odieresis /otilde /uacute /ugrave /ucircumflex +/udieresis /dagger /.notdef /cent /sterling /section /bullet +/paragraph /germandbls /registered /copyright /trademark /acute +/dieresis /.notdef /AE /Oslash /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/yen /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/ordfeminine /ordmasculine /.notdef /ae /oslash /questiondown +/exclamdown /logicalnot /.notdef /florin /.notdef /.notdef +/guillemotleft /guillemotright /ellipsis /.notdef /Agrave /Atilde +/Otilde /OE /oe /endash /emdash /quotedblleft /quotedblright +/quoteleft /quoteright /.notdef /.notdef /ydieresis /Ydieresis +/fraction /currency /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright /fi /fl /daggerdbl +/periodcentered /quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /perthousand +/Acircumflex /Ecircumflex /Aacute /Edieresis /Egrave /Iacute +/Icircumflex /Idieresis /Igrave /Oacute /Ocircumflex /.notdef /Ograve +/Uacute /Ucircumflex /Ugrave /dotlessi /circumflex /tilde /macron +/breve /dotaccent /ring /cedilla /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron +] def +/ReEncode { + dup + length + dict begin + { + 1 index /FID ne + {def} + {pop pop} ifelse + } forall + Encoding StandardEncoding eq + { + /Encoding DiacriticEncoding def + }if + currentdict + end + } bind def +/graymode true def + /bwidth FMLOCAL + /bpside FMLOCAL + /bstring FMLOCAL + /onbits FMLOCAL + /offbits FMLOCAL + /xindex FMLOCAL + /yindex FMLOCAL + /x FMLOCAL + /y FMLOCAL +/setpattern { + /bwidth exch def + /bpside exch def + /bstring exch def + /onbits 0 def /offbits 0 def + freq sangle landscape {90 add} if + {/y exch def + /x exch def + /xindex x 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def + /yindex y 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def + bstring yindex bwidth mul xindex 8 idiv add get + 1 7 xindex 8 mod sub bitshift and 0 ne + {/onbits onbits 1 add def 1} + {/offbits offbits 1 add def 0} + ifelse + } + setscreen + {} settransfer + offbits offbits onbits add div FMsetgray + /graymode false def + } bind def +/grayness { + FMsetgray + graymode not { + /graymode true def + orgxfer cvx settransfer + orgfreq organgle orgproc cvx setscreen + } if + } bind def + /HUE FMLOCAL + /SAT FMLOCAL + /BRIGHT FMLOCAL + /Colors FMLOCAL +FMPrintInColor + + { + /HUE 0 def + /SAT 0 def + /BRIGHT 0 def + % array of arrays Hue and Sat values for the separations [HUE BRIGHT] + /Colors + [[0 0 ] % black + [0 0 ] % white + [0.00 1.0] % red + [0.37 1.0] % green + [0.60 1.0] % blue + [0.50 1.0] % cyan + [0.83 1.0] % magenta + [0.16 1.0] % comment / yellow + ] def + + /BEGINBITMAPCOLOR { + BITMAPCOLOR} def + /BEGINBITMAPCOLORc { + BITMAPCOLORc} def + /K { + Colors exch get dup + 0 get /HUE exch store + 1 get /BRIGHT exch store + HUE 0 eq BRIGHT 0 eq and + {1.0 SAT sub setgray} + {HUE SAT BRIGHT sethsbcolor} + ifelse + } def + /FMsetgray { + /SAT exch 1.0 exch sub store + HUE 0 eq BRIGHT 0 eq and + {1.0 SAT sub setgray} + {HUE SAT BRIGHT sethsbcolor} + ifelse + } bind def + } + + { + /BEGINBITMAPCOLOR { + BITMAPGRAY} def + /BEGINBITMAPCOLORc { + BITMAPGRAYc} def + /FMsetgray {setgray} bind def + /K { + pop + } def + } +ifelse +/normalize { + transform round exch round exch itransform + } bind def +/dnormalize { + dtransform round exch round exch idtransform + } bind def +/lnormalize { + 0 dtransform exch cvi 2 idiv 2 mul 1 add exch idtransform pop + } bind def +/H { + lnormalize setlinewidth + } bind def +/Z { + setlinecap + } bind def +/X { + fillprocs exch get exec + } bind def +/V { + gsave eofill grestore + } bind def +/N { + stroke + } bind def +/M {newpath moveto} bind def +/E {lineto} bind def +/D {curveto} bind def +/O {closepath} bind def + /n FMLOCAL +/L { + /n exch def + newpath + normalize + moveto + 2 1 n {pop normalize lineto} for + } bind def +/Y { + L + closepath + } bind def + /x1 FMLOCAL + /x2 FMLOCAL + /y1 FMLOCAL + /y2 FMLOCAL + /rad FMLOCAL +/R { + /y2 exch def + /x2 exch def + /y1 exch def + /x1 exch def + x1 y1 + x2 y1 + x2 y2 + x1 y2 + 4 Y + } bind def +/RR { + /rad exch def + normalize + /y2 exch def + /x2 exch def + normalize + /y1 exch def + /x1 exch def + newpath + x1 y1 rad add moveto + x1 y2 x2 y2 rad arcto + x2 y2 x2 y1 rad arcto + x2 y1 x1 y1 rad arcto + x1 y1 x1 y2 rad arcto + closepath + 16 {pop} repeat + } bind def +/C { + grestore + gsave + R + clip + } bind def +/U { + grestore + gsave + } bind def +/F { + FMfonts exch get + setfont + } bind def +/T { + moveto show + } bind def +/RF { + rotate + 0 ne {-1 1 scale} if + } bind def +/TF { + gsave + moveto + RF + show + grestore + } bind def +/P { + moveto + 0 32 3 2 roll widthshow + } bind def +/PF { + gsave + moveto + RF + 0 32 3 2 roll widthshow + grestore + } bind def +/S { + moveto + 0 exch ashow + } bind def +/SF { + gsave + moveto + RF + 0 exch ashow + grestore + } bind def +/B { + moveto + 0 32 4 2 roll 0 exch awidthshow + } bind def +/BF { + gsave + moveto + RF + 0 32 4 2 roll 0 exch awidthshow + grestore + } bind def + /x FMLOCAL + /y FMLOCAL + /dx FMLOCAL + /dy FMLOCAL + /dl FMLOCAL + /t FMLOCAL + /t2 FMLOCAL + /Cos FMLOCAL + /Sin FMLOCAL + /r FMLOCAL +/W { + dnormalize + /dy exch def + /dx exch def + normalize + /y exch def + /x exch def + /dl dx dx mul dy dy mul add sqrt def + dl 0.0 gt { + /t currentlinewidth def + savematrix + /Cos dx dl div def + /Sin dy dl div def + /r [Cos Sin Sin neg Cos 0.0 0.0] def + /t2 t 2.5 mul 3.5 max def + newpath + x y translate + r concat + 0.0 0.0 moveto + dl t 2.7 mul sub 0.0 rlineto + stroke + restorematrix + x dx add y dy add translate + r concat + t 0.67 mul setlinewidth + t 1.61 mul neg 0.0 translate + 0.0 0.0 moveto + t2 1.7 mul neg t2 2.0 div moveto + 0.0 0.0 lineto + t2 1.7 mul neg t2 2.0 div neg lineto + stroke + t setlinewidth + restorematrix + } if + } bind def +/G { + gsave + newpath + normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto + dnormalize scale + 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc + closepath fill + grestore + } bind def +/A { + gsave + savematrix + newpath + 2 index 2 div add exch 3 index 2 div sub exch + normalize 2 index 2 div sub exch 3 index 2 div add exch + translate + scale + 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc + restorematrix + stroke + grestore + } bind def + /x FMLOCAL + /y FMLOCAL + /w FMLOCAL + /h FMLOCAL + /xx FMLOCAL + /yy FMLOCAL + /ww FMLOCAL + /hh FMLOCAL + /FMsaveobject FMLOCAL + /FMoptop FMLOCAL + /FMdicttop FMLOCAL +/BEGINPRINTCODE { + /FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def + /FMoptop count 4 sub def + /FMsaveobject save def + userdict begin + /showpage {} def + FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS + 3 index neg 3 index neg translate + } bind def +/ENDPRINTCODE { + count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for + countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for + FMsaveobject restore + } bind def +/gn { + 0 + { 46 mul + cf read pop + 32 sub + dup 46 lt {exit} if + 46 sub add + } loop + add + } bind def + /str FMLOCAL +/cfs { + /str sl string def + 0 1 sl 1 sub {str exch val put} for + str def + } bind def +/ic [ + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0223 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0223 + 0 + {0 hx} {1 hx} {2 hx} {3 hx} {4 hx} {5 hx} {6 hx} {7 hx} {8 hx} {9 hx} + {10 hx} {11 hx} {12 hx} {13 hx} {14 hx} {15 hx} {16 hx} {17 hx} {18 hx} + {19 hx} {gn hx} {0} {1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9} {10} {11} {12} + {13} {14} {15} {16} {17} {18} {19} {gn} {0 wh} {1 wh} {2 wh} {3 wh} + {4 wh} {5 wh} {6 wh} {7 wh} {8 wh} {9 wh} {10 wh} {11 wh} {12 wh} + {13 wh} {14 wh} {gn wh} {0 bl} {1 bl} {2 bl} {3 bl} {4 bl} {5 bl} {6 bl} + {7 bl} {8 bl} {9 bl} {10 bl} {11 bl} {12 bl} {13 bl} {14 bl} {gn bl} + {0 fl} {1 fl} {2 fl} {3 fl} {4 fl} {5 fl} {6 fl} {7 fl} {8 fl} {9 fl} + {10 fl} {11 fl} {12 fl} {13 fl} {14 fl} {gn fl} + ] def + /sl FMLOCAL + /val FMLOCAL + /ws FMLOCAL + /im FMLOCAL + /bs FMLOCAL + /cs FMLOCAL + /len FMLOCAL + /pos FMLOCAL +/ms { + /sl exch def + /val 255 def + /ws cfs + /im cfs + /val 0 def + /bs cfs + /cs cfs + } bind def +400 ms +/ip { + is + 0 + cf cs readline pop + { ic exch get exec + add + } forall + pop + + } bind def +/wh { + /len exch def + /pos exch def + ws 0 len getinterval im pos len getinterval copy pop + pos len + } bind def +/bl { + /len exch def + /pos exch def + bs 0 len getinterval im pos len getinterval copy pop + pos len + } bind def +/s1 1 string def +/fl { + /len exch def + /pos exch def + /val cf s1 readhexstring pop 0 get def + pos 1 pos len add 1 sub {im exch val put} for + pos len + } bind def +/hx { + 3 copy getinterval + cf exch readhexstring pop pop + } bind def + /h FMLOCAL + /w FMLOCAL + /d FMLOCAL + /lb FMLOCAL + /bitmapsave FMLOCAL + /is FMLOCAL + /cf FMLOCAL +/wbytes { + dup + 8 eq {pop} {1 eq {7 add 8 idiv} {3 add 4 idiv} ifelse} ifelse + } bind def +/BEGINBITMAPBWc { + 1 {} COMMONBITMAPc + } bind def +/BEGINBITMAPGRAYc { + 8 {} COMMONBITMAPc + } bind def +/BEGINBITMAP2BITc { + 2 {} COMMONBITMAPc + } bind def +/COMMONBITMAPc { + /r exch def + /d exch def + gsave + translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def + /lb w d wbytes def + sl lb lt {lb ms} if + /bitmapsave save def + r + /is im 0 lb getinterval def + ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop + /cf currentfile def + w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] + {ip} image + bitmapsave restore + grestore + } bind def +/BEGINBITMAPBW { + 1 {} COMMONBITMAP + } bind def +/BEGINBITMAPGRAY { + 8 {} COMMONBITMAP + } bind def +/BEGINBITMAP2BIT { + 2 {} COMMONBITMAP + } bind def +/COMMONBITMAP { + /r exch def + /d exch def + gsave + translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def + /bitmapsave save def + r + /is w d wbytes string def + /cf currentfile def + w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] + {cf is readhexstring pop} image + bitmapsave restore + grestore + } bind def + /proc1 FMLOCAL + /proc2 FMLOCAL + /newproc FMLOCAL +/Fmcc { + /proc2 exch cvlit def + /proc1 exch cvlit def + /newproc proc1 length proc2 length add array def + newproc 0 proc1 putinterval + newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval + newproc cvx +} bind def +/ngrayt 256 array def +/nredt 256 array def +/nbluet 256 array def +/ngreent 256 array def + /gryt FMLOCAL + /blut FMLOCAL + /grnt FMLOCAL + /redt FMLOCAL + /indx FMLOCAL + /cynu FMLOCAL + /magu FMLOCAL + /yelu FMLOCAL + /k FMLOCAL + /u FMLOCAL +/colorsetup { + currentcolortransfer + /gryt exch def + /blut exch def + /grnt exch def + /redt exch def + 0 1 255 { + /indx exch def + /cynu 1 red indx get 255 div sub def + /magu 1 green indx get 255 div sub def + /yelu 1 blue indx get 255 div sub def + /k cynu magu min yelu min def + /u k currentundercolorremoval exec def + nredt indx 1 0 cynu u sub max sub redt exec put + ngreent indx 1 0 magu u sub max sub grnt exec put + nbluet indx 1 0 yelu u sub max sub blut exec put + ngrayt indx 1 k currentblackgeneration exec sub gryt exec put + } for + {255 mul cvi nredt exch get} + {255 mul cvi ngreent exch get} + {255 mul cvi nbluet exch get} + {255 mul cvi ngrayt exch get} + setcolortransfer + {pop 0} setundercolorremoval + {} setblackgeneration + } bind def + /tran FMLOCAL +/fakecolorsetup { + /tran 256 string def + 0 1 255 {/indx exch def + tran indx + red indx get 77 mul + green indx get 151 mul + blue indx get 28 mul + add add 256 idiv put} for + currenttransfer + {255 mul cvi tran exch get 255.0 div} + exch Fmcc settransfer +} bind def +/BITMAPCOLOR { + /d 8 def + gsave + translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def + /bitmapsave save def + colorsetup + /is w d wbytes string def + /cf currentfile def + w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] + {cf is readhexstring pop} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage + bitmapsave restore + grestore + } bind def +/BITMAPCOLORc { + /d 8 def + gsave + translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def + /lb w d wbytes def + sl lb lt {lb ms} if + /bitmapsave save def + colorsetup + /is im 0 lb getinterval def + ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop + /cf currentfile def + w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] + {ip} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage + bitmapsave restore + grestore + } bind def +/BITMAPGRAY { + 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAP + } bind def +/BITMAPGRAYc { + 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAPc + } bind def +/ENDBITMAP { + } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%BeginSetup +(2.0) FMVERSION +1 1 612 792 0 1 16 FMDOCUMENT +/fillprocs 32 array def +fillprocs 0 { 0.000000 grayness } put +fillprocs 1 { 0.100000 grayness } put +fillprocs 2 { 0.300000 grayness } put +fillprocs 3 { 0.500000 grayness } put +fillprocs 4 { 0.700000 grayness } put +fillprocs 5 { 0.900000 grayness } put +fillprocs 6 { 0.970000 grayness } put +fillprocs 7 { 1.000000 grayness } put +fillprocs 8 {<0f87c3e1f0783c1e> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 9 {<0f1e3c78f0e1c387> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 10 {<cccccccccccccccc> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 11 {<ffff0000ffff0000> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 12 {<8142241818244281> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 13 {<8040201008040201> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 14 {<03060c183060c081> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 15 {} put +fillprocs 16 { 1.000000 grayness } put +fillprocs 17 { 0.900000 grayness } put +fillprocs 18 { 0.700000 grayness } put +fillprocs 19 { 0.500000 grayness } put +fillprocs 20 { 0.300000 grayness } put +fillprocs 21 { 0.100000 grayness } put +fillprocs 22 { 0.030000 grayness } put +fillprocs 23 { 0.000000 grayness } put +fillprocs 24 {<f0783c1e0f87c3e1> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 25 {<f0e1c3870f1e3c78> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 26 {<3333333333333333> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 27 {<0000ffff0000ffff> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 28 {<7ebddbe7e7dbbd7e> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 29 {<7fbfdfeff7fbfdfe> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 30 {<fcf9f3e7cf9f3f7e> 8 1 setpattern } put +fillprocs 31 {} put +%%EndSetup +0 12 /Helvetica-Bold FMDEFINEFONT +1 12 /Helvetica-BoldOblique FMDEFINEFONT +%%Page: "-1" 1 +%%BeginPaperSize: Letter +%%EndPaperSize +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +144 144 468 396 R +7 X +0 K +V +0 F +0 X +1.2 (IMPLEMENT) 178.34 388 S +1.2 (A) 258.88 388 S +1.2 (TION NOTES ON ) 267.85 388 S +1 F +1.2 (bdes) 382.61 388 S +0 F +1.2 (\0501\051) 415.4 388 S +1.2 (Matt Bishop) 265.09 338 S +1.2 (T) 197.74 288 S +1.2 (echnical Report PCS-TR91-158) 205.38 288 S +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "-1" 2 +%%Page: "0" 2 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +0 K +V +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "0" 3 +0 12 /Times-Roman FMDEFINEFONT +1 18 /Times-Bold FMDEFINEFONT +2 18 /Times-BoldItalic FMDEFINEFONT +3 12 /Times-Italic FMDEFINEFONT +4 12 /Times-Bold FMDEFINEFONT +5 10 /Times-Roman FMDEFINEFONT +6 12 /Courier FMDEFINEFONT +7 12 /Courier-Oblique FMDEFINEFONT +8 12 /ZapfDingbats FMDEFINEFONT +9 12 /Symbol FMDEFINEFONT +10 12 /Courier-Bold FMDEFINEFONT +%%Page: "1" 3 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 1 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +1 F +0 X +(Implementation Notes on ) 179.84 708 T +2 F +(bdes) 378.21 708 T +1 F +(\0501\051) 411.19 708 T +0 F +( ) 432.17 708 T +3 F +(Matt Bishop) 276.51 676 T +0 F +(Department of Mathematics and Computer Science) 182.92 656 T +(Dartmouth College) 259.86 642 T +(Hanover) 257.45 628 T +(, NH 03755) 298.26 628 T +3 F +(ABSTRACT) 277.68 602 T +0 F +0.27 (This note describes the implementation of ) 108 582 P +3 F +0.27 (bdes) 314.13 582 P +0 F +0.27 (, the \336le encryption program being) 336.12 582 P +0.36 (distributed in the 4.4 release of the Berkeley Software Distribution. It implements) 108 568 P +(all modes of the Data Encryption Standard program.) 108 554 T +4 F +(1. Intr) 72 528 T +(oduction) 104.43 528 T +0 F +-0.09 (The Data Encryption Standard is a standard endorsed by the federal government. It is con-) 108 504 P +-0.56 (siderably stronger than the algorithm used by the ) 72 484 P +5 F +-0.47 (UNIX) 305.36 484 P +0 F +-0.56 (\252 ) 330.34 484 P +3 F +-0.56 (crypt) 344.53 484 P +0 F +-0.56 (\0501\051 program, and therefore is a more) 369.18 484 P +0.11 (suitable candidate for protecting information, especially information contained in ) 72 464 P +5 F +0.09 (ASCII) 466.05 464 P +0 F +0.11 ( \336les. The) 492.14 464 P +-0.65 (program ) 72 444 P +3 F +-0.65 (bdes) 114.99 444 P +0 F +-0.65 (\0501\051 implements the DES and all of its modes, including the two authentication modes.) 136.97 444 P +-0.59 (Because others may wish to write software compatible with this program, this note presents) 108 420 P +-0.04 (the layout of the encrypted \336les produced by ) 72 400 P +3 F +-0.04 (bdes) 288.86 400 P +0 F +-0.04 ( as well as internal details relevant to the imple-) 310.85 400 P +-0.15 (mentation. Whereever possible and appropriate, the description of the ) 72 380 P +3 F +-0.15 (des) 408.04 380 P +0 F +-0.15 (\0501\051 program given in [4]) 424.03 380 P +-0.2 (has been followed; thus, ) 72 360 P +3 F +-0.2 (bdes) 190.77 360 P +0 F +-0.2 ( is completely compatible with that program. However) 212.75 360 P +-0.2 (, ) 473.33 360 P +3 F +-0.2 (bdes) 479.12 360 P +0 F +-0.2 ( also of-) 501.11 360 P +(fers several extensions to ) 72 340 T +3 F +(des) 195.9 340 T +0 F +( that are not compatible, and these will be explicitly pointed out.) 211.89 340 T +-0.14 (In this note, strings typed as shown will be in ) 108 316 P +6 F +-0.34 (Courier Roman font) 326.78 316 P +0 F +-0.14 (, and strings to be) 455.62 316 P +-0.42 (chosen by the user will be in ) 72 296 P +7 F +-1 (Courier Oblique font) 209.32 296 P +0 F +-0.42 (. The space character \050) 351.24 296 P +5 F +-0.35 (ASCII) 457.79 296 P +0 F +-0.42 ( <) 483.88 296 P +5 F +-0.35 (SP) 493.23 296 P +0 F +-0.42 (>, octal) 504.34 296 P +-0.43 (40, decimal 32, hex 20\051 will be represented as \322) 72 276 P +8 F +-0.47 (z) 296.98 276 P +0 F +-0.43 (\323 and the newline character \050) 301.96 276 P +5 F +-0.35 (ASCII) 438.03 276 P +0 F +-0.43 ( <) 464.13 276 P +5 F +-0.35 (NL) 473.46 276 P +0 F +-0.43 (>, octal 12,) 486.79 276 P +-0.05 (decimal 10, hex a\051 as \322) 72 256 P +9 F +-0.05 (\277) 181.65 256 P +0 F +-0.05 (\323. Because it is often more convenient to represent arbitrary characters as) 189.54 256 P +1.13 (a sequence of hexadecimal digits, that representation will often be used; these digits will be in) 72 236 P +10 F +(Courier Bold font) 72 216 T +0 F +( with spaces often inserted for readability) 194.33 216 T +(.) 392.07 216 T +4 F +(2. Overview and Use) 72 184 T +3 F +-0.39 (Bdes) 108 160 P +0 F +-0.39 ( implements the Data Encryption Standard algorithm in software, and enables the user) 131.32 160 P +-0.61 (to encrypt data using any of the four modes of operation of the DES \050Electronic Code Book, Cipher) 72 140 P +72 72 540 720 C +72 72 540 117 C +72 72 549 108 R +7 X +0 K +V +5 F +0 X +(This work is based on work funded by grant NAG2-680 from the National +Aeronautics and Space Administration to ) 72 101.33 T +(Dartmouth College.) 72 89.33 T +(UNIX is a Registered T) 72 77.33 T +(rademark of A) 166.58 77.33 T +(T&T Bell Laboratories.) 223.75 77.33 T +72 72 540 720 C +0 0 612 792 C +72 126 225 126 2 L +7 X +0 K +V +0.5 H +2 Z +0 X +N +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "1" 4 +%%Page: "2" 4 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 2 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +0 X +0.31 (Block Chaining, ) 72 712 P +3 F +0.31 (k) 154.25 712 P +0 F +0.31 (-bit Cipher Feed Back, and ) 159.58 712 P +3 F +0.31 (k) 293.71 712 P +0 F +0.31 (-bit Output Feed Back\051 as well as the Alternate ) 299.04 712 P +3 F +0.31 (k) 530.68 712 P +0 F +0.31 (-) 536.01 712 P +-0.04 (bit Cipher Feed Back mode. Further) 72 692 P +-0.04 (, ) 244.52 692 P +3 F +-0.04 (bdes) 250.48 692 P +0 F +-0.04 ( supports message authentication code generation based) 272.46 692 P +(on both the Cipher Block Chaining mode and the ) 72 672 T +3 F +(k) 310.86 672 T +0 F +(-bit Cipher Feed Back mode.) 316.19 672 T +0.07 (By default, ) 108 648 P +3 F +0.07 (bdes) 164.43 648 P +0 F +0.07 ( encrypts an input \336le using Cipher Block Chaining mode, and is invoked) 186.41 648 P +-0.4 (as a \336lter) 72 628 P +-0.4 (. The key may be speci\336ed either on the command line or may be typed to the prompt. So,) 114.51 628 P +(if the input \336le ) 72 608 T +7 F +(inputf) 145.96 608 T +(ile) 189.14 608 T +0 F +( contains the message) 210.73 608 T +6 F +(a) 253.9 584 T +8 F +(z) 261.1 584 T +6 F +(test) 266.07 584 T +8 F +(z) 294.86 584 T +6 F +(message) 299.83 584 T +9 F +(\277) 350.21 584 T +0 F +(then the following command encrypts it using the key ) 72 560 T +6 F +(abcdefgh) 333.5 560 T +0 F +(:) 391.07 560 T +6 F +(bdes -k abcdefgh < ) 158.48 536 T +7 F +(inputf) 295.21 536 T +(ile) 338.38 536 T +6 F +( > ) 359.97 536 T +7 F +(outputf) 381.56 536 T +(ile) 431.93 536 T +0 F +(The option ) 72 512 T +4 F +(-k) 127.3 512 T +0 F +( indicates the next ar) 137.96 512 T +(gument is the key) 237.01 512 T +(. Now ) 321.17 512 T +7 F +(outputf) 353.48 512 T +(ile) 403.86 512 T +0 F +( contains) 425.45 512 T +10 F +(16 0e eb af 68 a0 d0 19 f1 a2 9b 31 0d 8a 01 c3) 136.89 488 T +0 F +0.06 (Other modes are speci\336ed using command-line options, as is control of the way the key is) 108 464 P +(interpreted. The next sections contain several examples, and the Appendix has the manual page.) 72 444 T +4 F +(3. Keys and Parity) 72 412 T +0 F +0.58 (The key consists of 64 bits, and may be presented in any of hex, binary) 108 388 P +0.58 (, or as a string of) 456.48 388 P +5 F +0.12 (ASCII) 72 368 P +0 F +0.14 ( characters. If the key is given in hex or binary) 98.1 368 P +0.14 (, it is used as is with no changes. However) 322.21 368 P +0.14 (, if) 526.53 368 P +-0.27 (the key is given in ) 72 348 P +5 F +-0.23 (ASCII) 161.59 348 P +0 F +-0.27 (, a delicate problem arises: by convention, the parity bit is usually set to 0.) 187.69 348 P +-0.47 (This high-order bit is generally ignored by applications; but the DES +does not do so. Instead, it dis-) 72 328 P +-0.14 (cards the low-order bit, ef) 72 308 P +-0.14 (fectively reducing the size of the space of possible keys from 2) 195.44 308 P +5 F +-0.12 (56) 495.97 312.8 P +0 F +-0.14 ( to 2) 505.97 308 P +5 F +-0.12 (48) 527.01 312.8 P +0 F +-0.14 (.) 537 308 P +-0.46 ( T) 108 284 P +-0.46 (o preserve the size of the key space, the value of the parity bit must be related to the value) 117.03 284 P +-0.09 (in the low-order bit, so the program sets the high-order bit to make each character in the key be of) 72 264 P +-0.7 (odd parity) 72 244 P +-0.7 (. \050Note that the initial value of the parity bit is ) 119.49 244 P +3 F +-0.7 (not) 334.99 244 P +0 F +-0.7 ( used in this computation.\051 For example,) 350.31 244 P +(if the key is ) 72 224 T +6 F +(abcdefgh) 131.29 224 T +0 F +(, the actual key bits used are determined as follows:) 188.86 224 T +5 F +(ASCII) 99 200 T +0 F +( key) 125.1 200 T +6 F +(a) 243 200 T +(b) 279 200 T +(c) 315 200 T +(d) 351 200 T +(e) 387 200 T +(f) 423 200 T +(g) 459 200 T +(h) 495 200 T +5 F +(ASCII) 99 180 T +0 F +( key bits \050hex\051) 125.1 180 T +10 F +(61) 243 180 T +(62) 279 180 T +(63) 315 180 T +(64) 351 180 T +(65) 387 180 T +(66) 423 180 T +(67) 459 180 T +(68) 495 180 T +0 F +(parity) 99 160 T +(odd) 243 160 T +(odd) 279 160 T +(even) 315 160 T +(odd) 351 160 T +(even) 387 160 T +(even) 423 160 T +(odd) 459 160 T +(odd) 495 160 T +(key bits used \050hex\051) 99 140 T +10 F +(61) 243 140 T +(62) 279 140 T +(e3) 315 140 T +(64) 351 140 T +(e5) 387 140 T +(e6) 423 140 T +(67) 459 140 T +(68) 495 140 T +0 F +0.18 (This convention \050as opposed to requiring even parity) 108 120 P +0.18 (, or simply copying the low-order bit) 362 120 P +-0.41 (to the high-order bit\051 was chosen to provide compatibility with the encryption program ) 72 100 P +3 F +-0.41 (des) 486.77 100 P +0 F +-0.41 ( distrib-) 502.76 100 P +-0.52 (uted by Sun Microsystems, Inc. [4]. Whether the key is entered on the command line or on the key-) 72 80 P +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "2" 5 +%%Page: "3" 5 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 3 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +0 X +1.89 (board, by default it is processed into the same key schedule generated by Sun\325) 72 712 P +1.89 (s ) 471.02 712 P +3 F +1.89 (des) 480.58 712 P +0 F +1.89 (, so \336les) 496.56 712 P +(encrypted on a Sun can be decrypted using ) 72 692 T +3 F +(bdes) 280.51 692 T +0 F +( \050and vice versa\051.) 302.49 692 T +-0.3 (If the user does not wish to use the Sun convention, the option \320) 108 668 P +4 F +-0.3 (p) 411.9 668 P +0 F +-0.3 ( will disable the parity bit) 418.57 668 P +-0.62 (changing; with it, the parity bit is that of the character typed. This +is useful when the key is a known) 72 648 P +5 F +(ASCII) 72 628 T +0 F +( string and the \336le was encrypted on a system which does not alter parity bits.) 98.1 628 T +-0.24 (A key may be represented as a bit vector) 108 604 P +-0.24 (, rather than an ) 300.74 604 P +5 F +-0.2 (ASCII) 374.7 604 P +0 F +-0.24 ( string, in one of two ways. It) 400.8 604 P +0.19 (may be represented as a string of up to 16 hexadecimal digits; if fewer than 16 are given, the key) 72 584 P +0.16 (is right \336lled with 0 bits. Or) 72 564 P +0.16 (, it may be represented as a string of up to 64 binary digits, and again) 206.11 564 P +0.15 (if fewer than 64 are given, the key is right-\336lled with 0 bits. Bit +vector keys must be given on the) 72 544 P +0.51 (command line, and must begin with the characters ) 72 524 P +6 F +1.24 (0x) 320.28 524 P +0 F +0.51 ( or ) 334.67 524 P +6 F +1.24 (0X) 351.69 524 P +0 F +0.51 ( \050for hexadecimal\051 or ) 366.08 524 P +6 F +1.24 (0b) 472.71 524 P +0 F +0.51 ( or ) 487.1 524 P +6 F +1.24 (0B) 504.12 524 P +0 F +0.51 ( \050for) 518.51 524 P +(binary\051. For example, all of the following strings generate the same key schedule:) 72 504 T +5 F +(ASCII) 72 480 T +0 F +( key) 98.1 480 T +6 F +(abcdefgh) 180 480 T +0 F +(hexadecimal key) 72 460 T +6 F +(0x6162e364e5e66768) 180 460 T +0 F +(binary key) 72 440 T +6 F +(0b0110000101100010111000110110100011100101111000-) 180 440 T +(1100110011101101000) 180 420 T +0 F +-0.14 ( Note that giving the key on the command line as ) 108 396 P +6 F +-0.34 (0x6162636465666768) 345.27 396 P +0 F +-0.14 ( will ) 474.8 396 P +3 F +-0.14 (not) 499.17 396 P +0 F +-0.14 ( reset) 514.5 396 P +0.25 (the parity bits, because it is interpreted as a sequence of hex digits, not ) 72 376 P +5 F +0.21 (ASCII) 416.58 376 P +0 F +0.25 ( characters. The dif-) 442.68 376 P +0.69 (ference in interpretation is that here the user can specify all bits of the key exactly) 72 356 P +0.69 (, whereas \050on) 474.34 356 P +0.25 (most terminals\051 it is not possible to control how the parity bit of ) 72 336 P +5 F +0.21 (ASCII) 384.76 336 P +0 F +0.25 ( characters is set. On some) 410.85 336 P +0.36 (systems, it is possible to use a \322Meta\323 key to set the parity bit for an ) 72 316 P +5 F +0.3 (ASCII) 407.23 316 P +0 F +0.36 ( character; should this) 433.33 316 P +-0.3 (be the case and the user desire ) 72 296 P +3 F +-0.3 (bdes) 218.09 296 P +0 F +-0.3 ( not to reset the parity bit, the option ) 240.07 296 P +4 F +-0.3 (\320p) 415.25 296 P +0 F +-0.3 ( will force the parity bit) 427.92 296 P +(to be used as typed.) 72 276 T +4 F +(4. Encryption Output Repr) 72 244 T +(esentation) 211.05 244 T +0 F +0.01 (All modes of the DES output ciphertext in blocks; the size of the block is 64 bits \0508 bytes\051) 108 220 P +-0.25 (for ECB and CBC modes, and ) 72 200 P +3 F +-0.25 (k) 218.74 200 P +0 F +-0.25 ( bits for the ) 224.07 200 P +3 F +-0.25 (k) 281.02 200 P +0 F +-0.25 (-bit CFB and OFB modes, and there are as many out-) 286.35 200 P +-0.5 (put blocks as input blocks. However) 72 180 P +-0.5 (, as the length of the input is usually not a multiple of the block) 243.55 180 P +-0.35 (size, some padding is necessary; but as padding must be done by appending characters, these char-) 72 160 P +0.29 (acters must be distinguished from the input characters somehow) 72 140 P +0.29 (. The mechanism used is that the) 381.35 140 P +0.31 (last character of the \050decrypted\051 last block is the +\050integer\051 number of characters from the input in) 72 120 P +(the last block.) 72 100 T +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "3" 6 +%%Page: "4" 6 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 4 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +0 X +-0.59 (For example, suppose ) 108 712 P +7 F +-1.41 (inputf) 214.16 712 P +-1.41 (ile) 257.34 712 P +0 F +-0.59 ( contains \322) 278.93 712 P +6 F +-1.41 (This) 329.04 712 P +8 F +-0.65 (z) 357.83 712 P +6 F +-1.41 (is) 362.8 712 P +8 F +-0.65 (z) 377.2 712 P +6 F +-1.41 (a) 382.17 712 P +8 F +-0.65 (z) 389.37 712 P +6 F +-1.41 (test) 394.35 712 P +9 F +-0.59 (\277) 423.13 712 P +0 F +-0.59 (\323, and it is encrypted in) 431.02 712 P +(CBC mode using the key \322) 72 692 T +6 F +(abcdef#@) 200.93 692 T +0 F +(\323 and the initialization vector ) 258.5 692 T +6 F +(0x0) 401.4 692 T +0 F +(; the command is) 422.99 692 T +6 F +(bdes -k abcdef#@ < ) 158.48 668 T +7 F +(inputf) 295.21 668 T +(ile) 338.38 668 T +6 F +( > ) 359.97 668 T +7 F +(outputf) 381.56 668 T +(ile) 431.93 668 T +0 F +(as CBC is the default encryption mode and ) 72 644 T +6 F +(0x0) 281.2 644 T +0 F +( the default initialization vector:) 302.79 644 T +(text) 72 620 T +6 F +(T) 117 620 T +(h) 144 620 T +(i) 171 620 T +(s) 198 620 T +8 F +(z) 225 620 T +6 F +(i) 252 620 T +(s) 279 620 T +8 F +(z) 306 620 T +6 F +(a) 333 620 T +8 F +(z) 360 620 T +6 F +(t) 387 620 T +(e) 414 620 T +(s) 441 620 T +(t) 468 620 T +9 F +(\277) 495 620 T +0 F +(hex) 72 600 T +10 F +(54) 117 600 T +(68) 144 600 T +(69) 171 600 T +(73) 198 600 T +(20) 225 600 T +(69) 252 600 T +(73) 279 600 T +(20) 306 600 T +(61) 333 600 T +(20) 360 600 T +(74) 387 600 T +(65) 414 600 T +(73) 441 600 T +(74) 468 600 T +(0a) 495 600 T +0 F +(input) 72 580 T +10 F +(54) 117 580 T +(68) 144 580 T +(69) 171 580 T +(73) 198 580 T +(20) 225 580 T +(69) 252 580 T +(73) 279 580 T +(20) 306 580 T +(61) 333 580 T +(20) 360 580 T +(74) 387 580 T +(65) 414 580 T +(73) 441 580 T +(74) 468 580 T +(0a) 495 580 T +(07) 522 580 T +0 F +(output) 72 560 T +10 F +(a5) 117 560 T +(5f) 144 560 T +(81) 171 560 T +(53) 198 560 T +(51) 225 560 T +(98) 252 560 T +(47) 279 560 T +(02) 306 560 T +(db) 333 560 T +(5a) 360 560 T +(c5) 387 560 T +(fe) 414 560 T +(50) 441 560 T +(3d) 468 560 T +(40) 495 560 T +(ce) 522 560 T +0 F +0.04 (Notice that the text is 15 characters long, so there are 7 bytes following the last full block.) 108 540 P +3 F +0.22 (Bdes) 72 520 P +0 F +0.22 ( pads this to a full block by appending one byte containing the ) 95.32 520 P +5 F +0.19 (ASCII) 399.67 520 P +0 F +0.22 ( character with numeric) 425.77 520 P +(value 7 \050the ) 72 500 T +5 F +(ASCII) 131.62 500 T +0 F +( character <) 157.71 500 T +5 F +(BEL) 214.42 500 T +0 F +(>\051. The result is then encrypted.) 233.3 500 T +0.44 (As another example, suppose ) 108 476 P +7 F +1.07 (inputf) 253.34 476 P +1.07 (ile) 296.52 476 P +0 F +0.44 ( contains \322) 318.11 476 P +6 F +1.07 (test) 370.29 476 P +0 F +0.44 (\323, and it is encrypted in ECB) 399.08 476 P +(mode using the key \322) 72 456 T +6 F +(abcdef#@) 173.93 456 T +0 F +(\323; the command is) 231.5 456 T +6 F +(bdes -b \320k abcdef#@ < ) 147.69 432 T +7 F +(inputf) 306 432 T +(ile) 349.18 432 T +6 F +( > ) 370.76 432 T +7 F +(outputf) 392.35 432 T +(ile) 442.73 432 T +0 F +(because the option ) 72 408 T +4 F +(\320b) 164.26 408 T +0 F +( signi\336es ECB mode:) 176.93 408 T +(text) 72 384 T +6 F +(t) 144 384 T +(e) 171 384 T +(s) 198 384 T +(t) 225 384 T +0 F +(hex) 72 364 T +10 F +(74) 144 364 T +(65) 171 364 T +(73) 198 364 T +(74) 225 364 T +0 F +(input) 72 344 T +10 F +(74) 144 344 T +(65) 171 344 T +(73) 198 344 T +(74) 225 344 T +(00) 252 344 T +(00) 279 344 T +(00) 306 344 T +(04) 333 344 T +0 F +(output) 72 324 T +10 F +(0d) 144 324 T +(8a) 171 324 T +(6e) 198 324 T +(57) 225 324 T +(9c) 252 324 T +(8f) 279 324 T +(27) 306 324 T +(5d) 333 324 T +0 F +-0.31 (Finally) 108 304 P +-0.31 (, if the length of the message is indeed a multiple of the block size, an extra block of) 141.21 304 P +0.83 (all 0 bits is added. Suppose ) 72 284 P +7 F +1.99 (inputf) 210.57 284 P +1.99 (ile) 253.74 284 P +0 F +0.83 ( contains \322) 275.33 284 P +6 F +1.99 (test) 328.28 284 P +9 F +0.83 (\277) 357.07 284 P +0 F +0.83 (\323, and it is encrypted in 40-bit CFB) 364.96 284 P +1.51 (mode using the key \322) 72 264 P +6 F +3.62 (abcdef#@) 179.96 264 P +0 F +1.51 (\323 and the initialization vector ) 237.53 264 P +6 F +3.62 (0x0123456789abcdef) 387.97 264 P +0 F +1.51 (; the) 517.5 264 P +(command is) 72 244 T +6 F +-0.99 (bdes -f40 -v0x0123456789abcdef -kabcdef#@ < ) 72 220 P +7 F +-0.99 (inputf) 383.67 220 P +-0.99 (ile) 426.85 220 P +6 F +-0.99 ( > ) 448.43 220 P +7 F +-0.99 (outputf) 468.04 220 P +-0.99 (ile) 518.41 220 P +0 F +0.16 (because the option ) 72 196 P +4 F +0.16 (\320f40 ) 164.75 196 P +0 F +0.16 (signi\336es 40-bit CFB mode, and ) 189.89 196 P +4 F +0.16 (-v0x01234566789abcdef) 343.96 196 P +0 F +0.16 ( sets the initial-) 465.89 196 P +(ization vector \050note that spaces between the option and its ar) 72 176 T +(gument are optional\051:) 361.57 176 T +(text) 72 152 T +6 F +(t) 144 152 T +(e) 171 152 T +(s) 198 152 T +(t) 225 152 T +9 F +(\277) 252 152 T +0 F +(hex) 72 132 T +10 F +(74) 144 132 T +(65) 171 132 T +(73) 198 132 T +(74) 225 132 T +(0a) 252 132 T +0 F +(input) 72 112 T +10 F +(74) 144 112 T +(65) 171 112 T +(73) 198 112 T +(74) 225 112 T +(0a) 252 112 T +(00) 279 112 T +(00) 306 112 T +(00) 333 112 T +(00) 360 112 T +(00) 387 112 T +0 F +(output) 72 92 T +10 F +(e2) 144 92 T +(c2) 171 92 T +(69) 198 92 T +(a4) 225 92 T +(5b) 252 92 T +(3c) 279 92 T +(3d) 306 92 T +(b3) 333 92 T +(f5) 360 92 T +(3c) 387 92 T +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "4" 7 +1 12 /Times-BoldItalic FMDEFINEFONT +2 14 /Symbol FMDEFINEFONT +%%Page: "5" 7 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 5 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +0 X +(Note here the block size is 40 bits \0505 bytes\051, not 64 bits \0508 bytes\051.) 108 712 T +-0.4 (This technique allows complete compatibility with Sun\325) 108 688 P +-0.4 (s ) 374.11 688 P +3 F +-0.4 (des) 381.37 688 P +0 F +-0.4 ( program. In Sun\325) 397.36 688 P +-0.4 (s implemen-) 480.77 688 P +0.02 (tation, padding is done with random bytes rather than bytes containing all zero bits. Cryptograph-) 72 668 P +0.85 (ically) 72 648 P +0.85 (, this makes no dif) 97.87 648 P +0.85 (ference, as the DES is a suf) 189.32 648 P +0.85 (\336ciently good random cipher to obscure the) 325.74 648 P +(input \050see for example [2], Chapter 6\051, and known plaintext attacks are very dif) 72 628 T +(\336cult [1].) 451.82 628 T +4 F +(5. Differ) 72 596 T +(ences Between the Standard CFB and OFB Modes and ) 114.41 596 T +1 F +(bdes) 397.26 596 T +0 F +-0.11 (The UNIX operating system treats all \336les as streams of 8-bit bytes. In order to implement) 108 572 P +-0.08 (the CFB and OFB modes properly) 72 552 P +-0.08 (, it would be necessary to read ) 235.74 552 P +3 F +-0.08 (k) 383.74 552 P +0 F +-0.08 ( bits from the \336le, where ) 389.07 552 P +3 F +-0.08 (k) 509.51 552 P +0 F +-0.08 ( is an) 514.84 552 P +0.98 (integer between 1 and 64 inclusive. However) 72 532 P +0.98 (, this would require considerable buf) 294.22 532 P +0.98 (fering and be) 474.77 532 P +0.23 (quite inef) 72 512 P +0.23 (\336cient and prohibitively slow) 117.65 512 P +0.23 (. For these reasons, the current implementation of ) 258.48 512 P +3 F +0.23 (bdes) 501.48 512 P +0 F +0.23 ( re-) 523.46 512 P +0.47 (quires that ) 72 492 P +3 F +0.47 (k) 126.23 492 P +0 F +0.47 ( be a multiple of 8, so that an integral number of bytes will always be read from the) 131.56 492 P +(\336le. Other than this change, this mode is implemented as described in [3].) 72 472 T +-0.58 (A similar observation holds for the alternate CFB mode described in [3]. Here, only the low) 108 448 P +0.23 (7 bits of each byte are signi\336cant, and hence the parameter ) 72 428 P +3 F +0.23 (k) 358.95 428 P +0 F +0.23 ( is an integer from 1 to 56 inclusive;) 364.28 428 P +(bdes requires k to be a multiple of 7. The high-order bit is retained for encryption and decryption,) 72 408 T +(but output \050whether from encryption or decryption\051 always has the high-order bit set to zero.) 72 388 T +4 F +(6. Message Authentication Code Modes) 72 356 T +0 F +0.57 (The Data Encryption Standard provides two modes of authentication, each providing be-) 108 332 P +1.27 (tween 1 and 64 bits of authentication data. In both cases an ) 72 312 P +3 F +1.27 (n) 373.32 312 P +0 F +1.27 (-bit message authentication code) 379.32 312 P +0.62 (\050MAC\051 is generated, where 1) 72 292 P +2 F +0.73 ( ) 214.71 292 P +9 F +0.62 (\243) 218.94 292 P +0 F +0.62 ( ) 225.52 292 P +3 F +0.62 (n) 229.15 292 P +0 F +0.62 ( ) 235.14 292 P +9 F +0.62 (\243) 238.76 292 P +0 F +0.62 ( 64. The \336rst is based on the CBC encryption mode, and the) 245.35 292 P +(second on CFB mode. Both work the same.) 72 272 T +0.13 (First, the \336le is padded to a multiple of the block size by appending enough zero bits. It is) 108 248 P +-0.16 (then encrypted using the standard CBC \050or CFB\051 algorithm, but +all encrypted text is discarded ex-) 72 228 P +-0.44 (cept for the last block. The ) 72 208 P +3 F +-0.44 (n) 200.9 208 P +0 F +-0.44 ( leading bits of the last block are used as the MAC. Note that the block) 206.9 208 P +(size constrains the number of bits available as the MAC.) 72 188 T +0.71 (The implementation allows the user to specify that the MAC is to be computed in either) 108 164 P +-0.01 (CBC or CFB mode, and the user can specify any number of bits from 1 to 64 inclusive. However) 72 144 P +-0.01 (,) 537 144 P +-0.11 (because the UNIX operating system can only output bits in multiples of 8, if the number of bits of) 72 124 P +-0.08 (MAC is not a multiple of 8, the MAC will be right-padded with the minimum number of zero bits) 72 104 P +-0.31 (necessary to make the MAC length be a multiple of 8. However) 72 84 P +-0.31 (, note that as the standard \050[3], Ap-) 374.6 84 P +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "5" 8 +%%Page: "6" 8 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 6 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +0 X +-0.14 (pendix F\051 requires an incomplete \336nal block be right-padded with +zeroes, the technique of forcing) 72 712 P +(the last octet to contain the number of bytes in the message is ) 72 692 T +3 F +(not) 369.47 692 T +0 F +( used here.) 384.8 692 T +-0.39 (For example, suppose ) 108 668 P +7 F +-0.94 (inputf) 214.76 668 P +-0.94 (ile) 257.93 668 P +0 F +-0.39 ( contains \322) 279.52 668 P +6 F +-0.94 (This) 330.04 668 P +8 F +-0.43 (z) 358.82 668 P +6 F +-0.94 (is) 363.8 668 P +8 F +-0.43 (z) 378.19 668 P +6 F +-0.94 (a) 383.17 668 P +8 F +-0.43 (z) 390.36 668 P +6 F +-0.94 (test) 395.34 668 P +9 F +-0.39 (\277) 424.13 668 P +0 F +-0.39 (\323, and a 64-bit MAC is) 432.02 668 P +-0.73 (to be generated using CBC mode, the key \322) 72 648 P +6 F +-1.74 (abcdef#@) 274.39 648 P +0 F +-0.73 (\323 and the initialization vector ) 331.96 648 P +6 F +-1.74 (0x0) 471.23 648 P +0 F +-0.73 (; the com-) 492.82 648 P +(mand is) 72 628 T +6 F +(bdes -m 64 -k abcdef#@ < ) 136.89 604 T +7 F +(inputf) 316.79 604 T +(ile) 359.97 604 T +6 F +( > ) 381.56 604 T +7 F +(outputf) 403.15 604 T +(ile) 453.52 604 T +0 F +(as CBC is the default encryption mode and ) 72 580 T +6 F +(0x0) 281.2 580 T +0 F +( the default initialization vector:) 302.79 580 T +(text) 72 556 T +6 F +(T) 117 556 T +(h) 144 556 T +(i) 171 556 T +(s) 198 556 T +8 F +(z) 225 556 T +6 F +(i) 252 556 T +(s) 279 556 T +8 F +(z) 306 556 T +6 F +(a) 333 556 T +8 F +(z) 360 556 T +6 F +(t) 387 556 T +(e) 414 556 T +(s) 441 556 T +(t) 468 556 T +9 F +(\277) 495 556 T +0 F +(hex) 72 536 T +10 F +(54) 117 536 T +(68) 144 536 T +(69) 171 536 T +(73) 198 536 T +(20) 225 536 T +(69) 252 536 T +(73) 279 536 T +(20) 306 536 T +(61) 333 536 T +(20) 360 536 T +(74) 387 536 T +(65) 414 536 T +(73) 441 536 T +(74) 468 536 T +(0a) 495 536 T +0 F +(input) 72 516 T +10 F +(54) 117 516 T +(68) 144 516 T +(69) 171 516 T +(73) 198 516 T +(20) 225 516 T +(69) 252 516 T +(73) 279 516 T +(20) 306 516 T +(61) 333 516 T +(20) 360 516 T +(74) 387 516 T +(65) 414 516 T +(73) 441 516 T +(74) 468 516 T +(0a) 495 516 T +(00) 522 516 T +0 F +(output) 72 496 T +10 F +(43) 117 496 T +(18) 144 496 T +(de) 171 496 T +(74) 198 496 T +(24) 225 496 T +(a9) 252 496 T +(65) 279 496 T +(d1) 306 496 T +0 F +0.04 (Notice that the text is 15 characters long, so there are 7 bytes following the last full block.) 108 476 P +3 F +(Bdes) 72 456 T +0 F +( pads this to a full block by appending a zero-\336lled byte. The result is then encrypted and the) 95.32 456 T +(last block of output is used as the MAC.) 72 436 T +0.06 (As another example, suppose we used the same text, and wanted a 36-bit MAC to be gen-) 108 412 P +6.91 (erated using 40-bit CFB mode, the key \322) 72 392 P +6 F +16.58 (abcdef#@) 314.9 392 P +0 F +6.91 (\323 and the initialization vector) 372.47 392 P +6 F +(0x0123456789abcdef) 72 372 T +0 F +(; the command is) 201.53 372 T +6 F +(bdes -m 36 -f 40 -v 0x0123456789abcdef < ) 79.32 348 T +7 F +(inputf) 374.36 348 T +(ile) 417.54 348 T +6 F +( > ) 439.13 348 T +7 F +(outputf) 460.71 348 T +(ile) 511.09 348 T +0 F +-0.19 (where ) 72 324 P +4 F +-0.19 (\320m 36) 104.11 324 P +0 F +-0.19 ( is the option to generate a 36-bit MAC, ) 134.91 324 P +4 F +-0.19 (\320f 40) 327.79 324 P +0 F +-0.19 ( indicates 40-bit CFB is to be used, and) 352.58 324 P +4 F +-0.31 (\320v 0x123456789abcdef) 72 304 P +0 F +-0.31 ( sets the initialization vector) 186.62 304 P +-0.31 (. Note that, as the key is not given on the com-) 319.95 304 P +(mand line, the user will be prompted for it. It gives:) 72 284 T +(text) 72 260 T +6 F +(T) 117 260 T +(h) 144 260 T +(i) 171 260 T +(s) 198 260 T +8 F +(z) 225 260 T +6 F +(i) 252 260 T +(s) 279 260 T +8 F +(z) 306 260 T +6 F +(a) 333 260 T +8 F +(z) 360 260 T +6 F +(t) 387 260 T +(e) 414 260 T +(s) 441 260 T +(t) 468 260 T +9 F +(\277) 495 260 T +0 F +(hex) 72 240 T +10 F +(54) 117 240 T +(68) 144 240 T +(69) 171 240 T +(73) 198 240 T +(20) 225 240 T +(69) 252 240 T +(73) 279 240 T +(20) 306 240 T +(61) 333 240 T +(20) 360 240 T +(74) 387 240 T +(65) 414 240 T +(73) 441 240 T +(74) 468 240 T +(0a) 495 240 T +0 F +(input) 72 220 T +10 F +(54) 117 220 T +(68) 144 220 T +(69) 171 220 T +(73) 198 220 T +(20) 225 220 T +(69) 252 220 T +(73) 279 220 T +(20) 306 220 T +(61) 333 220 T +(20) 360 220 T +(74) 387 220 T +(65) 414 220 T +(73) 441 220 T +(74) 468 220 T +(0a) 495 220 T +0 F +(output) 72 200 T +10 F +(2b) 117 200 T +(18) 144 200 T +(68) 171 200 T +(2d) 198 200 T +(60) 225 200 T +0 F +0.19 (Note that the MAC is padded on the right by four zero bits to produce \336ve characters that) 108 180 P +(can be output.) 72 160 T +4 F +(7. Differ) 72 128 T +(ences Between ) 114.41 128 T +1 F +(bdes) 191.01 128 T +4 F +( and Sun\325) 212.99 128 T +(s DES Implementation) 261.88 128 T +0 F +0.02 (The program ) 108 104 P +3 F +0.02 (bdes) 173.33 104 P +0 F +0.02 ( is designed to be completely compatible with Sun Microsystems, Inc.\325) 195.31 104 P +0.02 (s) 535.33 104 P +0.57 (implementation of the Data Encryption Standard, called ) 72 84 P +3 F +0.57 (des) 347.14 84 P +0 F +0.57 ( and described in [4]. Thus, \336les en-) 363.13 84 P +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "6" 9 +%%Page: "7" 9 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 7 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +0 X +0.44 (crypted using ) 72 712 P +3 F +0.44 (des) 140.84 712 P +0 F +0.44 ( can be decrypted using ) 156.83 712 P +3 F +0.44 (bdes) 275.29 712 P +0 F +0.44 (, and vice versa, provided modes common to both) 297.27 712 P +-0.34 (are used. However) 72 692 P +-0.34 (, ) 160.41 692 P +3 F +-0.34 (bdes) 166.06 692 P +0 F +-0.34 ( does not allow \336les to be named on the command line, nor does it support) 188.05 692 P +-0.68 (hardware devices \050and so the ) 72 672 P +4 F +-0.68 (-s) 210.83 672 P +0 F +-0.68 ( and ) 219.49 672 P +4 F +-0.68 (-f) 241.45 672 P +0 F +-0.68 ( options of Sun\325) 249.44 672 P +-0.68 (s ) 323.71 672 P +3 F +-0.68 (des) 330.7 672 P +0 F +-0.68 ( are not available\051. Further) 346.69 672 P +-0.68 (, as encryption) 471.07 672 P +-0.05 (is the default, the Sun ) 72 652 P +3 F +-0.05 (des) 179.01 652 P +0 F +-0.05 ( ) 195 652 P +4 F +-0.05 (-e) 197.95 652 P +0 F +-0.05 ( option is not recognized. As the manual page to ) 207.27 652 P +3 F +-0.05 (bdes) 441.6 652 P +0 F +-0.05 ( is in the appen-) 463.59 652 P +(dix, these dif) 72 632 T +(ferences will not be elaborated upon further) 134.08 632 T +(.) 343.24 632 T +0.44 (Sun\325) 108 608 P +0.44 (s ) 130 608 P +3 F +0.44 (des) 138.1 608 P +0 F +0.44 ( supports the use of special-purpose hardware to encrypt and decrypt. Although) 154.09 608 P +3 F +1.33 (bdes) 72 588 P +0 F +1.33 ( does not directly support the use of such hardware, it uses the library routine ) 93.98 588 P +3 F +1.33 (encrypt) 487.05 588 P +0 F +1.33 (\0503\051,) 523.02 588 P +-0.09 (which may) 72 568 P +-0.09 (. Hardware support was not included directly to support as lar) 124.1 568 P +-0.09 (ge a number of platforms) 419.11 568 P +(as possible with installers needing to know as little about the hardware as possible.) 72 548 T +-0.08 (Sun\325) 108 524 P +-0.08 (s ) 130 524 P +3 F +-0.08 (des) 137.58 524 P +0 F +-0.08 ( supports only the CBC and ECB encryption modes; ) 153.57 524 P +3 F +-0.08 (bdes) 407.07 524 P +0 F +-0.08 ( supports all modes de-) 429.05 524 P +0.26 (scribed in [3] \050although CFB and OFB are not completely supported\051 as well as both CBC-based) 72 504 P +(and CFB-based MACs.) 72 484 T +0.15 (Although input with length not a multiple of the block size is handled in the same way by) 108 460 P +-0.47 (both ) 72 440 P +3 F +-0.47 (des) 95.85 440 P +0 F +-0.47 ( and ) 111.84 440 P +3 F +-0.47 (bdes) 134.21 440 P +0 F +-0.47 (, dif) 156.19 440 P +-0.47 (ferent values of the padding bytes are used in all but the last byte of the input.) 174.82 440 P +(Where ) 72 420 T +3 F +(bdes) 106.96 420 T +0 F +( puts zero bytes, ) 128.94 420 T +3 F +(des) 209.89 420 T +0 F +( puts bytes containing random values. The reason for Sun\325) 225.87 420 T +(s doing) 505.02 420 T +0.47 (so is to prevent a known plaintext attack on the \336le should an +attacker determine that the input\325) 72 400 P +0.47 (s) 535.33 400 P +-0.29 (length were a multiple of the block size. W) 72 380 P +-0.29 (ith ) 276.05 380 P +3 F +-0.29 (bdes) 291.43 380 P +0 F +-0.29 (, the plaintext contents of the last block of input) 313.41 380 P +0.31 (for such a \336le is known \050a block with all bits zero\051. W) 72 360 P +0.31 (ith ) 333.99 360 P +3 F +0.31 (des) 349.96 360 P +0 F +0.31 (, the plaintext contents of that block) 365.95 360 P +0.73 (are not known. Cryptanalytically) 72 340 P +0.73 (, given the information about the strength of the DES currently) 231.29 340 P +0.2 (known, it is widely believed that known plaintext attacks are infeasible +\050see for example [1]\051 and) 72 320 P +1.86 (so initializing and invoking the pseudorandom number generator seems unnecessary) 72 300 P +1.86 (. But this) 492.63 300 P +(means that ciphertexts produced from a plaintext by ) 72 280 T +3 F +(bdes) 324.48 280 T +0 F +( and ) 346.47 280 T +3 F +(des) 369.78 280 T +0 F +( will dif) 385.77 280 T +(fer in the last block.) 423.54 280 T +4 F +(Refer) 72 248 T +(ences) 100.41 248 T +0 F +([1]) 72 224 T +0.37 (D. Denning, \322The Data Encryption Standard: Fifteen Y) 108 224 P +0.37 (ears of Public Scrutiny) 374.87 224 P +0.37 (,\323 ) 484.8 224 P +3 F +0.37 (Pr) 496.49 224 P +0.37 (oceed-) 508.04 224 P +-0.47 (ings of the Sixth Annual Computer Security Applications Confer) 108 204 P +-0.47 (ence) 411.65 204 P +0 F +-0.47 ( pp. x\320xv \050Dec. 1990\051.) 433.62 204 P +([2]) 72 180 T +(A. Konheim, ) 108 180 T +3 F +(Cryptography: A Primer) 173.29 180 T +0 F +(, John W) 291.4 180 T +(iley and Sons, Inc., New Y) 333.9 180 T +(ork, NY \0501981\051.) 461.94 180 T +([3]) 72 156 T +3 F +0.63 (DES Modes of Operation) 108 156 P +0 F +0.63 (, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 81, Na-) 231.47 156 P +-0.07 (tional Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 136 P +-0.07 (ashington, DC \050Dec. 1980\051.) 407.62 136 P +([4]) 72 112 T +3 F +(UNIX User) 108 112 T +(\325) 162.74 112 T +(s Manual) 165.18 112 T +0 F +(, Sun Microsystems Inc., Mountain V) 210.16 112 T +(iew) 390 112 T +(, CA \050Mar) 406.54 112 T +(. 1988\051.) 455.51 112 T +4 F +(Appendix. The UNIX System Manual Page for ) 72 80 T +1 F +(bdes) 313.2 80 T +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "7" 10 +1 11 /Times-Bold FMDEFINEFONT +%%Page: "8" 10 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 8 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +1 F +0 X +(NAME) 72 712.67 T +0 F +(bdes - encrypt/decrypt using the Data Encryption Standard) 108 689 T +1 F +(SYNOPSIS) 72 663.67 T +4 F +(bdes) 108 640 T +0 F +( [) 131.33 640 T +3 F +( ) 138.32 640 T +4 F +(-abdp) 141.32 640 T +0 F +( ] [ ) 171.31 640 T +4 F +(-F) 188.3 640 T +0 F +( ) 199.62 640 T +3 F +(b) 202.62 640 T +0 F +( ] [ ) 208.61 640 T +4 F +(-f) 225.6 640 T +0 F +( ) 233.58 640 T +3 F +(b) 236.58 640 T +0 F +( ] [ ) 242.58 640 T +4 F +(-k) 259.56 640 T +0 F +( ) 270.22 640 T +3 F +(key) 273.22 640 T +0 F +( ] [ ) 289.2 640 T +4 F +(-m) 306.18 640 T +0 F +( ) 320.16 640 T +3 F +(b) 323.16 640 T +0 F +( ] [ ) 329.16 640 T +4 F +(-o) 346.14 640 T +0 F +( ) 356.13 640 T +3 F +(b) 359.13 640 T +0 F +( ] [ ) 365.13 640 T +4 F +(-v) 382.11 640 T +0 F +( ) 392.1 640 T +3 F +(vector) 395.1 640 T +0 F +( ]) 425.07 640 T +1 F +(DESCRIPTION) 72 614.67 T +3 F +-0.69 (Bdes) 108 591 P +0 F +-0.69 ( reads from the standard input and writes on the standard output. It implements all DES) 131.32 591 P +-0.09 (modes of operation described in FIPS PUB 81 including alternative cipher feedback mode) 108 577 P +0.74 (and both authentication modes. All modes but the electronic code book mode require an) 108 563 P +-0.14 (initialization vector; if none is supplied, the zero vector is used. T) 108 549 P +-0.14 (o protect the key and ini-) 420.44 549 P +0.29 (tialization vector from being read by) 108 535 P +3 F +0.29 ( ps) 284.98 535 P +0 F +0.29 (\0501\051, ) 298.94 535 P +3 F +0.29 (bdes ) 319.21 535 P +0 F +0.29 (hides its ar) 344.48 535 P +0.29 (guments on entry) 396.81 535 P +0.29 (. If no ) 479.89 535 P +3 F +0.29 (key ) 512.74 535 P +0 F +0.29 (is) 532 535 P +-0.61 (given, one is requested from the controlling terminal if that can be opened, or from the stan-) 108 521 P +(dard input if not.) 108 507 T +-0.17 (The key and initialization vector are taken as sequences of ) 108 489 P +5 F +-0.14 (ASCII) 389.38 489 P +0 F +-0.17 ( characters which are then) 415.48 489 P +-0.35 (mapped into their bit representations. If either begins with +\3240x\325 or \3240X\325, that one is taken as) 108 475 P +1.02 (a sequence of hexadecimal digits indicating the bit pattern; if either begins with \3240b\325 or) 108 461 P +-0.73 (\3240B\325, that one is taken as a sequence of binary digits +indicating the bit pattern. In either case,) 108 447 P +-0.37 (only the leading 64 bits of the key or initialization vector are used, and if fewer than 64 bits) 108 433 P +0.35 (are provided, enough 0 bits are appended to pad the key to 64 bits. Note that if the key is) 108 419 P +0.03 (not entered on the command line, it is interpreted in the same way) 108 405 P +0.03 (, because with 4.4 BSD,) 424.31 405 P +-0.36 (the password reading function ) 108 391 P +3 F +-0.36 (getpass) 254.45 391 P +0 F +-0.36 (\0503\051 allows enough characters for either hex or binary) 290.43 391 P +(keys to be entered.) 108 377 T +0.04 (According to the DES standard, the low-order bit of each character in the key string is de-) 108 359 P +-0.18 (leted. Since most ) 108 345 P +5 F +-0.15 (ASCII) 192.75 345 P +0 F +-0.18 ( representations set the high-order bit to 0, simply deleting the low-) 218.84 345 P +-0.29 (order bit ef) 108 331 P +-0.29 (fectively reduces the size of the key space from 2) 160.49 331 P +5 F +-0.24 (56) 394.67 335.8 P +0 F +-0.29 ( to 2) 404.67 331 P +5 F +-0.24 (48) 425.41 335.8 P +0 F +-0.29 ( keys. T) 435.4 331 P +-0.29 (o prevent this,) 472.29 331 P +-0.46 (the high-order bit must be a function depending in part upon the low-order bit; so, the high-) 108 317 P +0.11 (order bit is set to whatever value gives odd parity) 108 303 P +0.11 (. This preserves the key space size. Note) 345.05 303 P +(this resetting of the parity bit is ) 108 289 T +3 F +(not) 260.92 289 T +0 F +( done if the key is given in binary or hex.) 276.24 289 T +-0.38 (By default, the standard input is encrypted using cipher block chaining mode and is written) 108 271 P +0.18 (to the standard output. Using the same key for encryption and decryption preserves plain-) 108 257 P +(text, so) 108 243 T +( bdes ) 225.81 225 T +3 F +(key) 253.79 225 T +0 F +( < plaintext | bdes \320i ) 269.77 225 T +3 F +(key) 370.21 225 T +0 F +( ) 386.19 225 T +(is a very expensive equivalent of ) 108 201 T +3 F +(cat) 268.54 201 T +0 F +(\0501\051.) 283.2 201 T +(Options are:) 108 183 T +( ) 108 165 T +4 F +(\320a) 111 165 T +0 F +-0.75 (The key and initialization vector strings are to be taken as ) 144 165 P +5 F +-0.62 (ASCII) 415.89 165 P +0 F +-0.75 ( suppressing the spe-) 441.98 165 P +0.3 (cial interpretation given to leading \3240x\325, \3240X\325, \3240b\325, +and \3240B\325 characters. Note this) 144 151 P +(\337ag applies to ) 144 137 T +3 F +(both) 214.29 137 T +0 F +( the key and initialization vector) 235.62 137 T +(.) 389.85 137 T +4 F +(\320b) 108 119 T +0 F +(Use electronic code book mode.) 144 119 T +4 F +(\320d) 108 101 T +0 F +(Decrypt the input.) 144 101 T +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "8" 11 +%%Page: "9" 11 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 9 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +4 F +0 X +(\320f) 108 712 T +0 F +( ) 117.99 712 T +3 F +(b) 120.99 712 T +0 F +-0.29 (Use ) 144 712 P +3 F +-0.29 (b) 165.36 712 P +0 F +-0.29 (-bit cipher feedback mode. Currently ) 171.35 712 P +3 F +-0.29 (b) 350.42 712 P +0 F +-0.29 ( must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and) 356.42 712 P +(64 inclusive \050this does not conform to the standard CFB mode speci\336cation\051.) 144 698 T +4 F +(\320F) 108 680 T +0 F +( ) 121.32 680 T +3 F +(b) 124.32 680 T +0 F +-0.29 (Use ) 144 680 P +3 F +-0.29 (b) 165.36 680 P +0 F +-0.29 (-bit alternative cipher feedback mode. Currently ) 171.36 680 P +3 F +-0.29 (b) 403.77 680 P +0 F +-0.29 ( must be a multiple of 7 be-) 409.77 680 P +-0.12 (tween 7 and 56 inclusive \050this does not conform to the alternative CFB mode spec-) 144 666 P +(i\336cation\051.) 144 652 T +4 F +(\320k) 108 634 T +0 F +( ) 120.67 634 T +3 F +(key) 123.66 634 T +0 F +0.37 (Use the string ) 144 616 P +3 F +0.37 (key) 214.74 616 P +0 F +0.37 ( as the cryptographic key) 230.72 616 P +0.37 (. If this ar) 352.01 616 P +0.37 (gument is not given, the user) 399.54 616 P +(will be prompted for the key) 144 602 T +(.) 280.12 602 T +4 F +(\320m) 108 584 T +0 F +( ) 123.99 584 T +3 F +(b) 126.99 584 T +0 F +0.71 (Compute a message authentication code \050MAC\051 of ) 144 584 P +3 F +0.71 (b) 395.78 584 P +0 F +0.71 ( bits on the input. ) 401.77 584 P +3 F +0.71 (b) 491.94 584 P +0 F +0.71 ( must be) 497.94 584 P +0.11 (between 1 and 64 inclusive; if ) 144 570 P +3 F +0.11 (b) 291.87 570 P +0 F +0.11 ( is not a multiple of 8, enough 0 bits will be added) 297.86 570 P +-0.44 (to pad the MAC length to the nearest multiple of 8. Only the MAC is output. MACs) 144 556 P +(are only available in cipher block chaining mode or in cipher feedback mode.) 144 542 T +4 F +(\320o) 108 524 T +0 F +( ) 119.99 524 T +3 F +(b) 122.99 524 T +0 F +-0.34 (Use ) 144 524 P +3 F +-0.34 (b) 165.31 524 P +0 F +-0.34 (-bit output feedback mode. Currently ) 171.31 524 P +3 F +-0.34 (b) 350.83 524 P +0 F +-0.34 ( must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and) 356.83 524 P +(64 inclusive \050this does not conform to the OFB mode speci\336cation\051.) 144 510 T +4 F +(\320p) 108 492 T +0 F +-0.14 (Disable the resetting of the parity bit. This \337ag forces the parity bit of the key to be) 144 492 P +0.03 (used as typed, rather than making each character be of odd parity) 144 478 P +0.03 (. It is used only if) 455.91 478 P +(the key is given in ) 144 464 T +5 F +(ASCII) 234.95 464 T +0 F +(.) 261.04 464 T +4 F +(\320v) 108 446 T +0 F +( ) 119.99 446 T +3 F +(vector) 122.99 446 T +0 F +-0.5 (Set the initialization vector to ) 144 428 P +3 F +-0.5 (v) 286.44 428 P +0 F +-0.5 (; the vector is interpreted in the same way as the key) 291.76 428 P +-0.5 (.) 537 428 P +(The vector is ignored in electronic codebook mode.) 144 414 T +-0.55 (The DES is considered a very strong cryptosystem, and other than table lookup attacks, key) 108 396 P +0.24 (search attacks, and Hellman\325) 108 382 P +0.24 (s time-memory tradeof) 246.61 382 P +0.24 (f \050all of which are very expensive and) 356.8 382 P +0.66 (time-consuming\051, no cryptanalytic methods for breaking the DES are known in the open) 108 368 P +0.33 (literature. No doubt the choice of keys and key security are the most vulnerable aspect of) 108 354 P +3 F +(bdes) 108 340 T +0 F +(.) 129.98 340 T +4 F +(IMPLEMENT) 72 314 T +(A) 146.41 314 T +(TION NOTES) 154.18 314 T +0 F +0.57 (For implementors wishing to write software compatible with this program, the following) 108 290 P +-0.23 (notes are provided. This software is completely compatible with the implementation of the) 108 276 P +(data encryption standard distributed by Sun Microsystems, Inc.) 108 262 T +0.11 (In the ECB and CBC modes, plaintext is encrypted in units of 64 bits \0508 bytes, also called) 108 244 P +0.52 (a block\051. T) 108 230 P +0.52 (o ensure that the plaintext \336le is encrypted correctly) 160.49 230 P +0.52 (, ) 413.01 230 P +3 F +0.52 (bdes ) 419.53 230 P +0 F +0.52 (will \050internally\051 ap-) 445.03 230 P +0.29 (pend from 1 to 8 bytes, the last byte containing an integer stating how many bytes of that) 108 216 P +-0.71 (\336nal block are from the plaintext \336le, and encrypt the resulting block. Hence, when decrypt-) 108 202 P +0.27 (ing, the last block may contain from 0 to 7 characters present in the plaintext \336le, and the) 108 188 P +-0.59 (last byte tells how many) 108 174 P +-0.59 (. Note that if during decryption the last byte of the \336le does not con-) 221.46 174 P +0.41 (tain an integer between 0 and 7, either the \336le has been corrupted or an incorrect key has) 108 160 P +0.48 (been given. A similar mechanism is used for the OFB and CFB modes, except that those) 108 146 P +0.26 (simply require the length of the input to be a multiple of the mode size, and the \336nal byte) 108 132 P +-0.73 (contains an integer between 0 and one less than the number of bytes being used as the mode.) 108 118 P +(\050This was another reason that the mode size must be a multiple of 8 for those modes.\051) 108 104 T +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "9" 12 +%%Page: "10" 12 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 10 of 11) 473.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +0 X +0.94 (Unlike Sun\325) 108 712 P +0.94 (s implementation, unused bytes of that last block are not \336lled with random) 166.58 712 P +0.57 (data, but instead contain what was in those byte positions in the preceding block. This is) 108 698 P +(quicker and more portable, and does not weaken the encryption signi\336cantly) 108 684 T +(.) 473.95 684 T +0.36 (If the key is entered in ) 108 666 P +5 F +0.3 (ASCII) 220.76 666 P +0 F +0.36 (, the parity bits of the key characters are set so that each key) 246.85 666 P +1.03 (character is of odd parity) 108 652 P +1.03 (. Unlike Sun\325) 231.23 652 P +1.03 (s implementation, it is possible to enter binary or) 296.92 652 P +-0.57 (hexadecimal keys on the command line, and if this is done, the parity bits are ) 108 638 P +3 F +-0.57 (not ) 472.85 638 P +0 F +-0.57 (reset. This) 490.61 638 P +(allows testing using arbitrary bit patterns as keys.) 108 624 T +0.64 (The Sun implementation always uses an initialization vector of 0 \050that is, all zeroes\051. By) 108 606 P +(default, ) 108 592 T +3 F +(bdes ) 147.3 592 T +0 F +(does too, but this may be changed from the command line.) 172.29 592 T +4 F +(FILES) 72 566 T +0 F +(/dev/tty) 108 542 T +(controlling terminal for typed key) 180 542 T +4 F +(SEE ALSO) 72 516 T +3 F +(crypt) 108 492 T +0 F +(\0501\051, ) 132.65 492 T +3 F +(crypt) 152.63 492 T +0 F +(\0503\051) 177.27 492 T +3 F +-0.4 (Data Encryption Standar) 108 474 P +-0.4 (d) 228.02 474 P +0 F +-0.4 (, Federal Information Processing Standard #46, National Bureau) 234.02 474 P +(of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 460 T +(ashington DC \050Jan. 1977\051.) 340.2 460 T +3 F +0.16 (DES) 108 442 P +0 F +0.16 ( ) 129.98 442 P +3 F +0.16 (Modes of Operation, ) 133.15 442 P +0 F +0.16 (Federal Information Processing Standard #81, National Bureau) 236.24 442 P +(of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 428 T +(ashington DC \050Dec. 1980\051.) 340.2 428 T +2.75 (Dorothy Denning, ) 108 410 P +3 F +2.75 (Cryptography and Data Security) 203.77 410 P +0 F +2.75 (, Addison-W) 368.8 410 P +2.75 (esley Publishing Co.,) 432.55 410 P +(Reading, MA \2511982.) 108 396 T +-0.19 ( Matt Bishop, \322Implementation Notes on ) 108 378 P +3 F +-0.19 (bdes) 305.76 378 P +0 F +-0.19 (\0501\051\323, T) 327.75 378 P +-0.19 (echnical Report PCS-TR-91-158, De-) 359.35 378 P +0.34 (partment of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover) 108 364 P +0.34 (, NH \050Apr) 488.01 364 P +0.34 (.) 537 364 P +(1991\051.) 108 350 T +4 F +(CAUTION) 72 324 T +0 F +-0.55 (Certain speci\336c keys should be avoided because they introduce potential weaknesses; these) 108 300 P +-0.44 (keys, called the ) 108 286 P +3 F +-0.44 (weak) 183.95 286 P +0 F +-0.44 ( and ) 208.6 286 P +3 F +-0.44 (semiweak) 231.03 286 P +0 F +-0.44 ( keys, are \050in hex notation, where ) 277.66 286 P +6 F +-1.06 (p) 437.45 286 P +0 F +-0.44 ( is either ) 444.64 286 P +6 F +-1.06 (0) 487.63 286 P +0 F +-0.44 ( or ) 494.82 286 P +6 F +-1.06 (1) 509.93 286 P +0 F +-0.44 (, and) 517.12 286 P +6 F +(P) 108 272 T +0 F +( is either ) 115.2 272 T +6 F +(e) 159.5 272 T +0 F +( or ) 166.7 272 T +6 F +(f) 182.68 272 T +0 F +(\051:) 189.88 272 T +6 F +(0x0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p) 144 254 T +(0x0p1P0p1P0p0P0p0P) 360 254 T +(0x0pep0pep0pfp0pfp) 144 236 T +(0x0pfP0pfP0pfP0pfP) 360 236 T +(0x1P0p1P0p0P0p0P0p) 144 218 T +(0x1P1P1P1P0P0P0P0P) 360 218 T +(0x1Pep1Pep0Pfp0Pfp) 144 200 T +(0x1PfP1PfP0PfP0PfP) 360 200 T +(0xep0pep0pfp0pfp0p) 144 182 T +(0xep1Pep1pfp0Pfp0P) 360 182 T +(0xepepepepepepepep) 144 164 T +(0xepfPepfPfpfPfpfP) 360 164 T +(0xfP0pfP0pfP0pfP0p) 144 146 T +(0xfP1PfP1PfP0PfP0P) 360 146 T +(0xfPepfPepfPepfPep) 144 128 T +(0xfPfPfPfPfPfPfPfP) 360 128 T +0 F +0.13 (The weakness of these keys is inherent in the DES algorithm \050see for example Moore and) 108 110 P +-0.57 (Simmons, \322Cycle structure of the DES with weak and semi-weak keys,\323) 108 96 P +3 F +-0.57 ( Advances in Cryp-) 449.43 96 P +(tology \320 Crypto \32486 Pr) 108 82 T +(oceedings) 216.83 82 T +0 F +(, Springer) 264.79 82 T +(-V) 311.85 82 T +(erlag New Y) 323.17 82 T +(ork, \2511987, pp. 9-32\051.) 383.25 82 T +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "10" 13 +%%Page: "11" 13 +612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE +72 745.99 540 756 R +7 X +0 K +V +72 32.69 540 42.7 R +V +0 F +0 X +(Page 11 of 11) 473.71 34.7 T +72 72 540 720 R +7 X +V +4 F +0 X +(BUGS) 72 712 T +0 F +-0.18 (There is a controversy raging over whether the DES will still be secure in a few years. The) 108 688 P +0.31 (advent of special-purpose hardware could reduce the cost of any of the methods of attack) 108 674 P +(named above so that they are no longer computationally infeasible.) 108 660 T +0.32 (Programs which display programs\325 ar) 108 642 P +0.32 (guments may compromise the key and initialization) 289.59 642 P +0.76 (vector if they are speci\336ed on the command line. T) 108 628 P +0.76 (o avoid this ) 358.46 628 P +3 F +0.76 (bdes) 419.7 628 P +0 F +0.76 ( overwrites its ar) 441.68 628 P +0.76 (gu-) 524.01 628 P +(ments. However) 108 614 T +(, the obvious race cannot currently be avoided.) 186.12 614 T +0.25 (As the key or key schedule is kept in memory throughout the run of this program, the en-) 108 596 P +(cryption can be compromised if memory is readable.) 108 582 T +-0.4 (There is no warranty of merchantability nor any warranty of \336tness for a particular purpose) 108 564 P +0.05 (nor any other warranty) 108 550 P +0.05 (, either express or implied, as to the accuracy of the enclosed mate-) 216.95 550 P +(rials or as to their suitability for any particular purpose.) 108 536 T +-0.06 (Accordingly) 108 518 P +-0.06 (, the user assumes full responsibility for their use. Further) 167.18 518 P +-0.06 (, the author assumes) 442.93 518 P +-0.25 (no obligation to furnish any assistance of any kind whatsoever) 108 504 P +-0.25 (, or to furnish any additional) 404.69 504 P +(information or documentation.) 108 490 T +4 F +(AUTHOR) 72 464 T +0 F +-0.54 (Matt Bishop, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Bradley Hall, Dartmouth) 108 440 P +(College, Hanover) 108 426 T +(, NH 03755) 192.12 426 T +(Electronic mail addresses:) 108 408 T +(Internet: Matt.Bishop@dartmouth.edu) 108 390 T +(UUCP: decvax!dartvax!Matt.Bishop) 108 372 T +FMENDPAGE +%%EndPage: "11" 14 +%%Trailer +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 +%%Pages: 13 1 +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica-Bold +%%+ Helvetica-BoldOblique +%%+ Times-Roman +%%+ Times-Bold +%%+ Times-BoldItalic +%%+ Times-Italic +%%+ Courier +%%+ Courier-Oblique +%%+ ZapfDingbats +%%+ Symbol +%%+ Courier-Bold |
